Final Exam Reviewer

CHAPTER 1: ASSIGNMENT •

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Types: 1. 2. By whom  individual students  Groups  Class 3. Extent of coverage or scope  Topic  Paragraph  Chapter or lesson  Unit 4. Approach or method of compliance  Problem-solving  Projects to be undertaken  Exercises to be performed  Practicum or demonstration Characteristics: 1. Definiteness 2. Clearness 3. Interest 4. Preparation

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Direction Discrimination Individualization Exposition

LIBRARY- collection of graphic materials organized for use • •

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Sections 1. General Circulation Section 2. Reserved 3. Reference 4. Periodicals 5. Asian 6. Filipiniana Catalogue: 1. Title card 2. Author card 3. Subject card 4. Cross Reference  See Reference- refers to one subject heading to another  See Also Reference- refers to other subject heading for addt’l info OPAC- online access catalog System of classification: 1. Dewey Decimal Classification- Melvil Dewey 2. Library of Congress- J.C.M Hanson and Charles Martel

NOTETAKING • •

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1. Taking notes in class/listening

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2. Taking notes from studying/reading Shorthand- shortcuts; abbreviations

Methods: 1. In books 2. Summary notes 3. Sprays 4. Visual and pattern notes 5. Linear notes Other systems: 1. Cornell Method- two columns (one for key words, the other for notes), one row at the bottom for summary  Six steps: Record, Reduce, Recite, Reflect, Review, Recapitulate (summarize at bottom row

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2. PARR Method: Prepare-AbbreviateRevise-Review Formats: 1. Indent 2. abbreviated Reading strategies: 1. Be selective and systematic (your purpose for reading) 2. Identify the purpose and function (read title, introduction) 3. Identify how information is organized (simple to complex, general to specific, etc) 4. Include your thought Most effective way to review: RECITE

TEST- behavior sample which yields a quantified measure •

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Classifications 1. According to Purpose:  Achievement • Progress/teacher made- measure the extent of what you’ve learned inside the classroom • Standardized- pre-tested, analyzed, revised  Proficiency- looks forward; defining a student’s language proficiency  Aptitude- or prognostic test- measures probable performance in a foreign language  Diagnostic- achievement and proficiency 2. According to Form:  Objective  Essay Time allotment: 1. Long essay- 15mins 2. Short essay- 3mins 3. Multiple choice- 15-45secs 4. Problem solving- 1-2mins 5. True-False- 30sec Elimination: method to use when there are confusing choices Non-objective test: 1. State- main points; briefly 2. Summarize- condense main points 3. List/enumerate- outline form 4. Outline- stressing arrangement/classification 5. Explain- interpret, give reasons, analyze 6. Discuss- examine, analyze, give pro and con, be complete, give details 7. Describe- characterize, sketch or relate in sequence or story form 8. Define- concise, clear meaning, no details 9. Illustrate- figures, pictures, diagram graphics 10. Interpret- translate, own perception

11. Evaluate- appraise problem, cite strong and wak points 12. Criticize- own judgement 13. Prove- give facts, evidence 14. Relate- connect • •

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Two fold task of a test: understand what the test-maker wants, communicate what you know Skills: thinking and communication skills Good essay requires: 1. Mastery of subject 2. Ability to organize answer in paragraph form

FACT/OPINION •

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Facts: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

Universally established Historically established Scientifically established Present status of a person, place, or thing Actions that will take place Actions that are taking place Actions that have taken place Actions that took place

Opinion: 1. Personal judgment- sole personal taste of preference 2. Personal commentary- opinion given by newspaper/magazine columnists 3. Collective judgment- given by an editorial of a newspaper 4. Statement of Propaganda  Name-calling  Glittering generalities- virtue words   Transfer- carries over authority to respected people  Testimonials- using of artists, popular people  Plain Folks- using of the public/masses  Card Stacking- all advantages; disregards disadvantages  Bandwagon- “everybody’s doing it”  Repetition

INFERENCE- is an assumption or prediction that something is likely or probable; a conclusion that is a product of reasoning

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Induction- attempts to arrive at a conclusion based on observation or particular instances; conclusion is only likely or probable; details to conclusion 1. Inferring assumptions  Many of the employees of STC are discontented because of their low salary.

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Fidel is one of STCs employees with low salary Therefore, Fidel is discontented. 2. Inferring predictions  With the price of gasoline again increased by oil compnies, increase in transport is likely to follow. Deduction- attempts to guarantee sound relationships between statement; conclusion is only true if previous statements are true; conclusion to details 1. Inferring assumptions  The Santoses are liars Marian is a Santos. Therefore, Marian is a liar. 2. Inferring predictions  All my high school friends will be successful in their chosen career. Gladys is my high school friend. Therefore, Gladys will be successful in her chosen career.

