Final Year Project Guidelines.pdf

FACULTY OF CIVIL ENGINEERING UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA, 40450, SHAH ALAM, SELANGOR

FINAL YEAR PROJECT GUIDELINES

BY NOR HAYATI BINTI ABDUL HAMID TURAHIM ABD HAMID ZAHRULLAILI YAHYA

APRIL 2009

FINAL YEAR P ROJECT GUIDELINES

AUTHORS NOR HAYATI ABDUL HAMID TURAHIM ABD. HAMID ZAHRULLAILI YAHYA

FACULTY OF CIVIL ENGINEERING UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA 40450, SHAH ALAM SELANGOR DARUL EHSAN

EDITED BY CHE MAZNAH MAT ISA APRIL 2009

PREFACE This document has been prepared mainly for students who are undertaking Final Year Project as a partial requirement to be awarded as Bachelor of Civil Engineering (Hons.) at Faculty of Civil Engineering, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM). As part of this program, final year students are required to carry out their individual research project known as the Final Year Project (FYP) throughout one final year (two semesters). This document is designed to guide the students in various stages especially in exploring the issue, organizing the work, conducting experimental work and field work, thesis writing and finally writing technical paper. This manual can also be used for postgraduate students, supervisors, panels and management staffs in managing and conducting research work. Various criteria such as problem statement, objective, scope, literature review, methodology, analysis and results are addressed in assessing the FYP students for their presentations and reports. Students and supervisors are encouraged to follow one year project calendar in planning and conducting research activities. In order to ensure that all the planned activities work efficiently and according to time frame, a set of forms are attached at the back of this manual for perusal of students, supervisors, examiners and technicians. These forms are ranging from proposing research title or scope, booking and registering of the topic, logbook as a mean of monitoring, booking facilities, evaluation from supervisors, panels and also purchasing of consumable items are provided. Hence, students, supervisors, academia and supporting staffs are advised to read and understand this guidelines/manual before conducting any student research project. A briefing on the procedure and implementation of Final Year Project will be conducted at first week of every semester. Students are advised to attend the talk. Finally, the authors would like to thank PM Dr Khafilah Din, Siti Rashidah Mohd Nasir, Md Rasul Mohammad Nor, Haryati Awang and Norliyati Mohd Amin on their effort to produce a useful document for students, supervisors, lecturers and supporting staffs in this faculty in achieving good quality of final year students’ project.

TABLE OF CONTENTS PREFACE TO SECOND EDITION TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF FIGURES LIST OF TABLES

1 2 4 5

CHAPTER ONE:

6

PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION

1.1

Introduction

1.2

Project Organization 1.2.1 Academic Board FKA 1.2.2 Advisory Committee 1.2.3 Project Coordinator 1.2.4 Project Supervisor 1.2.5 Panels of Presentation 1.2.6 Final Year Project Student 1.2.7 Administrative Staff 1.2.8 Laboratory Staff

7 8 8 9 9 10 11 11 11

1.3

Project Calendar

12

1.4

Credit Hours

12

1.5

Project Evaluation

14

1.6

Propose Title or Scope of Research

14

1.7

Implementation and Monitoring

17

1.8

Cost and Budget 1.7.1 Faculty Budget (Bendahari Zon 8) 1.7.2 Supervisor’s Research Grant

17 19 19

1.9

Research Ethics

19

1.10

Forms

22

1.11

Program Educational Objectives of the Faculty

23

CHAPTER TWO:

25

2.1

6

REPORT WRITING FORMAT

General Technical Specifications 2.1.1 Length of the Report 2.1.2 Typing and Printing 2.1.3 Typeface, Typing Quality and Font Size 2.1.4 Margins 2.1.5 Paragraph 2.1.6 Spacing 2.1.7 Pagination 2.1.8 Tables and Figures 2.1.9 Paper and Duplication

25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 26 26

2.1.10 Binding and Submission

26

2.2

Layout or Arrangement of the Report 2.2.1 The Preliminary 2.2.2 The Main Body or Text 2.2.3 The Reference Materials

26 26 37 38

2.3

Editorial Service

38

2.4

Progress Report

38

2.5

Oral Presentation

38

2.5

Frequent questions normally asked by Final Year Project Students

39

CHAPTER THREE:

41

FORMAT FOR TECHNICAL PAPER

3.1

Title of the Technical Paper

41

3.2

Abstract

41

3.3

Introduction

41

3.4

Headings

41

3.4.1 Sub-heading

41

3.5

Figures

42

3.6 3.7 3.8

Tables References Citation and Listing Conclusion CHAPTER FOUR: FORMAT FOR POSTER PRESENTATION Sample of Poster FORMS Topic Registration -FKAUiTM / FYP/ 2006 (Bil. 1) Booking Form - FKAUiTM / FYP/ 2006 (Bil. 2) Registration Form-FKAUiTM / FYP/ 2006 (Bil. 3) Lab and Computer Lab Registration Form -FKAUiTM / FYP/ 2006 (Bil. 4) Meeting Document -FKAUiTM / FYP/ 2006 (Bil. 5) Submission Form (ECW 511/ KJC 527)-FKAUiTM / FYP/ 2006 (Bil. 6) Evaluation Form ECW 511/ KJC 527(Supervisor)-FKAUiTM / FYP/

42 43 43 44 45

2006 (Bil. 7)

Evaluation Form ECW 511/ KJC 527 (Panel I )-FKAUiTM / FYP/ 2006 (Bil. 8)

Evaluation Form ECW 511/ KJC 527 (Panel II)-FKAUiTM / FYP/ 2006 (Bil.9)

Recommendation Form (Panels)-FKAUiTM / FYP/ 2006 (Bil.10) Submission Form (ECW 512/ KJC 537)-FKAUiTM / FYP/ 2003 (Bil.11) Evaluation Form ECW 512/ KJC 537(Supervisor)-FKAUiTM / FYP/ 2006 (Bil.12)

Evaluation Form ECW 512/ KJC 537 (Panel I )-FKAUiTM / FYP/ 2006 (Bil.13)

Evaluation Form ECW 512/ KJC 537 (Panel II)-FKAUiTM / FYP/ 2006 (Bil.14)

Amendment of Topic -FKAUiTM / FYP/ 2006 (Bil.15) Incomplete FYP Report Form-FKAUiTM / FYP/ 2006 (Bil. 16) Remarks and Comments (After Corrected)-FKAUiTM / FYP/ 2006 (Bil. 17)

LIST OF FIGURES Figures

Descriptions

Page

Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure

Project Organization Chart Flow chart upon an approval of FYP for staff on study leave Flow chart showing the implementation of FYP students Flow chart of procedure in determining budget/cost Sample of the Spine and Cover of the Report Sample of the Title Page Sample of Declaration by the Candidate and Supervisor/s Sample of Acknowledgement Sample of Abstract Sample of List of Contents Sample of List of Figures Sample of List of Tables Sample of List of Abbreviations Sample of Main Body/Text of the Report Sample of Writing an Equation Sample of Listing References Sample of Listing Appendices Isometric view of rocking precast hollow core wall Forces acting on seismic and non-seismic walls The prototype of warehouse Type III building Test specimens used in the experimental investigation Experimental set-up and instrumentation Theoretical and experimental results for Wall 1 with 64% prestressing of unbonded tendon tested on shaking table The experimental and theoretical results of Wall 2-P+B: Performance snug tight unbonded tendons and 50% prestressing unbonded fuse-bars Wall 2-P+C: Performance with 50% prestressing unbonded tendons and external mechanical energy dissipators

8 10 18 21 27 28 29 30 30 31 32 32 33 33 34 35 35 36 42 50 51 52 53

1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 2.9 2.10 2.11 2.12 2.13 2.14 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5

Figure 3.6 Figure 3.7

54 55

LIST OF TABLES Table

Descriptions

Page

Table 1.1

Activities of Final Year Project Students

Table 1.2

Project Calendar

13

Table 1.3

Project Evaluation for KJC 527 (Supervisor and Panels)

15

Table 1.4

Project Evaluation for KJC 537 (Supervisor and Panels)

16

Table 2.1

The role of potentiometers in a multi-panel precast wall system HAZUS damage states and the probability of occurrences

36

Table 3.1

7

43

CHAPTER ONE PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION 1.1

INTRODUCTION

The final year project (FYP) manual is designed to guide the undergraduate students in conducting their research/project before submitting to Faculty of Civil Engineering, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM). This report is a partial requirement in awarding the Bachelor in Engineering (Hons.)(Civil). This manual is intended to give students the exposure how to conduct research, technical and report writing within the standard requirements which had been practiced by local and international universities. Various activities involve in FYP such as planning, executing and documentation of their outcomes. In conjunction with these activities, the objectives of FYP as outlined below to achieve a good quality of outcomes: a) b) c) d) e) f) g) h)

To develop the student’s basic skill of research. To have insight into the organization, approach, analysis and research methodology in any particular topic in areas of students’ interest. To expose student in finding literature review from research materials such as journals, internet, magazines, etc. To train the student to achieve the objective, formulate problem statement, solve engineering problem and defend such statement. To act effectively as an individual in carrying out experimental projects and analyze data using the relevant tools in achieving objective of the study within limit scope and time. To assist student in analyzing primary and secondary data. To produce an acceptable research proposal, final year report and technical paper which can be apply in the specific Civil Engineering discipline. To build-up student’s self-confidence, communication, presentation, writing and time management skills.

The FYP is conducted in the last three semesters of the student’s study period i.e. in semester 6(course code: ECW 501/KJC 517), semester 7 (course code: ECW 511/ KJC 527) and semester 8 (course code: ECW 521/ KJC 537). The students are expected to finish their research proposal at the end semester 6. They must frequently meet the supervisors asking about the topics and make the clarification on problem statement, scope of research and past literature review. In semester 7, the students must start their research work by conducting experimental work, field works, prepare questionnaires and data collection. At the beginning of semester 8, the students should make analysis on the data obtained and prepare the final version of project report. On top of this, they also required to prepare the technical paper similar to journal format. Finally, the students need to present their output in front of two panels. This is to train the students in expounding statements of facts and defend such statement in front of audiences. It is a good practice for the students to pursue their career as civil engineering in the future.

Supervisors are advised to ascertain the standard and quality of the projects carried out by their students. Supervisors will assess the progress of project and the two panels/examiners will be appointed by the Final Year Coordinator to evaluate the report and presentation of the students. The activities, duration, credit hours and mode of assessment in executing FYP courses which include ECW 501/KJC 517, ECW 511/KJC 527 and ECW 521/ KJC 537 are shown in Table 1.1.

Table 1.1: Activities of Final Year Project Students Activities

Duration

Credit Hours

Mode of Assessment

Examiner

Report Bindings

ECW 501/KJC 517 - Problem Identification - Literature Review - Writing Research Proposal

6 months (Sem.6)

2

Presentation of research proposal

Lecturers

Spiral binding

ECW 511/ KJC 527 - Theoretical Background - Construction of Specimen - Experimental Set-up - Instrumentation - Data Collection - Submission of Progress Report

6 months (Sem.7)

0.0

Presentation on progress report

Supervisor and panels

Spiral Binding

ECW 521/ KJC 537 - Data Analysis - Interpretation of Results - Report Writing - Poster Presentation - Submission of Report

6 months (Sem.8)

6.0

Poster presentation

Supervisor and panels (2 from Faculty and 2 from Industry)

Spiral Binding

1.2

PROJECT ORGANIZATION

The flow chart for the final year project organization is shown in Figure 1.1. It is signified the communication hierarchy of various parties involved in the execution of FYP. The people who are involved in this hierarchy are Deputy Dean of Academic, supervisors, project coordinator, panels, laboratory staffs, administrative staffs and students. Students are advised to communicate with their supervisors on the topic and how to conduct the experimental work either in laboratory or on site.

1.2.1 Academic Board Faculty of Civil Engineering The Academic Board of FKA is the policy maker body who is accountable to the standard quality of FYP report. The roles of the Academic Board are: a) to attend and make decision for abnormal cases which is outside the jurisdiction of this manual. b) to review policy of FYP according to current requirement of the faculty if necessary. c) to oversee the overall management and operational of FYP.

