Flow Control Durco Cv

Instrument Engineer's Handbook for DURCO Quarter-turn Control Valves

Flowserve Corporation Flow Control Division 1978 Foreman Drive Cookeville, TN 38501 FCD AXAMS0045-00 (AUTO-45)

Revision March 2005

Flowserve Corporation, Flow Control Division, Cookeville, Tennessee, extends its appreciation to the Instrument Society of America for its permission to adapt Standard S75.01©, Instrument Society of America, 1985 and Control Valve Sizing by L.R. Driskell©, Instrument Society of America, 1976. A valuable reference for further study of control valves is the ISA Handbook of Control Valves, Second Edition, 1976.

Instrument Engineer’s Handbook for Durco Control Valves Preface This manual on control valve sizing brings together the mathematical tools required to select Durco valves properly for control valve applications. The equations presented for liquids, gases, and steam are based on the ISA standard S75.01 and are divided into sections to simplify manual calculation for the more common sizing problems. Examples of each type are presented for further comprehension. The selection of a correct valve size as mathematically determined depends on accurate knowledge of the actual flowing data. Frequently, one or more of the operating conditions are arbitrarily assumed. Most errors in control valve sizing are due to incorrect assumptions. Generally speaking, the tendency is to make the valve too large to be on the "safe side". Combining these so called "safety factors" can result in a valve which is oversized and one which contributes to poor control and system instability. There is no substitute for good engineering judgement. Only good common sense combined with experience can bring forth an acceptable solution in valve sizing. Control valve applications vary in degree from simple to complex. On occasion, guidance and assistance in selecting the proper control valve may be required.

2

TABLE OF CONTENTS Topic

Page

SECTION 1 – How to Size Valves Liquid Sizing Gas Sizing Steam Sizing Frequently Used Formula Conversions

5 6 14 17 20

SECTION 2 – Noise Abatement Hydrodynamic noise

21 22

SECTION 3 – Cv and Torque Tables for Valve and Actuator Sizing

26 28 29 29 30 31 32 32 32 33 34 35 36 37 37

Sleeved Plug Valve -- G4, G4B Marathon, TSG4, TSG4Z (standard port only) Cv Sleeved Plug Valve -- G4, G4B Marathon (use for standard and V-port) Sizing Torque Triple Sealed Sleeved Plug Valve --TSG4, TSG4Z (use for standard and V-port) Sizing Torque Sleeved Plug Valves (V-port only) -- G4, G4B Marathon, TSG4, TSG4Z Cv MG4 Sleeveline Plug Valves -- Multi-Port Plug Cv Port-Seal/Sleeved Mach 1 Valve V-Port Cv Port-Seal/Sleeved Mach 1 Valve Standard Port Cv Port-Seal/Sleeved Mach 1 Valve Sizing Torque Fluorocarbon Lined Plug Valves (standard port only) -- T4 Cv Fluorocarbon Lined Plug Valves -- T4, ET41 & T43 (use for standard port and V-port plugs) Sizing Torque Fluorocarbon Lined Plug Valves (V-port only) -- T4 Cv BX2001 -- Big Max Butterfly Valves -- ANSI Class 150# Series Cv BX2001 -- Big Max Butterfly Valves -- ANSI Class 150# Series Standard PFA/Viton Seat Sizing Torque BX2001 -- Big Max Butterfly Valves -- ANSI Class 150# Series Firesealed, Standard PFA/Inconel & UHMWPE Seats only Sizing Torque BX2001-- Big Max Butterfly Valves -- ANSI Class 150# Series -- Triflex Metal Seat (70°F) Sizing Torque BX2001 -- Big Max Butterfly Valves -- ANSI Class 150# Series -- Triflex Metal Seat (800°F) Sizing Torque BX2001 -- Big Max Butterfly Valves -- ANSI Class 150# Series -- Triflex Metal Seat (1000°F) Sizing Torque BTV Valve -- Fluorocarbon Lined Butterfly Valves -- ANSI Class 150# Series Cv BTV Valve -- Fluorocarbon Lined Butterfly Valves -- ANSI Class 150# Series Sizing Torque BUV Valve -- UHMWPE Lined Butterfly Valves -- ANSI Class 150# Series Sizing Torque Atomac AKH3 Valve -- Standard Port Ball Valve -- FEP & PFA Lined Cv Atomac AKH3E Valve -- V- Port Ball Valve -- FEP & PFA Lined Cv Atomac CAKH3V Valve – C-Ball Standard Port Ball Valve – FEP & PFA Lined Cv Atomac AKH3 Valve -- Standard Port Ball Valve -- FEP & PFA Lined -- Clean / Clear Service Sizing Torque Atomac AKH3 Valve -- Standard Port Ball Valve -- FEP & PFA Lined -- Slurry Service Sizing Torque Atomac CAKH3V Valve – C-Ball Standard Port Ball Valve – FEP & PFA Lined Sizing Torque Atomac AKH2 Valve -- Standard Port Ball Valve -- FEP & PFA Lined Cv Atomac AKH2 Valve -- Full Port Ball Valve -- FEP & PFA Lined -- Clean / Clear Service Sizing Torque Atomac AKH2 Valve -- Full Port Ball Valve -- FEP & PFA Lined -- Slurry Service Sizing Torque Atomac AKH5 Valve -- Standard Port Ball Valve -- Ceramic Lined Cv Atomac AKH5 Valve -- Standard Port Ball Valve -- Ceramic Lined (Liner & Ball) Clean / Clear Service Sizing Torque Atomac AKH5 Valve -- Standard Port Ball Valve -- Ceramic Lined (Liner & Ball) -- Slurry Service Sizing Torque Atomac AKH2A Valve -- Full Port Ball Valve -- FEP & PFA Lined Cv Atomac AKH2A Valve -- Full Port Ball Valve -- FEP & PFA Lined -- Clean / Clear Service Sizing Torque Atomac AKH2A Valve -- Full Port Ball Valve -- FEP & PFA Lined -- Slurry Service Sizing Torque 3

38 38 38 39 40 40 41 41 41 42 42 42 43 44 44 45 45 45 46 46 46

Atomac AKH6 Valve -- Tank Drain Ball Valve -- FEP & PFA Lined Atomac AKH6 Valve -- Tank Drain Ball Valve -- FEP & PFA Lined -- Clean / Clear Service Atomac AKH6 Valve -- Tank Drain Ball Valve -- FEP & PFA Lined -- Slurry Service Atomac AMP3 Valve -- 3-Way Ball Valve -- FEP & PFA Lined Atomac AMP3 Valve -- 3-Way Ball Valve -- FEP & PFA Lined -- Clean / Clear Service Atomac AMP3 Valve -- 3-Way Ball Valve -- FEP & PFA Lined -- Slurry Service Microfinish BR2 Valve -- Regular Port Flanged Ball Valve Microfinish Valve -- 150# Flanged, Reduced Bore Ball Valve Microfinish BF2 Valve -- Full Port Flanged Ball Valve Microfinish Valve -- Flanged, Full Bore Ball Valve Microfinish BR38 Valve -- Regular Port 800# Ball Valve Microfinish BR38 Valve -- 800# Threaded Ball Valve Microfinish BR38 Valve -- Full Port 800# Ball Valve Microfinish BF2K Valve -- Full Port WOG Ball Valve Microfinish BF2K Valve -- Full Port WOG Ball Valve -- Screwed End & Socket Weld Microfinish BF3K Valve -- Full Port WOG Ball Valve Microfinish BF3K Valve -- Full Port WOG Ball Valve -- Screwed End & Socket Weld

SECTION 4 – Reference Data Pressure concepts and types Useful equivalents Mass rate Mass rate liquids Vacuum equivalents Temperature conversions Physical constants of common industrial substances Liquid velocity determination Steam recommendations Saturated and superheated steam tables Values of “K” Specific weight vs temperature Compressibility charts ISA control valve sizing terminology, formulas and nomenclature

4

Cv Sizing Torque Sizing Torque Cv Sizing Torque Sizing Torque Cv Sizing Torque Cv Sizing Torque Cv Sizing Torque Cv Cv Sizing Torque Cv Sizing Torque

47 47 47 48 48 48 49 49 50 50 51 51 51 52 52 53 53 54 55 55 56 57 57 57 58 61 62 63 65 66 67 70

Section One

LIQUID SIZING Liquid flow through Durco valves may be predicted by using the thermodynamic laws of fluid flow and the standards established in this manual by the Flowserve Corporation. There are two basic requirements that must be determined to properly size Durco control valves; first is the Cv required and second is the allowable pressure drop for a given service and valve. Proper selection of any control valve requires some basic information that may or may not be readily available. Ideally, we would like to: 1) Get a general description of what is to be accomplished or a data sheet if possible. 2) Have the following data provided. a) Inlet pressure. b) Temperature – maximum and minimum. c) Process fluid. d) Flow rates - maximum, normal and minimum. e) Vapor pressure. f) Pipeline size - schedule and material. g) Pressure drop - minimum, normal and maximum. h) Specific gravity. i) Critical pressure. The following formulae shall be used in sizing Durco Valves. 1-1.0

Cv=

Q

∆P S .G. Where:

Cv = Flow coefficient required. Q = Flow in gpm. S.G. = Specific gravity ∆P = Pressure drop in psi.

Definition: Cv, is numerically equal to the number of U.S. gallons of water that will flow through a valve in one minute with water at 60OF and a one psi differential pressure across the valve.

1-1.1

∆Pallow = FL 2(P1-rcPV)

Where:

∆Pallow = allowable pressure drop in psi. FL2 = Recovery coefficient from CV chart. rc = Critical pressure ratio from rc chart. PV = Vapor pressure in psia.

1-1.2

CV =

Q

∆Pallow S .G.

(for choked flow)

Note: This formula should be used when ∆Pactual ≥ ∆Pallow , where: ∆Pactual = P1-P2 6

DETERMINING THE REQUIRED Cv Formula 1-1.0 is the general-purpose equation for most liquid sizing applications. This formula utilizes the actual pressure drop or the inlet pressure minus the outlet pressure, to calculate the required Cv. Examination of the formula indicates that "if the pressure drop increased, the flow should also increase." There is, however, a point where further decreases in P2 results in no change in flow rate and is referred to as "Choked Flow." Therefore, the actual ∆P no longer applies and a maximum ∆Pallow must be substituted to calculate the required Cv,(equation 1.1.2). Choked flow results from flashing or cavitation and could cause damage to the valve and/or piping. When solving a liquid sizing application, consider some or all of the following points to determine if ∆Pallow should be used. 1) If the inlet pressure (P1) is relatively close to the vapor pressure. 2) If the outlet pressure (P2) is relatively close to the vapor pressure. 3) If the actual pressure drop is large when compared to the inlet pressure. This means that if there is any doubt that the liquid service is in close proximity to choked flow, the ∆Pallow must be calculated and compared to ∆Pactual(see section on cavitation and flashing beginning on page 10). Using a valve smaller than line size will contribute to errors in the required Cv, due to losses caused by the expanders and reducers. Flowserve has calculated this effect on CV, and printed the results for your convenience (see Section 2). Should the need arise to calculate the corrected CV, for various combinations we have supplied a catalog of formulae from ISA Standards. When an incompressible fluid has a high viscosity and/or low velocity, laminar flow may exist. The CV previously discussed assumed turbulent flow and must be multiplied by a correction factor (FR) to obtain the actual flow coefficient. Generally speaking, if the viscosity is less than SAE 10 motor oil (~30cp), this factor may be neglected. CV CALCULATIONS PROCEDURE 1) Using the given flow conditions, calculate the CV, using equation 1-1.0. 2) Select a nominal valve size from the sizing charts based on the calculated CV. This CV, value should generally fall between 20-80% of port opening. 3) Read FL2 value from sizing chart based on the percent of opening at which the valve will operate. 4) Using the FL2 value, calculate the ∆Pallow from equation 1-1.1. The rc value is determined from the critical pressure ratio charts on page 13. 5) Compare the ∆Pallow to the ∆Pactual if ∆Pallow is greater than the actual pressure drop equation 1-1.0 is valid. If ∆Pallow is less than actual pressure drop, equation 1-1.2 must be used and flashing exists (see section on cavitation and flashing beginning on page 10). 6) If viscosity correction is required, use the FR correction procedure. VISCOSITY CORRECTION When it is determined that the viscosity is greater than SAE 10 motor oil (30 cp @ 70F), the following correction should be made (Figure 1). 7

Based on the type of valve selected (plug or butterfly) calculate the Reynolds number using the following formulae and correct for the effects of laminar flow. Re = 17,300

Q

(for plug valves)

v CV

where:

Re = Reynolds number Q = Flow rate, gpm v = Viscosity, centistokes* CV = Flow coefficient

Re = 12,283

Q

(for butterfly valves)

v CV

*(centistokes = centipoise/S.G.) The correction factor may be obtained from Figure 1.0 the Viscosity Correction Factor chart. Use the value (FR) and calculate the corrected Cv. Cv (corrected) = FR Cv

EXAMPLES FOR LIQUID SIZING Example 1 Given information: Fluid = water P1 = 150 psig = 14.7 = 164.7 psia ∆P = 10 psi 8

Q = 50 gpm T = 193O PV = 10 psia S.G. = 1.0 Line size = 1” 1) Use equation 1-1.0. Q

Cv = Q

∆P S .G.

50 =

10 1 .0

= 15.8

2) Select a nominal valve size from the sizing chart for V-ported valves on page 29. 3) For V-port plug valves, a 1" valve and a 1" line has a maximum Cv of 29.9. The calculated Cv of 15.8 falls in at about 72% of port opening. 4) The FL2 value at 72% opening is approximately 0.65. 5) Calculate ∆Pallow from equation 1-1.1. ∆Pallow = FL2 (P1 - rC PV) Where: FL2= 0.65 P1 = 164.7 psia PV = 10 psia rC = 0.95 (from rC charts) ∆Pallow = 0.59 [164.7 - (0.95) (10)] = 100.91 psi 6) Compare the actual pressure drop to the allowable pressure drop. ∆Pactual = 10 psi ∆Pallow = 100.91 psi The actual pressure drop is less than the maximum allowable pressure drop. Therefore, equation 1-1.0 is valid. 7) Water is less viscous than SAE 10 weight motor oil and the FR factor may be neglected. Conclusion:

The 1" V-port plug valve would operate at about 72% of full open and would be a good selection in this example.

Example 2 Given information: Fluid = Liquid chlorine P1 = 125 psig + 14.7 = 139.7 psia ∆P = 75 psi Q = 150 gpm T = 60OF PV = 100 psia S.G. = 1.42 Line size = 3" 9

1) Use equation 1-1.0. Q

Cv = Q

∆P = S .G.

150

75 1.42

= 20.6

2) Select a nominal valve size from the sizing charts. For V-port plug valves, a 2" valve in a 3" line has a maximum CV of 52.2. The calculated CV of 20.7 fans in about 60% of port opening. 3) The FL2 value at 60% is approximately .86. 4) Calculate the ∆Pallow from equation 1-1.1. ∆Pallow = FL2 (P1 - rC PV) Where: FL2 = .86 P1 = 139.7 psia PV = 100 psia rC = 0.87 Note: rC was found by looking up the critical pressure PC and dividing that value into PV. PC = 1119 psia PV = 100 psia PV/PC = 100/1119 = 0.089 Enter value into graph on page 13, figure 1.3. Reading vertically rC = 0.87. ∆Pallow = 0.86 [139.7 - 0.87 (100)] = 45.32 psi 5) Compare the actual pressure drop to the allowable pressure drop. ∆Pactual = 75 psi ∆Pallow = 45.32 psi The allowable pressure drop is less than the actual pressure drop. Therefore, equation 1-1.2 must be used to calculate the required CV. Q

Cv = Q

∆Pallow = S .G.

150

45.32 1.42

=

Because the allowable pressure drop is less than the actual pressure drop, the required CV increased. The CV of 26.56 falls in at about 75% of opening indicating that our first selection has enough capacity to control the process. Referring to the cavitation and flashing section, the outlet pressure is less than the vapor pressure and flashing exists. Proper material selection should handle this type of problem, however, if cavitation exists in a different application consult the Cookeville Valve Operation. CAVITATION AND FLASHING We previously stated that there are two basic requirements that must be determined to properly size control valves. Accuracy has been improved with the introduction of the factor, rC and is called the critical pressure ratio. 10

We can now calculate the point where a liquid will result in choked flow and calculation of the allowable pressure drop is the technique used for this prediction. ∆Pallow = FL2 (P1-rCPV) As a liquid flows through the control valve orifice it restricts the flow and causes the fluid to pick up velocity. The point where the fluid reaches maximum velocity results in an energy exchange that lowers the pressure. This point of lowest pressure and highest velocity is referred to as the vena contracta.

