Final Eu

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The ECB and the Single Monetary Policy

Submitted to: Professor M.J. Rinaldi Submitted by: Roy Garin

th  Monday, November 27    2006    

The European Central Bank and Its single Monetary Policy

Ever since it’s beginning the European Union, also known before as the European  Steel and Coal Community was created only for one purpose. This purpose is for the  economic stability of  the European continents  as  well as  for  growth. In  1952 Robert  Schuman and Jean Monnet offered a plan that enabled six countries to participate in the  community; countries were: France, West Germany, Luxembourg, Belgium, Italy and the  Netherlands. The main reason for this event was to prevent future wars. Ever since the  Creation of the ECSC, there have been many other important treaties resulting in what  today   we call the EU  (European Union). In  1967, because of  the achievement of  the  ECSC, the same 6 nations decided to improve the community and by doing so agreed to  remove   trade   barriers   resulting   in   a   common   market,   creating   an   atomic   energy  community as well as changing the ECSC name to EEC which stands for the European  Economic   Community   (EEC).   (Europa).   In   1992,   after   the   treaty   of   Maastricht,   the  common market was turned into a single market were it was much more easier to trade  inside   the  community. It  is also  important  to realize  that  the  European  Union  Today  involves 25 member states excluding a couple of other states that are joining in January 

2007. Nowadays the ECB bases its operations out of Frankfurt, Germany and monitors  the Euro currency for the existing 12 members and evaluates the economic potential of  future   members.  In  order  to  understand   the  economic  growth  of  the   European   union  today, it is crucial to recognize why and how it became so popular to join the Union of  Europe and how the European Central Bank (ECB) and its policies which are making  Europe a better place to live in with an increasing employment rate.  It has been just 50  years and Europe is now the second biggest economy in the world. The goal of the Union  is not only to create growth and peace but also rather to improve social living and much  better working conditions and the fact of having a single currency and with the removal  of barriers, today Europe can achieve its goals with help of technology and progress.

 ECB  History     The ECB was established on June 1st 1998 when 11 participating Member States appointed the President, the Vice-President and the four other members of the Executive Board of the ECB. Before the establishment of the ECB, there were several steps that needed to be completed by the European Monetary Union (EMU). Those steps were the same ones that the fathers (Schumann and Monnet) of the EU were fighting for in 1957, at the treaty of Rome.

Monetary Policy

“ A central bank's actions to influence the availability and cost of

money and credit, as a means of helping to promote national economic goals. Tools of monetary policy include open market operations, discount policy and reserve requirements.” (Google Definition).

European Monetary Union The European Monetary Union is the council that supervises the European monetary institute. A total, there were 3 attempts to create the EMU, but none of the 2  first ones seemed to work because the economies of the other nations weren’t ready for it  in terms of the EEC blocking their way with policies and regulations. During the first  attempt   to   create   the   EMU   there  was   the   problem   with   the   non­convertibility  of   US  dollars into Gold and the rising oil prices. On the second attempt, which has failed, there  were problems with the exchange rate, which would have had a negative economic impact  on the member states.

The successful EMU was first put on paper as proposal in 1988 by Jacque Delors who  proposed   the   creation   of   the   Economic   and   Monetary   Union   purposed   on   creating   a  single currency in order to avoid many economic obstacles as well as to prevent wars.  That single currency proposed by Delors was known as the Single European Act. (ECB)  In order to create a concrete ground for that Union, 3 stages were engineered to create the 

ECB:

Stage 1: Stage one of was basically to remove any laws that involved the movement of capital  between member states. This stage was to be taken action as of July 1990. Other plans for  that stage were: •

Increased co­operations between central Banks



The Free Use of the European Currency Unit



Improvement of Economic Convergence

Stage 2: This stage, which was taken in 1994, was even more important than the above  stated   one.  The  second   stage  was   able   to  begin   only  because   of   the   EMI   (European  Monetary Institute). The Purpose of EMI was to: •

Tight relationship between European central Banks



Meet all the requirements needed for the creation of the ESCB (European System  of Central Banks)



Control of the Single Currency Policy



Acknowledging   Delors   proposition   and   preparing   for   the   creation   of   a   single 

currency.

A very important role for the EMI at the time was to adopt the ERM II, which was  needed. The ERM, which represents European Rate mechanism, not to be mistaken for  the first ERM, was a successful one. The second stage is also the one were the decision to  create banknotes for the European currency took effect; currency which will be called the  euro. (ECB)

By May 1998, the European council has decided to appoint 11 member states which  have  fulfilled the  requirements  for   stage 2,  resulting  in  proceeding to stage  3. Those  member states have been appointed to the executive levels of the ECB.