ACADEMIC BOARD FACULTY OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

EXAMINER

SUPERVISOR

PROJECT COORDINATOR

ADVISORY COMMITTEE

LABORATORY STAFF

STUDENTS

ADMINISTRATIVE STAFF

Figure 1.1: Project Organization Chart 1.2.2 Advisory Committee The advisory committee members are appointed by the Dean from faculty members who are currently the Head of Division and Head of Program. The committee is led by the Deputy Dean (Academic). The task of this committee is to produce the guidelines for FYP including: a) b) c) d) e) f) g)

Specify the nature of project, in case of any dispute Set a benchmark to maintain the standard of FYP Act as the second examiners for ECW 511/KJC 527 and ECW 521/ KJC 537 Attending appeal cases Selecting panel for examiners and ensuring it continuity by appointing the same examiners for ECW 511/ KJC 527 and ECW 521/ KJC 537 for each student Monitoring the quality of evaluation and assessment by supervisor and panels. Analyze, validate and endorse the marks given by panels and supervisors before submitted to LAF (Lembaga Akademik Fakulti) for approval.

1.2.3

Project Coordinator

The implementation and coordination of FYP is leading by a Project Coordinator and assisted by administrative/supporting staffs. The project coordinator is appointed by the Dean with the following responsibilities: a) b) c) d) e) f) g) h) i) j)

1.2.4

Give briefing to the final year students on the implementation of FYP at first week of every semester. Collect titles and scope of project from supervisors. Display project titles for students to choose based on their area of interest. Distribute research projects among supervisors and ensuring that the topics are equally distributed amongst division. Collect topic registration, project registration, submission and evaluation forms from students and supervisors. Update data base on FYP topics (record all completed FYP). Prepare a schedule together with panels for student project presentation. Manage and organize the facilities for day of presentation. Submit names of examiners who are absent during student presentation to the Dean. Compile student evaluation forms from supervisors and panel of examiners and fill-in the marks in LE-15 form.

Project Sup ervisor

The faculty members who are going to supervise FYP student must at least graduated with Master Degree and he/she should become a main supervisor. Faculty members on study leave can supervise FYP students as co-supervisors with Dean’s endorsement after obtaining approvals from both Deputy Dean (Academic) and Deputy Dean (Resource) according to flow chart shown in Figure 1.2. Faculty members without Master Degree are encouraged to supervise FYP students as cosupervisors only. The project supervisors are given the trust and duty to guide the students upon the completion of FYP. The role and responsibilities of project supervisors are as listed below: a) b) c) d) e) f) h) i)

Submit sufficient project topics and scope of research to Project Coordinator according to project calendar. Explain the objectives and scope of project to the students and set regular meeting with them. Remind students on the issues of plagiarism and its consequences. Originality of the work and report should be stressed out at the beginning of semester. Guide, supervise, encourage, and motivate the student from the commencing until the end of FYP. Supervisors are encouraged to build a good relationship with their students without any prejudice. Check and endorse student’s logbook and ensure they follow the schedule closely as plan earlier. Evaluate research proposal and progress report prepared by students from KJC527/ECW511 Evaluate and correct the final report submitted by student from KJC537/ECW521. Write the comments in final report and give marks by filling the supervisor evaluation form.

j) k) l) m)

Submit all the marks to Project Coordinator directly after student presentation. Bar students and ask them to fill-in incomplete FYP report form from carrying out the work if they fail to follow the schedule and requirements of FYP at least one month before presentation. Work closely with the laboratory staffs in purchasing the consumable items. Endorse over time claim to laboratory staff. Faculty member on study leave (MSL) Proposes topic to Project Coordinator

Approval by Deputy Dean (Academic) provided: a) Supervision is done with full-time faculty member as main supervisor b) No. of student depends on the main supervisor capability c) Work load given to the main supervisor

Approval by Deputy Dean (Resource) provided: a) Equipments to be used is approved by Deputy Dean (Resource) b) Consumable materials and stationary bear by research grants of MSL or main supervisor

Deputy Dean (Resource) identifies laboratory staff to assist FYP

Dean issues official letter Figure 1.2: Flow chart upon an approval of FYP for staff on study leave.

1.2.5 Panels of Presentation Panel of examiners are appointed by the Head of Division respectively according to area of specialization. Their duties are: a) b) c) d) e)

Evaluate student presentation based on criteria listed in evaluation form (panels) as shown in the manual. Assess student’s progress report and final report prior to project presentation. Attend project presentation, find replacement if panel could not attend. Instruct students to make corrections after their presentation. Submit all students’ marks directly after presentation to Project Coordinator.

Note: Action will be taken for examiners who absent during student’s project presentation.

1.2.6 Final Year Project Student All final year undergraduate students are mandatory to take FYP as a partial fulfillment in awarding Bachelor Degree in Civil Engineering. Their responsibilities are as listed below: a) b) c) d) e) f) g) h) i) j) k) l)

m)

1.2.7

Decide a research topic, preferably based on area of student’s interest. She/he is encouraged to propose some research topics to Project Coordinator if any. Submit registration form to Project Coordinator. Make one copy for supervisor and one copy for own reference. Plan the work properly and prepare work schedule for one year with the guidance of the supervisors. Students must follow strictly to the work schedule so that the project can be completed within stipulated the time frame. Keep record on progress work using a logbook and ensure the supervisor to endorse the meeting form. Each student must meet his/her supervisor regularly at least once a week so that the progress of their works can be monitored closely. Prepare project research proposal according to the project calendar. Submit the progress report by the end of semester 7 to supervisor and examiners. Students are required to prepare project presentation. Students are encouraged to do their experimental work during semester break in order to avoid congested at the end of semester. Ensure no grammatical errors on the reports before submitting to respective supervisors. Submit the final report at week 13 in semester 8 to supervisor and panels and presentation will be held in the following week. Make necessary correction after the project presentation and before submitting the hard bind copy to the faculty. Ready to face certain action from the faculty if they fail to follow schedule and requirements of FYP. They may appeal to the Advisory Committee for any cases related to FYP.

Administrative Staff

The administrative/supporting staffs of the faculty is headed by an Assistant Registrar and assisted by the Executive Officers. Their duties are: a) b) c)

1.2.8

Assist Project Coordinator maintaining database of FYP. Perform some clerical works related to FYP. Collect booking, lab and computer registration form from students.

Laboratory Staff

Laboratory staffs coordinated and instructed by Senior Technician and Senior Laboratory Assistant to: a)

Assist the students in conducting experimental work in the laboratory.

b) c)

1.3

Advice and assist the students in operating the machines, testing equipment, calibrating instruments and any other related facilities. Handling and purchasing consumable/usable materials for the FYP students.

PROJECT CALENDAR

Each student must follow closely the activities and date stated in Table 1.2. This table shows duration in weeks for semester 06, 07 and 08 together with action which should be taken by the students. Students are advised to fill-in all the forms as stated in the Table 1.2 for documentation and data base purposes. Project Calendar is essential to final year students upon the successful and completion of project.

1.4

CREDIT HOURS Semester 07 CODE COURSE

: ECW 511/ KJC 527* : CIVIL ENGINEERING REPORT 1 (FINAL YEAR PROJECT I) HOURS/WEEK : Practical : 6.0 Hrs/Week CREDIT HOURS : 2.0 GRADE : PASS or FAIL PREREQUISITE : KJC 517/ECW 501 PASSING MARK : C (50%) * Forty percent (40%) of the marks in this code will be given by supervisor based on student’s progress work, written research proposal and content of the study. Another sixty percent (60%) marks will be assessed from report writing, presentation and communication skills evaluated by two panels from the faculty. (Quote: From Syllabus KJC 527 and ECW 511). Semester 08 CODE COURSE

: ECW 521/ KJC 537** : CIVIL ENGINEERING REPORT 2 (FINAL YEAR PROJECT 2) HOURS/WEEK : Practical: 12 .0 hrs/Week CREDIT HOURS : 4.0 GRADE : C (50%) PRE-REQUISITE : ECW 511/ KJC 527 (PASS) **Thirty percent (30%) is accumulated from ECW 511/ KJC 527 assessment, and another seventy percent (70%) comes from ECW 521/ KJC 537 which consists report writing, oral presentation, contents of research, discussion (questions and answers) between candidate and two panels and by supervisor. (Quote: From Syllabus ECW 521/ KJC 537). Note:

¨Supervisors and panels must submit the marks of ECW 511/ KJC 527 to Project Coordinator immediately after student presentation. These marks will be recorded and carried over into the next semester as 30% of the mark for ECW 521/ KJC 537. Two panels from the faculty will give a total mark of 50% , supervisor will contribute 30% based on the report while two panels from the industry will contribute a total of 20% for ECW ECW 521/ KJC 537. ¨Total final mark of FYP in ECW 521/ KJC 537 is calculated below: 30% from ECW 511/ KJC 527 + 70% from ECW 521/ KJC 537

Table 1.2: PROJECT CALENDAR

SEMESTER 8

SEMESTER 7

SEM 6

week 11 week 12 week 13 week 14 week 15** week 16*** week 17*** week 18***

week 9 week 10

week 1 week 2 week 3 week 4 week 5 week 6 week 7* week 8

Activities

FKAUiTM/ GCFYP/ EDITION 2-2006

Actions

Supervisor/Student submits topics (FKAUiT M/FYP/2006(Bil.1))

Supervisor/Student-->Coordinator

Topics will be released to students

Coordinator--> Student

Booking topic (FKAUiTM/FYP/2006(Bil.2))

Student --> FKA Office Counter

Full list of project will be released to students

Coordinator--> Student

Students register to UiTM/ FKA

Student --> FKA registration counter

Confirmation registration (FKAUiTM/FYP/2006(Bil.3))

Student--> FKA office counter

Briefing on FYP Due date for submission of proposal to supervisor for evaluation

Coordinator--> Student&Supervisor

Laboratory registration (FKAUiTM/FYP/2006(Bil.4))

Student&Supervisor-->Lab Staff

Project Implementation (FKAUiT M/FYP/2006(Bil.5))

Student, Supervisor& Lab Staff

Notice on submission of Progress Report Due date for submission of Prog.Rep.(FKAUiT M/FYP/2006(Bil.6))

Coordinator --> Student& Supervisor

Student --> Supervisor

Notice on Presentation & List of Examiners

Coordinator --> Student& Supervisor Coordinator --> Student,S'visor&Examiners

Presentation W eek Marks for KJC 527/ECW 511(FKAUiTM/FYP/2006(Bil.7, Bil.8 & Bil.9))

Student,Supervisor&Examiners Supervisor&Examiners --> Coordinator

Grading & fill-in LE form

Coordinator

Students register to UiTM/FKA

Student --> FKA registration counter

Amendments of topic(FKAUiT M/FYP/2006(Bil.15))

Student(Supervisor)-->Coordinator

Lab registration (FKAUiT M/FYP/2006(Bil.4))

Student&Supervisor-->Lab Staff

Project Implementation (FKAUiT M/FYP/2006(Bil.5))

Student,Supervisor& Lab Staff

Notice on submission of Project Report/Thesis Due submission of P. Report(FKAUiT M/FYP/20036(Bil.11))

Coordinator --> Student

Notice on Presentation & List of Examiners

Student(Supervisor) -->Coordinator Coordinator --> Student,S'visor&Examiners

Presentation W eek Submission of Corrected Report(FKAUiT M/FYP/2006(Bil.17)) Marks for KJC 537/ECW 521(FKAUiTM/FYP/2006(Bil.12, Bil.13 & Bil.14))

Student,Supervisor&Examiners

Grading & fill-in LE-15 forms

Coordinator

*Mid Term Break, **Study Leave, ***Examination Week are subjected to changes Week 1 begins during registration week of students into UiTM and FKA