FIGURE 1.1

Figure 1.1 shows the flow pattern of the fluid passing through a restriction and depicts what actually happens to the pressure at the vena contracta. If the vena contracta pressure (PVC) falls below the vapor pressure, vapor bubbles start to form. When the fluid passes the vena contracta the fluid velocity slows, thus raising the liquid pressure to some point (P2) less than the inlet pressure. If the outlet pressure (P2) recovers below the vapor pressure, flashing takes place. If the outlet pressure (P2) recovers above the vapor pressure, the vapor bubbles will implode and cavitation is present. Cavitation produces noise, vibration and physical damage to the valve and/or down stream piping. Therefore, calculation of the allowable pressure drop (∆Pallow) predicts whether or not the vena contracta pressure (PVC) will be below the vapor pressure. Avoiding cavitation or flashing means keeping the vena contracta pressure above the vapor pressure. We have included a flow chart to simplify determination of the fluid state for your convenience.

11

CAVITATION DETERMINATION

12

CONTROL VALVE SIZING CAVITATING AND FLASHING LIQUIDS

FIGURE 1.2 - CRITICAL PRESSURE RATIOS FOR WATER 1

0.9

Critical Pressure Ratio rc

0.8

0.7

0.6

0.5 0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

3500

Pv = Vapor Pressure (psia) Enter the water vapor pressure value at inlet temperature on the abscissa. Proceed vertically to intersect the curve. Read the critical pressure ratio rC on the ordinate by moving horizontally to the left.

FIGURE 1.3 – CRITICAL PRESSURE RATIOS FOR OTHER LIQUIDS 1

0.9

Critical Pressure Ratio rc

0.8

0.7

0.6

0.5 0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

1

Pv/Pc Where Pv = Vapor Pressure (psia) and Pc = Critical Pressure (psia)

13

Determine the vapor pressure/critical pressure ratio by dividing the liquid vapor pressure at the valve inlet (noting liquid temperature), by the critical pressure of the liquid. Enter this ratio on the abscissa and proceed vertically to intersect the curve. Read the critical pressure ratio rC on the ordinate by moving horizontally to the left. GAS SIZING Ideal gases and vapors are compressible fluids and require a similar approach to liquid sizing while taking into account such terms as the compressibility factor (Z), the expansion factor (Y) and the terminal pressure ratio (Xt). The flow rate (Q) has units of standard cubic feet per hour and care should be taken to convert your required flow from the compressibility charts in the reference data section beginning on page 67. The following formulae will be used to calculate the required flow coefficient for Durco valves. 1-2.0 CV = QSCFH 1360 P1 Y 1-2.1

Y=1-

1-2.2

CV=

X GTZ

X 3FkXt QSCFH

1360 P1 (0.667)

Xt GTZ

Where: X, Y, G, CV, and Z are dimensionless CV = Flow coefficient Q = Flow rate in SCFH P1 = Inlet pressure in psia Y = Expansion factor X = Pressure drop ratio ∆P/P1 G = Specific gravity T = temperature, oR Fk = Specific heat ratio Xt = Terminal pressure drop ratio Z = Compressibility factor DETERMINING THE REQUIRED Cv Formula 1-2.0 is the general purpose equation for most gas sizing applications. However, when gases flow through a restriction they will expand and contract. We stated earlier that gas sizing includes both expansion and compressibility factors and careful examination of the fluid characteristics is required to accurately predict flow for gases and vapors. Formula 1-2.0 is based on the same premise that, as the pressure drop increases so will the flow increase. There is a point where the flow will choke off. Therefore, the value of Y has been limited 0.667. When Y can be calculated to be less than 0.667 the gas is at "Choked Flow" and equation 1-2.2 must be used to determine the required CV. The compressiblility factor (Z) is a correction factor for gases that deviate from the laws of perfect gases and effect the accuracy of the CV coefficient. Values of Z may be approximated using the compressibility charts in the reference data section beginning on page 67.

14

CV CALCULATION PROCEDURE 1) Convert flow units to SCFH 2) Calculate the expansion factor. Y=1–

X (limit 0.667) 3FkXt

Where: X = ∆P/P1 (P1 in psia)

Fk =

k Specific heat ratio of gas = 1.4 Specific heat ratio of air

Xt = From sizing charts (start at Xt = 0.5) 3) If Y is greater than 0.667 calculate the C, using formula 1-2.0. Based on the degree of opening from the sizing charts, recheck Y using the actual Xt, and recalculate the Cv. 4) If Y is less than O.667 calculate the CV using formula 1-2.2. Based on the degree of opening from the sizing charts, recheck Y using the actual Xt and recalculate the CV.

EXAMPLES FOR GAS SIZING Example 1 Given information: Fluid = Air P1 = 100 psig + 14.7 = 114.7 psia ∆P = 30psi T = 90oF + + 460 = 550oR Q = 50,000 SCFH G = 1.0 Line size = 2”

X 3FkXt 0.26 Y=1 3(1.0)(0.5)

1) Y = 1 -

Y = 0.83 Where:

X = 30/114.7 = 0.26 Fk = 1.4/1.4 = 1.0 (k is found in the reference data section) Xt = 0.5(starting point)

2) Y is greater than 0.667, therefore, formula 1-2.0 should be used. The value of Z for air is 1.0 found in the reference data section.

15

CV

QSCFH

=

Xt GTZ 50,000 SCFH

1360 P1 (0.667) =

1360 (114.7) (0.83)

0.26 1.0(550)(1.0)

CV = 17.8 3) The given information showed that the line size was 2". Referring to the sizing chart for the 2" V-port it is found that the valve would operate at about 67% of full open. The respective Xt, is about 0.53 and therefore the Cv, would not be affected. Example 2 Given Information: Fluid = Ethane P1 = 150 psig = 14.7 = 164.7 psia ∆P = 95 psi T = 100oF + 460 = 560oF Q = 165,000 SCFH G = 1.05 k = 1.18 (from reference data section) Line size = 3”

X (lim 0.667) 3FkXt 0.58 Y = 1− 3(0.84)(0.5)

1) Y =

Y ≠ 0.54 (choked flow) therefore, Y = 0.667 Where:

X=95/164.7=0.58 Fk = 1.18/1.4 = 0.84 Xt = 0.5

2) The calculated value for Y is less than O.667, therefore use formula 1-2-2. Ethane is not an ideal gas under the stated pressures and temperatures and Z should be determined using the compressibility charts in the reference data section. Critical temperature and critical pressure, T, and P, respectively, were looked up for Ethane in the physical constants section of reference data. PC = 708 psia TC = 550oR Examining the first Z Graph, P, and T, must be calculated. Pr =

P1 164.7 = = 0.23 PC 708

16

Tr =

T 1 560 = = 1.02 TC 550

Referring to the graph and enter the values above for Tr and Pr, a value for Z may be found. In this case it turns out to be 0.92. 3) We now have all of the unknown values and may calculate the CV.

QSCFH

CV =

1360P1(0.667)

Xt GTZ

165,000 SCFH

CV =

1360 (164.7)(0.667)

0.5 1.05(560)(0.92)

CV = 36.8

4) It was given that the line size is 3" and referring to the 3" V-port sizing table on page 29, it is found that the valve will operate about 60-62% open. The corresponding Xt is about 0.64. Therefore, rechecking Y and CV, Y is less than 0.667 or at choked flow.

165,000 SCFH

CV =

1360 (164.7)(0.667)

0.64 1.05(560)(0.92)

CV = 32.5 The proper selection is a 3" EG411 with a maximum available CV of 121. STEAM SIZING The effects of steam are similar to the previous discussion on gas sizing inasmuch as it also is a compressible fluid. The flow rate (W), however, is expressed as pounds per hour (lbs/hr) and care should be taken to convert your required flow to these units. Also see Steam Recommendations, page 62. The following formulae should be used to calculate the required CV for Durco valves.

1 − 3.0 CV =

W lbs./hr. 63.3 Y XP1 W1

1 − 3.1 Y = 1 1 − 3 .2 C V =

X (lim 0.667) 3FkXt W lbs./hr.

63.3 (0.667) XtP1 W1

17

Where: Y, X CV are dimensionless W = Flow rate in lbs./hr. CV = Flow coefficient P1 = Inlet pressure in psia Y = Expansion coefficient X = Pressure drop ratio, ∆P/P1 w1 = Specific weight, lbs./ft.3 Fk = Specific heat ratio factor Xt = Terminal pressure drop ratio DETERMINING CV FOR STEAM 1) Convert flow to lbs./hr. 2) Calculate the expansion factor.

Y =1-

X (lim 0.667) 3FkXt

Where: X = ∆P/P1 Fk = k/1.4 (k from steam chart in reference data section) Xt = from sizing charts beginning on page 29 (start at Xt = 0.5) 2) If Y is greater than 0.667 calculate the CV using formula 1-3.0. Based on the degree of opening from the sizing charts beginning on page 29, recheck Y using actual X, and recalculate the CV. 4) If Y is less than 0.667, calculate the CV using formula 1-3.2. Based on the degree of opening, recheck Y using the actual Xt and recalculate the CV. EXAMPLES FOR STEAM SIZING Example1 Given information: Fluid = Dry saturated steam P1 = 90 psig + 14.7 = 104.7 psia ∆P = 20 psi T = 331oF W = 10,000 lbs./hr. k = 1.31 (from Table 5.1 under Reference Data) w1 = 0.236 (from Table 5.2 under Reference Data)

X 3FkXt 0.191 Y =13 (0.936) (0.5) Y = 0.86

1) Y = 1 -

Where:

X = 20/104.7 = 0.191 Fk = k/1.4 = 1.3/1.4 = 0.936 Xt = 0.5 (starting point) 18

2) Y is greater than 0.667, therefore, use formula

CV =

1-3.0

Wlbs / hr

63.3 Y XP1w1

10,000lbs/hr = 84.7 63.6 (0.86) 0.19 (104.7) (0.236)

=

3) Assuming a 2" line and referring to the 2" standard Sleeveline sizing chart on page 29, it is found that the valve would operate at about 72% open. The corresponding Xt, is 0.5 indicating that the CV is correct. Example 2 Given information: Fluid = Superheated Steam P1 = 60 + 14.7 = 74.7 psia ∆P = 50 psi T = 350oF W = 12,000 lbs/hr k = 1.31 (from Table 5.1 under Reference Data) w1 = 0.16 (from Table 5.2 under Reference Data) Line size = 4"

X (lim 0.667) 3FkXt 0.669 Y =13(0.936) (0.5)

1) Y = 1 -

Y ± 0.524 (choked flow) therefore, Y = 0.667 Where:

X = 50/74.7 = 0.669 Fk = 1.31/1.4 = 0.936 Xt = 0.5 (starting point)

2) Y is less than 0.667, therefore, use formula 1-3.2.

CV =

=

Wlbs / hr 63.6 (0.667) Xt P1 w1

12,000lbs/hr 63.6 (0.667) 0.5 (74.7) (0.16)

CV = 116 3) It was given that the line size was 4" and referring to the 3" Standard Sleeveline sizing chart on page 29, it is found that the valve would operate at about 65% open. The corresponding Xt, is about 0.58 and rechecking Y and CV.

19

Y is less than 0.667 (choked flow)

=

12,000lbs/hr 63.6 (0.667) 0.5 (74.7) (0.16)

= 108

The proper selection is a 3" G411 in a 4" line with a maximum available CV of 277. FREQUENTLY USED FORMULA CONVERSIONS

⎛Q⎞ ∆P = S.G. ⎜ ⎟ LIQUID ⎝ CV ⎠

∆P = P1 - P1 2 GAS

2

LIQUID

⎛ Q S.G.T -⎜ ⎜ 963 C ⎝ V

2

1

⎞ ⎟ ⎟ ⎠

⎛ w (1 + .0007 s) ⎞ -⎜ ⎟ 2.12 C ⎝ ⎠

2

∆P = P1 - P1 2 STEAM

V

Q=GPM Q=SCFH W = lbs. per hour

20

Section Two

HYDRODYNAMIC NOISE In reducing hydrodynamic noise, it is necessary to go to the source (the valve). In order to lower the sound pressure level, cavitation must be reduced. Cavitation is the result of a liquid being forced through an orifice, creating a pressure drop which falls below the vapor pressure of the incoming fluid. The point of lowest pressure is known as the Vena Contracta (see Figure 1). If the Vena Contracta is below the vapor pressure (the pressure at which a liquid will boil at ambient 62ºF temperature), flashing will occur causing the formation of vapor bubbles. As the pressure recovers the atmosphere inside, the bubble is at a lower pressure than the external liquid surrounding the bubble. This causes the vapor bubble to collapse. Usually. along the side, in an elbow or nearest fitting in the pipe, depending on the conditions and type of valve. As the bubble collapses, it usually will remove some material, leaving a small cavity.

To reduce hydrodynamic noise, flashing/cavitation must be reduced. To reduce noise levels in a fluidic process, it has to be determined whether or not cavitation exists. This is accomplished by the following calculations: Ui - Valve inlet velocity which will create incipient cavitation. Uc - Valve inlet velocity which will create critical cavitation. d - Valve inlet diameter, use inside pipe diameter of equivalent schedule 40 pipe. (See table”A”) Cd - Required Cv/d2 P1 - Inlet Pressure in psia Pv - Vapor pressure in psia Ui = Jo x Ji x Jn x Jd Uc =Jo x Jc x Jn x Jd

22

⎧ 6 x (S.G. x Ui) 2 ⎫ ⎬ Pressure drop at which cavitation starts. 2 Cd ⎭ ⎩

Delta P Incipient = ⎨

⎧ 6 x (S.G. x Uc) 2 ⎫ ⎬ Pressure drop at which heavy damage will occur. Cd 2 ⎩ ⎭

Delta P Critical = ⎨

TABLE “A” COMMERCIAL WROUGHT STEEL PIPE DATA SCHEDULE 40 INCH NOMINAL SIZE 1 1.5 2 3 4 6 8 10 12(STD)

OUSIDE DIAMETER

WALL THICKNESS

INSIDE DIAMETER

WEIGHT #/FT.

1.315 1.900 2.375 3.500 4.500 6.625 8.625 10.750 12.750

.133 .145 .154 .216 .237 .280 .322 .365 .375

1.049 1.610 2.067 3.068 4.026 6.065 7.981 10.020 12.000

1.68 2.72 3.65 7.58 10.79 18.97 28.66 40.48 49.56

BASIC CALCULATIONS FOR J Jd = 1 +

log x (12/d) 10(.329 - .615 x log Jk)

− .5 ⎡ 890 + 1⎤ Jk = ⎢ 2 ⎥⎦ ⎣ cd

⎡ P1 - Pv ⎤

.39

Jn = ⎢ ⎣ 71.5 ⎥⎦

Jo = 1.06 for d < 12 1.00 for d = 12 0.94 for d > 12

Ji = 60.4 x Jk for Jk < 0.1 ; or 36.2 x Jk+2.42 for Jk > 0.1 Jc = 71.0 x Jk for Jk < 0.1 ; or 43.0 x Jk + 2.80 for Jk > 0.1 Depending on the process, piping, and valve, if the differential pressure indicates incipient cavitation or greater, steps may be taken to reduce cavitation, noise, and permanent damage to the process equipment.

