Finished Products Of Petroleum

Finished Products of Petroleum fuels such as motor gasoline and distillate fuel oil (diesel fuel); finished nonfuel products such as solvents and lubricating oils; and feedstocks for the petrochemical industry such as naphtha and Petroleum products fall into three major categories:

various refinery gases.

Finished Nonfuel Products Nonfuel use of petroleum is small compared with fuel use, but petroleum products account for about 89 percent of the Nation's total energy consumption for nonfuel uses. There are many nonfuel uses for petroleum, including various specialized products for use in the textile, metallurgical, electrical, and other industries. A partial list of nonfuel uses for petroleum includes: • Solvents such as those used in paints, lacquers, and printing inks • Lubricating oils and greases for automobile engines and other machinery • Petroleum (or paraffin) wax used in candy making, packaging, candles, matches, and polishes • Petrolatum (petroleum jelly) sometimes blended with paraffin wax in medical products and toiletries • Asphalt used to pave roads and airfields, to surface canals and reservoirs, and to make roofing materials and floor coverings • Petroleum coke used as a raw material for many carbon and graphite products, including furnace electrodes and liners, and the anodes used in the production of aluminum. • Petroleum Feedstocks used as chemical feedstock derived from petroleum principally for the manufacture of chemicals, synthetic rubber, and a variety of plastics. 1.

Asphalt and Bitumen Asphalt is a dark-brown-to-black cement-like material containing bitumen as the predominant constituent obtained by petroleum processing. The definition includes crude asphalt as well as the following finished products: cements, fluxes, the asphalt content of emulsions (exclusive of water), and petroleum distillates blended with asphalt to make cutback asphalts. The conversion factor for asphalt is 5.5 barrels per short ton. Bitumen is a solid, semi-solid or viscous hydrocarbon with a colloidal structure, being brown to black in color, obtained as a residue in the distillation of crude oil, vacuum distillation of oil residues from atmospheric distillation. Bitumen is often referred to as asphalt and is primarily used to pave roads and

airfields, to surface canals and reservoirs, and to make roofing materials and floor coverings. This category includes fluidized and cut back bitumen.

2.Petroleum Coke Petroleum coke is defined as a black solid residue, obtained mainly by cracking and carbonizing of residue feedstocks, tar and pitches in processes such as delayed coking or fluid coking. It consists mainly of carbon (90 to 95 per cent) and has low ash content. It is used as a feedstock in coke ovens for the steel industry, for heating purposes, and for production of chemicals, synthetic rubber and a variety of plastics. It is also used as a raw material for many carbon and graphite products, including furnace electrodes and liners, and the anodes used in the production of aluminum. The two most important qualities are "green coke" and "calcinated coke". This category also includes "catalyst coke" deposited on the catalyst during refining processes: this coke is not recoverable and is usually burned as refinery fuel. Petroleum coke can be used as a relatively low-ash solid fuel for power plants and industrial use (marketable coke) if its sulfur content is low enough, or used in nonfuel applications (catalyst coke), such as in refinery operations. 3.

Lubricants Lubricants are hydrocarbons produced from distillate or residue; they are mainly used to reduce friction between bearing surfaces in automobile engines and other machinery. This category includes all finished grades of lubricating oil, from spindle oil to cylinder oil, and those used in greases, including motor oils and all grades of lubricating oil base stocks.

4.Paraffin Waxes Petroleum (or paraffin) wax is used in candy making, packaging, candles, matches, and polishes. Petrolatum (petroleum jelly) sometimes blended with paraffin wax is used in medical products and toiletries. They are the saturated aliphatic hydrocarbons (with the general formula CnH2n+2). These waxes are residues extracted when dewaxing lubricant oils and they have a crystalline structure with carbon number greater than 12. Their main characteristics are as follows: They are • Colorless • Odorless • Translucent • With a melting point above 45oC.