Student(Supervisor) -->Coordinator Supervisor& Examiners --> Coordinator

1.5

PROJECT EVALUATION

The appraisal of final year project (ECW 511/ KJC 527 & ECW 521/KJC 537) will be based on research proposal, progress work, presentation and report writing. Each candidate must submit their report on thirteen week and presentation will be performed on fourteen week. If the students did not present, they are required to complete it next semester even though they were already submitted the report. The breakdown marks for the evaluation of ECW 511/ KJC 527 by supervisor and two panels are illustrated in Table 1.3. Supervisor is required to give marks on research proposal, work progress and report writing which will give the overall marks of 40%. While the panels should give the total overall marks on presentation of 60% Furthermore, the two panels do not need to give marks on proposal and progress work. Table 1.4 illustrates the distribution marks for supervisor, two panels from the faculty and two panels from the industry for subject ECW 521/ KJC 537. The difference with ECW 511/ KJC 527 is that supervisor did not give mark on research proposal. Supervisors are not required to attend their student presentation. There will be an additional of two (2) panels selected from the industry to assess the soft skills of the students (communication/presentation skills). The marks will be given based on progress work and report writing, which gives an overall mark of 30%. Subsequently, both panels from the faculty should give marks on report writing of 50%, while the panels from the industry will give marks on the poster presentation of another 20%

1.6

PROPOSE A TITLE FOR RESEARCH/PROJECT a)

b)

c) d) e) f)

Supervisor must provide sufficient topics for the students. The topics must be related to Civil Engineering studies/works and the scope should be suitable for Undergraduate Level in fulfilling the partial requirement of Final Year Project (FYP). Supervisor must submit five proposed topics to Project Coordinator at beginning of the semester. Students are also encouraged to propose their own topics/scope of research to Project Coordinator if they have any according to the project calendar i.e. the sixth week of semester 06 or earlier. These topics will be counted as two contact hours in supervisor’s timetable and yearly assessment. Supervisors who did not submit research topics will not get any credit. Project Coordinator should display the list of proposed topics after mid-term break from the eight to ninth week of semester 06. This list should not be revealed the supervisors’ names. Student must choose and book the listed topic from the Project Coordinator before examination of semester 06 started, i.e. from the eight to twelve week. Project Coordinator will release full list of topics (including propose topics, supervisors, name of students and ID number on first week of examination (sixteenth week) during semester 06. Students must register the topics they had chosen by filling the registration form and signed by supervisor at the first week of the semester 07. The registration form must be submitted to the Project Coordinator by end of second week for documentation.

Table 1.3: PROJECT EVALUATION FOR KJC

FKAUiTM/ CGFYP/EDITION 3-2009

527/ ECW 511 (SUPERVISOR AND PANELS) Supervisor A. PROPOSAL Problem Statement Objectives Significance Scope/Limitation Application of research Sub Total B.PROGRESS Creative & Initiative Planning & Scheduling Work Progress Discussion with Supervisor Sub Total C. PRESENTATION Technical/Methods Communication Skill Presentation Skill Discussion (Q&A) Content of Presentation

5% 5% 5% 5% 5% 25% 5% 5% 5% 5% 20%

NA

Introduction Problem Statement Scope of Work Objectives Literature Review Gap of Research Theoretical Background Methodology Expected Outcomes References

Sub Total D.REPORT WRITING Introduction Scope of Work Objectives Problem Statement Literature Review Gap of Research Theoretical Background Methodology Expected Outcomes References Originality/Future Research Sub Total TOTAL EVALUATION FOR KJC 527 1. SUPERVISOR MARKS Mark = (A+B+D)/100 x 40 2. PANEL 1 MARKS Mark = (C)/70x 30 3. PANEL 2 MARKS Mark = (C)/70 x 30 TOTAL MARKS FOR KJC 527/ECW511 ****

5% 5% 5% 5% 5% 5% 5% 5% 5% 5% 5% 55% 100%

Panel 1

Panel 2

NA

NA

NA

NA Notes: 1. Supervisors have to evaluate student's progress report for KJC 527/ECW 511 usingFKAUiTM/FYP/2003(Bil 7)

5% 5% 5% 5%

5% 5% 5% 5%

5% 5% 5% 5% 5% 5% 5% 5% 5% 5% 70%

5% 5% 5% 5% 5% 5% 5% 5% 5% 5% 70%

NA

NA

70%

70%

2. Examiners have to evaluate student's report using form FKAUiTM/FYP/2003(Bil 8) and FKAUiTM/FYP/2003(Bil. 9) . 3. Main supervisor is advised to discuss with cosupervisor regarding total mark on their parts.

****Total mark for KJC 527/ECW 511 (passing mark is 50%) =(Supervisor + Panel 1 + Panel 2)

Supervisor (40%) + Panels (60%) = 100%

****Carry over marks for KJC 537/ ECW 521(30%)=(Supervisor + Panel 1 + Panel 2) x 0.3

Table 1.4 PROJECT EVALUATION FOR KJC 537/ ECW

FKAUiTM/ CGFYP/EDITION 2-2006

521 (SUPERVISOR AND PANELS FROM FACULTY AND INDUSTRY) Supervisor A.PROGRESS WORK Creative & Initiative Experimental Set-up/Data Collection Analysis of Results Discussion with Supervisor Sub Total B. POSTER PRESENTATION Technical/Methods Contents Communication Skill Presesntation Skill Discussion (Q&A) Sub Total C.REPORT WRITING Objectives Scope of Work Problem Statement Literature Review Theoretical Development Methodology Data Collection & Analysis Results Discussion Conclusions References & Appendices Originality/Recommendations Sub Total

Panel 1

Panel 2

NA

NA

Industry 5% 5% 5% 5% 5% 25%

Industry 5% 5% 5% 5% 5% 25%

Faculty 5% 5% 5% 5% 5% 5% 5% 5% 5% 5% 5% 5% 60%

Faculty 5% 5% 5% 5% 5% 5% 5% 5% 5% 5% 5% 5% 60%

5% 5% 5% 5% 20%

NA

5% 5% 5% 5% 5% 5% 5% 5% 5% 5% 5% 5% 60%

EVALUATION FOR KJC 537/ECW521 1. Supervisor's Marks Mark=((A+C)/80) x 30% 2. Panel 1 From Faculty Mark=(C)/60 x 25% 3. Panel 2 from Faculty Mark = ( C)/60 x 25% 4. Panel 1 From Industry Marks = (B)/25 x 10%

****Total Mark KJC 537/ ECW521 (Supervisor + Panel 1 - Faculty + Panel 2 - Faculty + Panel 1- Industry + Panel 2 - Industry) x 0.7 + (Total mark from KJC 527/ECW511) x 0.3

5. Panel 2 From Industry Marks = (B)/25 x 10% TOTAL MARKS FOR KJC 537/ECW521****

=Supervisor (30%) + Panels from Faculty (50%) + Panels from Industry (20%) = 100%

Notes: 1. Supervisors have to evaluate student's report for KJC 537/ ECW 521 using form FKAUiTM/FYP/2003(Bil 13) 2. Examiners have to evaluate student's report for KJC 537/ ECW 521 using form FKAUiTM/FYP/2003(Bil 14) and FKAUiTM/FYP/2003(Bil. 9) . 3. Main supervisor is advised to discuss with cosupervisor regarding total mark on their parts.

g) h) i) j)

Project Coordinator should record all previous topics that have been registered in data base or using spreadsheet which could be accessed by students/lecturers/coordinator to avoid any similarity of topics. Students are encouraged to confer with Project Coordinator or supervisor if they have problem with the topics or scope of works. Any changes/amendments of topics must be informed to the Project Coordinator one month before project presentation of semester 08. If students cannot complete the project on time, they are required to fill-in incomplete FYP forms on eleventh week of semester 08.

Note: All the events as mentioned above should refer to FYP calendar tabulated in Table 1.1 of this manual.

1.7

IMPLEMENTATION AND M ONITORING PROCEDURES

An effective time management and well planning are the key factors for the completion and successful of the project. All the activities and time durations involved in the project should be scheduled using Gantt chart. All students are required to prepare this type of chart for one year duration in their research proposal and must be endorsed by their supervisors. In monitoring process, each student is required to keep proper logbook documentation so that he/she can record any work done on weekly basis. The logbook must follow the format as given in meeting document form FKAUiTM/FYP/2006(Bil. 5). Supervisor is required to comment on the student’s work progress in the logbook. Weekly meeting between student and supervisor is very important for monitoring purposes. Students in ECW 511/ KJC 527 must submit their research proposal at the fifth week of each semester to their supervisor for reviewing purposes. This will give the supervisor an ample time for justification of scope either it is sufficient, too broad or narrow. Final year project student who have register for ECW 511/ KJC 527 followed by ECW 521/ KJC 537 for the following semester. Both subjects are required to submit the progress report and final report accordingly to the faculty for assessment. They must also attached logbook together with reports on the fourteen week of corresponding semester. The logbook will act as an evident, in case any dispute arose between supervisor and student. The progress report (ECW 511/ KJC 527) should contain problem statement, objectives, scope of work, literature review, theoretical background, preliminary/pilot/try run data, methodology and expected outcomes. The final report (ECW 521/ KJC 537) should contain progress report, primary data, data analysis, discussion, conclusion and recommendation. These documents must be submitted one week before presentation for the panels to access the report. Figure 1.3 shows the procedure in implementing final year project with specific forms to be filled in by the students. The students are advised to follow closely the flow chart given so that they can accomplish FYP on time without delaying it with flying colors. 1.8 COST AND BUDGET Students who wish to proceed with the research can claim from the following budget with the approval of their supervisors.

BRIEFING LECTURE BY PROJECT COORDINATOR

TOPICS REGISTRATIO N BY STUDENTS Registration Form (FKAUiTM/FYP/2006/Bil.3) SIGNED BY SUPERVISOR AND SUBMIT AT LEVEL 7, FKA

PROGRESS REPORT – MEETING DOCUMENTS Meeting Document Form (FKAUiTM/FYP/2006/Bil.5) – WEEKLY Lab and Computer Lab Registration Form (FKAUiTM/FYP/2006/Bil.4)

AMENDMENT O F TOPIC (FKAUiTM/FYP/2006/Bil.15)

SUBMISSION OF REPORTS TO THE FACULTY Submission Form (ECW 511/ KJC 527) (FKAUiTM/FYP/2006/Bil.6) & Report Submission Form (ECW 521/ KJC 537) (FKAUiTM/FYP/2006/Bil.11) & Report & Technical Paper UNDERGRADUATE SEMINAR–PARALLEL SESSIONS SEMINAR ECW 511/ KJC 527 – 4 DIVISIONS SEMINAR ECW 521/ KJC 537 – 4 DIVISIONS

EVALUATION FROM SUPERVISORS AND PANELS EVALUATION FORM ECW 511/ KJC 527(SUPERVISOR) (FKAUiTM/FYP/2006/Bil 7) EVALUATION FORM ECW 511/ KJC 527 (PANELS) (FKAUiTM/FYP/2006/Bil 8&9) EVALUATION FORM ECW 521/ KJC 537(SUPERVISOR) (FKAUiTM/FYP/2006/Bil 12)

REPORT DOES NOT COMPLETE – APPLY TL STATUS FILL IN INCOMPLETE FYP REPORT FORM – FKAUiTM/FYP/2006/Bil 16)

MAKE RELEVANT CORRECTIONS AND ADMENDMENTS APPROVED BY SUPERVISORS AND TWO PANELS REMARKS AND COMMENTS (after corrected) – FKAUiTM/FYP/2006/Bil.17)

SUBMIT FINAL REPORT TO FACULTY 1 HARD COPY & 2 SOFT COPIES (CD)

Figure 1.3: Flow chart showing the implementation of FYP students

1.8.1 Faculty Budget (Bendahari Zon 8) 1. 2. 3.

Faculty budget is given to students who are not funded by any sponsors e.g. PTPTN, MARA, Yayasan Negeri and others. Any claim to bursar must provide an original receipt as a proof of purchase and endorsement are required from Supervisor and Deputy Dean (Resource) or the Dean. Consumable items can be purchased under laboratory budget; these items can be used by final year report student and teaching staff.

1.8.2 Supervisor’s Research Grant a)

b)

Student can claim directly from their supervisor under IRPA or IRDC research project to buy any specific materials, equipment and tools. However, approval of claim will be granted at the discretion of the respective supervisor. Expenses for expensive instruments and machineries can be ordered under yearly budget plan or can be inclusive in the research grant of the respective supervisor. Subsequently, supervisor is encouraged to plan and anticipated in yearly budget for his/her division.