23

Figure 4 PRESSURE RECOVERY COMPARE

24

25

Section Three

Contents Table

Page

SLEEVED PLUG VALVE -- G4, G4B Marathon, TSG4, TSG4Z (standard port only) SLEEVED PLUG VALVE -- G4, G4B Marathon (use for standard and V-port plugs) Triple sealed SLEEVED PLUG VALVE --TSG4, TSG4Z (use for standard, V-port and soundtrim plugs) SLEEVED PLUG VALVES (V-port only) -- G4, G4B Marathon, TSG4, TSG4Z MG4Sleevline Plug Valves -- Multi-Port Plug Port-Seal/Sleeved Mach 1 Valve V-Port Port-Seal/Sleeved Mach 1 Valve Standard Port Port-Seal/Sleeved Mach 1 Valve Fluorocarbon LINED PLUG VALVES (standard port only) -- T4 Fluorocarbon LINED PLUG VALVES -- T4, ET41 & T43 (use for standard port and V-port plugs) Fluorocarbon LINED PLUG VALVES (V-port only) -- T4 BX2001 -- Big Max Butterfly Valves -- ANSI Class 150# Series BX2001 -- Big Max Butterfly Valves -- ANSI Class 150# Series STANDARD PFA/VITON SEAT ONLY BX2001 -- Big Max Butterfly Valves -- ANSI Class 150# Series FIRESEALED, STANDARD PFA/INCONEL & UHMWPE SEATS ONLY BX2001-- Big Max Butterfly Valves -- ANSI Class 150# Series -- Triflex Metal Seat (70°F) BX2001 -- Big Max Butterfly Valves -- ANSI Class 150# Series -- Triflex Metal Seat (800°F) BX2001 -- Big Max Butterfly Valves -- ANSI Class 150# Series -- Triflex Metal Seat (1000°F) BTV VALVE -- Flurocarbon Lined Butterfly Valves -- ANSI Class 150# Series BTV VALVE -- Flurocarbon Lined Butterfly Valves -- ANSI Class 150# Series BUV VALVE -- UHMWPE Lined Butterfly Valves -- ANSI Class 150# Series ATOMAC AKH3 VALVE -- Standard Port Ball Valve -- FEP & PFA Lined ATOMAC AKH3E VALVE -- V- Port Ball Valve -- FEP & PFA Lined ATOMAC CAKH3V VALVE – C-Ball Standard Port Ball Valve -- FEP & PFA Lined ATOMAC AKH3 VALVE -- Standard Port Ball Valve -- FEP & PFA Lined -- Clean / Clear Service ATOMAC AKH3 VALVE -- Standard Port Ball Valve -- FEP & PFA Lined -- Slurry Service ATOMAC CAKH3V VALVE – C-Ball Standard Port Ball Valve -- FEP & PFA Lined ATOMAC AKH2 VALVE -- Standard Port Ball Valve -- FEP & PFA Lined ATOMAC AKH2 VALVE -- Full Port Ball Valve -- FEP & PFA Lined -- Clean / Clear Service ATOMAC AKH2 VALVE -- Full Port Ball Valve -- FEP & PFA Lined -- Slurry Service ATOMAC AKH5 VALVE -- Standard Port Ball Valve -- Ceramic Lined ATOMAC AKH5 VALVE -- Standard Port Ball Valve -- Ceramic Lined (Liner & Ball) Clean / Clear Service ATOMAC AKH5 VALVE -- Standard Port Ball Valve -- Ceramic Lined (Liner & Ball) -- Slurry Service ATOMAC AKH2A VALVE -- Full Port Ball Valve -- FEP & PFA Lined ATOMAC AKH2A VALVE -- Full Port Ball Valve -- FEP & PFA Lined -- Clean / Clear Service ATOMAC AKH2A VALVE -- Full Port Ball Valve -- FEP & PFA Lined -- Slurry Service ATOMAC AKH6 VALVE -- Tank Drain Ball Valve -- FEP & PFA Lined ATOMAC AKH6 VALVE -- Tank Drain Ball Valve -- FEP & PFA Lined -- Clean / Clear Service ATOMAC AKH6 VALVE -- Tank Drain Ball Valve -- FEP & PFA Lined -- Slurry Service ATOMAC AMP3 VALVE -- 3-Way Ball Valve -- FEP & PFA Lined ATOMAC AMP3 VALVE -- 3-Way Ball Valve -- FEP & PFA Lined -- Clean / Clear Service ATOMAC AMP3 VALVE -- 3-Way Ball Valve -- FEP & PFA Lined -- Slurry Service MICROFINISH BR2 VALVE -- Regular Port Flanged Ball Valve MICROFINISH VALVE -- 150# Flanged, Reduced Bore Ball Valve MICROFINISH BF2 VALVE -- Full Port Flanged Ball Valve MICROFINISH VALVE -- Flanged, Full Bore Ball Valve MICROFINISH BR38 VALVE -- Regular Port 800# Ball Valve MICROFINISH BR38 VALVE -- 800# Threaded Ball Valve MICROFINISH BR38 VALVE -- Full Port 800# Ball Valve MICROFINISH BF2K VALVE -- Full Port WOG Ball Valve MICROFINISH BF2K VALVE -- Full Port WOG Ball Valve -- Screwed End & Socket Weld MICROFINISH BF3K VALVE -- Full Port WOG Ball Valve MICROFINISH BF3K VALVE -- Full Port WOG Ball Valve -- Screwed End & Socket Weld

27

Cv Sizing Torque Sizing Torque Cv Cv Cv Cv Sizing Torque Cv Sizing Torque Cv Cv Sizing Torque Sizing Torque

28 29 29 30 31 32 32 32 33 34 35 36 37 37

Sizing Torque Sizing Torque Sizing Torque Cv Sizing Torque Sizing Torque Cv Cv Cv Sizing Torque Sizing Torque Sizing Torque Cv Sizing Torque Sizing Torque Cv Sizing Torque

38 38 38 39 40 40 41 41 41 42 42 42 43 44 44 45 45

Sizing Torque Cv Sizing Torque Sizing Torque Cv Sizing Torque Sizing Torque Cv Sizing Torque Sizing Torque Cv Sizing Torque Cv Sizing Torque Cv Sizing Torque Cv Cv Sizing Torque Cv Sizing Torque

45 46 46 46 47 47 47 48 48 48 49 49 50 50 51 51 51 52 52 53 53

Sleeved Plug Valves (standard port only) G4, G4B Marathon, TSG4, TSG4Z

Cv Valve Size .5 .75 1 1.5 2 3 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 FL2 Xt

Pipe Size .5 .75 2 1.5 1 3 2 1.5 4 3 2 6 4 3 8 6 4 10 8 6 8 10 12 14 16 18

10 NA NA .4 .5 .61 .7 .9 1.1 1.3 1.6 1.9 3 4 4 5 6 7 10 11 12 24 30 43 44 89 89 0.94 0.16

20 N/A N/A 1.48 1.85 2.28 2.8 3.5 3.9 4.8 5.9 7.2 10 13 16 17 20 26 37 39 45 88 112 161 163 332 332 0.94 0.64

30 NA NA 3.19 3.99 4.91 6.1 7.6 8.5 10.3 12.9 15.6 22 28 33 37 44 57 80 85 98 190 241 348 351 715 715 0.92 0.64

% Of Rotation 0 – 90 Degrees 40 50 60 70 NA N/A NA N/A N/A NA N/A NA 5.50 8.39 11.9 15.9 6.88 10.5 14.8 19.9 8.46 12.9 18.2 24.4 10.4 16 22 30 13.1 20 28 38 14.7 22 32 42 17.8 27 38 51 22.2 34 48 66 27.0 41 58 78 38 58 82 110 49 74 105 141 57 87 122 164 64 97 137 184 76 116 165 220 98 149 211 282 138 211 298 398 146 224 316 423 168 257 363 486 477 500 707 946 606 635 897 1202 872 915 1292 1730 880 923 1304 1746 1795 1884 2661 3562 1795 1884 2661 3562 0.88 0.82 0.79 0.75 0.72 0.79 0.61 0.51

80 NA N/A 20.4 25.6 31.5 39 49 55 66 87 100 142 182 211 237 284 364 513 544 626 1219 1548 2229 2248 4588 4588 0.67 0.37

90 N/A NA 25.6 32.0 39.3 49 61 68 84 107 125 177 227 264 296 355 455 641 681 782 1522 1933 2784 2809 5732 5732 0.57 0.24

100 7.4 19.6 31.2 39.0 48.0 59 74 83 101 126 153 216 277 322 361 433 555 783 831 955 1859 2361 3400* 3430* 7000* 7000* 0.50 0.61

* Estimated Values USED IN CONJUNCTION WITH CONCENTRIC REDUCERS Use appropriate torque tables on next page for: G4 and G4B Marathon Plug Valve TSG4 TSG4Z Plug Valve

28

Sleeved Plug Valve G4, G4B Marathon (use for standard and V-port plugs) SIZING TORQUES (Inch-lbs.) VALVE SIZE

PTFE

UHMWPE

DURALON II

C/C SLY ALKY C/C SLY C/C SLY <1 300 405 450 380 475 300 405 1 335 452 565 660 720 450 608 1.5 497 671 838 680 740 540 729 2 675 911 1138 1200 1620 750 1013 2.5 1180 1458 1822 1800 2430 1300 1755 3 1180 1458 1822 1800 2430 1300 1755 4&5 2400 3240 4050 3750 5063 2500 3375 6 6000 8100 10125 9900 12500 7500 10165 8* 9300 12555 15693 15000 17500 11200 15300 8** 6960 9396 N/A CF CF 8352 11300 10* 29400 39690 49612 40000 42500 35200 42000 10** 22020 29300 N/A CF CF 26222 32000 12*F 39900 42000 50000 40000 42500 40000 42000 12** 29926 40403 N/A CF CF 30000 35000 14 39900 42000 50000 40000 42500 42000 44000 16 60000 N/A 65000 N/A N/A 70000 75000 18 60000 N/A 65000 N/A N/A 70000 75000 *150# DCI & 300# Alloy Body **150# Alloy Body G4N Style Note: For dry services, use slurry torque requirements CF= Consult Factory C/C= Clean Clear SLY= Slurry For CZ100 (DNI) Nickel Plugs Consult Factory. Consult factory for other sleeve materials.

Triple Sealed Sleeved Plug Valve TSG4, TSG4Z (use for standard and V-port plugs) SIZING TORQUES (Inch-lbs.) VALVE SIZE <1 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 4&5 6 8* 8** 10* 10** 12*F 12** 14 16 18

TSG4 – PTFE C/C 345 518 621 1035 1380 1380 2760 7256 15000 N/A 40000 N/A 40000 N/A 40000 N/A N/A

SLY 450 699 740 1397 1863 1863 3726 9798 17000 N/A 42000 N/A 42000 N/A 42000 N/A N/A

ALKY 475 838 940 1676 2235 2235 4471 11757 21000 N/A 50000 N/A 50000 N/A 50000 N/A N/A

29

TSG4Z - PTFE C/C 414 621 710 1207 2070 2070 3969 10350 15500 N/A 42000 N/A 42000 N/A 42000 N/A N/A

SLY 500 740 765 1630 2600 2600 5356 12500 17500 N/A 44000 N/A 44000 N/A 44000 N/A N/A

ALKY 570 900 940 1956 3150 3150 6427 14500 22000 N/A 52000 N/A 52000 N/A 52000 N/A N/A

Sleeved Plug Valves (V-port only) G4, G4B Marathon, TSG4, TSG4Z

Cv Valve Size 1 1 1 1

1.5

2

3

4

6 FL2 Xt

Pipe Size 1 1 1 2 1.5 1 3 2 1.5 4 3 2 6 4 3 8 6 4 10 8 6

10 0.03 0.05 0.10 0.31 0.35 0.38 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.6 0.7 0.7 1.4 1.5 1.5 2.3 2.3 2.4 4.9 4.9 5.1 0.96 0.23

20 0.14 0.18 0.38 1.15 1.29 1.42 1.4 1.4 1.5 2.4 2.5 2.5 5.3 5.6 5.7 8.4 8.7 9.01 18.2 18.4 19.0 0.96 0.39

% Of Rotation 0 – 90 Degrees 40 50 60 70 0.53 0.81 1.14 1.52 0.71 1.08 1.52 2.05 1.41 2.15 3.04 4.07 4.27 6.51 9.20 12.3 4.80 7.32 10.3 13.8 5.27 8.04 11.4 15.2 5.2 8 11 15 5.4 8 12 16 5.5 8 12 16 8.8 13 19 25 9.2 14 20 27 9.5 14 20 27 19.8 30 43 57 20.8 32 45 60 21.3 33 46 62 31.2 48 67 90 32.4 49 70 94 33.5 51 72 97 67.7 103 146 195 68.4 104 147 197 70.5 107 152 204 0.94 0.93 0.86 0.73 0.75 0.73 0.64 0.49

30 0.31 0.42 0.82 2.47 2.78 3.06 3.0 3.1 3.2 5.1 5.3 5.5 11.4 12.1 12.4 18.1 18.8 19.4 39.3 39.7 40.9 0.95 0.64

80 1.96 2.62 5.24 15.7 17.8 19.6 19 20 20 33 34 35 73 77 79 116 121 124 252 254 262 0.64 0.33

90 2.46 3.28 6.55 19.8 22.3 24.5 24 25 26 41 43 44 92 97 99 145 151 156 315 318 328 0.56 0.28

USED IN CONJUNCTION WITH CONCENTRIC REDUCER

Use appropriate torque tables on PREVIOUS page for: G4 and G4B Marathon Plug Valve TSG4 TSG4Z Plug Valve

30

100 3.00 4.00 8.00 24.2 27.2 29.9 29 31 31 50 52 54 112 118 121 177 184 190 384 388 400 0.45 0.28

MG4 Sleeveline Plug Valves Multi-Port Plug

Cv #1 Valve A<->C Size B<->C .5 5.4 .75 15.8 1 23.5 1.5 30.8 2 61.6 3 109 4 169 6 365* 8 525* 10 770* 12 872* FL2 0.43 Xt 0.28 *Estimated Value

B<->C 5.4 15.8 23.5 30.8 61.6 109 169 365* 525* 770* NA 0.43 0.28

#3 #5 C<->A&B A<->B B<->C MAX 7.4 2.4 2.4 19.6 7.0 7.0 48.8 15.9 18.0 83.5 22.9 21.6 153 45.9 35.6 322 78 64 555 152 130 955* 272* 250* 1410* 500* 370* 2130* 720* 670* NA 815* 758* NA 0.47 0.47 NA 0.30 0.30

#7 #8 A<->C C<->A&B A<->C A<->B B<->C MAX B<->C 5.4 7.4 2.4 2.4 15.8 19.6 7.0 7.0 23.5 48.8 18.0 15.9 30.8 83.5 21.6 22.9 61.6 153 35.6 45.9 108 322 64 78 169 555 130 152 365* 955* 250* 272 525* 1410* 370* 500* 770* 2130* 670* 720* NA NA 758* 815* 0.43 NA 0.47 0.47 0.28 NA 0.30 0.30

Characteristic Curve for MG Valve with Transflow Plug For Typical Arrangement Numbers See Bulletin V-24

31

#13 A<->C B<->C 5.4 19.4 22.7 33.9 56.1 94 171 333* 525* 770* 872* 0.43 0.28

Mach 1

Mach 1 Sizing torque. (Port-seal) Size

(Sleeve)

C-C

Slurry

ALKY

C-C

Slurry

1

260

351

439

310

419

523

1.5

370

500

624

430

581

726

2

550

743

928

600

810

1013

3

860

1161

1451

1020

1377

1721

4

2000

2700

3375

2200

2970

3713

6

4320

5832

7290

5200

7020

8775

Sleeved Plug Valves (Standard and V-Port)

ALKY

Flow Coefficient (Cv) for Mach 1, V-Port valves, Port-Seal or Sleeved Percent of rotation 0-90 degrees Valve Size Pipe Size