Chapter 2: READING •

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Benefits: 1. 2. Keeps us well-informed 3. Source of inspiration 4. Form of recreation 5. Form of therapy Purposes: 1. To locate information   Scanning- specific information  Skip-search- disregard what you’re not looking for 2. 3. To get a Bird’s eye view  Skimming- getting the general idea • Previewing- getting the general idea • Overviewing- closer look at chapter or sections; subtitles, and paragraphs • Surveying- rundown from first section/chapter/paragraph to last 4. To understand thoroughly   To get literal meaning

To get connotative meaning Speed reading- reading at an increase rate without reducing comprehension ○ Fixation- vertical mark made when eyes stop and film continues to move

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Regression- backward/left-right movements Techniques: 1. Indenting- not reading from the first word to the last

2. Columnar reading- limited distance for eyes to travel;

less fixation and regression 3. Proper phrasing- reading n clusters

**other techniques include: chunking, elimination of sub-vocalization •

Reading Comprehension- communication between author and reader 1. Levels: 1. Literal- reading the lines 2. Inferential- reading between the lines 3. Critical- reading beyond the lines ○ Skills: 1. 2. Subject matter- understanding of topic 3. Generalizations- essentials 4. Detail 5. Drawing conclusion 6. Finding significance 7. Making application 8. Tone and attitude 9. Vocabulary in context 10. Communication techniques

READING A NEWSPAPER •

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Types: 1. 2. Broadsheet- national 3. Tabloid- local or community Parts:

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According to Sections- Section I, II, II; News Section, Entertainment Section, etc According to Paging System- Front Page, Editorial Page, Sports Page, etc Parts in A Page  Front Page 1. Masthead- name of newspaper; also called nameplate 2. Folio- publishing details, # of sections and pages, volume#, price, and year founded 3. Edition- under masthead; morning, afternoon, or evening edition, city or special edition 4. Ears- spaces or boxes at both sides of name plate; for ads, weather report, or titles of insiders 5. Headlinesa. Umbrella- headline running on top of nameplate; skyline b. Major story headline- major new story; banner or streamer; biggest & boldest c. Side bar headline- title of side story of a major new story d. Teaser- kicker; comes before any headlines; gives addt’l info e. Deck or jump headline- appearing between any headline and its story 6. Byline- name of writer 7. Dateline- date and place of origin of news 8. Lead- summary; first-second paragraph 9. Major News Story- main headline/banner story

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10. Side bar- a side story of one story 11. Cut- picture 12. Cut line- caption of cut  Inside pages- deck, kicker, byline, dateline, lead, sidebar, cut, cutline  Editorial page 1. Editorial- newspaper’s opinion 2. Editorial cartoon- newspaper’s interpretation of it opinion on an issue, presented in caricature 3. Editorial box- editorial board is listed 4. Columns- titles of regular spaces of columnists 5. Column articles- articles of opinions, explanations, interpretations of columnists Scanning a Newspaper- know the part of page and skip-search Skimming a Newspaper  Preview- title, name, publishing details; editorial box  Overview- sections, their titles and editors; title of columns and columnists  Survey- headlines, headline story, subject of editorial, column articles, business, politics, and other news Reading thoroughly

READING A MAGAZINE •

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Types ○ According to quality of paper used and articles carried 1. Pulp Magazine- poor quality paper 2. Slick Magazine- expensive paper 3. Quality Magazine- quality paper and quality Magazine ○ According to Target readers- for men, women, children, chefs, doctors, etc ○ According to subject concentration- shopping malls, -, fashion designing Parts of a Magazine 1. Front cover 2. Inside pages 3. Back cover Scanning and skimming and reading through a magazine- similar to the newspaper

Chapter3: WRITING •

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Process: ○ Finding a topic ○ Writing draft ○ Rewriting final copy Basic stages: ○ Pre-writing- ideas ○ Writing- draft (introduction, body, conclusion) ○ Post writing- edit Free-writing- allows flow of words Clustering/Mapping- clustering- non-linear activity that generates ideas; mapping- how we lay out ideas visually to find connections Brainstorming Journal writing- written record of thoughts Purposes: ○ ○ Summarizing

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Arguing/persuading Narrating Evaluating Analyzing Responding Examining/Investigating

Point of Views: ○ First person- detective and private eye novels ○ Second person- literary works ○ Third person Omniscient- invisible, all-knowing,, all-seeing narrator ○ Third person limited- main character and in past tense ○ Third person subjective multiple viewpoint- changes in point of view; can have two or more narrators ○ Mixed points of view- switch from first to third person Outline- formal system used to organize a paper

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How: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

Identify topic Identify main categories Create first category Create subcategories

Kinds: 1. 2. Topic- short phrases 3. Sentence- full sentences

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Rough or Scratch outline Methods of Organizing Essay: ○ Organization- continuous process  Principles of organization: 1.

