Final Book Work Sona Collegecorrec

INSIDE STUFF

1.The Alternatives: ØGenerating electricity using sea water ØOyster power ØSpain-The Windstar ØAir car… The fair car!!!!!

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2.Automobiles: ØDucati the world class sports bike ØHigh speed Electric car ØHigh performance bicycle ØIntelligent cruise control ØSecrets of tractor ØRadial tyres ØGPS system

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3.Aviation: ØHistory of aviation ØHow airplane works ØThe silent aircraft

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4.Design: ØHow to find errors in Finite- element model ØHow to make a robot path in 10 seconds ØHybrid modeling ØThe Bonded -On Bearing ØUnhinged Over Enclosure Design ØVirtual Reality and CAD

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5. Student Achievers

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6. Manufacturing: ØBimodal Grain Structure ØLaser welding Machine ØLatest milling Machine ØSwiss Machines ØVertical turning

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7. Nanotechnology: ØNano antennas for treating cancer ØNanotechnology in Rain making ØA novel way to fight air borne disease

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8. Robotics: ØQuadra bots ØTalon Robots

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9. Thermal: ØNew BMW internal combustion engine ØDetonation in petrol engines ØPulstar spark plug ØRefrigeration without compressor magnetic refrigeration ØSludge

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10. Did you know: ØWhat are white streaks in sky ØFuture Mechanical engineering ØMechanical engineer's achievements ØOur Recession 11. Inspirational: ØChildren illuminate confidence ØCompany reverberates vision ØGrandfather's letter ØEmotions are a part of life ØPessimism pays ØThe leadership example ØWhy can't I touch the sky ØSteve Irwin ØVoice of our senior

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ALTERNATIVE FUELS GENERATING ELECTRICITY USING SEA WATER Osmosis, according to Donald Haynie, author of Biological Thermodynamics, is "a physical process in which a solvent moves, without input of energy, across a semi-permeable membrane (permeable to the solvent, but not the solute), separating two solutions of different concentrations". In this case, the lowconcentrate solvent is fresh water, the solute is sodium chloride (salt) and the high concentration solution is salt-water.

Statkraft: Pressure retarded osmosis (PRO) The Norwegians at Statkraft are putting their hopes in Pressure Retarded Osmosis (PRO), invented by American/Israeli researcher Sidney Loeb in 1973, the science of PRO is fairly straight forward: two chambers, one with salt-water and one with fresh water are divided by a semi-permeable membrane.

This membrane is like a one-way valve, which draws the 'dilute' fresh water through it into the 'concentrate' of salt-water. This increases the pressure in the salt-water chamber, and this resulting pressure can be used to drive a turbine, thereby generating electricity. The only waste product is 'brackish' (slightly salty) water, which flows back into the sea. Statkraft have estimated that salinity power

could eventually provide around 10 per cent of the Norway's electricity needs, or in other words, around 12 terawatt-hours of electricity per year. The company is building the world's first complete facility for osmotic power generation and believes a full-scale commercial plant could be up for running as early as 2015.

Wetsus: Reverse electrodialysis (RED) Wetsus is batting on the Reverse Electrodialysis (RED) team. Wetsus believes it can use salt-water from the North Sea and fresh water from the Rhine to make a kind of battery using osmotic principles they've dubbed "Blue Energy". With enough "Blue Energy" batteries, Wetsus feels the estuary could generate more than a gigawatt of electricity - or to put it another way - enough to supply around 650,000 homes.

The Blue Energy method works much like a car battery and employs two types of membranes - in this case, both are impermeable to water, but are permeable to ions. One for sodium ions, the other for chloride ions (both of which are abundant in salt-water - of course). So in flows the seawater, where the positively charged sodium ions move through one membrane into a fresh water channel, and the negatively charged chloride ions move through the other membrane - and in the opposite direction. This

Building a mechanical device for its appearance is like putting lace on a bowling ball. Andrew Vachss

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separation of charged particles results in an electrical difference between two electrodes at either side of the device and this gives us our chemical battery.