Stage 3: This   was   the   final   stage  in   which   the   ECB   gained   control   of   the   11  member   states’  currency that was admissible by the EMU. Final stage of the EMU included also(ECB): •

Irrevocable fixing of the Exchange Rates



Introduction of the Euro



Conduct of the single European policy by the European System of Central Banks



Entry of the ERM II role



Entry into force of the Stability Growth Rate

The Role of the ECB Growth and Prosperity are the main advantages that the Euro currency has given  to the countries using it and as well for the ones who will use it soon. All of those  previously mentioned above advantages because they make the Union more attractive in  terms of competition and social as well as economical well being. Although some of the  European Union members have not fully joined the EU in terms of currency, the process  has been quite beneficial. The main reason for the creation of the ECB and ESCB is to  maintain price stability but there are other objectives that the ECB has to maintain in  order to obtain harmonization of the process. The ECB has to maintain the monetary  policy. Today, to fulfill the task, the ECB has to keep the inflation rate around or below  2% over the medium term.  In order to maintain that 2% it must maneuver the short­term  interest rate which also needs to revolve around that same 2%. This is important because  of the fact that Europe’s main industry within its member states’ borders is agriculture,  which represents a big part of the EU budget. In order to control the inflation and as well  as the currency, the ECB needs to be a close watcher to direct the new member states with  the right economic growth and stability, which means that the ECB will keep the rate of  inflation between an inflation period and a deflation one to balance the exchange rate.  The ECB has also controls the currency reserve and has the power to buy and sell foreign  exchange on the international currency market even though the ECB’s policy does not 

concentrate on international exchanges but rather on inflation. “Another important role  for the ECB is the conduct of the foreign exchange operations, which basically includes  the foreign exchange interventions as well as in the case of the sale of foreign currency  interest income or commercial transactions.” (ECB).

ECB and the Federal Reserve

The main difference between the Federal Reserve and the ECB are in terms of monetary  policies: FRB •

The  Federal  Reserve  controls the  open  market operations  of  the  United  states  which means that this policy controls the purchase of governmental securities  such as the U.S. Treasury and the federal agency securities, which are the main  technique that the FRB uses for applying monetary policies, with a supervision of  the FOMC (The Federal Open Market Committee). (FRB)



The Discount Rate that manages the interest rate that commercial banks and other  depository institutions on loans receive from their regional Federal reserve banks  all across the U.S. that charge to those  institutions is also called the discount  window   of   the  FRB  which  offers  3  types   of   discount  window   that   each  have  different   interest   rates;   primary   credit   (6.25%),   secondary   credit   (6.75%)   and 

seasonal credits (5.30%).(FRB) •

The FRB holds 8 meetings per year

ECB The  ECB must objectively concentrate mostly on price stability on the Euro and the  Eurosystem: •

The ECB has other roles besides the price stability but the price stability issue is  the main task that the ECB has for the moment and can override any other role. 



The ECB has power over the single monetary policy, which it needs to control and  use over inflation and deflation periods based on the period.



The ECB uses the Two­pillar approach to make decisions in order to obtain price  stability on a year­to­year basis.



The   council   of   Governors   meet  twice   a   month   in   order   to   analyze   and   make  decisions on the current situation during that certain period

The “Economic Integration Process” The idea behind the European integration was and still is the Economic integration which  would be sort of a long project to create an European harmony for people in terms of  Social, Political, Environmental and Economical reasons.

This   process  could be described  as  the movement into the  future  by removing every  obstacle in the way of creating that harmonization. In order to remove those obstacles left,  Europe has created a blueprint of the Economic Integration process by putting forward a  set of Criteria, which were accepted to obey in 1992 called the Maastricht criteria, which  are: •

Price stability: the inflation rate should be no more than 1.5 percentage points above the rate for the three member states with the best inflation rate over the previous year;



The budget deficit (the gap between governments’ revenue and expenditure): this must generally be below 3% of gross domestic product (GDP);



Debt: the limit was set at 60% of GDP, but a country with a higher debt-to-GDP ratio can nevertheless adopt the euro if its debt levels are falling steadily;



The long-term interest rate: this should not be more than two percentage points above the rate in the three member states with the best inflation rate over the previous year;

Exchange rate stability: the exchange rate should have stayed within pre-defined fluctuation margins for two years. These margins are those of the European exchange rate mechanism, an optional system for member states, which want to link their currency to the euro. (Slides)

Conclusion

Ever since the idea of a European central bank emerged, the European union has gone  from   a   continent   that   was   once   ongoing   many   wars   to   a   better  and   more   developed  economy that is still growing. With Delors idea to form a single monetary policy, Europe  has become one of most vibrant economy of the world.  Although the process was long,  nowadays the EU has reached its long run goal and has already started the movement  towards the future by inviting other countries to its Union. The Union will face challenges  that it will have to monitor and control with a close eye because of the Eastern countries  which are somehow viewed in the west as both n advantage and a disadvantage because  of their uncertainty in economic stability. Essentially cautiously managed the ECB can  steer   a   collective   European   economy,   east   and   west,   forward   affectively   into   the   21st  century.

Bibliography 1) The European Central Bank (ECB), Retrieved on Monday November 20th  2006,  Retrieved from: www.ecb.int 2) Europa, Retrieved on Monday November 20th 2006 Retrieved from: www.europa.edu 3) Federal   Reserve   Board   (FRB).   Retrieved   on   Sunday,   November   26,   2006.  Retrieved from: www.federalreserve.com  4) ERM II, Financial Dictionary. Retrieved on Sunday, November 26, 2006.  Retrieved from: 

http://financialdictionary.thefreedictionary.com/ERM+II 5) ERM II, Glossary of Statistical Forms. Retrieved on Sunday, November 26, 2006. Retrieved from:

http://stats.oecd.org/glossary/detail.asp?ID=3055 6) Google Definition of Monetary Policy. Retrieved on Sunday, November 26, 2006. Retrieved from: http://www.google.com/search?hl=en&lr=&defl=en&q=defi ne:Monetary+Policy&sa=X&oi=glossary_definition&ct=title

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