2. Chronological order 3. Classification 4. Increasing importance 5. Cause and effect 6. Comparison and contrast

PARAGRAPH-is a unit of organization and development; supports thesis statement •

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Functions: (paragraphs that) 1. Analyze- subdivides subject and analyzes each sub-topic 2. Compare and contrast- uses transitional devices (on the other hand) 3. Define- expository paragraph 4. Makes a claim- provides a historical explanation 5. Show results 6. Use analogy- comparison of similar ideas Common problems when making thesis statement:

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1. TS consists of empty observation, rather than making an assertion 2. TS is underdeveloped and vague, needs to be specific 3. TS exceeds the scope of essay; too broad 4. TS is too detailed or wordy 5. TS introduces several unrelated points Good thesis statements: 1. Analytical 2. Expository 3. Argumentative Paragraph and; - sentences related to a controlling idea which is the topic sentence ○ Introduction: establishes a frame of reference (topic, perspective); invites the reader to continue reading ○ Conclusion- summary paragraph

PARAGRAPH DEVELOPMENT • • • •

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Description Narration Exposition- illustration & example- supports topic sentence by avoiding vague and general stateent Definition ○ Formal- precise and clear definition; extended explanation ○ Informal- how reader wants to define ○ Etymological def’n- meaning of a term by breaking down the words that make it up Description of process Comparison and contrast Classification Casual analysis Qualities of a good paragraph: ○ Unity ○ Coherence- paragraph unity and sentence cohesion   Repetition  Synonymy  Antonymy  Pro-forms- pronoun, pro-verb, etc  Collocation- commonly paired  Enumeration  Parallelism 

Transitions- conjunctions 1. Identity- sameness: that is, in other words 2. Opposition- contrast: but, yet, however, nevertheless, still, though, whereas, etc 3. Addition- continuation: and, too, also, furthermore, moreover, in addition, besides. Etc 4. Cause and effect: therefore, so, consequently, thus, hence, because, since, for, etc 5. Indefinites- logical connection of an unspecified type: in fact, indeed, now 6. Concession- willingness to consider other side: admittedly, true, naturally 7. Exemplification- indicates shift from general to specific idea: for example, after all, even, that is,  Pronouns- this, that, these, those, etc  Sentence pattern- repeated or parallel sentence patterns ○ Emphasis- woks when words stand out, uses contrast with surrounding text, use is a surprise  Emphasis for focus- singles out elements by making them more important than others  Emphasis for intensity- intensifies meaning 1. Examples- italics, underline, bold, size, punctuation, UPPERCASE, color, COMBINATIONS ○ Order Transitions- connect paragraphs into a unified whole ○ Transitional devices:  To add- and, again, and then, beside, finally, further, not, too, next, etc  To compare- whereas, but, yet, on the other hand, however, where, up against, etc  To prove- because, for, since, moreover, besides, indeed, in fact, obviously, evidently  To show exception- yet, still, however, nevertheless, in spite of, despite, of course, sometimes  To show time- immediately, thereafter, soon, after a few hours, finally, then, later, formerly  To repeat- in brief, as I have said, as I gave noted  To emphasize- definitely, extremely, obviously, in fact, indeed, in any case, absolutely, positively  To show sequence- first, second, third, and so forth, A, B, C  To give an example- for example, for instance, in this case, in another case, to illustrate  To summarize or conclude- in brief, on the whole, summing up, to conclude, as I have said, hence Major connectors- help organize main parts of paragraph Minor connectors- provide coherence to by connecting sentences within each of the main parts of the paragraph Paragraph order ○ Climax ○ Familiar to unfamiliar and vice versa ○ General to particular and vice versa ○ Narration ○ Chronology ○ Grinding it out Post writing ○ Revising- reconsidering, reorganizing  ARRR method- adding, rearranging, removing, replacing  ARMS- add, remove, move around, substitute 

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Two principles: communicate information that appeared in previous sentences; build knowledge Editing- rewording things, polishing work  Usual errors: 1. Grammar○ serious: sentence fragment, verb (tense, form), agreement (subjectverb, noun-pronoun, singular-plural), comma fault ○ less serious: parallelism, word order, choice, forms, article 2. Mechanics: punctuation, capitalization, spelling Proof reading Writer’s block- phenomenon involving temporary loss of ability to begin or continue writing, usually due to lack inspiration or creativity  Free-writing  Chunking  Brainstorming etc 

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