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

1.00 1.00 1.00

1.00 1.50 2.00

0.16 0.15 0.13

0.61 0.56 0.50

1.33 1.21 1.08

2.29 2.08 1.85

3.55 3.23 2.87

4.94 4.50 4.00

6.66 6.06 5.39

8.49 7.72 6.87

10.64 9.68 8.61

13.00 11.83 10.52

1.00 1.00 1.00

1.00 1.50 2.00

0.09 0.08 0.07

0.33 0.30 0.27

0.72 0.65 0.58

1.23 1.12 1.00

1.91 1.74 1.55

2.66 2.42 2.15

3.59 3.26 2.90

4.57 4.16 3.70

5.73 5.21 4.64

7.00 6.37 5.67

1.00 1.00 1.00

1.00 1.50 2.00

0.05 0.05 0.04

0.19 0.17 0.15

0.41 0.37 0.33

0.70 0.64 0.57

1.09 0.99 0.88

1.52 1.38 1.23

2.05 1.86 1.66

2.61 2.38 2.11

3.27 2.98 2.65

4.00 3.64 3.24

1.50 1.50 1.50

1.50 2.00 3.00

0.38 0.37 0.36

1.46 1.41 1.37

3.18 3.07 2.97

5.46 5.28 5.10

8.45 8.18 7.91

11.79 11.40 11.02

15.88 15.37 14.86

20.24 19.59 18.93

25.36 24.55 23.73

31.00 30.00 29.00

2.00 2.00 2.00

2.00 3.00 4.00

0.57 0.55 0.53

2.17 2.09 2.01

4.71 4.54 4.36

8.10 7.80 7.50

12.55 12.08 11.62

17.49 16.84 16.19

23.57 22.70 21.82

30.03 28.92 27.81

37.64 36.24 34.85

46.00 44.30 42.59

3.00 3.00 3.00

3.00 4.00 6.00

1.14 1.11 1.06

4.33 4.23 4.01

9.43 9.19 8.73

16.20 15.79 14.99

25.09 24.47 23.22

34.98 34.11 32.37

47.14 45.97 43.63

60.07 58.58 55.60

75.27 73.41 69.67

92.00 89.72 85.16

4.00 4.00 4.00

4.00 6.00 8.00

2.08 2.02 1.94

7.91 7.66 7.37

17.22 16.67 16.04

29.57 28.64 27.55

45.82 44.37 42.68

63.87 61.85 59.50

86.08 83.36 80.19

109.69 106.22 102.18

137.45 133.11 128.05

168.00 162.69 156.51

6.00 6.00 6.00

6.00 8.00 10.00

3.87 3.75 3.71

14.70 14.26 14.11

31.97 31.01 30.69

54.92 53.27 52.73

85.09 82.54 81.69

118.61 115.05 113.87

159.87 155.07 153.47

203.70 197.59 195.55

255.27 247.61 245.06

312.00 302.64 299.52

1.5

5.7

12.4

21.3

33

Flow Coefficient (Cv) for Mach 1, Standard

46 62 79 99 Port valves, Port-Seal or Sleeved

121

Percent of rotation 0-90 degrees Valve Size Pipe Size

50

60

70

80

90

100

1.00 1.00 1.00

1.00 1.50 2.00

0.52 0.47 0.42

1.93 1.76 1.56

4.21 3.83 3.41

7.21 6.56 5.84

11.03 10.04 8.93

15.58 14.18 12.61

20.86 18.98 16.89

26.88 24.45 21.75

33.57 30.54 27.17

41.00 37.30 33.18

1.50 1.50 1.50

1.50 2.00 3.00

1.00 0.97 0.94

3.82 3.69 3.57

8.30 8.03 7.77

14.26 13.80 13.34

22.09 21.38 20.67

30.79 29.80 28.81

41.50 40.17 38.83

52.88 51.18 49.47

66.27 64.13 62.00

81.00 78.39 75.77

2.00 2.00 2.00

2.00 3.00 4.00

2.00 1.92 1.85

7.58 7.30 7.02

16.50 15.89 15.28

28.34 27.29 26.24

43.91 42.28 40.66

61.21 58.94 56.67

82.50 79.44 76.39

105.12 101.22 97.33

131.73 126.85 121.97

161.00 155.04 149.07

3.00 3.00 3.00

3.00 4.00 6.00

3.31 3.23 3.06

12.58 12.27 11.64

27.36 26.68 25.33

47.00 45.84 43.50

72.82 71.01 67.40

101.50 98.99 93.95

136.81 133.42 126.63

174.32 170.00 161.36

218.45 213.04 202.21

267.00 260.38 247.14

4.00 4.00 4.00

4.00 6.00 8.00

6.79 6.58 6.33

25.81 25.00 24.05

56.16 54.39 52.32

96.47 93.42 89.87

149.45 144.73 139.23

208.33 201.75 194.08

280.79 271.93 261.58

357.79 346.49 333.31

448.36 434.20 417.69

548.00 530.69 510.51

6.00 12.41 8.00 12.04 10.00 11.91

47.15 45.74 45.27

102.58 99.50 98.48

176.21 170.92 169.16

273.00 264.81 262.08

380.55 369.13 365.32

512.91 497.52 492.39

653.55 633.94 627.40

819.00 794.43 786.24

1001.00 970.97 960.96

45

98

168

257

363

486

626

782

955

6.00 6.00 6.00

10

20

30

40

12

Reduced capacities are calculated for installation with concentric reducers.

32

Fluorocarbon Lined Plug Valves (standard port only) T4

Cv Valve Size .5 .75 1 1.5 2 3 4 6 8 10 12 FL2 Xt

Pipe Size .5 .75 2 1.5 1 3 2 1.5 4 3 2 6 4 3 8 6 4 10 8 6 12 10 8 10 12

10 NA NA 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.9 1.1 1.2 1.4 1.7 2.5 2.6 3.7 4.4 7.1 7.7 10.4 10.0 10.2 14.1 15.3 16.4 18.2 27.6 41.0 0.94 0.16

20 NA NA 1.2 1.4 1.6 3.3 4.1 4.5 5.3 6.3 9.4 9.8 13.8 16.3 26.3 28.7 38.6 37.0 37.8 52.4 56.9 60.9 67.6 102 152 0.94 0.64

30 NA NA 2.5 3.0 3.5 7.1 8.8 9.8 11.5 13.6 20.3 21.2 29.7 35 56.8 61.9 83.1 79.8 81.5 113 122 131 146 221 328 0.92 0.64

% Of Rotation 0 – 90 Degrees 40 50 60 70 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 4.3 6.6 9.3 12.4 5.2 7.9 11.2 15.0 6.0 9.1 12.9 17.3 12.3 18.7 26.4 35.4 15.1 23.1 32.6 43.6 16.8 25.7 36.3 48.6 19.9 30 43 57 23.4 36 50 68 35.1 53 76 101 36.6 56 79 106 51.3 78 110 148 60.4 92 130 174 97.9 150 211 283 107 163 230 308 143 219 309 414 138 210 297 397 140 214 303 406 195 297 420 562 212 323 456 610 226 345 488 653 251 383 541 725 380 580 820 1098 564 860 1215 1628 0.88 0.82 0.79 0.75 0.72 0.79 0.61 0.51

80 NA NA 16.0 19.3 22.2 45.6 56.2 62.5 74 87 130 136 190 225 364 397 533 511 522 724 786 841 934 1415 2097 0.67 0.37

90 NA NA 20.0 24.1 27.8 57.0 70.2 78.2 92 109 1639 170 238 281 455 496 666 639 653 905 983 1052 1167 1768 2621 0.57 0.24

100 8.00 16.0 24.4 29.4 33.9 69.6 85.8 95.4 113 133 199 208 291 343 556 606 813 780 797 1105 1200 1284 1425 2159 3200 0.50 0.16

USED IN CONJUNCTION WITH CONCENTRIC REDUCERS See torque table on next page.

33

Fluorocarbon Lined Plug Valves T4, ET41 & T43 (use for standard port and V-port plugs) SIZING TORQUES (Inch-lbs.) T-LINE

VALVE SIZE C/C

SLY

<1

300

405

1

398

535

1.5

504

680

2

720

972

2.5

1060

1458

3

1060

1458

4

2100

2835

6

5700

7695

8

10000

13500

10

70000

C/F

12

80000

C/F

Note: For dry services, use slurry torque requirements C/C= Clean Clear SLY= Slurry CF= Consult Factory

34

Fluorocarbon Lined Plug Valves (V-port only) ET4

Cv Valve Size 1 1 1 1 1.5 2 3 FL2 Xt

Pipe Size 1 1 1 2 1.5 1 3 2 1.5 4 3 2 6 4 3

10 0.01 0.04 0.11 0.24 0.28 0.30 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.6 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.96 0.23

20 0.04 0.13 0.35 0.91 1.02 1.11 1.7 1.8 1.9 1.9 2.0 2.1 2.9 3.1 3.1 0.96 0.39

30 0.11 0.32 0.85 1.96 2.21 2.38 3.8 3.9 4.0 4.1 4.3 4.5 6.3 6.6 6.8 0.95 0.64

% Of Rotation 0 – 90 Degrees 40 50 60 70 0.18 0.26 0.38 0.51 0.53 0.79 1.14 1.54 1.42 2.12 3.04 4.10 3.38 5.17 7.30 9.77 3.81 5.81 8.21 11 4.11 6.27 8.86 11.9 6.5 9.9 14.1 18.8 7.0 10.7 15.1 20.2 7.0 10.7 15.1 20.2 7.1 10.8 15.2 20.4 7.4 11.4 16.0 21.5 7.7 11.8 16.7 22.3 10.8 16 23 31 11.4 17 25 33 11.7 18 25 34 0.94 0.93 0.86 0.73 0.75 0.73 0.64 0.49

80 0.65 1.96 5.24 12.6 14.2 15.3 24.2 26.0 26.0 26.3 27.7 28.7 40 42 43 0.64 0.33

90 0.82 2.47 6.58 15.7 17.7 19.1 30.3 32.5 32.5 32.8 34.6 35.9 50 60 54 0.56 0.28

100 1 3 8 19.2 21.6 23.3 37.0 39.6 39.6 40.1 42.2 43.8 61 65 66 0.45 0.28

USE IN CONJUNCTION WITH CONCENTRIC REDUCERS See torque table on previous page.

35

BX2001 Valve Big Max Butterfly Valves ANSI Class 150# Series

Cv Valve Size 2 3 4 6 8 10 12 FL2 Xt 14 16 18 20 24 30 36 FL2 Xt

10 2 3 7 20 54 99 180 0.74 0.46 231 305 345 420 615 930 1340 0.60 0.42

20 9 15 37 100 158 277 386 0.72 0.41 544 704 805 1120 1640 2480 3570 0.60 0.42

30 19 33 75 195 269 437 635 0.70 0.39 884 1144 1380 1820 2665 4030 5800 0.57 0.42

% Of Rotation 40 50 38 49 63 87 120 160 275 350 396 560 650 950 1011 1477 0.67 0.64 0.37 0.34 1428 2108 1848 2728 2300 3450 2940 4340 4305 6355 6510 9610 9370 13840 0.56 0.54 0.42 0.39

0-90 Degees 60 70 59 62 102 110 185 225 415 505 747 948 1351 1808 2070 2710 0.63 0.60 0.29 0.27 3060 4080 3960 5280 5175 6900 6300 8400 9225 12300 13950 18600 20090 26780 0.53 0.49 0.38 0.34

80 65 115 260 615 1153 2182 3582 0.57 0.24 5100 6600 8625 10500 15375 23250 33480 0.43 0.25

90 68 120 295 782 1409 2686 4534 0.55 0.23 6120 7920 10350 12600 18450 27900 40180 0.35 0.20

100 68 120 305 900 1516 3503 4859 0.54 0.21 6800 8800 11500 14000 20500 31000 44640 0.25 0.16

See torque tables on pages 37 and 38.

36

BX2001 Valve BIG MAX Butterfly Valves ANSI Class 150# Series and 300# Series BX2001 Valve Sizing Torque (inch pounds) Torques Are Based On Closing Upstream - max flow 10 ft/sec for flows greater than 10 ft/sec use max delta P on chart. BX2001 Size 2 3 4 5* & 6 8 10 12

Standard PFA/Viton Seat Only 50 150 210 315 720 900 1800 2200

100 190 250 475 840 950 2,650 3,200

150 210 345 545 1,020 1,350 2,900 3,850

200 230 410 624 1,200 1,600 3,300 4,620

Shut Off Pressure 250 285 300 250 262 270 465 525 545 684 744 749 1,284 1,440 1,491 1,900 2,000 2,080 3,960 4,560 4,659 5,280 5,950 6,130

400 315 660 780 1,780 2,535 5,220 7,150

500 360 780 860 2,040 3,225 5,940 8,000

600 700 740 410 450 480 850 960 980 1,032 1,260 1,320 2,260 2,480 2,560 3,825 4,375 4,550 6,470 7,460 7,850 8,975 10,150 11,000

2" - 12"

(1) 2" -12" Triple Seal-use standard seat values times 1.5. (2) For BX series valves (standard seat), use Firesealed BX2001 NOTES: values. Size 14 16 18 20 24 30 36

25 5,400 6,300 7,452 8,640 11,880 18,900 26,037

50 6,200 7,100 8,400 9,840 13,200 21,600 30,240

75 6,700 7,200 8,520 10,320 13,200 21,840 31,140

100 6,820 7,200 9,120 10,800 13,440 22,800 32,040

125 7,000 7,320 9,600 11,400 14,280 24,000 33,595

Shut Off Pressure 150 200 285 300 400 500 7,200 7,500 9,000 9,288 10,920 12,546 7,800 8,640 11,040 11,364 13,200 14,286 10,200 11,880 15,000 15,225 16,500 17,858 12,000 14,640 19,800 20,730 26,000 30,300 15,000 16,800 23,760 25,800 27,420 43,440 35,150 41,520 63,745

600 14,172 15,372 19,215 34,600

700 14,988 16,724 20,905 37,200

740 15,396 17,400 21,750 39,100

700 14980 16710 20888 46500

740 15396 17400 21750 48875

* 5" available in 150# only BX2001

Apex, Firesealed, Std. PFA/Inconel and UHMWPE seats Only

Size 2 3 4 5* & 6 8 10 12

50 200 280 420 960 1195 2395 2926

100 253 335 630 1120 1265 3525 4256

150 279 460 725 1360 1795 3860 5121

200 306 545 830 1595 2130 4390 6145

Shut Off Pressure (psig) 250 285 300 333 359 389 620 700 710 910 990 1005 1710 1915 1947 2530 2660 2726 5265 6065 6197 7022 7914 8153

Size 14 16 18 20 24 30 36

25 6000 7000 8280 9600 13200 21000 28930

50 6200 7100 8400 9840 13200 21600 30240

75 6700 7200 8520 10320 13200 21840 31140

100 6820 7200 9120 10800 13440 22800 32040

125 7000 7320 9600 11400 14280 24000 33595

400 419 760 1080 2125 3100 6943 9510

Shut Off Pressure 150 200 285 7200 7500 9000 7800 8640 11040 10200 11880 15000 12000 14640 19800 15000 16800 23760 25800 27420 43440 35150 41520 63745

* 5" available in 150# only

37

500 479 820 1190 2420 3560 7900 10640

600 545 880 1310 2700 4000 8605 11937

700 599 960 1410 3400 4475 9922 13500

740 638 1000 1470 3750 4800 10441 14630

300 9288 11364 15225 23570

400 10920 13200 16500 32500

500 12546 14251 17858 37875

600 14172 15372 19215 43250

BX2001 Valve

SIZING TORQUES (Inch - lbs.)

BIG MAX Butterfly Valves ANSI Class 150# and 300# Series Triflex Metal Seat (70°F)

BX2001 Valve Sizing Torque (inch pounds) Torques Are Based On Closing Upstream - max flow 10 ft/sec for flows greater than 10 ft/sec use max delta P on chart. BX2001

BX2001 - Triflex Metal Seat (70 Deg. F)

Size 2 3 4 6 8 10 12

50 308 410 765 1410 2630 4590 7140

100 345 460 855 1570 2930 4995 8060

Shut Off Pressure (psig) 150 200 250 285 300 400 500 600 700 740 390 435 480 623 684 792 900 963 981 981 520 580 640 830 912 1056 1200 1284 1308 1308 970 1200 1430 1605 1680 1956 2184 2258 2292 2292 1735 1920 2100 2472 2904 3276 3540 3732 3780 3780 3305 3670 4030 5115 5580 6300 6840 7104 7200 7200 5510 6070 6630 8373 9120 10320 11160 11168 12000 12000 9080 10100 11120 13836 15000 16800 18240 18250 19200 19200

Size 14 16 18 20

0 10320 13800 15600 17400

50 11520 15300 17400 19800

100 12840 17040 19560 21840

24 30

150 14340 18900 21600 24000

200 15600 20880 24000 27000

Shut Off Pressure 250 285 300 17160 1800 19260 22800 24000 25210 26280 27600 28980 29400 30600 32600

400 23780 30450 34100 38363

BX2001 - Triflex Metal Seat (800 Deg. F) 0 338 450 715 1430 2755 5100 8160 16800 22200 25800 44400

20 368 491 782 1558 3000 5465 8731 17100 22656 26256 45300

Shut Off Pressure (psig) 40 60 80 100 399 430 461 576 532 573 614 768 849 916 983 1236 1686 1814 1942 2436 3245 3490 3735 4680 5834 6200 6586 8160 9302 9873 10444 12960 17400 17700 18000 18370 23100 23556 24000 24490 26700 27156 27600 28160 46200 47100 48000 49280

200 729 972 1560 3036 5820 9840 15840 20320 27060 31160 54530

300 864 1152 1848 3480 6660 11280 17880 22480 29970 34470 60323

BX2001

24 30

740 48720 57860 66510 74824

410 981 1308 2040 3780 7200 12000 19200 25120 33500 38520 67410

BIG MAX Butterfly Valves ANSI Class 150# and 300# Series Triflex Metal Seat (800°F)

76560 78120 79655 81216 82800 1E+05 1E+05 1E+05 1E+05 1E+05

BX2001 Valve

SIZING TORQUES (Inch - lbs.)