Figure 1.4 shows the procedure of purchasing new materials or equipment for his/her division based on the availability of budget. The supervisors and lecturers are encouraged to buy the instruments and equipment based on his/her area of specialization.

1.9

RESEARCH ETHICS

Research ethic in final year project content is to guide the students in pursuing and continuing their research in an acceptable manner and attitude. Following are the meaning of ethics and research. Ethics mean: Research mean:

Conscience, moral code, moral philosophy, moral values, principles and standard. a systematic and scientific method of inquiry. Research findings of the investigation will add new knowledge to the existing structure of knowledge.

The word “ethic” is an important element in pursuing research work. The researchers must follow these criteria: a).

Being honest (avoid plagiarism)

i.

Plagiarism must not be allowed in preparing report writing. Plagiarism can be defined as "...to plagiarize is to give the impression that you wrote or thought something that you in fact borrowed from someone..." (Joseph Gibaldi, MLA Style Manual and Guide to Scholarly Publishing. 2nd ed, New York: MLA, 1998: 151) When writing research paper, report, web page, or other products, resources from others publication may be used but must be credited to the person who had done it before. If the students did not do the citation or credited to the original authors, it is committed plagiarism which considered unethical and a serious infraction of the student codes of virtually to universities.

ii.

iii. iv.

v. vi. vii.

b).

Unfortunately, many students commit plagiarism unintentionally and they were told frequently to do citation in proper way by supervisors. It is a form of theft and is certainly regarded as a serious offence in educational systems. If the author wants to reproduce the text or ideas from other sources, he/she must obtain a written permission from the copyright holder and probably require to affix a copyright notice from the previous author. Plagiarism can be detected when there are insufficient references and acknowledgement direct copying of paragraphs, sentences, ideas, pictures, concepts and statistical tables from sources such as journals, textbooks, magazines, internet and others. The flow of sentences will become discontinuous and did not synchronize with previous and later sentences. The readers will find difficulties in understanding the texts because most of the sentences are ‘cut and paste’ of statements from other multiple sources. Students are encourage to construct their own words and sentences based on their understanding after reading sources such as internet, journals, textbooks, lecture notes and others. Being friendly

Maintain friendliness amongst team members of research work in order to create and maintain linkages in which may lead to the completion of the research project with high quality product. c).

Being Responsible

i.

The researcher should be accountable for the successful of project objectives as outlined in research proposal. He should also identify the appropriate technical and managerial resources required. Technical elements in research project should be determined prior to the progress work in order to obtain the standard quality or validity of data. This is to assess any possible risk involved and appropriate quality planning as required.

ii.

d).

Being meticulous

The successful of a research project is often depending on the adequacy of planning process starting from beginning towards the end of project. Proper planning means, the research should comprise the following elements: i. ii. iii. iv. v. vi. vii.

Sufficient detail so that a technical competent person can understand and perform the required work. Define project goals and objectives. Assign responsibilities, reporting mechanism and interfaces. Provide detailed design for experiment work and the analysis. Describe the parameters to be investigated, verification process to be utilized and test apparatus required. Define acceptable measurement uncertainties Specify all required milestone and deliverables, including report.

Semester 7 Confirmation of the availability of material and equipment by Supervisor with each lab. staff

If not available Supervisor arrange the budget for the special material and equipment following to the either of the budget describe in section 8.1 to 8.2

If available Supervisor arrange with Laboratory staff

Submission of project title by Supervisor to Coordinator describing source of budget taken

Notice on Project Title for student Project Registration student to collect Laboratory Registration Form

Student to confirm with Respective Supervisors on the availability of materials or use of laboratory

If material available Student may proceed

If material not available Student should arrange with Supervisor in purchasing material or equipment. Budget is in accordance

Registration for laboratory and material use with Senior Technician Submission of Registration Form FKAUiTM/FYP/2006(Bil.4)

Notice on Laboratory Work Schedule will be posted at the faculty notice board

Figure 1.4 : Flow chart of procedure in determining budget/cost Note: · · ·

Please refer to Project Calendar for the time schedule. Laboratory Registration Form. In case student requires an extra time for laboratory work, submission of Over Time form to the Senior Technician with the

·

approval granted from the Supervisor are necessary. This is because to distribute equal amount of work among laboratory staffs. Extra hours during semester are as follows: Weekdays (4.30 p.m. to 6.30 p.m.) and (8.00 to 10.00 p.m.) Weekends and public holidays – a maximum of 4 hours. Please note that laboratory only open until 10.00 p.m.

Laboratory Staff is advised to use the faculty Over Time form with additional endorsement from the respective Supervisor. e).

Maintain standards and quality

i. ii.

The standard and quality of the research should be maintained throughout the research process from the beginning to the completion of the project. It is essential that each researcher must be meticulous to maintain the standard and quality of research so that more funds will come from either private or government agency.

f).

Being fair

i.

In conducting a research, it is advisable not to be biased on data or personal involvement. There should not be preconceived ideas that would affect the data and lead to the unreliable results. In analyzing data, it is recommended to relate with the objectives, filling in the gap in literature review before written a precise statement for conclusion.

ii.

1.10 FORMS Project Coordinator will keep the list of research topics in data base. All supervisors are advised to submit project title or scope of research to the Project Coordinator using form FKAUiTM/FYP/2006 (Bil. 1) (Topic Registration Form). As mentioned earlier, each supervisor must propose a minimum of five topics to Project Coordinator. Each student shall book a topic before he/she can register for that particular topic. They can book the topic as first come first serve basis and have to submit the form FKAUiTM/FYP/2006 (Bil. 2) to the main office. The student also has to keep their copy for the registration purposes. For project registration the student has to submit form FKAUiTM/FYP/2006 (Bil. 3) to Project Coordinator. Amendments of topic can be made with the knowledge of supervisor using form FKAUiTM/FYP/2006 (Bil. 15). The progress report (ECW 511/ KJC 527) and final report (ECW 512/ KJC 537) have to be submitted together with the submission form, FKAUiTM/FYP/2006 (Bil. 6) and FKAUiTM/FYP/2006 (Bil. 11), respectively. ECW 521/KJC 537’s student is required to submit the corrected final report together with form FKAUiTM/FYP/2006 (Bil. 17). It is important to remind that the students are required to use the original forms. The photocopy form is invalid to use, subsequently disqualify the students to register, present and submit their final year project reports.

1.11 PROGRAM EDUCATIONAL OBJECTIVES OF THE FACULTY Final year project is one of the requirements imposed by the Engineering Accreditation Council (EAC) to final year students in order for them to be awarded Bachelor in Engineering (Hons.)(Civil). Under this requirement, the students should be able to integrate any specific areas in civil engineering field such as structural, transportation, environment, geotechnical and construction management. Furthermore, this project demands the individual analysis, judgment, presentation and capability of being assessed independently from the work of others. They also encourage to utilize modern technology, computer programmes and multimedia for assessing and evaluating their project. Thus, Faculty of Civil Engineering introduced and implemented program educational objectives (PEO) and program outcomes for final year project. Program educational objective consists of five items as listed below: 1. Have a sound of understanding as well as the ability to apply fundamental principles of engineering knowledge and are capable of expanding this knowledge through engineering and scientific research. 2. Practice with strong professional ethics and understand the impacts of engineering projects on the environment, society, politics and the well being of local and regional economy. 3. Are able to communicate effectively with members of the profession and the society in general on engineering and non-engineering subjects. 4. Have the competency to contribute as a team member of a multi-disciplinary team or assume the role of a team leader in projects undertaken within or beyond the national boundaries. 5. Have the ability to adopt to changes in economic climate through awareness on contemporary issues, entrepreneurship and life-long learning skills. Whereas the program outcome consists of eleven items as listed below: PO1: Ability to acquire and apply basic knowledge of science, mathematics and engineering. PO2: Ability to communicate effectively, not only with engineers but also with the public PO3: Ability to identify, formulate and solve engineering problems PO4: Ability to use a system approach to design and evaluate operational performance. PO5: Ability to act effectively as an individual and in a group, with leadership and experimental managerial capabilities. PO6: Understanding of the social, cultural, global and environmental responsibilities and ethnics of a professional engineer and the need for sustainable development. PO7: Recognizing the need to undertake lifelong learning and possessing/acquiring the capacity to do so. PO8: Ability to design and conduct experiments, as well as to analyze and interpret data. PO9: Ability to function on multi-disciplinary teams PO10: Having technical competency and ability to specific Civil Engineering disciplines. PO11: Having the knowledge of contemporary issues.

Conjunction with the implementation of Outcome Based Program (OBE), students’ final year projects are tailored to individual course outcomes for subject ECW 511/KJC 527 and ECW 521/KJC 537. The course outcomes for Final Year Project I (ECW 511/KJC 527) are as follows: CO1: CO2: CO3: CO4:

Formulate research problem and research direction. Write a literature review base on a given topic. Develop and report the research methodology to be adopted. Write, present and defend a research proposal.

The course outcomes for Final Year Project II (ECW 521/KJC 537) are as follows: CO1: Implement the research design/methodology of a given topic. CO2: Systematically collect, analyzed and select suitable method of presenting the data. CO3: Interpret, discuss and draw conclusion from the analyzed data. CO4: Write, present and defend the final research report. The learning outcomes for final year project students are as follows: 1. The ability of student to formulate problem statement, research objectives and research design. 2. The ability of student in enhancing her/his critical thinking. 3. The ability of student to present and defend research findings. 4. The ability of student to write final report, technical paper and presentation. The program outcomes which addresses the course outcomes of ECW 511/KJC 527 and ECW 521/KJC 537 are PO2, PO3, PO7, PO8 and PO10. The CO-PO matrix is developed based on the course outcomes and program outcomes for these subjects. From CO-PO matrix, performance criteria are assessed according to the students’ abilities to achieve the standard which categorized using the domain as specified in bloom taxonomy. The direct instrument such as report writing, research proposal, technical paper and meeting documents are used to evaluate the students’ performance. Finally, the grades of students are given into five ranges which are bad, poor, mediocre, good and outstanding. Students are required to meet with supervisor every week and meeting documents must be signed by supervisor to indicate that they already fulfill attendance sheets and progress work. Students are also advised to record the work in log book and schedule properly the activities using Gantt Chart. The comparison can be made between the actual work done and the planned activities so that students will know whether they are ahead of schedule or behind schedule. The overall assessment of final year project can be conducted based on research proposal, final report, technical paper and presentation. At the end of each course, students are required to present their work in front of two panels. Prior to final submission, students are required to submit their report to the supervisors to check for contents, flow of sentences, organization and presentation of final thesis. Panels will assess the students’ report and presentation based on contents, communication skills, presentation skills, discussion (Question and Answer), objectives, scope of work, problem statement, literature review, methodology, data collection, analysis and interpretation of results, discussion, conclusion and recommendations.

CHAPTER TWO REPORT WRITING FORMAT 2.1

GENERAL TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS 2.1.1 Length of the Report – as a general guideline, the length of the report should not exceed 70 pages for ECW 511/ KJC 527 and 100 pages for ECW 521/ KJC 537.

2.1.2 Typing and Printing – Use word processors for typing and print using letter quality preferably on a laser printer.

2.1.3 Typeface, Typing Quality and Font Size – The entire text of the

report including headings and page numbers must be within the same font or typeface. a) Font size for text is 12 points and should not be scripted or italicized except for scientific names. b) Text for tables and figures – not less than 10 points. Script is unacceptable. Bold prints may be used for headings. The report must be cleaned. Crossing-out of the letters or words is not permitted. Any form of patching is not allowed.

2.1.4 Margins – for general texts Top edge: 2.0cm Right Side: 2.0cm Left Side: 2.5cm Bottom edge: 2.0cm All information such as text heading, illustration, footnotes and page numbers must be within the text area.

2.1.5 Paragrap h – a new paragraph at the bottom of a page must have at least two fill lines of type or it should begin on the next page.