The pros: This is as green as energy gets, the only waste product is brackish water, which flows into the sea and mixes harmlessly with the sea water. It's also a weather-proof technology (barring the odd tsunami) as it's not reliant on erratic forces such as sunshine or wind. Windfarms average about 3,500 operational hours per year, whereas salinity power plants could arguably churn out power for 7,000+ hours per year - and at a fairly constant rate. Statkraft estimate that the global potential for salinity power is about 1,600 to 1,700 terrawatt-hours each year, which works out as roughly 1 per cent of the planet's energy needs. The plants could be easily be combined with existing power-plants, built underground, in basements etc. reducing cost, and visual pollution. Basically, anywhere salt-water and fresh water coincide is a potential green power station just waiting to happen.

The cons: The biggest obstacle for both teams is that membrane development isn't up to the level they'd both like. The technology needs to advance, and soon. Bio-fouling of the membrane - with silt and algae - is also a big issue.The ionic membranes used by Wetsus for their Blue Energy technology are less prone to fouling, but efficiency and durability are still issues to resolve. Statkraft are looking at antifouling coatings and considering option like occasionally reversing water flow to flush the system. Of course, salinity power isn't as egalitarian as say, wind power. While it can be implemented in any situation where there's an abundant supply of salt-water and fresh water it clearly suits countries with extensive coastline and a lot of rivers - which means plenty estuaries where the power plants can be established. By their own estimates, Salinity power only has the potential to meet around 1 per cent of global energy. That's actually a lot of juice, but it's no great white (salty) hope. Still, if they can improve efficiency, salinity power will be a welcome addition to the growing green energy family.

OYSTER POWER A new milestone for marine energy was achieved recently when UK based Wave and Tidal Technologies company Aquamarine Power Ltd signed a 1,000 MW (1 GW) Development Agreement with the renewable energy development division of Scottish and Southern Energy, Airtricity. Aquamarine was the first marine Energy Company in the UK to develop both wave and tidal power devices simultaneously. Their Wave Power device, called Oyster, is a near shore hydroelectric wave power system. Still at the full scale prototype stage, the Oyster is based around a large movable buoyant barrier structure that is mounted on

the seabed in depths of 10 - 12 m (33 - 40 ft) and pivots like a gate. The barrier looks like 5 large pipes stacked horizontally on top of each other to form a wall. As waves crash against the barrier it moves backwards and forwards pivoting at it's base. The barrier is connected to a double acting water piston and by using simple hydraulic principles wave energy is converts into high pressure water that is pumped on shore to drive a conventional hydro electric generator to produce electricity. The peak power generated by each Oyster barrier is between 300 and 600kw. The system can be deployed in arrays with several pumps feeding into a single manifold pipeline

Come to think of it, the way I play is like a drum machine- very mechanical. Ikue Mori

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to drive a hydroelectric generator of location means the island group is subjected to up to 21 megawatts. the powerful dynamic forces of the North The Oscillating Wave Surge Atlantic Ocean. The system is currently being tank Converter have secured a test berth at the tested under a five-year research partnership European Marine Energy Centre (EMEC) wave test facility in the Orkney Islands off the with Queen's University Belfast in Ireland. The Queens Research Group is regarded as being Scottish north coast. among the best marine renewable energy The EMEC wave site has one of the groups in the world and the Oyster system will highest wave energy potentials in Europe, if be the Centre's sixth wave power sea trial. not the world. The exposed North Sea

SPAIN Wind Turbines in the north west of Spain set a new record for power generation on March 5th as gales blew across the country, with more than 40% of the country's energy needs being generated by wind turbines.

moment of peak production, the country's turbines were working at 69% of their maximum theoretical potential. Wind energy alone has covered 11.5% of demand so far this year, with production up by a third on last year.

The new record stands at a peak of 11,180 megawatts (11.18 GW) of electricity supply beating the previous record of 10,032 megawatts. The percentage of demand supplied depends on time of day as demand rises and falls throughout the day.

When Atlantic storms generate strong gusts wind turbines supply more than either Nuclear power, the second largest contributor, with 6,797 megawatts, or coalfired electric generation, the third largest, at 5,081 MW. Spain has plans to install a total of over 21GW of wind generation capacity by 2010 to help meet their target of 30% of annual demand for electricity from renewable sources by next year.

Spain is the third largest producer of Wind Power in the world, behind the US and Germany, with 16,740 megawatts wind capacity installed at the end of 2008. At the

AIR CAR… THE FAIR CAR!!!!! Gasoline is already the fuel of the past. It might not seem that way as you fill up on your way to work, but the petroleum used to make it is gradually running out. It also pollutes air that's becoming increasingly unhealthy to breathe, and people no longer want to pay the high prices that oil companies are charging for it. Automobile manufacturers know all of this and have spent lots of time and money to find and develop the fuel of the future. Air? At first glance, the idea of running a car on air seems almost too good to be true. If we can use air as fuel, why think about using anything else? Air is all around us. Air never runs out. Air is nonpolluting. Best of all, air is free!