Size 2 3 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20

700 44740 53620 61630 69334

BX2001 Valve

SIZING TORQUES (Inch - lbs.)

24 30

600 36240 44400 51040 57420

19560 22260 24540 27000 30300 32930 34660 22020 25020 27600 30360 34140 37110 39060

BX2001 Size 2 3 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20

500 29350 36770 42260 47543

BX2001 - Triflex Metal Seat (1000 Deg. F) 0 445 495 870 1580 3010 5510 8160 16800 22200 25800 44400

10 623 692 915 1658 3163 5756 8619 17400 23100 26700 46200

Shut Off Pressure (psig) 20 50 100 200 300 355 741 780 913 1170 1397 1490 823 867 1014 1300 1552 1656 945 1020 1193 1530 1826 1948 1710 1836 2111 2621 3060 3213 3265 3519 4029 4998 5814 6120 5920 6324 7140 8670 9792 10200 8925 9690 11118 13668 13804 15470 18000 20030 23100 30560 43640 55303 24000 26710 30800 33160 48850 63700 27600 30620 35160 49700 70230 87950 48000 52054 59772 84490 1E+05 1E+05

76560 79655 82800 1E+05 1E+05 1E+05

38

BIG MAX Butterfly Valves ANSI Class 150# and 300# Series Triflex Metal Seat (1000°F)

BTV Valve Flurocarbon Lined Butterfly Valves ANSI Class 150# Series

Cv Valve Size 2 3 4 6 8 FL2 Xt 10 12 14 16 18 20 24 FL2 Xt

Pipe Size 2-3 3-6 4-8 6 - 10 8 - 12

10 - 14 12 - 16 14 - 18 16 - 20 18 - 22 20 - 24 24 - 30

30deg. 3 9 16 42 92 0.74 0.51 152 233 282 372 474 586 655 0.65 0.51

40deg. 50deg. 45deg.=50%Open 8 16 28 55 47 94 122 243 268 535 0.75 0.75 0.53 0.54 443 885 676 1353 820 1639 1080 2160 1379 2757 1703 3406 1926 3852 0.66 0.67 0.53 0.54

Degrees Open 60deg. 70deg. 25 85 146 376 827 0.76 0.53 1368 2091 2533 3338 4261 5263 6642 0.70 0.53

43 148 253 653 1435 0.69 0.48 2373 3628 4395 5792 7393 9132 11452 0.47 0.48

80deg. 69 234 399 1033 2269 0.59 0.44 3754 5739 6953 9163 11695 14446 18177 0.39 0.44

90deg. 100% open 93 316 540 1396 3068 0.51 0.40 5075 7758 9400 12387 15810 19530 24564 0.30 0.40

See torque tables on next page.

39

BTV Valve Flurocarbon Lined Butterfly Valves ANSI Class 150# Series Clean / Clear Service* SIZING TORQUES (Inch - lbs.) VALVE SIZE 2 3 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 24

SHUT OFF PRESSURE (psi) O-100 125 360 360 420 420 720 720 1440 1440 1800 1800 3600 3600 4800 4800 6900 7560 9000 9960 10920 11400 12500 12960 20270 21280

150 360 420 720 1440 1800 3600 4800 8160 10920 12000 13440 21800

*For slurry service, multiply torque values above by 1.35.

BUV Valve UHMWPE Lined Butterfly Valves ANSI Class 150# Series Clean / Clear Service* SIZING TORQUES (Inch - lbs.) VALVE SIZE 2 3 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 24

0 100 648 756 1296 3110 3888 6480 8640 13200 19200 24000 30000 48385

SHUT OFF PRESSURE (psi) 125 648 756 1296 3110 3888 6480 8640 14040 21960 30000 38400 59030

150 648 756 1296 3110 3888 6480 8640 14880 24000 39600 45600 68475

*For slurry service, multiply torque values above by 1.35.

40

Atomac AKH3 Valve Standard Port Ball Valve FEP & PFA Lined

Cv Valve Size 1 2 2 3 4 6 8 10 12

10 0.3 0.5 1.7 1.9 6.3 8.6 17.7 39.6 30.3

20 0.6 0.9 3.1 3.5 11.5 15.7 32.5 72.6 55.5

30 1.0 1.4 5.2 5.8 18.9 25.7 53.2 118.8 90.9

40 1.7 2.4 8.6 9.7 31.5 42.8 88.7 198.0 151.5

Fl2

0.94

0.94

0.92

0.88

0.82

0.79

Xt

0.16

0.64

0.64

0.72

0.79

0.61

% Of Rotation, 0-90 Degrees 50 60 70 2.9 4.7 7.9 4.0 6.6 11.1 14.3 23.8 39.8 16.1 26.7 44.7 52 87 146 71 118 198 148 245 411 330 548 918 252 419 702

80 12.2 17.0 61.0 68.6 223 304 630 1406 1075

90 22.0 30.7 110.2 123.9 404 549 1139 2542 1944

100 36.7 51.3 184.1 207.0 675 917 1902 4245 3246

0.75

0.67

0.57

0.5

0.51

0.37

0.24

0.16

Atomac AKH3V Valve V- Port Ball Valve FEP & PFA Lined

Cv Valve Size 1 1 1.5 2 3 FL2 Xt

10 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 0.96 0.23

20 0 0 0 0.3 0.7 0.96 0.39

30 0 0 0 1.7 3.0 0.95 0.64

% Of Rotation 40 50 0.4 1.0 0.6 1.5 0.6 1.8 4.2 7.1 6.5 11.6 0.94 0.93 0.75 0.73

0-90 Degees 60 70 2.0 2.9 3.0 4.9 3.7 6.0 11.6 18.3 18.6 28.2 0.86 0.73 0.64 0.49

80 3.9 7.2 8.6 27.1 41.0 0.64 0.33

90 5.0 10.5 12.5 37.7 56.9 0.56 0.28

100 5.7 13.9 14.8 40.6 64.7 0.45 0.28

See torque tables next page.

Atomac CAKH3V Valve C-Ball Standard Port Ball Valve FEP & PFA Lined

Cv Valve Size 1 1.5 2 3 4 FL2 Xt

10 0.29 0 0.1 2.7 0 0.96 0.23

20 0.47 0 2.5 4.5 7.3 0.96 0.39

30 0.79 0.87 6 7.5 25.3 0.95 0.64

% Of Rotation 40 50 1.4 2.4 3.5 8.75 11 17 12.5 20.8 60.6 107.6 0.94 0.93 0.75 0.73

0-90 Degees 60 70 4 6.7 13.5 21.1 28 43 34.8 55.8 170.5 268 0.86 0.73 0.64 0.49

80 11.2 34.3 66 93 372.2 0.64 0.33

90 18.7 46.4 122 136.5 651 0.56 0.28

100 31.2 50.2 195 227.7 651 0.45 0.28

See torque tables next page.

41

Atomac AKH3 Valve Standard Port Ball Valve FEP & PFA Lined Clean / Clear Service Valve Size 1 1.5 2 3 4 6 8 10 12

SIZING TORQUES (Inch - lbs.) Shut-Off Pressure (psig) 0 150 275 60 65 70 65 70 75 180 240 300 240 300 400 525 750 960 700 1050 1400 1593 2390 2921 4248 6195 7965 4248 6195 7965

Atomac CAKH3V Valve

C-Ball Standard Port Ball Valve FEP & PFA Lined Clean / Clear Service

Atomac AKH3 Valve

SIZING TORQUES (Inch - lbs.) Shut-Off Pressure (PSIG) Valve Size 0 150 275 1 78 85 91 1.5 78 85 91 2 234 312 390 3 312 390 520 4 683 975 1248 6 910 1365 1820 8 2071 3107 3797 10 5523 8054 10355 12 5523 8054 10355

42

Standard Port Ball Valve FEP & PFA Lined Slurry Service

Atomac CAKH3V Valve C-Ball Standard Port Ball Valve FEP & PFA Lined Slurry Service

Atomac AKH2* Valve Full Port Ball Valve FEP & PFA Lined

Cv Valve Size .5 .75 1 1.5 2 3 4 6 8RP 8FP 10 12 FL2 Xt

Cv At Full Open 10 24 40 173 323 831 1700 4860 3144 8320 11900 18342 .14 .30 See torque tables next page.

*See page 46 for AKH2A data. Note: Some documents refer to Atomac capacities in Kv To convert: Kv = 0.86 x Cv Cv = 1.16 x Kv

43

Atomac AKH2 Valve Full Port Ball Valve FEP & PFA Lined Clean / Clear Service SIZING TORQUES (Inch - lbs.) Shut-Off Pressure (psig) Valve Size 0 150 275 0.5 60 65 70 0.75 60 65 70 1 65 70 75 1.5 180 240 300 2 240 300 400 3 525 750 960 4 700 1050 1400 6 1593 2390 2921 8RP 1593 2390 2921 8FP 4248 6195 7965 10 4425 11770 14691 12 6638 17700 22125 RP = Reduced Port FP = Full Port

Atomac AKH2 Valve Full Port Ball Valve FEP & PFA Lined Slurry Service SIZING TORQUES (Inch - lbs.) Shut-Off Pressure (PSIG) Valve Size 0 150 275 0.5 78 85 91 0.75 78 85 91 1 85 91 98 1.5 234 312 390 2 312 390 520 3 683 975 1248 4 910 1365 1820 6 2071 3107 3797 8RP 2071 3107 3797 8FP 5522 8054 10355 10 5753 15301 19098 12 8629 23010 28763 RP = Reduced Port FP = Full Port

44

Atomac AKH5 Valve Full Port Ball Valve Ceramic Lined

Cv Valve Size 1 1.5 2 3 4 FL2 Xt

Cv At Full Open 40 173 323 831 1700 .14 .30

Atomac AKH5 Valve Full Port Ball Valve Ceramic Lined (Liner & Ball)* Clean / Clear Service Valve Size 1 1.5 2 3 4

SIZING TORQUES (Inch - lbs.) Shut-Off Pressure (psig) 0 150 275 27 31 44 53 84 93 97 186 221 443 841 1106 487 1106 1460 *For metal stems only, contact factory for ceramic stem torques.

Atomac AKH5 Valve Full Port Ball Valve Ceramic Lined (Liner & Ball)* Slurry Service SIZING TORQUES (Inch - lbs.) Shut-Off Pressure (PSIG) Valve Size 0 150 275 1 50 81 134 1.5 100 175 306 2 181 412 750 3 825 2062 3650 4 925 2625 3937

45

Atomac AKH2A Valve Full Port Ball Valve FEP & PFA Lined

Cv Valve Size 1 1.5 2 3 4 6 FL2 Xt

Cv At Full Open 54.1 147.5 235.4 590.2 1108.8 1833 .14 .30

Atomac AKH2A Valve Full Port Ball Valve FEP & PFA Lined Clean / Clear Service SIZING TORQUES (Inch - lbs.) Shut-Off Pressure (psig) Valve Size 0 150 275 1 65 70 75 1.5 180 240 300 2 240 300 400 3 443 558 752 4 558 858 1097 6 1416 2124 2744

Atomac AKH2A Valve SIZING TORQUES (Inch - lbs.) Shut-Off Pressure (PSIG) Valve Size 0 150 275 1 85 91 98 1.5 234 312 390 2 312 390 520 3 576 725 978 4 725 1115 1426 6 1841 2761 3567

46

Full Port Ball Valve FEP & PFA Lined Slurry Service

Atomac AKH6 Valve Tank Drain Ball Valve FEP & PFA Lined

Cv Valve Size 1x2 1.5 x 3 2x3 2x3 3x4 4x6 6x8 FL2 Xt

Cv At Full Open 70 186 290 290 767 1200 3525 .50 .16

Atomac AKH6 Valve Tank Drain Ball Valve FEP & PFA Lined Clean / Clear Service Valve Size 1x2 1.5 X 3 2x3 2x4 3x4 4x6

SIZING TORQUES (Inch - lbs.) Shut-Off Pressure (psig) 0 150 275 65 70 75 180 240 300 240 300 400 240 300 400 700 1050 1400 1593 2390 2921

Atomac AKH6 Valve Tank Drain Ball Valve FEP & PFA Lined Slurry Service

Valve Size 1x2 1.5 X 3 2x3 2x4 3x4 4x6 6X8

SIZING TORQUES (Inch - lbs.) Shut-Off Pressure (PSIG) 0 150 275 85 91 98 234 312 390 312 390 520 312 390 520 683 975 1248 910 1365 1820 2071 3107 3797

47

Atomac AMP3 Valve 3-Way Ball Valve FEP & PFA Lined

Cv Valve Size 1 1.5 2 3 4 FL2 Xt

Cv At Full Open 14.9 38.6 60.6 126 222 .47 .30

Atomac AMP3 Valve SIZING TORQUES (Inch - lbs.) Shut-Off Pressure (psig) Valve Size 0 150 275 1 124 177 202 1.5 195 266 304 2 266 363 553 3 725 1018 1550 4 970 1355 2015 All AMP3 Sizing Torques are for the Following Flow Arrangements: L Arrangement - Ports A or B to C T Arrangement - Port A to B & C Or Port B to A & C Only. For all Others, Consult Factory.

3-Way Ball Valve FEP & PFA Lined Clean / Clear Service

AMP3 PORT ARRANGEMENT A

C

B

Atomac AMP3 Valve

SIZING TORQUES (Inch - lbs.) Shut-Off Pressure (psig) Valve Size 0 150 275 1 161 230 263 1.5 254 346 395 2 346 472 719 3 943 1323 2015 4 1261 1762 2620

48

3-Way Ball Valve FEP & PFA Lined Slurry Service

Microfinish BR2 Valve 150# Flanged, Regular Port Ball Valve

Cv Valve Size .5 .75 1 1.5 2 3 4 6 8 FL2 Xt

10 0 0 0 0 0 0 2.1 3.2 10.8 0.94 .78

20 0.1 0.2 0.4 1.3 1.5 3.4 5.7 8.4 21 0.94 .75

30 0.2 0.4 0.9 3.2 3.7 8.6 14.3 21 53 0.92 .70

% Of Rotation 0 – 90 Degrees 40 50 60 70 0.5 0.8 1.4 2.5 0.9 1.5 2.7 4.7 2.1 3.5 6.1 10.5 7.3 12.3 21.6 37 8.5 14.4 25.2 43 19.7 33 59 101 33 55 97 167 48 81 142 245 121 205 360 620 0.88 0.82 0.79 0.75 .66 .63 .56 .49

Microfinish BR2 Valve 150# Flanged, Regular Port Ball Valve SIZING TORQUES (Inch - lbs.) Shut off pressure (psig) VALVE SIZE 100 PSI 285 PSI (Inches) (mm) Inch-pound Inch .5 15 35 40 .75 20 35 40 1 25 70 85 1.5 40 163 197 2 50 224 243 3 80 556 673 4 100 750 1170 6 150 1840 2530 8 200 2640 3360

49

80 3.9 7.4 16.7 59 69 159 265 387 980 0.67 .38

90 6.4 12.0 27.2 96 112 260 432 632 1600 0.57 .26

100 8.0 15.0 34.0 120 140 325 540 790 2000 0.50 .16

Microfinish BF2 Valve

Full Port Flanged Ball Valve

Cv Valve Size .5 .75 1 1.5 2 3 4 6 8 FL2 Xt

10 0 0 0 0 0 3.8 8.3 17.8 39 .94 .78

20 0.2 0.4 1.0 2.4 4.8 11.7 23.3 55 106 .92 .75

30 0.5 1.1 2.4 6.1 11.9 29.1 58 138 264 .88 .70

% Of Rotation With Live Zero 40 50 60 70 1.2 2.1 3.6 6.2 2.4 4.1 7.2 12.4 5.4 9.2 16.2 27.9 13.9 23.6 41 71 27.2 46 81.0 140 67 113 198 341 133 226 396 682 315 534 936 1612 605 1026 1800 3100 .79 .68 .54 .44 .66 .63 .56 .49

80 9.8 19.6 44 113 221 539 1078 2548 4900 .34 .38

90 16.0 32 72 184 360 880 1760 4160 8000 .24 .26

100 20.0 40 90 230 450 1100 2200 5200 10000 .15 .16

Microfinish BF2 Valve

Full Port Flanged Ball Valve

SIZING TORQUES (Inch - lbs.) Shut off pressure (psig) VALVE SIZE 100 PSI 285 PSI (Inches) (mm) Inch-pound Inch .5 15 40 46 .75 20 70 85 1 25 80 98 1.5 40 230 276 2 50 259 460 3 80 660 1170 4 100 1287 2038 6 150 3269 4800 8 200 4800 6000

50

MICROFINISH BR38 VALVE Regular Port Threaded 800# Ball Valve

Cv Valve Size .5 .75 1 1.5 2 FL2 Xt

10 0 0 0 0 0 NA NA

20 0.1 0.2 0.4 1.3 1.5 0.94 .78

30 0.2 0.4 0.9 3.2 3.7 0.92 .75

% Of Rotation 0 – 90 Degrees 40 50 60 70 0.5 0.8 1.4 2.5 0.9 1.5 2.7 4.7 2.1 3.5 6.1 10.5 7.3 12.3 21.6 37 8.5 14.4 25.2 43 0.88 0.82 0.79 0.75 .70 .66 .63 .56

80 3.9 7.4 16.7 59 69 0.67 .49

90 6.4 12.0 27.2 96 112 0.57 .38

100 8.0 15.0 34.0 120 140 0.50 .26

80 9.8 19.6 44 113 N/A .34 .38

90 16.0 32 72 184 N/A .24 .26

100 20.0 40 90 230 N/A .15 .16

MICROFINISH BR38 VALVE

Regular Port Threaded 800# Ball Valve

VALVE SIZE .5 .75 1 1.5 2

SIZING TORQUES (Inch - lbs.) Class 800 Full Port Regular Port 68 68 135 68 225 135 506 383 506 Torques based on standard seat (e.g. glass filled TFE).