2.1.6 Spacing – the report should be typed double-spaced except for references, multi-line captions (illustration likes tables, figures, plates), appendices, heading or sub-heading

2.1.7 Pagination – throughout the report, the text, reference and appendix pages should be numbered consecutively in Arabic Numerals (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, ..) including pages for tables, figures and appendices. Page number should be by itself without bracketed, hyphenated nor accompanied by any decorative devices. They should be placed without punctuation about 1.0 cm from the bottom edge below the middle of the text lines and at the centre of the page. The selected page number position must be consistent throughout.

The preliminary are numbered in consecutive lower case Roman Numerals (i, ii,.., ix etc.). No paging on title page. Pagination begins with number 1 on the first page of chapter 1.

2.1.8 Tables and Figures – Tables and figures must be centred within the prescribed margins. They must bear a reference number (in Arabic numerals) and a caption. They should be numbered as in sequence accordingly. For example, tables in chapter 5 can be numbered as Table 5.1, Table 5.2, Table 5.3 and so on. A similar notation is used for figures in chapter 6; e.g. Figure 6.1, Figure 6.2 etc. The first number indicates the chapter and the second number is showing the sequence numbers of figures or tables in that particular chapter. Title for the Table, its number and its caption should be appeared above the table, while title for Figure is placed below the pictures. If the table and/or the figure are reproduced from other works, the reference must be cited.

2.1.9 Paper and Duplication – Use quality plain white simile paper (80 gm) of A4 size for all copies of the report. Print text or illustrations only on one side of each sheet. Only the original copy is acceptable.

2.1.10 Binding and Submission - Prior to viva, three copies of spiral binding of the report should be submitted to the Project Coordinator. After viva, two copy of corrected report should be submitted in the form of in the form of CD. The folder in the CD is organized into 3 sections, namely Preliminary (contains title page, content, acknowledge etc), Main body such as Chapter1, Chapter 2 etc, and lastly References and Appendices. The students should get an approval from supervisor and panels before submitting their final reports to the faculty.

2.2

LAYOUT OR ARRANGEMEN T OF THE REPORT The report must comprise of three divisions which are preliminary, text or main body (chapters, sections and parts) and references. The details description of this division will be explained implicitly in what follows:

2.2.1 The Preliminary – The format for preliminary section should follow the arrangement as listed below. The samples together with the margin of each page are shown in the following figures. Cover of report (see Figure 2.1) Title page (see Figure 2.2) Declaration (see Figure 2.3) Acknowledgement (see Figure 2.4) Abstract (see Figure 2.5) List of Content (see Figure 2.6) List of Figures (see Figure 2.7) List of Tables (see Figure 2.8) Abbreviations / Symbols (see Figure 2.9) Main text/body (Chapters) (see Figure 2.10 & 2.11) References (see Figure 2.11) Appendices (see Figure 2.12)

25 mm

25 mm

B. Eng (Hons)

MARINE EFFECT ON CONCRETE STRUCTURES (capital and centred)

ANIS AMIRA HUSSIN

(Horizontally and vertically centred)

April 2004 25 mm

Spine

Bachelor of Engineeri ng (Hons) Civil UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA 2009 25 mm

Cover

Cover of the Rep ort a) Binding: Hard Bound buckrum b) Colour: Pure black c) Cover: 18-point GOLD BLOCK FONT with particulars Title of Report Name of Candidates Degree (seeking for) Universiti Teknologi MARA Year of Submission d) Spine: 24-point GOLD BLOCK FONT to includes Degree for which the work is submitted Month and Year of Submission (e.g. April or October 2003)

Figure 2.1: Samp le of Spine and Cover of the Rep ort

25mm

MARINE EFFECTS ON CONCRETE STRUCTURES

(capital and centred, 14-point Block font)

By

1 space

ANIS AMIRA HUSSIN (horizontally and vertically centred, 12-point font)

This report is submitted as a partial requirement for the degree of Bachelor of Engineering (H ons) Civil (12-point font) 2 spaces

UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA APRIL 2009 (12-point Block font)

15 mm

Title Page

a) Title of Report – should describe the content of the report and omitting words such as “An Investigation…”, “An Analysis…”, A Study of…”. b) Full Name of Author c) The degree for which the report is submitted d) Universiti Teknologi Mara e) The month and year in which the report is submitted for examination

Figure 2.2: Samp le of the Title Page

5 spaces

DECLARATION BY THE CANDIDATE 2 spaces

I (write down the candidate’s name, UiTM no.) confirm that the work in this report is my own work and the appropriate credit has been given where references have been made to the work of other researchers. 2 spaces

( signature of the candidate) Student Name Student ID Date

:_____________ :_____________ :_____________

a) 12-point font size b) Single spacing c) Student must sign the declaration sheet

Figure 2.3: Samp le of Declaration Sheet by the Candidate

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I would like to express my sincere gratitude to………….…. (12-point font)…………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………….. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT a) This statemet is an optional item. Most of the reports include a brief statement of appreciation in recognition of any special assistance from supervisor, technician and company who supply the materials for testing. b) Statement of dedication is not preferred. c) Appears on one page by itself.

Figure 2.4: Samp le of Acknowledgement ABSTRACT Concrete structures deteriorate for various reasons and upgrading has been achieved for over 20 years by bonding steel plates using epoxy resins. Disadvantages of this method include transporting, handling and installing heavy plates and corrosion of the plates. The rehabilitation……….. (12-point font)

ABSTRACT a) An abstract must be stated. The abstract is a digest of the entire report and should be given careful attention as the main text. b) The abstract should give a brief exposition of the research problems, purposes of the study, scope of study, research approach and limitation. A summary of the finding in the context of the whole study is also required. c) The abstract should be placed immediately before the first chapter of the report. d) It should be typed single spacing on one single sheet only (not more than 300 words) e) Paragraph when necessary.

Figure 2.5: Samp le of Abstract

TABLE OF CONTENTS Page i ii iii vii viii xii

ABSTRACT ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES LIST OF FIGURES LIST OF SYMBOLS CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5

Performance of Precast Industrial Buildings During Past Earthquakes Failures of Tilt-up Precast Wall Panels Research Motivation The Advantages of Using Precast Hollow Core Walls Literature Review and The State-Of-The-Art 1.5.1 Rocking Structures

1 2 6 7 9 10

CHAPTER 2: SEISMIC BI-LATERAL PERFORMANCE OF PRECAST CONCRETE HOLLOW CORE WALLS 2.1 2.2 2.3

Introduction Design Concepts of Precast Wall Panels Theoretical Response of A Single Rocking Precast Hollow Core Wall

11 14 16

List of Contents a)

The titles of parts, sections or chapters and their principal, and their principal subdivisions should be listed in the Table of Contents and must be worded exactly as they appear in the body of the report.

b) It is advisable to use numbers for; Heading: e.g. 5 ANALYISIS AND DISCUSSION Sub-heading: 5.2 Effect of Stress Level Sub sub-heading: 5.2.1 Mean Stress (No further sub-division is allowed) c)

Major headings and sub-headings are typed flushed with the left margin.

d)

Candidate is free to label or give title for each chapter as sensibly possible.

Figure 2.6: Samp le of List of Contents

LIST OF FIGURES Descriptions

Page

Figure 1.1

Several examples of structural damage to precast wall panels after earthquake

53

Figure 1.2

The construction failure and collapse of precast wall panels

54

Figure 1.3

The flowchart for direct displacement based design procedure (FIP, 2000)

55

Figure 1.4

Flow chart of the performance-based seismic engineering design (after SEAOC, 1999)

56

Figure 1.5

Reinforcement detail of Unit 1, Unit 2 and Unit 3 (Rahman and Restrepo, 2000)

57

Figure 2.7: Samp le of List of Figures LIST OF TABLES Descriptions

Page

Table 1.1

Modification of the damping factor, B used in the current codes (after UBC-94, UBC-97, ATC-40 and FEMA-273)

48

Table 1.2

The VISION 2000 Performance Objectives (after SEAOC,1999)

49

Table 1.3

Earthquake Design Levels for the study (after SEAOC,1999)

50

Table 1.4

Standard Performance Level Definitions (after ATC-40, 1995 and SEAOC, 1995)

51

Table 1.5

Performance Levels and Permissible Structural Damage-Vertical Elements (after SEAOC, 1999)

49

Figure 2.8: Samp le of List of Tables

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

B

wall width

Cc

base shear capacity

Cd

seismic demand spectrum

CcDBE

base shear capacity under Design Basis Earthquake

CcMCE

base shear capacity under Maximum Considered Earthquake

Dˆ DBE DS

median drift demand Design Basis Earthquake Damage State

ep

eccentricity between unbonded post-tensioned tendons

Figure 2.9: Samp le of List of Abbreviati on CHAPTER 3 DYNAMIC RESPONSE OF THIN PRECAST CONCRETE WALLS 2 spaces of 1.5 spacing

3.1

Introduction (this is the main heading No.1, bold and left-aligned) There may be a preamble in the beginning of a chapter. The purpose may be to introduce the themes of the main headings. Normally, it is one paragraph, short and brief linking between this chapter and the previous chapter.

3.2

Experimental Setup and Results (this is another main heading, bold and left-aligned) Two specimens were tested on shaking table under dynamic response. Figure 3.1 shows the experimental setup together with instrumentation used in measuring strain of energy dissipator and lateral displacement of wall. 3.2.1 Visual observation on Specimen 1(this is the sub-heading, bold, leftaligned, there should be a minimum of two-subheading to justify having subheadings)

Figure 2.10: Samp le of the Main Body/Tex t of the Rep ort

Writing an Equation

M / EI re I g ft fi + fe fi = = = = +1 M / EI g I re fe fe fe

(2-1)

The written equations shall be centred with one blank line above and below to separate them from text. If possible, equations shall be written by equation generator or MS WORD program with 11 point letters. They should be numbered with chapter number follow by consecutively with number right justified, and the equation is referred by these numbers.

Figure 2.11: Samp le of Writing an Equation Writing References 1.

Referencing from Book Format: Surname, First alphabet of the first name. (the year of publication), Title of the book-bold, Publisher-italic, town of publication, edition number Owens, G.W. (1987), Design of structural steelwork connections, Butterworths, London, Edition 3 Porter, D. (1982), Battened columns – recent developments. In Compressed Structures – Stability and Strength, edited by Narayanan,R., Applied science Publishers, London

2.

Axially

Referencing from Journal Format: Surname, First alphabet of the first name. (year of publication), Title of the paper-bold, Name of the journal-italic, volume or edition, paging Toma, S. and Chen, W.F. (1994), Calibration frames for second-order inelastic analysis in Japan. J. Construct. Steel Research, 28, 51-77

3.

Referencing from Code of Practice Format: Surname, First alphabet of the first and second name. (year of publication), Title of the code/guidance/practice-bold, Name of the code/guidance-italic, place of publication Cheal, B.D. (1980), Design guidance for friction grip bolted connections. CIRIA Technical Note 98, London American Society of Civil Engineers- ASCE (1971), Plastic design in steel, Manual 41, 2nd edition, New York

4.

Referencing from Internet Giving the name of the web site alone is not accepted. Hence, a full list of the information as one of those above is required or at least;

Format: Author/s or group name, Year of establishment of the website, Title of the article, Full address of the website, Source of information, Date of visiting the site Fibres Engineering Group, Application of synthetic fibre in civil engineering, http:/www.uitm.edu/fka/fibre.html (4 Mac2003) Citation in the text Talib, S.A and Baharom, B.B, (1994a) – the ‘a’ indicates the first paper in the year 1994 published by the authors. Talib, S.A and Baharom, B.B, (1994b) – the ‘b’ indicates the second paper in the year 1994 from the same authors above. For more than 2 authors, e.g. Talib, S.A and Baharom, B.B, Din,K.B, and Hamzah, S.H., (2003) should be cited in the text as; Talib et al., (2003)

Figure 2.12: Samp le of Listing References LIST OF APPENDICES Page Appendix A

A-1

A.1

Specimen Modeling

A-1

A.2

Tensile Test of Reinforcing Bars

A-2

A.3

Concrete Cylinder Compressive Test

A-4

Appendix B

B-1

B.1

Strut-and-Tie Modeling

B-1

B.2

Prestressing Tendon Capacity

B-3

B.3

Design of Energy Dissipators

B-6

Appendix C C.1

Rocking Wall Dynamic Testing Runs

C-1 C-1

C.2

Theoretical Resistance Capacity of Wall

C-4

C.3

Dissipator Uplift Test

C-6

Figure 2.13: Samp le of List of App endices

Sample of Figure

Figure 2.14: Isometric view of rocking precast hollow core wall.