Microfinish BR38 Valve Full Port Threaded 800# Ball Valve

Cv Valve Size .5 .75 1 1.5 2 FL2 Xt

10 0 0 0 0 N/A NA NA

20 0.2 0.4 1.0 2.4 N/A .92 .75

30 0.5 1.1 2.4 6.1 N/A .83 .70

% Of Rotation 0 – 90 Degrees 40 50 60 70 1.2 2.1 3.6 6.2 2.4 4.1 7.2 12.4 5.4 9.2 16.2 27.9 13.9 23.6 41 71 N/A N/A N/A N/A .73 .63 .53 .44 .66 .63 .56 .49

51

Microfinish BF2K Valve Full Port Threaded WOG Ball Valve

Cv Valve Size .25 .375 .5 .75 1 1.25 1.5 2 FL2 Xt

10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 NA NA

20 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.5 1.0 1.7 2.4 4.8 .92 .78

30 0.2 0.3 0.6 1.2 2.4 4.4 6.1 11.9 .88 .75

% Of Rotation 0 – 90 Degrees 40 50 60 70 0.5 0.8 1.4 2.5 0.6 1.0 1.8 3.1 1.4 2.4 4.1 7.1 2.7 4.6 8.1 14.0 5.4 9.2 16.2 27.9 10.0 16.9 29.7 51.2 13.9 23.6 41.4 71.3 27.2 46.2 81.0 140 .79 .68 .54 .44 .70 .66 .63 .56

80 3.9 4.9 11.3 22.1 44.1 80.9 113 220 .34 .49

90 6.4 8.0 18.4 36.0 72.0 132 184 360 .24 .38

100 8.0 10.0 23.0 45.0 90.0 165 230 450 .15 .26

Microfinish BF2K Valve

Full Port Threaded WOG Ball Valve SIZING TORQUES (Inch - lbs.) VALVE PORT BF2K SIZE SIZE .25 FB 43 .375 FB 43 .5 FB 55 .75 FB 85 1 FB 115 1.25 FB 170 1.5 FB 219 2 FB 340 Torques based on standard seat ( e.g. glass filled TFE)

52

Microfinish BF3K Valve Full Port Threaded WOG Ball Valve

Cv Valve Size .25 .375 .5 .75 1 1.25 1.5 2 FL2 Xt

10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 NA NA

20 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.5 1.0 1.7 2.4 4.8 .92 .78

30 0.2 0.3 0.6 1.2 2.4 4.4 6.1 11.9 .88 .75

% Of Rotation 0 – 90 Degrees 40 50 60 70 0.5 0.8 1.4 2.5 0.6 1.0 1.8 3.1 1.4 2.4 4.1 7.1 2.7 4.6 8.1 14.0 5.4 9.2 16.2 27.9 10.0 16.9 29.7 51.2 13.9 23.6 41.4 71.3 27.2 46.2 81.0 140 .79 .68 .54 .44 .70 .66 .63 .56

MICROFINISH BF3K VALVE Full Port Threaded WOG Ball Valve

SIZING TORQUES (Inch - lbs.) VALVE PORT BF3K SIZE SIZE .25 FB 49 .375 FB 49 .5 FB 79 .75 FB 105 1 FB 164 1.25 FB 255 1.5 FB 316 2 FB 365 Torques based on standard seat ( e.g. glass filled TFE)

53

80 3.9 4.9 11.3 22.1 44.1 80.9 113 220 .34 .49

90 6.4 8.0 18.4 36.0 72.0 132 184 360 .24 .38

100 8.0 10.0 23.0 45.0 90.0 165 230 450 .15 .26

Section Four

PRESSURE To accurately size control valves, we must fully understand the various pressure terms used in the instrument world. The pressure measurement identifications most frequently encountered in valve applications are: absolute pressure, gauge pressure, vacuum, and differential pressure. DEFINITIONS: a) ABSOLUTE PRESSURE -expressed "pounds per square inch absolute," or psia. b) GAUGE PRESSURE -expressed "pounds per square inch gauge," or psig. c) VACUUM -is a special case of gauge pressure; i.e., vacuum is negative gauge pressure or any pressure less than atmospheric pressure. d) DIFFERENTIAL PRESSURE-is the difference between two pressure points in a system and is expressed as ∆P . Here are some basic relationships between gauge pressure, absolute pressure and vacuum. a) absolute pressure = atmospheric pressure + gauge pressure. b) absolute pressure = atmospheric pressure - vacuum. c) gauge pressure= -vacuum. EXAMPLES: 1. Convert 100 psig to absolute a) Pabs = 100 + 14.7 = 114.7 at sea level b) Pabs = 100 + 12.7 = 112.7 at 4,000 feet 2. Convert 20.36 in Hg Vacuum to psia a) Pgauge =

in− Hg 20.36 2.036 = 2.036 = 10 psig

Pgauge = -vacuum = -10 psig vacuum

b) Pabs = Patmos – vacuum Pabs = 14.7 – 10 psig = 4.7 psia at sea level Pabs = 12.7 – 10 psig = 2.7 psia at 4,000 feet 3. Convert 100 psia to psig a) Pabs = Patmos + Pgauge b) Pgauge = Pabs – Patmos Pgauge = 100 psi – 14.7 psia = 85.3 psig at sea level

USEFUL EQUIVALENTS 1 US Gallon of Water = 8.33 pounds @ 60 0 F 1 Cubic Foot of Water = 62.34 pounds @ 60 0 F 55

1 Cubic Foot of Air = .076 pounds (Std. Pressure and temperature) 1 Pound of Air = 13.1 Cubic Feet (Std. pressure and temperature) Gas Molecular Weight =Specific gravity of that gas 29 Molecular Weight of Air = 29 Density = Specific Weight 1 Nautical Mile = Dist. Subtended By One Min. at Equator. 1 Light Band = 0.0000118” 1 Micron = 0.001 Millimeter 1 Micron = One Millionth of A Meter Big Calorie = 1 Kilogram: 1ºC. Little Calorie = 1 Gram: 1ºC. Visibility in Miles = 15 . xHt . inFeet 1 Part Per Million = 0.0001 per cent 1 mil (Corrosion) = 0.001”

Dia.( Inches) xRPM 229 321,000 xHP Torsional Shaft Stress (Pds/Sq. in.) = RPMxDia 3 ( Inches) Surface Speed (Rotating Shaft) In Feet/Sec. =

MASS RATE Where: Standard conditions (scfh) are 14.7 psia and 60 0 F Normal conditions (norm) are 760 mm Hg and 0 0 C SG1 Water = 1 at 60 0 F SG 2 Water = 1 at 4 0 C M = Molecular weight W 1 = Specific weight lb/ ft 3 (std.)

W 2 = Specific weight kg/ m 3 (norm) G1 = Specific gravity air = 1 at (std. G 2 = Specific gravity air = 1 at (norm) GASES

scfh =

(lb / hr ) x 379 M

scfh = lb / hr W scfh =

(lb / hr ) x131 . G1

m 3 / hr (norm) =

( kg / hr ) x22.40 M

m 3 / hr (norm) =

kg / hr W

m 3 / hr (norm) =

( kg / hr ) x 0.82 G

56

LIQUID

USgal / min = lb / hr 500 xSG1

m 3 / hr =

0.001kg / hr SG 2

VACUUM EQUIVALENTS MILLIMETERS OF MERCURY INCHES IN (Torr)* PSIA MERCURY 14.7 29.92 760.0 1.0 2.04 51.7 0.49 1.0 25.4 0.0193 0.0394 1.0 0.000386 0.000787 0.020 0.0000193 0.000039 0.001

MICRONS 760,000 51,700 25,400 1,000 20 1

* Torr is another term that is the same as Millimeters of Mercury.

TEMPERATURE Rapid Conversion of oC to oF: Degrees Celsius Kelvin 1-Double oC o 2-Deduct 10% C ºK o 3-Add 32 C K-273.15 o Rapid Conversion of oF to oC: C + 273.15 K 1-Deduct 32 o 9/5 C + 32 9/5K-459.67 2-Divide by 1.8 9/5 oC + 491.67 9/5K

57

Degrees Fahrenheit o F o 5/9 ( F-32) 5/9 (oF+ 459.67) o F o F + 459.67

Degrees Rankine o R o 5/9 ( R-491.67) 5/9 oR o R -459.67 o R

TABLE 5.1

PHYSICAL CONSTANTS Ratio

Liquid/Gas Name

Acetaldehyde Acetic Acid Acetone Acetylene Air Alcohol, Ethyl Alcohol, Methyl Ammonia Ammonium Chloride Ammonium Hydroxide Ammonium Sulfate Aniline Argon Arsene Beer Benzene Bromine Butane Butylene Butyric Acid Calcium Chloride Camphor Carbon Dioxide Carbon Disulfide Carbon Monoxide Carbon Tetrachloride Chlorine Chloroform Chromic Acid Cis-2-Butene Citric Acid Copper Sulfate Cyanogen Cydohexame Cyclopentane DichloromethaneDi-Isobutyl Ethane Ether Ethyl Chloride Ethylbenzene Ethylene Ferric Chloride Fluorine Formaldehyde Formic Acid Furfural

Formula CH3CHO HC2H302 C3H60 C2H2 N202 C2H60 CH40 NH3 NH4CL NH4OH (NH4)SO4 C6H7N A AsH3 C6H6 Br2 C4H1o C4H8

psia Specific Critical Gravity Pressure 0.78 1.05 840 0.79 2.01 691 0.61 0.90 890 0.86 1.00 547 0.794 1.59 925 0.796 1.11 1,174 0.62 0.59 1,636 1.07 0.91 1.15 1.02 770 1.65 1.38 705 2.69 1.01 0.88 2.70 710 2.93 5.52 1,485 2.07 529 1.90 583

Critical Viscosity CentiTemp. stokes °R 830 0.295 1,069 1.17 915 0.41 555 239 930 1.52 923 0.74 730 0.30

1258 272

4.37

1012 1035

0.744 0.34

Specific Heats K

psia Vapor Pressure Ambient Temp.

1.13 1.26 1.40 1.15 1.24 1.29

5.50 12.30 19.63 129.00

1.67

756

3.20 2.90 39.60 1.11

1.61 CaCl2 C10H160 C02 CS2 CO C Cl4 Cl2 CHCI3 H2CrO4 C4H8 C6H807 CuS04 (CN)x C5H12 C5H1o CH2CI2 C8H18 C2H6 (CaH5) 20 C2H5CI C8H1o C2H4 FeCI3 F2 H2CO C6H12O2 C5H402

1.23 0.801 1.29 0.80 1.59 1.42 1.49 1.21 0.63 1.54 1.17

1.52 2.63 0.97 5.31 2.45

1,072 1,071 507 661 1,119 793

548 994 240 1002 751 965

610

784

839

722

654 882 361 708 505 740 524 730

922 990 550 841 829 1111 509

809

260

501

1036

1.94

0.75 2.42 0.70 0.36 0.74 0.90 0.87

3.94 1.05 2.55 3.67 0.97

1.23 1.11 1.31 0.82 1.08 1.23 1.16

58

0.005 854.00 8.40 5338 2.70 100.00 4.80

1.30 0.298 0.612 1.35 0.38 1.11

46.00

9.9 1.18 0.668 1.23 1.25

1.10 800.00 12.50 27.10 0.37 765 300.00

1.48

TABLE 5.1 PHYSICAL CONSTANTS (Continued) Ratio

Name

Formula

Glycerin Glycol Helium Hexane Hexylene Hydrochloric Acid Hydrofluoric Acid Hydrogen Hydrogen Chloride Hydrogen Sulfide Iodine Iso-Butane [so-Butene Iso-Octane Iso-Prene Iso-Pentane Iso-Propyl-Alcohol Iso-Propyl-Benzene Krypton m-Xylene Magnesium Chloride Mercury Methane Methyl Cyclohexane Methyl Cyclopentane Methyl Bromide Methyl Chloride Milk n-Octane n-Butane n-Decane n-Heptane n-Hexane n-Nonane n-Pentane Napthalene Natural Gas Neohexane Neon Neopentane Nitric Acid Nitric Oxide Nitrobenzene Nitrogen Nitrogyl Chloride Nitrous Oxide

C3H803 C2H602 He C6H14 C6H12 HCI HF H2 HCI H2S I2 C4H10 C4H8 C8H18 C5H8 C5H12 C3H8O C9H12 Kr C8H10 MgCI2 Hg CH4 C7H14 C6H12 CH3Br CH3Cl

psia Critical Liquid/Gas Pressure Specific Gravity 1.26 970 1.11 1,117 0.18 0.14 33 0.65 433 0.67 447 1.64 1,205 0.92 940 0.07 0.07 188 0.86 1.26 1,198 0.79 1.17 1,307 2.40 1,690 0.56 2.00 529 0.60 1.94 580 0.70 3.94 372 0.69 2.35 558 0.62 2.49 490 0.78 2.08 779 0.87 4.15 465 2.87 797 0.87 3.67 514 1.22 13.60 6.93 23,326 0.30 0.55 668 0.77 3.40 504 0.75 2.90 549 1.73 3.27 0.99 1.74 969

C8H18 C4H1o C10H22 C7H16 C6H14 CgH20 C5H12 C10H8

0.71 0.58 0.73 0.69 0.66 0.72 0.63 1.14

3.94 2.00 4.90 3.46 2.98 4.43 2.49 4.43

361 551 304 397 437 332 489

C6H14 Ne C5H12 HN03 NO

0.65 2.98 0.70 0.60 2.49 1.50 1.04

447 384 464

N2 NOCI N20

0.81 0.97 2.31 1.53

Critical Temp. °R 1,307 1,161 10 913 920 584 906 60 585 673 1,487 735 753 979 872 829 915 1,136 378 1,111

Viscosit y Centistokes 17.80

1.90

1.08 1.09 1.66 1.06 1.07 1.40 1.40 1.41 1.29 1.11 1.12

3,120 343 1,030 959 836 750 1,024 776 1,112 973 914 1,071 846 1,347 326 880 80 781