Sample of Table Table 2.1: The role of potentiometers in a multi-panel precast wall system Potentiometers P1,P20

Type of potentiometers Linear

Functions To measure the sliding or horizontal movement

P31,P33, P5

Linear

To measure the uplift of foundation beam

P2,P3,P4,P21,P24,P25

Rotary

To measure the rotation/drift of seismic wall

P32,P27,P8,P6

Linear

To measure seismic wall

P17,P30, P9,P7

Linear

To measure the uplift of concrete block on seismic wall

P26, P23, P22, P19

Linear

To measure the rotation/drift of non seismic wall

the

uplift

bottom top

2.2.2 The Main Body or Tex t – a common structure of the report can be summarized as below.

a) Introduction – contains background of research and Problem Statement that is clear-cut, precise, concise and explicit explained. It must also include the main objectives of the study together with the outline of research as correct and extremely concise as possible and should not contain argument or discussion. The scope of research must be spell-out clearly together with limitations. The significance and contribution of this research should be included in this section.

b) Literature Review – gives some information on research findings based on previous study. A proper format of citations must be followed which come from journals, conferences, proceedings, magazines, internet, etc. In this section, the author must have an original critical opinions and thinking not just reporting from previous research. A good critical comment includes the disadvantages, benefits, finding the gaps and gives some comments or suggestions based on previous work. It should be pertinent, balanced and concise, with evidence of original critical thought and technically correct citations.

c) Theoretical Background and Research Develop ment – clearly defined hypotheses of the study which is in-line with research topic. The students must develop a theoretical framework which suit to their study. Some mathematical derivations must be included under this topic as a benchmark in comparing the theoretical values with the experimental data. Further development in terms of concepts, applications and procedure must clearly defined before proceeding to the following topics.

d) Research Methodology - In order to verify the theoretical values obtained in section c, a well-designed research methodology must be adopted herein. Data collection and sampling can be carried out in the form of quantitative or qualitative measurements. The investigation/study can be conducted either using an experimental work or questionnaire (interview) based on the nature of study. The parameters used in research methodology must reflect the theoretical framework so that the objectives of study can be attained.

e) Analysis and Interpretation of Result – the analytical results must portray a similar relationship between theoretical and experimental results. If poor correlation exists between them, a depth explanation and good reasons should be given as to why it is happened in that manner. It must be presented in a logical order with relevant figures and tables together with proper comments and explanations. The graphs must be properly labeled along their axis with appropriate units and title. This section is the gist of your findings and evidences of students’ work.

f) Discussion – the discussion of the finding in relation to the hypotheses, FOLLOWED by any further discussion thought to be necessary. Discuss of (d) in the framework provided by (b) and (c).

g) Conclusion and Recommendation – a very brief statement of the prime/major finding along with recommendation for future research. It also can include the contribution of this study towards end-user communities or societies.

2.2.3 Reference Materials a) Bibliography (or List of References) – any citations which make use of other people’s work, either in direct quotation or reference, must contain a bibliography listing together with the sources. b) Illustrations – can be in the form of pictures, photographs, diagrams, graphs, maps, charts and templates. Photographs are normally listed as PLATES, while the rest are called FIGURES. Illustrations must be of good quality either colour or blank and white. They should conform to margin requirements and the page number typed in the standard position. c) Appendices – this part contains supplementary illustrative materials, original data, and quotations too long for inclusion in the text or not immediately essential to an understanding of the subject or may break the flow of the writing. This section should be divided into several sections like Appendix A, Appendix B etc. Each appendix with its title, if it has one, should be listed separately in the Table of Contents. Refer to Figure 2.13 for the sample of list of Appendices.

2.3

EDITORIAL SERVICES It is the responsibility of the candidates to ensure that the report is free from typo and grammatical error. Consequently, they are suggested to use/employ professional editors from Language Center. Supervisors are responsible to check the reports in terms of facts and contents but they also encourage checking the grammatical errors in order to improve the flow, consistency and quality of the reports.

2.4

PROGRESS REPORT The candidates are required to plan their activities together with durations before commencing their research work. It is recommended that the students must prepare their scheduling in terms of Gantt Chart. Under the code of ECW 511/KJC 527, the report must contain the Problem Statement, Objectives of Research, Scope of Work, Significance of Study, Literature Review together with critical comments and gaps, Research Methodology, Result of Pilot Study, Expected Outcomes and Work Planning for the following semester (ECW 521/KJC 537). Supervisor is advised to guide and monitor the work done by their students. Finally, the candidates are advised to submit a progress report during semester 7 and final report at the end of semester according to the project calendar.

2.5

ORAL PRESENTATION The purpose of oral presentation is to allow the students to present their work, show their understanding in depth of the subject matter as well as communication skills. Therefore, each student must attend and present his/her work in front of two panels which have been appointed by advisory committee members at the end of the semester. The lists of panels, supervisors, date, time and venue will be displayed on notice board before oral presentation. Students must take note the date of submission and presentation so that they are really well-prepared before presentation. They must wear proper dress code during presentation. They also are encouraged to use visual aids such as power point, laser pointer and slides in their presentation. At the end of presentation, the two panels will ask the question on any aspect of the project and the students must elaborate or defend issues arising from their work.

2.6

FREQUENT QUESTIONS NORMALLY AS KED BY FINAL YEAR PROJECT STUDENTS (FYP)

Q:

How do I choose a suitable topic for my FYP?

A:

The project topics that have been proposed by supervisors between week 13 and 15 of semester 6 according to the academic calendar can be booked by filling the booking form contains in this manual.

Q:

Can the students propose their own topics ?

A:

Yes, they are encouraged to do so but they must discuss and get an approval from their supervisors before commencing their work.

Q:

Who will superv ise my FYP?

Q:

How many students can b e superv ised under one supervisor?

A:

A supervisor is allows to supervise a total number of 8 to 20 students for ECW 511/ KJC 527 and ECW 512/ KJC 537.

Q:

What is the qualification of a lecturer so that he/she can supervise FYP students?

A:

The lecturers must have at least a Master Degree and are not on study leave. Lecturers on study leave are only allowed to become a co-supervisor.

Q:

Can a student from main campus supervise by a lecturer from UiTM branch campus?

A:

Yes, they can supervise but it is discouraged due to do so because of the distance and communication problem.

Q:

Can a lecturer from other faculties superv ise the FYP students?

A:

Yes, with the approval from Dean of Faculty Civil Engineering.

Q:

Is it a requirement to register subject ECW 521/KJC 537 in the following semester even though I completed ECW 511/ KJC 527 in previous semester ?

A:

The students must register the subject ECW 521/KJC 537 directly after they had completed ECW 511/ KJC 527. This is because subjects ECW 511/ KJC 527 and ECW 521/KJC 537 are a one-year sequence course with two different codes.

Q:

Can I drop the subject ECW 511/ KJC 527 after I registered ?

Q:

Can I drop subject ECW 512/ KJC 537 after I registered?

Q:

What should I do if I did not complet e ECW 521/ KJC 537 report due to delay in laboratory work?

A:

You can apply an extension of one semester through Deputy Dean of Academic with an approval from your supervisor and normally TL status will be given.

Q:

What is project proposal?

A:

Project proposal is a document which contains problem statement, objectives, scope of work, limitations, literature review, proposed research methodology and schedules submit to the supervisor before the actual work is conducted.

Q:

What is thesis presentation?

A:

A:

A:

The lecturers in the relevant field of expertise will supervise the student based on the chosen topic.

Yes you can, but must be during the time frame as specified in academic calendar.

You are not allowed to do this but you can apply for TL (Tidak Lengkap) status.

A:

A thesis presentation or viva is the oral presentation given by students based on progress report for ECW 511/ KJC 527 and final report for ECW 521/ KJC 537 in front of two panels followed by questions and answers.

Q:

How many copies of FYP report should I submit to the faculty?

A:

4 copies of FYP reports which consist of two soft copies in CD form and 2 hard binding copies must be submitted to faculty after oral presentation. In the CD, students must include the final year report, power point of the presentation and technical paper. Each student must write the title of project, supervisor’s name, student’s name and academic year on the cover of CD.

CHAPTER 3 FORMAT FOR TECHNICAL PAPER 3.1

TITLE OF THE TECHNICAL PAPER

The title must be located at the top page and centered. It should be bolded with font size 16 pt. The authors’ names together with affiliations should be formatted as follows:

PAPER TITLE (16 PT, TIMES NEW ROMAN, BOLD STYLE) First author’s name1, Second author’s name2, Third author’s name3 (Family name, initials:Hamid, N.H.A) (11pt, Times New Roman, Italic) 1

Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand. (10 pt, Times New Roman) 2 Researcher, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Universiti Teknologi MARA, 40450 Shah Alam, Selangor D.E. Malaysia (10 pt, Times New Roman) 3 Engineer, Highway Planning Unit, Works Ministry of Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (10 pt, Times New Roman)

3.2 ABSTRACT The abstract should be in Capitalized Bold Times New Roman font, size 11 pt. The abstract text must be single-lined in font size 11 pt, Times New Roman. It should contain an overview of your research work together with the outcomes and must be summarized not more than 200 words.

Keywords: Five keywords are to be listed here which is contained in the abstract. The keywords should be arranged in alphabetical order and use the same format as in the Abstract section above.

3.3 INTRODUCTION All the technical papers must comply with the following requirement as explained in the sequence sub-topic to ensure the students followed the standard format, produce a good paper and upon the completion of the seminar. Non-compliance format will results in reduction of marks and rejected. Final year project students (ECW 512/ KJC 537) are required to read through the following instructions before submitting their final manuscript. Articles submitted for publication in this seminar must be original, unpublished elsewhere and addressed the interest to the engineering community. The technical content should be presented in a readable and accessible style. Articles should be single-spaced, type in Times New Roman font and with size 12 pt. An article, including tables and figures should be no longer than 12 pages. The author may be requested to modify the article or to clarify certain points in the article. Accepted document format is the Microsoft Word 2004 DOC format. Your documents should have meaningful and unambiguous names.. Submissions of article (soft copy) using CDROM are mandatory for each of the student. The students are required to submit hardcopy and soft-copy to Faculty of Civil Engineering before presentation. 3.4 HEADINGS Headings should be in Capitalized Bold Times New Roman font, size 12, numbered using Arabic numeration. 3.4.1

Sub-Heading

First level Sub-Headings should be in Bold Times New Roman, size 11 and must also be numbered in Arabic numeration 3.5

FIGURES

All photographs should be of high quality, ready for typesetting. Images should be in JPG/JPEG format and of a high resolution (300 DPI or better). Drawn illustrations must be of high quality, as they will be used ‘as is’. All figures, tables, graphs and photographs must be properly captions must be aligned center and presented as shown in the example below.

WALL 6

T1 N

WALL 5

T2

WALL 4

G

WALL 3

G

WALL 2

G

WALL 1

G

T1 N

ep

ep

ep Vs Vs

Vs Vs

Vs Vs

Vs Vs

ep

Vs Vs

B W/2

BW/2

BW

O

T2

BW

V1

BW

V2 C1

BW

V3 C2

BW

BW

V4 C3

V6 C4

C5

C6

Figure 3.1: Forces acting on seismic and non-seismic walls 3.6 TABLES Insert a table directly after the paragraph where it is first referred to. Insert table caption before the table using Times New Roman font, size 11 pt. All tables and their captions must be aligned center similar to the figure captions mentioned above. Table 3.1 shows an example of table which will be included in the text. A brief description must be explained in the text.

Table 3.1: HAZUS damage states and the probability of occurrences Damage State 1 2

Operational Condition Fully Operational Immediate Occupancy 3 Moderate Repairable Life Safety 4 Heavy Irreparable Collapse Prevention 5 Complete Global Collapse Instability *Refer to HAZUS99-SR2 (2004)

3.7

HAZUS* Damage None Slight

Physical State Pre-yield Tolerable

REFERENCES CITATION & LISTING

Earthquake 100% in 50yrs 50% in 50yrs

Return Period(yrs) 63 150

Annual Probability 0.016 0.007

10% in 50yrs 2% in 50yrs

475 2450

0.002 0.0004

Include references at the end of the paper in the same format that appears in the REFERENCES section. List your references accordingly in alphabetical order. The citation order should appear in the text are as follows (Ariffin et al.(2004); Nakato, T. (1990)). CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION The HEADERS of the conclusion, acknowledgement and references sections SHOULD NOT be numbered. Proof read your manuscript before submitting the final version. ACKNOWLEDGEM ENT Kindly acknowledge the support, help, contribution of individuals, agencies, etc. that you received and utilized towards completing this work. REFERENCES Fintel, M. (1995). "Perfomance of Buildings with Shear Walls in Earthquake in the Last Thirty Years." PCI Journal, 40(3), 62-80. Holden, T. J., Restrepo, J., and Mander, J. B. (2003). "Seismic Performance of Precast Reinforced and Prestressed Concrete Walls." Journal of Structural Engineering, ASCE(March 2003), pp 286-296. Kurama, Y. (2001). "Simplified Seismic Design Approach for Friction-Damped Unbonded Post-Tensioned Precast Concrete Walls." Technical Paper, ACI Structural Journal, Vol. 98, No.5(September-October 2001), pp705-715. Liyanage, L. U. (2004). "Biaxial Lateral Loading Behaviour of Thin Concrete Walls," Master Thesis, University of Canterbury, Cnristchurch.

EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON BI-LATERAL SEISMIC PERFORMANCE OF PRECAST HOLLOW CORE WALL USING SHAKING TABLE N.H.A Hamid 1 & J. B. Mander2 1 2

Lecturer, Faculty of Civil Engineering, UiTM, 40450, Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia Professor, Civil Engineering Department, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, NZ

ABSTRACT Two geometrically identical full scales of precast hollow core wall panels are constructed together with their foundations beam. These walls are tested under bi-lateral loading using various biaxial displacement controlled such as “2-leaf clover”, “4-leaf clover” and “double 4-leaf clover” pattern. They are designed in accordance to Damage Avoidance Design philosophy to carry wind, roof and seismic loading. The walls are detailed with steel-armouring at their wall-foundation interface to provide some damage protection against seismic attack. Moreover, longitudinal prestress strands

wires together with unbonded post-tensioned tendons will allow the walls to rock forward and backward due to discontinuity between wall and foundation beam. Mechanical energy dissipator, unbonded fuse-bars and bonded fuse-bars are added to these walls so that the rocking system can dissipate more energy during ground motion. A shaking table is used in slow motion to perform the bi-lateral quasi-static experiments for both walls. Wall 1, with a fixed location of bonded fuse-bars and unbonded tendons, is tested under various biaxial load paths including “4-leaf clover” patterns. Wall 2 is tested with different configurations by utilizing unbonded post-tensioned tendons, unbonded fuse-bars and mechanical energy dissipator under “ double 4-leaf clover” pattern. Experimental results show that due to the damage avoidance design details both walls perform very well under biaxial load paths without any discernable structural damage up to 2.0% drift. Visual observation also proved that precast hollow core wall does not experience any cracks or spalling of concrete as compared to fixedbase monolithic wall panels and slender walls. Thus, precast hollow core wall panels are recommended to use in the construction of warehouse/industrial buildings especially in prone seismic regions. Keyword: displacement compatibility, earthquake excitation, shaking table, strut-and-tie model, shear-buckling.

1.0

INTRODUC TION

In seismic regions, wall panels are expected to resist in-plane seismic forces where lateral resisting load is provided by wall panels in both directions. These walls often perform a dual function in providing the exterior cladding as well as resisting loads. The loads may arise from the combination of roof (gravity), in-plane and out-of-plane wind and/or seismic loadings. These lateral loads must be resisted by special wall known as “seismic wall’. Figure 1(a) presents the conceptual design of a prototype building where it is envisaged precast hollow core wall units as the principal structural and cladding elements. Plan view of the conceptual prototype structure used in this study is shown in Figure 1(b). The “seismic walls” carry gravity, seismic and wind loads from the roof where rafters are seated on top of these structural elements. The “non-seismic walls” are principally designed to act as cladding. The infill wall units are only required to sustain their self_weight and wind face_loads. Resistance of lateral wind and seismic forces is via a longitudinal “wind truss” system that acts through a roof diaphragm. Figure 1(c) shows front elevation of 1200mm wide wall units that are held in position by an inverted channel which also as edge chord of the “wind truss”. This continuous steel channel is also used to seat the rafters and anchor the vertical post-tensioned prestress and unbonded fuse-bars. Thus, this research seeks to design, construct and test a subassembly “seismic wall” under bi-lateral loading. The “seismic wall” is designed and detailed according to Damage Avoidance Design (DAD) principles as proposed by Mander and Cheng (1997) where the bottom of the wall is protected with steel-armouring. A couple of unbonded post-tensioned tendons in each wall are used to provide a self-centring for rocking system without forming any residual displacement. In addition, mechanical energy disspator, bonded and unbonded fuse-bars are also fully-utilized in this design to achieve the maximum efficiency of energy dissipation. 2.0

FINDINGS FROM PREVIOUS RESEARCH

From past earthquake such as the 1964 Alaska earthquake (Berg and Stratta,1964), the Armenia earthquake (Wyllie and Filson, 1989), the1994 Northridge earthquake (Iverson and

Hawkins, 1994), the 1999 Koceali (Turkey) earthquake (Youd et al., 2000) and the 2001 Bhuj (India) earthquake (Ghosh, 2001) showed that precast concrete wall buildings did not perform very well–particularly at connections and junctions with other structural components. Although many buildings did perform sufficiently well so that life-safety was preserved, substantial damage to the walls in many buildings lead to loss of amenity including major business interruption. A lot of research had been conducted dealing with precast wall panels under reverse quasistatic cyclic loading. For example, McMenamin (1999) tested five precast walls with 4/10scale under in-plane seismic loading. Results revealed that these walls failed by shearbuckling and fracture of reinforcement bars leading to cracking and spalling of concrete. Further investigation was carry out by Chiewanichakorn (1999) to solve this problem by using four precast walls with variation of axial loading and length of lap-splices. He also demonstrated that these walls could perform better with starter bars clustered at edges of the wall as compare to those walls with uniform spacing of the longitudinal reinforcement through the entire length of the wall. In order to validate the experimental work performed by McMenamin (1999) and Chiewanichakorn (1999), a global computational model which can predict the possible failure mechanism of reinforced concrete wall was further investigated by Lander (2001). He modelled these failure mechanism using displacement compatibility and force-equilibrium in the form of strut-and-tie model. The analytical modelling developed by Lander (2001) showed a good agreement with McMenamin’s and Chiewanichakorn’s experimental results. On-line with this research matter, Holden et. al, (2003) studied the seismic performance of two half-scaled precast concrete walls tested under reversed quasi-static static regime. The first wall is designed according to requirements of the New Zealand Concrete Structures Standard (NZS 3101) as fixed-based monolithic emulation precast concrete wall, while the second wall designed as a rocking-base connection using Damage Avoidance Design (DAD). This design philosophy was proposed by Mander and Cheng (1997) where a steel-steel rocking interface protects (or armour) point forces to prevent any local damage propagating into the concrete structures. Both walls had a height to thickness ratio of 30:1 and reinforcement ratios of 0.84% and 0.25% in the longitudinal and transverse direction, respectively. The first wall performed as a ductile cast-in-place unit with a degradation of strength was observed when it reached 2.5% drift. But second wall performed better than the first wall without any structural damage. Hence, this research extends the DAD work of Holden et al.(2003) who demonstrated that good seismic performance of precast wall systems can be achieved by avoiding the formation of a plastic hinge at the bottom of the wall through disconnecting the wall-foundation interface and clamping the precast wall unit to the foundation using post-tensioned unbonded tendons. 3.0

CONSTRUCTION OF SEISMIC WALL PANELS

Two specimens consisted of precast hollow core wall and foundation beam were designed according to Damage Avoidance Design Philosophy and constructed in the laboratory. Figure 2 presents cross-section of two specimens including reinforcement bars, location of energy dissipators and unbonded tendons. Also shown is the mix of prestress unbonded tendons, mechanical dissipating devices, bonded and unbonded fuse-bars investigated. Wall 1 was designed with a pair of bonded fuse-bars (Type A) and Wall 2 was designed with two replaceable energy dissipators which are unbonded fuse-bars (Type B) and mechanical energy dissipator (Type C). Steel channel was inserted into bottom of wall panels as damage

protection against earthquake impact. Steel plate placed at top of foundation beam to allow rocking mechanism under earthquake excitation. A concrete block weighed 34kN was constructed separately to simulate the gravity loads which comes from roof loading. Figure 2(a) shows details of reinforcement bars in the foundation beam and the cross-section of each wall together with unbonded tendons (RB25). Figure 2(b) exhibits a special fitting for installation of mechanical energy dissipators (Type C) made from steel block with a hole at the center. Figure 2 (c) shows the location of bonded fuse-bars (Type A) at the two-middle void sections together with unbonded tendons of Wall 1. Figure 2(d) presents Wall 2 with two combinations of two types of energy dissipators with unbonded tendons. The first combinations is unbonded fuse-bars (Type B) and unbonded tendons whilst second combination is mechanical energy dissipators (Type C) and unbonded tendons. After the construction of these specimens, both of the walls were placed on shaking table and instrumentation took place before testing. 4.0

INSTRUMENTATIONS, EXPERIMENTAL SET-UP AND TESTING PROCEDUR E

Bi-lateral loading experiments were conducted on both specimens based on instrumentations and experimental set-up as shown in Figure 3. A shaking table was used under quasi-static sinusoidal motion to apply in-plane displacements at the base of the specimen while simultaneously lateral out-of-plane displacements were applied via an external reaction frame to the top of the specimens as shown in Figure 3(a). The in-plane lateral load was applied by a 440kN servo-controlled actuator mounted at height of 2830mm from base plate of shaking table. One end of in-plane actuator was connected to a reaction frame bolted to shaking table while the other end was connected to the top of the walls. Instrumentation together with linear and rotary potentiometer used to measure in-plane and out-of-plane displacement both is shown in Figure 3(b). A total number of twenty-seven potentiometers were used to measure uplift, sliding, in-plane and out-of-plane displacements. The experimental set-up together with instrumentation which was ready for testing is shown in the photograph (Figure 3 (c)). 5.0 EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS FOR WALL 1 Figure 4 presents the overall experimental and theoretical results of seismic bi-lateral performance of Wall 1 at ±1.5% drift amplitude under the “4-leaf clover” displacement controlled pattern. The location of unbonded tendons(RB25), 16mm diameter and 260mm length of bonded fuse-bars (Type A), foundation beam and top concrete block of Wall 1 are presented herein. Figure 4(a) presents the experimental “4-leaf clover” displacement controlled pattern used to provide bi-lateral loading. This pattern was chosen to examine the extreme seismic behaviour when the out-of-plane loading reached maximum drift while zero drift at in-plane directions or vice-versa. Figure 4(b) presents the in-plane force-displacement response to the applied displacements, while Figure 4(c) presents the theoretical behaviour assuming rigid body kinematics. Although the experimental and theoretical force capacities are in good agreement at large displacements (> 25mm), it is evident that the initial stiffnesses do not compare well. Figure 4(d) presents the experimental and theoretical results for out-of-plane behaviour. The theoretical results show that an elastic response is expected for out-of-plane direction, but considerable non-linear is evident. It should be noted, however, that the out-of-plane forces are only some 10% of the in-plane forces, and the energy absorbed is attributed to friction in the fittings of the experimental apparatus. Figure 4(e) and (f) show a similar

pattern as the predicted with flat plateau when bonded fuse-bars exceeding yielding strength. Similar results were also obtained in-plane and out-of-plane load path except that in-plane load path remains constant at +1.5% drift even though further increment of in-plane displacement took place. This is because the bonded fuse-bars had already yield of at 1.0% drift and then reached a maximum plateau at 1.5% drift. It was observed that Wall 1 did not experience cracking and damage through the entire experiment. Both of unbonded fuse-bars were yielded and leaving a gap of 3mm between wall-foundation interface. 6.0

EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS FOR WALL 2

Experimental work on Wall 2 subjected to ‘double 4-leaf clover” displacement controlled pattern was carried out on shaking table. The results of Wall 2 with two combinations of bonded fuses bars with different level of prestressing of unbonded tendons and unbonded tendons with mechanical energy devices presented herein: 6.1

WALL 2 (UNBONDED FUSE-BARS AND UNBONDED TENDONS)

Figure 5 presents the experimental and theoretical results of Wall 2 which had a pair of unbonded tendons together with a pair of unbonded fuse-bars. The specimen was tested at four drift levels (±0.1%, ±0.5%, ±1.0% and ±1.5%) using the “double 4-leaf clover” displacement controlled pattern as shown in Figure 5(a). The unbonded fuse-bars were prestressed to 50% of their yield capacity. For the lower drift amplitude (±0.1%, ±0.5% and ±1.0%) the wall remained “mostly elastic”, whereas a nonlinear “flag-shape” behaviour occurred at 1.5% drift amplitudes when the main tendons yielded. For the latter, the unbonded tendon remained in elastic region but the fuse-bars yielded and dissipated most of their energy as shown in Figure 5(b). Figure 5(c) shows the theoretical in-plane behaviour where the “flag-shape” is slightly bigger than experimental results due to higher stiffness in unbonded tendons and unbonded fuse-bar. Under biaxial loading testing, some of the lateral loading lost due to friction in the actuator and connections. Out-of-plane, the wall behaved in a mostly elastic fashion. However, from Figure 5(d) shows some hysteretic behaviour is evident. This is attributed to changes in the level of prestress during the concurrent in-plane behaviour as well as some friction present in the connections of the experimental apparatus. The overall force response to the applied displacement pattern is shown in Figure 5(e). A slight degree of asymmetry in response is evident, this is attributed to eccentric placement of the tendons at the top of the wall. No damage to the precast concrete unit was observed during this experiment on Wall 2. The theoretical force capacity arising from the bi-lateral push-over analysis for the “double 4-leaf clover” loading pattern is shown in Figure 5(f). The combination of 50% prestressing of fuse-bars gave the optimum solution in this design. 6.2

WALL 2 (MECHANICAL ENERGY DISSPATORS AND UNBONDED TENDONS)

Figure 6 presents the overall experimental performance of Wall 2 which comprises a couple of unbonded tendons prestressed to 50% of their yield capacity plus four external mechanical energy dissipators. The external energy dissiptors were first prefabricated, and then welded to a steel angle at the foundation and attached to the wall through bolts that were grouted in place across the center of the first and sixth of section void (refer to Figure 6(g)). Wall 2 was tested using “double 4-leaf clover” pattern up to 1.5% drift as given Figure 6(a).

The in-plane force response to the applied displacement pattern is shown in Figure 5 (b) where a modest amount of hysteresis is evident. Results show that Wall 2 still maintain a self-centering capability with only a small value of residual displacement recorded during unloading. It should be noted that buckling of the mechanical energy dissipators devices caused minor residual displacement. It can be seen in Figure 6(c) where the theoretical result shows that during unloading path, the wall went back to it original position without any residual displacement. Figure 6(d) shows experimental and theoretical for out-of-plane response. Figure 6(e) illustrates the experimental bi-lateral loading path behaviour while Figure 6(f) shows the theoretical bi-lateral loading path response. At +1.0% drift under in-plane loading, the threaded bars, which were holding the mechanical energy dissipators, bent and the through-bolts became loose. When the drift increased up to 1.5%, the concrete immediately surrounding the threaded through-bolts started to crush and crack lines propagated around the bolts. This slight degree of damage is evident in the photographs of Figure 6(g) and (h). During the 1.5% drift amplitude, the mechanical energy dissipators buckled outward from the wall due to compression force during unloading cycle. This type of energy dissipator is not suitable to use because it is located outside the wall and for aesthetic reason. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS Based on the experimental study on single rocking precast prestressed concrete hollowcore wall units using three types of energy dissipators presented herein the following conclusions are drawn: 1) Wall 2 tested with unbonded fuse-bars and tendons gives the optimum solution in the terms of design where the yielding of fuse-bars can be restressed after ground shaking. The location of unbonded fuse-bar at two third height of wall will make it easier to replace. 2) Bonded fuse-bars is not suitable to use in precast wall panel because it is difficult to replace, yielded after strong earthquake and cannot replace due to the location inside the foundation beam. 3) Mechanical energy devices had problem of buckling during unloading cycle and some cracks were formed around high yield threaded rods. In addition these rods also buckling during uplifting of the wall. 4) The success of the rocking hollowcore walls is attributed to the Damage Avoidance Design (DAD) approach that requires carefully detailed armouring at the base of the wall to enable high point load stresses to be dispersed up the wall and also into the foundation. REFERENCES Berg, G.V., and Stratta, J.L. (1964)."Anchorage and the Alaska Earthquake on March 27, 1964." American Iron and Steel Institute, 63pp. Chiewanichakorn, M. (1999). Stability of Thin Precast Concret Wall Panels Subejected to Gravity and Seismic Forces, M.E. Thesis, Department of Civil Engineering, University of Canterbury. Ghosh, S.K. (2001)."Observations from the Bhuj Earthquake of January 16, 2001." PCI Journal, Vol.46, No.2 ( March-April 2001), pp 34-42.

Holden, T. J., Restrepo, J., and Mander, J.B. (2003). "Seismic Performance of Precast Reinforced and Prestressed Concrete Walls," Journal of Structural Engineering,Vol.129, No.3, ASCE, March 2003, pp 286-296. Iverson, J.K., and Hawkins, N.M.(1994)." Performance of Precast/Prestressing Building Structures During Northridge Earthquake." PCI Journal, Vol.36, No.2 (March-April, 1994), pp38-55. Lander, M. R. E. (2001). Analytical Modelling of Reinforced Concrete Wall Behaviour Under Seismic Loading, ME Report, Department of Civil Engineering, University of Canterbury. Mander, J.B., and Cheng, C.-T.(1997). "Seismic Resistance of Piers Based on Damage Avoidance Design," Technical Report NCEER-97-0014, State University of New York at Buffalo, Department of Civil, Structural and Environmental Engineering, Buffalo, New York, U.S.A. McMenanin, A. P. (1999) The Performance of Slender Precast reinforced Cantilever Walls with Roof Level Lateral Displacement Restrain under Simulated In-Plane Seismic Loading, M.E. Thesis, Department of Civil Engineering, University of Canterbury. Wyllie Jr, L. A., and Filson, J. R. (1989). "Armenia Earthquake Reconnaissance Report." Earthquake Spectra, Special Supplement (August 1989). Youd, T.L., Bardet, J.P., Bray, J.D. (2000). " Kocaeli, Turkey, Earthquake of August 17,1999 Reconnaissance Report." Earthquake Spectra, Supplement A to Volume 6, (December 2000).

BRACING H O RIZO NTAL ELEM ENT F OR LO NG ITU DINAL LO ADS

L ON GITUDINAL L OA DS

T R AN SV ER SE L O A DS

P OR TAL F RAM E -VERT ICAL ELEM E NT FO R TRAN VERSE LO ADS

(a)

(b

R afters su pp orted on P H C W 's

)

S eism ic W all

D o or W ind Trusses

N on -S eism ic W all

(b)

Typical tributary area for one seism ic precast w all panel RAFTER

RB25N

STEEL CHANNEL

UNBONDED TENDON

SEISMIC WALL

NON-SEISMIC WALL

) (C

SEALANT

NON-SEISMIC WALL

STEEL CHANNEL

RUBBER PAD SPREAD FOOTING

(c) Figure 3.2: The prototype of warehouse Type III building; (a) 3D isometric view of the warehouse; (b)layout plan showing the schematic arrangement of seismic and non-seismic walls together with wind trusses; and (c)side elevation showing the locations of unbonded tendons inside the seismic wall are screwed to the couplers inside the foundation beam.

Y

Y THREADED BAR DIAMETER 20mm

PHCW

RB25 STEEL BLOCK WITH 25MM HOLE

MECHANICAL ENERGY DEVICES

RB25N STEEL ANGLE

UNBONDED TENDONS (RB25) PHCW REFILL WITH CONCRETE fcu=67MPa BONDED FUSE-BARS (Diameter-16mm)

RB25C (COUPLERS) STEEL CHANNEL (254x89x35.74kg/m)

THREADED ROD WITH 12MM DIAMETER

RB25N (NUTS)

FOUNDATION BEAM

STEEL STIFFENER (300x215x10)

PINTEL FOUNDATION BEAM Fuse length =150mm

(b) (a) 34 kN M A S S CO NC RETE B LOCK

S T EE L A N G L E

U N B O N D ED F U S E -B A R S

U NB OND ED T E N D O N S (R B 25 ) S E L F -W EIG H T P H C W = 3.4 5kN /M

E XT E R N A L M E C H A N IC A L ENERG Y D IS S IP A T O R STEEL C HA NN EL

B O N D ED F U S E -B A R S

PRECA ST F O U N D A T IO N BEAM

W ALL 2

W ALL 1 (c)

(d)

Figure 3.3: Test specimens used in the experimental investigation; (a) PHCW in-filled with concrete together with connection interface between PHCW and foundation beam; (b) connection detailing for mechanical energy dissipators; (c) location energy dissipators inside Wall 1-P+A; (d) combination of unbonded tendons and energy dissipators on Wall 2.

OUT-OF-PLANE ACUATOR

TOP CONCRETE BLOCK (34kN)

IN-PLANE RESISTANCE ACUATOR

3330

PHCW UNBONDED TENDON

FOUNDATION BEAM SHAKING TABLE

(a)

NORTH ELEVATION

P27

P21

P26 P19

P20

P17

P18

P15

P16 P25

P13

P14 P24

P4 P5 P6

P7

P8

P9

P10 P11 P12 P23

P1

P2

P3 P22

(c) (b) INSTRUMENTATION Figure 3.4: Experimental set-up and instrumentation: (a)schematic loading frame for Wall 1-P+A and Wall 2 on shaking table; (b) instrumentation arrangement for Wall 1-P+A and Wall 2 on shaking table; and (c) photograph looking south-east of the wall specimen ready for testing.

40

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Figure 3.5: Theoretical and experimental results for Wall 1 with 64% prestressing of unbonded tendon tested on shaking table: (a) “4-leaf clover” displacement controlled pattern; (b) experimental in-plane behaviour; (c) theoretical in-plane behaviour; (d) experimental and theoretical out-of-plane behaviour; (e) experimental biaxial loading path; and (f) theoretical biaxial loading path.

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Figure 3.6: The experimental and theoretical results of Wall 2-P+B : Performance snug tight unbonded tendons and 50% prestressing unbonded fuse-bars; (a) “double 4-leaf clover” displacement controlled pattern at different level of drift; (b) experimental in-plane behaviour; (c) theoretical inplane behaviour; (d) experimental and theoretical out-of-plane behaviour ; (e) experimental bi-lateral loading path; (f) theoretical loading path.

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WALL 2-P + C

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Fy=260kN P.S=130kN

EXTERNAL MECHANICAL ENERGY DISSIPATOR

10

(h)

Figure 3.7: Wall 2-P+C: Performance with 50% prestressing unbonded tendons and external mechanical energy dissipators; (a) “double 4-leaf clover” displacement controlled pattern; (b) in-plane behaviour; (c) theoretical in-plane behaviour; (d) theoretical and experimental out-of-plane behaviour; (e) experimental biaxial load path; (f) theoretical biaxial load path; (g) buckling of energy dissipators; and (h) location of energy dissipators at front view.

-15

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