Specific Heats K

1.31 1.32

0.77 1.10 1.24 0.60 0.49 0.97 0.37 0.90

1.05 1.06 1.08 1.06 1.07

psia Vapor Pressure Ambient Temp. 0.0001 0.01 2651 2.03 2.63 559 15.90 628.00 267.00 0.01 72.20 63.40 1.70 17.00 20.40 743 0.19 2676 0.33 5,000 1.60 4.50 28.00 74.00 0.54 51.60 0.06 1.62 4.96 0.18 15.60 0.15 9.90 11,736 35.90

1.87 925

323

493

227

35,679 1.67

1,048

59

1.40

7,499

1.30

539

TABLE 5.1

PHYSICAL CONSTANTS (Continued)

Name

Formula

Liquid/Gas Specific Gravity

o-Xylene Oil, Olive Oil, Vegetable Oxygen p-Xylene Phenol Phosgene Phosphine Phosphoric Acid Potassium Carbonate Potassium Chloride Potassium Hydroxide Propane Propene Propionic Acid Raden Refrigerant 1 1 Refrigerant 12 Refrigerent 13 Refrigerant 21 Refrigerant 22 Refrigerant 23 Silicon Tetrafluoride Sodium Chloride Sodium Hydroxide Sodium Sulfate Sodium Thiosulfate Starch Styrene Sulfuric Acid Sulfur Dioxide SulfurTrioxide Toluene Trans-2- Butene Triptane Turpentine Xenon Xyolene-o Water Zinc Chloride Zinc Sulfate 1 -Butene 1 -Pentene 1, 2-Butadiene 1. 3-Butadiene 2-Methylhexane 2-Methylpentane 2, 2-Dimethylpentane 2, 3-Dimethylbutane 3 -Eythlpentane

C8H10

0.88

psia Critical Pressure

3.67

541

Critical Temp. °R

Viscosity Centistokes

1,135

Ratio Specific Heats K 1.07

93.00 O2 C8H10 C6H50H COCl2 PH3 H3PO4 K2CO3 KCI KO4 C3H8 C3H6

0.92 1.14 0.87 1.08 1.39 1.83 1.24 1.16 1.24 0.51 0.52

1.11 3.67

279 1,110

3.42 1.18

737 509 889 823 948

1.52 1.45

616 669

666 657

912 635 597 561 750 716 691

679 848 694 544 813 665 551

580

1,166

1.40 1.07

psia Vapor Pressure at Ambient Temp. 0.26 0.34 0.34

11.83 820 583

25.70

1.13 1.15

190.00 226.00

1.13 CCl3F CCl2F2 CCIF3 CHCl2F CHCIF CHF3 SiF4 NaCl NAOH Na2SO4 Na2S203 (C6H10O5 ) X C8H8 H2SO4 S02 S03 C7H8 C4H8 C7H16

5.04 4.20 3.82

28.40 85.20 473.70 23.40 137.50 650.00

0.27

3.62 1.19 1.27 1.24 1.23 1.50 0.91 1.83 1.39 0.87 0.61 0.69 0.87

Xe H20 ZnCI2 ZnSO4 C5H8 C5H10 C4H6 C4H6 C7H16 C6H14 C7H16 C6H14 C7H16

0.32 0.21

1.00 1.24 1.31 0.60 0.65 0.66 0.63 0.68 0.66 0.68 0.67 0.70

3.60

0.24 14.60

2.21

1,145

776

1.25

49.40

3.18 1.94 3.46

596 595 428

1,066 772 956

1.09 1.10 1.05

1.00 50.00 3.40

4.53

853

523

0.62

3,206

1,166

1.94 2.42 1.87 1.87 3.46 2.98 3.46 2.98 3.46

583 590 653 628 397 437 402 454 419

756 837 799 766 955 896 937 900 973

1.83

60

93.0 1.1

0.95 1.10 1.08 1.12 1.12 1.05 1.05 1.05 1.05 1.05

63.00 19.00 20.00 60.00 2.30 6.80 3.5 7.4 2.00

LIQUID VELOCITY DETERMINATION FIGURE 5.0

*Multiply velocity head value from chart by liquid specific gravity if specific gravity is other than one. NOTE: The internal diameter of the various pipe schedules may be found by noting the intersection of the diagonal line representing the nominal size of pipe with the vertical line representing the pipe schedule, then projecting horizontally to the D-scale.

61

Durco Teflon Seated Valves for Steam Service Many Durco Teflon seated valves are suitable for a wide variety of steam services. It is important, however, that modifications be made to some valve types. 1.

Manual On / Off Service – clean saturated steam up to 100 PSIG inlet (337° F).

2.

Automated On / Off Service – clean saturated steam up to 150 PSIG inlet (366° F).

3.

Automated Throttling Service – clean saturated steam up to 150 PSIG inlet (366° F with a maximum P of 100 PSIG and the valve operating in the 40% to 60% open position.)

Big Max Valves All Big Max valves can be applied as outlined above without any modifications.

G4 and SG4 Valves All G4 and SG4 valves for use on any steam service must have the plug vented to the bottom cavity and have a glass filled sleeve. Modulating / throttling service valves should also utilize a V-port (EG / SEG) plug with the V-port installed upstream.

Atomac, T4, BL and BTV Valves All Teflon lined valves are NOT recommended for steam service.

Mach 1 Valves Mach 1 valves on steam have the same restrictions as the G4 and should use the full SLEEVE and NOT Port Seals.

62

Vapor Pressure Absolute Vacuum psia psig 0.20 29.51 0.25 29.41 0.30 29.31 0.35 29.21 0.40 29.11 0.45 29.00 0.50 28.90 0.60 28.70 0.70 28.49 0.80 28.29 0.90 28.09 1.00 27.88 1.20 27.48 1.40 27.07 1.60 26.66 1.80 26.26 2.00 25.85 2.20 25.44 2.40 25.03 2.60 24.63 2.80 24.22 3.00 23.81 3.50 22.79 4.00 21.78 4.50 20.76 5.00 19.74 5.50 18.72 6.00 17.70 6.50 16.69 7.00 15.67 7.50 14.65 8.00 13.63 8.50 12.61 9.00 11.60 9.50 10.58 10.00 9.56 11.00 7.52 12.00 5.49 13.00 3.45 14.00 1.42

Temp. °F 53.14 59.30 64.47 68.93 72.86 76.38 79.58 85.21 90.08 94.38 98.24 101.74 107.92 113.26 117.99 122.23 126.08 129.62 132.89 135.94 138.79 141.48 147.57 152.97 157.83 162.24 166.30 170.06 173.56 176.85 179.94 182.86 185.64 188.28 190.80 193.21 19775 20196 205.88 209.56

Vapor Pressure Absolute Guage psia psig 14.696 0.00 15.00 0.30 16.00 1.30 17.00 2.30 18.00 3.30 19.00 4.30 20.00 5.3 21.00 6.30 22.00 7.30 23.00 8.30 24.00 9.30 25.00 10.30 26.00 11.30 27.00 12.30 28.00 13.30 29.00 14.30 30.00 15.30 31.00 16.30 32.00 17.30 33.00 18.30 34.00 19.30 35.00 20.30 36.00 21.30 37.00 22.30 38.00 23.30

Temp. °F 212.00 213.03 216.32 219.44 222.41 225.24 227.96 230.57 233.07 235.49 237.82 240.07 242.25 244.36 246.41 248.40 250.33 252.22 254.05 255.84 257.58 259.28 260.95 262.57 264.16

TABLE 5.2 SATURATED STEAM PROPERTIES Vapor Pressure Specific Water Wieight Specific Absolute Guage Lbs.cu ft Gravity psia psig 0.000655 1.00 39.00 24.30 0.000810 1.00 40.00 25.30 0.000962 1.00 41.00 26.30 0.00111 1.00 42.00 27.30 0.00126 1.00 43.00 28.30 0.00141 1.00 44.00 29.30 0.00156 1.00 45.00 30.30 0.00185 1.00 46.00 31.30 0.00214 1.00 47.00 32.30 0.00243 1.00 48.00 33.30 0.00271 0.99 49.00 34.30 0.00300 0.99 50.00 35.30 0.00356 0.99 51.00 36.30 0.00412 0.99 52.00 37.30 0.00467 0.99 53.00 38.30 0.00521 0.99 54.00 39.30 0.00576 0.99 55.00 40.30 0.00630 0.99 56.00 41.30 0.00683 0.99 57.00 42.30 0.00737 0.99 58.00 43.30 0.00790 0.98 59.00 44.30 0.00842 0.98 60.00 45.30 0.00974 0.98 61.00 46.30 0.0110 0.98 62.00 47.30 0.0123 0.98 63.00 48.30 0.0136 0.98 64.00 49.30 0.0149 0.98 65.00 50.30 0.0161 0.98 66.00 51.30 0.0174 0.97 67.00 52.30 0.0186 0.97 68.00 53.30 0.0199 0.97 69.00 54.30 0.0211 0.97 70.00 55.30 0.0224 0.97 71.00 56.30 0.0236 0.97 72.00 57.30 0.0248 0.97 73.00 58.30 0.0260 0.97 74.00 59.30 0.0285 0.97 75.00 60.30 0.0309 0.96 76.00 61.30 0.0333 0.96 77.00 62.30 0.0357 0.96 78.00 63.30 79.00 64.30 80.00 65.30 81.00 66.30 82.00 67.30 Specific Water Wieight Specific 83.00 68.30 Lbs.cu ft Gravity 84.00 69.30 0.0373 0.96 85.00 70.30 0.0380 0.96 86.00 71.30 0.0404 0.96 87.00 72.30 0.0428 0.96 88.00 73.30 0.0451 0.96 89.00 74.30 0.0474 0.95 90.00 75.30 0.0498 0.95 91.00 76.30 0.0521 0.95 92.00 77.30 0.0544 0.95 93.00 78.30 0.0567 0.95 94.00 79.30 0.0590 0.95 95.00 80.30 0.0613 0.95 96.00 81.30 0.0636 0.95 97.00 82.30 0.0659 0.95 98.00 83.30 0.0682 0.94 99.00 84.30 0.0705 0.94 100.00 85.30 0.0727 0.94 101.00 86.30 0.0750 0.94 102.00 87.30 0.0773 0.94 103.00 88.30 0.0795 0.94 104.00 89.00 0.0818 0.94 105.00 90.30 0.0940 0.94 106.00 91.30 0.0863 0.94 107.00 92.30 0.0885 0.94 108.00 93.30 0.0908 0.94 109.00 94.30

63

Temp. °F 265.72 267.25 268.74 270.21 271.64 273.05 274.44 275.80 277.13 278.45 279.74 281.01 282.26 283.49 284.70 285.90 287.07 288.23 289.37 290.50 291.61 292.71 293.79 294.85 295.90 296.94 297.97 298.99 299.99 300.98 301.96 302.92 303.88 304.83 305.76 306.68 307.60 308.50 309.40 310.29 311.16 312.03 312.89 313.74 314.59 315.42 316.25 317.07 317.88 318.68 319.48 320.27 321.06 321.83 322.60 323.36 324.12 324.87 325.61 326.35 327.08 327.81 328.53 329.25 329.96 330.66 331.36 332.05 332.74 333.42 334.10

Specific Wieight Lbs.cu ft 0.0930 0.0953 0.0975 0.0997 0.102 0.104 0.106 0.109 0.111 0.113 0.115 0.117 0.120 0.122 0.124 0.126 0.128 0.131 0.133 0.135 0.137 0.139 0.142 0.144 0.146 0.148 0.150 0.152 0.155 0.157 0.159 0.161 0.163 0.165 0.168 0.170 0.172 0.174 0.176 0.178 0.181 0.183 0.185 0.187 0.189 0.191 0.193 0.196 0.198 0.200 0.202 0.204 0.206 0.209 0.211 0.213 0.215 0.217 0.219 0.221 0.224 0.226 0.228 0.230 0.232 0.234 0.236 0.238 0.241 0.243 0.245

Water Specific Gravity 0.94 0.94 0.93 0.93 0.93 0.93 0.93 0.93 0.93 0.93 0.93 0.93 0.93 0.93 0.93 0.94 0.93 0.93 0.93 0.92 0.92 0.92 0.92 0.92 0.92 0.92 0.92 0.92 0.92 0.92 0.92 0.92 0.92 0.92 0.92 0.92 0.92 0.91 0.91 0.91 0.91 0.91 0.91 0.91 0.91 0.91 0.91 0.91 0.91 0.91 0.91 0.91 0.91 0.91 0.91 0.91 0.91 0.91 0.91 0.91 0.90 0.90 0.90 0.90 0.90 0.90 0.90 0.90 0.90 0.90 0.90

Vapor Pressure Absolute Guage psig psia 110.00 95.30 111.00 96.30 112.00 97.30 113.00 98.30 114.00 99.30 115.00 100.30 116.00 101.30 117.00 102.30 118.00 103.30 119.00 104.30 120.00 105.30 121.00 106.30 122.00 107.30 123.00 108.30 124.00 109.30 125.00 110.30 126.00 111.30 127.00 112.30 128.00 113.30 129.00 114.30 130.00 115.30 131.00 116.30 132.00 117.30 133.00 118.30 134.00 119.30 135.00 120.30 136.00 121.30 137.00 122.30 138.00 123.30 139.00 124.30 140.00 125.30 141.00 126.30 142.00 127.30 143.00 128.30 144.00 129.30 145.00 130.30 146.00 131.30 147.00 132.30 148.00 133.30 149.00 134.30 150.00 135.30 152.00 137.30 154.00 139.30 156.00 141.30 158.00 143.30 160.00 145.30 162.00 147.30 164.00 149.30 166.00 151.30 168.00 153.30 170.00 155.30 172.00 157.30 174.00 159.30 176.00 161.30 178.00 163.30 180.00 165.30 182.00 167.30 184.00 169.30 186.00 171.30 188.00 173.30 190.00 175.30 192.00 177.30 194.00 179.30 196.00 181.30 198.00 183.30 200.00 185.30 205.00 190.30 210.00 195.30 215.00 200.30 220.00 205.30 225.00 210.30 230.00 215.30 235.00 220.30 240.00 225.30 245.00 230.30

Temp. °F 334.77 335.44 336.11 336.77 337.42 338.07 338.72 339.36 339.99 340.62 341.25 341.88 342.50 343.11 343.72 344.33 344.94 345.54 346.13 346.73 347.32 347.90 348.48 349.06 349.64 350.21 350.78 351.35 351.91 352.47 353.02 353.57 254.12 354.67 355.21 355.76 356.29 356.83 357.36 357.89 358.42 359.46 360.49 361.52 362.53 363.53 364.53 365.51 366.48 367.45 368.41 369.35 370.29 371.22 372.14 373.06 373.96 374.86 375.75 376.64 377.51 378.38 379.24 380.10 380.95 381.79 383.86 385.90 387.89 389.86 391.79 393.68 395.54 397.37 399.18

Specific Weight Lbs/cu ft .247 .249 .251 .253 .255 .258 .260 .262 .264 .266 .268 .270 .272 .275 .277 .279 .281 .283 .285 .287 .289 .292 .294 .296 .298 .300 .302 .304 .306 .308 .311 .313 .315 .317 .319 .321 .323 .325 .327 .330 .332 .336 .340 .344 .349 .353 .357 .361 .365 .370 .374 .378 .382 .387 .391 .395 .399 .403 .407 .412 .416 .420 .424 .429 .433 .437 .448 .458 .469 .479 .490 .500 .511 .522 .532

Water Specific Gravity 0.90 0.90 0.90 0.90 0.90 0.90 0.90 0.90 0.90 0.90 0.90 0.90 0.90 0.90 0.90 0.90 0.89 0.89 0.89 0.89 0.89 0.89 0.89 0.89 0.89 0.89 0.89 0.89 0.89 0.89 0.89 0.89 0.89 0.89 0.89 0.89 0.89 0.89 0.89 0.89 0.89 0.89 0.89 0.88 0.88 0.88 0.88 0.88 0.88 0.88 0.88 0.88 0.88 0.88 0.88 0.88 0.88 0.88 0.88 0.88 0.88 0.87 0.87 0.87 0.87 0.87 0.87 0.87 0.87 0.87 0.87 0.87 0.86 0.86 0.86

Vapor Pressure Absolute psia 250.00 255.00 260.00 265.00 270.00 275.00 280.00 285.00 290.00 295.00 300.00 320.00 340.00 360.00 380.00 400.00 420.00 440.00 460.00 480.00 500.00 520.00 540.00 560.00 580.00 600.00 620.00 640.00 660.00 680.00 700.00 720.00 740.00 760.00 780.00 800.00 820.00 840.00 860.00 880.00 900.00 920.00 940.00 960.00 980.00 1000.00 1050.00 1100.00 1150.00 1200.00 1250.00 1300.00 1350.00 1400.00 1450.00 1500.00 1600.00 1700.00 1800.00 1900.00 2000.00 2100.00 2200.00 2300.00 2400.00 2500.00 2600.00 2700.00 2800.00 2900.00 3000.00 3100.00 3200.00 3206.20

64

Guage psig 235.30 240.30 245.30 250.30 255.30 260.30 265.30 270.30 275.30 280.30 285.30 305.30 325.30 345.30 365.30 385.30 405.30 425.30 445.30 465.30 485.30 505.30 525.30 545.30 565.30 585.30 605.30 625.30 645.30 665.30 685.30 705.30 725.30 745.30 765.30 785.30 805.30 825.30 845.30 865.30 885.30 905.30 925.30 945.30 965.30 985.30 1035.30 1085.30 1135.30 1185.30 1235.30 1285.30 1335.30 1385.30 1435.30 1485.30 1585.30 1685.30 1785.30 1885.30 1985.30 2085.30 2185.30 2285.30 2385.30 2485.30 2585.30 2685.30 2785.30 2885.30 2985.30 3085.30 3185.30 3191.50

Temp. °F 400.95 402.70 404.42 406.11 407.78 409.43 411.05 412.65 414.23 415.79 417.33 423.29 428.97 434.40 439.60 444.59 449.39 454.02 458.50 462.82 467.01 471.07 475.01 478.85 482.58 486.21 489.75 493.21 496.58 499.88 503.10 506.25 509.34 512.36 515.33 518.23 521.08 523.88 526.63 529.33 531.98 534.59 537.16 539.68 542.17 544.61 550.57 556.31 561.86 567.22 572.42 577.46 582.35 587.10 591.73 596.23 604.90 613.15 621.03 628.58 635.82 642.77 649.46 655.91 662.12 668.13 673.94 679.55 684.99 690.26 695.36 700.31 705.11 705.40

Specific Weight Lbs/cu ft 0.542 0.553 0.563 0.574 0.585 0.595 0.606 0.616 0.627 0.637 0.648 0.690 0.733 0.775 0.818 0.861 0.904 0.947 0.991 1.03 1.08 1.12 1.17 1.21 1.25 1.30 1.34 1.39 1.43 1.48 1.53 1.57 1.62 1.66 1.71 1.76 1.81 1.85 1.90 1.95 2.00 2.05 2.10 2.14 2.19 2.24 2.37 2.50 2.63 2.76 2.90 3.04 3.18 3.32 3.47 3.62 3.92 4.25 4.59 4.95 5.32 5.73 6.15 6.61 7.11 7.65 8.24 8.90 9.66 10.60 11.70 13.30 17.20 19.90

Water Specific Gravity 0.86 0.86 0.86 0.86 0.86 0.85 0.85 0.85 0.85 0.85 0.85 0.85 0.84 0.84 0.83 0.83 0.83 0.82 0.82 0.81 0.81 0.81 0.81 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.79 0.79 0.79 0.79 0.78 0.78 0.77 0.77 0.77 0.77 0.77 0.76 0.76 0.76 0.76 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.74 0.74 0.73 0.73 0.72 0.71 0.71 0.70 0.69 0.69 0.68 0.67 0.66 0.65 0.64 0.62 0.61 0.60 0.59 0.57 0.56 0.54 0.53 0.51 0.49 0.46 0.43 0.36 0.32

TEAM-VALUES OF "K" FIGURE 5.2

RATIO OF SPECIFIC HEAT AT CONSTANT PRESSURE TO SPECIFIC HEAT AT CONSTANT VOLUME

K = Sp/Sv

65

FIGURE 5.1 SATURATED AND SUPERHEATED STEAM SPECIFIC WEIGHT vs. TEMPERATURE

66

COMPRESSIBILITY CHARTS FIGURE 5.3

COMPRESSIBILITY CHART NO. 1

Pr = P1/Pc Tr = T1/Tc

67

68

69

The following material is taken from : CONTROL VALVE SIZING Topic 3 BY L. R. Driskell Chemical Plants Division Dravo Corporation INSTUMENT SOCIETY OF AMERICA 400 Stanwix Street, Pittsburgh, PA. 15222

TERMINOLOGY BERNOULLI COEFFICIENT - In any stream, if the area is changed, as by a reducer, there is a corresponding change in the static pressure, or "head". This pressure change is measured in units of "velocity head". The dimensionless coefficient used for this purpose is the Bernoulli Coefficient KB. CHOKED FLOW - The condition which exists when, with the upstream pressure remaining constant, the flow through a valve cannot be further increased by lowering the downstream pressure. COEFFICIENT OF DISCHARGE - The ratio of actual flow to theoretical flow. It includes the effects of jet contraction and turbulence. COMPRESSIBILITY FACTOR - A factor used to compensate for deviation from the laws of perfect gases. If the gas laws are used to compute the specific weight of a gas, the computed value must be adjusted by the compressibility factor (Z) to obtain the true specific weight. COMPRESSIBLE - Capable of being compressed. Gas and vapor are compressible fluids. CRITICAL FLOW - This is a somewhat ambiguous term which signifies a point where the characteristics of flow suffer a finite change. In the case of a liquid, critical flow could mean the point where the flow regime changes from laminar to transitional. It is more often used to mean choked flow. In the case of a gas, critical flow may mean the point where the velocity at the vena contracts attains the velocity of sound, or it may mean the point where the flow is fully choked. CRITICAL PRESSURE - The equilibrium pressure of a fluid which is at its critical temperature. CRITICAL TEMPERATURE - The temperature of a fluid above which the fluid cannot be liquefied by pressure. INCOMPRESSIBLE - Liquids are referred to as being incompressible since their change in volume due to pressure is negligible. INCREASER - A pipe fitting identical to a reducer except specifically referred to for enlargements in the direction of flow. LAMINAR FLOW - Also known as viscous or streamline flow. A non-turbulent flow regime in which the stream filaments glide along the pipe axially with essentially no transverse mixing. This occurs at low Reynolds numbers, is usually associated with viscous liquids, and rarely occurs with gas flows in valves. Flow rate varies linearly with 6P. RANGEABILITY - Installed rangeability may be defined as the ratio of maximum to minimum flow within which the deviation from a desired installed flow characteristic does not exceed some stated limits. Inherent rangeability, a property of the valve alone, may be defined as the ratio of maximum to minimum flow coefficients between which the gain of the valve does not deviate from a specified gain by some stated tolerance. REDUCER - A pipe fitting which is used to couple a pipe of one size to a pipe of a different size. REYNOLDS NUMBER - A dimensionless criterion of the nature of flow pipes. It is proportional to the ratio of dynamic forces to viscous forces: The product of diameter, velocity and density, divided by absolute viscosity.

70

SPECIFIC HEAT - The ratio of the thermal capacity of a substance to that of water. The specific heat at constant pressure of a gas is designated cp. The specific heat at constant volume of a gas is designated cv. The ratio of the two (cp/cv = k) is called the Ratio of Specific Heats. STREAMLINE FLOW - See "Laminar Flow". TRANSITIONAL FLOW - A flow regime which lies between turbulent flow and laminar flow. TRANSITIONAL FLOW - A flow regime characterized by random motion of the fluid particles in the tranverse direction, as well as motion in the axial direction. This occurs at high Reynolds numbers and is the type of flow most common in industrial fluid systems. Flow varies as the square root of ∆P. TURNDOWN - The ratio of the maximum plant design flow rate to the minimum plant design flow rate. VAPOR PRESSURE - The equilibrium pressure which would exist in a confined space over a liquid. VELOCITY OF APPROACH - A factor(F) determined by the ratio (m) of the valve orifice area to the inlet pipe area. VELOCITY HEAD - The pressure, measured in height of fluid column, needed to create a fluid velocity. Numerically velocity head is the square of the velocity divided by twice the acceleration of gravity (Ul/2g). VENA CONTRACTA - The place along the axis of flow, just beyond the orifice, where the jet stream contracts to its minimum cross-sectional area. VISCOUS FLOW – See “Laminar Flow”

CATALOG OF EQUATIONS

LIQUID (1) (2)

REMARKS

q = FPCV ∆P G

Turbulent and non-cavitating.

w = 63.3FPCV ∆Pγ

∆P < KC ( PI − PV )

________________________________________________________________________ (3)

q = FLPCV P1− PVC G

(4)

w = 63.3FLPCV γ ( P1− PVC ) Choked

(5)

PVC = FFPV

∆P ⇒ FL2 ( PI − FFPV )

(6)

V FF ≈ 0.96 − 0.28 P PC

(7)

⎡ iCd 2 ⎤ FLP = ⎢ 1 + K890 ⎥⎦ ⎣ FL2

(8)

q = 52 ∆µP ( FSFPCV ) 2

−1 2

(See Eq. 25 for Ki )

3

Laminar

71

(9)

(10)

(

PFd 2 FS = FF LP

)

1 3⎡ ⎢ ⎢⎣

1

( FLPCD)2 +1⎤⎥ 6 ⎥⎦ 890

q = FRFPCV ∆P G

Transitional(See Table III for FR )

GAS OR VAPOR –(ALL EQUATIONS: X ≤ FkXT ) (11)

w = 63.3FPCVY XP1γ 1

Using: Lb./Hr., Sp. Wt.

(12)

q = 1360 FPCVP1Y GTX1Z

Using: SCFH, Sp. G.

(13)

w = 19.3FPCVP1Y TXM 1Z

Using: Lb./Hr., Molecular Weight

(14)

X q = 7320 FPCVP1Y MT 1Z

Using: SCFH, Molecular Weight

(15)

Y = 1 − 3FXKXT

Expansion factor, lower limit =0.67

(16)

FK = k / 140 .

Sp. Ht. Ratio factor

(17)

XT =

C1 2 = 0.84Cf 2 1600

Manufacturers’ Sizing Factors in current use.

(18)

⎤ XT ⎡ XTKiCd 2 XTP = 2 ⎢ + 1⎥ Fp ⎣ 1000 ⎦

−1

XT with reducers

STEAM (DRY-SATURATED) (19)

Error –5% for p1=20 to 1600 psia.

X ⎞ ⎛ w = FPCVP1⎜ 3 − ⎟ X ⎝ XTP ⎠

For X<XTP

w = 2 FPCVP1 XTP

For X>XTP (Choked Flow)

PIPING GEOMETRY FACTOR

(20)

⎤ ⎡ ∑ KCd 2 FP = ⎢ + 1⎥ ⎢⎣ 890 ⎦⎥

(21)

∑K = K

(22)

⎛d⎞ KB1 or KB2 = 1 − ⎜ ⎟ ⎝ D⎠

1

−1/ 2

See FLP for liquid choked flow(Eq.7)

+ K 2 + KB 1 − KB 2

Sum of velocity head coefficients

4

Bernoulli coefficient

72

(23)

⎡ ⎛ d ⎞2⎤ K 1 = 0.5⎢1 − ⎜ ⎟ ⎥ ⎢⎣ ⎝ D ⎠ ⎥⎦

2

⎡ ⎛ d ⎞2⎤ K 2 = 10 . ⎢1 − ⎜ ⎟ ⎥ ⎢⎣ ⎝ D ⎠ ⎥⎦

2

Resistance coefficients for abrupt transitions

(24)

Resistance coefficients for abrupt transitions

(25)

Ki = K 1 + KB 1

Inlet fitting coefficients (For FLP Eq.7 and XTP Eq. 18)

REFERENCE FORMULAS

(26)

2 ⎤ 17300 Fdq ⎡ ( FLPCD ) + 1⎥ Re v = ⎢ v FLPCV ⎢⎣ 890 ⎥⎦

(27)

− 2 FL ' ⎡ ( FL ')2 FL = (Cd ) + 1⎤ ⎥⎦ FP ⎢⎣ 890

1/ 4

Valve Reynolds Number

1

FL of valve/fitting assembly when FL of valve alone is FL '

(28)

q = FPFyFRCV ∆P G

Composite liquid sizing equation

(29)

Fy = FL P1− FFPV ∆P

Liquid choked flow factor

VELOCITY-Feet/Second (30)Liquid

U=

q 2.45D2

Lined Products

Alloy Products

5 – 8 Normal 10 – 12 Max.

5 – 10 Normal 20 – 40 Max.

(31)Gas

U=

qT 694 PD2

All products 250 – 400 Typical

(32)Vapor

U=

w 19.6γD2

See STEAM Recommendations, page 62

(33)Steam

U = 23w2 pD

73

0-25 psig

70-100

>25 psig >200 psig Superheated

100-170 115-330

ACOUSTIC VELOCITY-(Mach 1.0) (34)Gas

Ua = 223 kT M

Recommend <0.3 Mach

(35)Air

Ua = 49 T

Recommend <0.3 Mach

(36)Steam, Superheated

Ua = 60 T

Recommend <0.15 Mach

(37)Steam, Dry Saturated

Ua ≅ 1650

Recommend <0.10 Mach

(38)Vapor

Ua = 681 . kpv

Recommend <0.10 Mach

74

NOMENCLATURE (Based on U.S. Units)

SYMBOL a c Cd CD Cf Cv C1 d D F Fd FF Fk FL FLP Fp FR Fs Fy g G

k K KB Kc KI K1

K2 M m p

pc pr pv q Rev

T

DESCRIPTION Area Coefficient of discharge, dimensionless Unit capacity of valve, Cv/d2 Unit capacity of valve assembly, Cv/D2 Gas sizing factor used by some manufacturers Valve sizing coefficient (See ISA-S39.2 and S39.4) Gas sizing factor used by some manufacturers Valve inlet diameter, inches Pipe diameter, inches Velocity of approach factor, 1/ 1 − m 2 , dimensionless Valve style modifier, dimensionless Liquid critical pressure ratio factor, dimensionless Ratio of specific heats factor, dimensionless Liquid pressure recovery factor, dimensionless Combined FL and FP factors for valve with reducers, dimensionless Piping geometry factor, dimensionless Reynolds number factor, dimensionless Laminar, or streamline, flow factor Liquid choked flow factor, dimensionless Acceleration of gravity Specific gravity (ratio of densities). For a liquid, G is taken at flowing temperature referred to water at standard condition (60°F.). For a gas, G is referred to air, with both gases at standard conditions (14.73 psia and 60°F.), dimensionless. Ratio of specific heats of gas Velocity head coefficient, dimensionless Bernoulli coefficient, I - (d/D )4 , dimensionless Coefficient of incipient cavitation. [Actually the ratio ∆p/(p1 - pv) at which cavitation measurably affects the coefficient Cv ], dimensionless Inlet velocity head coefficient (K1 + KB1 ), dimensionless Resistance coefficient for inlet fitting, dimensionless Resistance coefficient for outlet fitting, dimensionless Molecular weight Ratio of orifice area to pipe area, dimensionless Absoulte static pressure, psia Thermodynamic critical pressure, psia Reduced pressure, p/ pc , dimensionless Vapor pressure of liquid at inlet temperature, psia Volumetric flow rate, gpm or scfh Valve Reynolds number, dimensionless Absolute temperature( o F + 460 = o R) 75

Z λ (gamma) ∆ (delta) µ (mu) ν (nu) Σ (sigma)

Thermodynamic critical temperature, o R Reduced temperature, T/ Tc , dimensionless Specific volume, ft 3 /lb. Average velocity, ft./sec. Weight rate of flow, lb./hr. Ratio of pressure drop to absolute inlet static pressure, ∆p / p1 ,dimensionless Pressure drop ratio factor, dimensionless Value of XT for valve/fitting assembly, dimensionless Expansion factor. Ratio of flow coefficient for a gas to that for a liquid at the same Reynolds number, dimensionless Compressibility factor, dimensionless Specific weight(weight per unit volume)lb./ ft 3 Difference(e.g. ∆ p = p1 - p2 ) Absolute viscosity, centipoise Kinematic viscosity, centistokes( µ/G) Summation

SUBSCRIPTS 1 2 A Vc

Upstream Downstream Acoustic Vena contracta

Tc Tr

v U W X XT XTP

Y

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This blank page is provided for your notes.

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