How Compressed Air Can Fuel a Car The laws of physics dictate that uncontained gases will fill any given space. The easiest way to see this in action is to inflate a balloon. The elastic skin of the balloon holds the air tightly inside, but the moment you use a pin to create a hole in the balloon's surface, the air expands outward with so much energy that the balloon explodes. Compressing a gas into a small space is a way to store energy. When the gas expands again, that energy is released to do work. That's the basic principle behind what makes an air car, go.

I always try to keep that feeling of being on the edge. I'm afraid of knowing too well and seeming mechanical. Catherine Deneuve

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TANKS:-

A BRIEF HISTORY OF AIR CARS Terry Miller, the father of modern day air engines set out to design a spring-powered car and determined that compressed air, being a spring that doesn't break or wear out, was the perfect energy-storing medium. His engines used up to four consecutive stages to expand the same air over and over. They ran at a low speed so there was plenty of time for ambient heat to enter the system and the possibility of low-tech developers to build engines cheaply at home. Terry's greatest contribution was that he published and made easily available the complete details on how to build an engine like his. No other inventor has done this. Currently a French inventor named Guy Negre is building an organization to market his air car designs in several countries like Mexico, South Africa, Spain and other countries. THE ENGINE:Ambient air is compressed in the vehicle's tank. The air coming from the high pressure tank crosses a pressure reducer (patented by MDI which allows a quasi isothermal transformation). It is then used in a system of expansion with work, consisting of an active chamber and an expansion cylinder. This new thermodynamic cycle consist of:

Diagram Explained: Mode A: Operating with compressed air from Air Tank only 1, in town under 35 mph. Mode B: Operating with compressed air from Air Tank only 1, which is being heated 2, to expand volume before entering engine. Mode C: Operating with air from the Intake 3, which is being heated 2, to expand volume before entering engine - on highway over 35 mph. Mode D: Operating as in Mode C but also refilling 4, Air Tank while running.

· The high pressure tanks to be used on MDI's vehicles will be made of carbon fiber and thermoplastic liner. The pressure for standard use is 300b, tested at 450b, and rupture tested at pressures beyond 700b. These tanks are not dangerous in the event of a crash because they do not split up. This technology is already massively used in vehicles running on natural gas. · When used for more 'static' purposes (power generating units etc…), where the tanks' weight does not affect its operating efficiency, more economic steel tanks could be used.

Body: Built with fiberglass and injected foam, the Compressed Air Vehicle body competes with only a few other cars on the market today. Fiberglass is safer, easier to repair, and does not rust. Although many manufacturers choose metal sheet for cost considerations, air car uses fiberglass for over-time efficiency and reliability. Chassis: Based on the manufacturer's aeronautics experience, the chassis is composed of aluminum rods and is impact-resistant and light. Glued in the same way as air craft, they allow for quick assembly and a more secure join than with welding. Electrical System: Using a radio transmission system, each electrical component

I am eye. I am a mechanical eye. I, a machine, am showing you a world, the likes of which only I can see. Dziga Vertov

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signals with a microprocessor. This makes it possible to use only one signal cable for the entire car instead of wiring each component separately. Headlights, dashboard, and more, are all connected via wiring harness for both ease of installation and repair. In addition, the entire system becomes an anti-theft alarm as soon as you remove your key from the car. Communication Console: Instead of the usual speedometer found in most cars, the Compressed Air Vehicle employs a dashboard computer which screen displays the speed and engine revolutions. This system allows for many options that include Internet connection, GPS, custom programs for delivery people, traffic information, and emergency systems, among others.

Ø The vehicles themselves also will be relatively cheap at about $17,800. Air Car shortcomings Ø If you only plan to use your air car for short commutes -- distances less than 100 miles --will be fine. However, the one-to-two hour wait for the car's built-in air compressor to compress a tank full of air could become a problem on cross-country trips. Ø What will happen if an air car suffers damage in an accident? After all, compressed air tanks can be dangerous. To reduce this danger, the air tanks are made of carbon fiber and are designed to crack, rather than shatter, in a crash.

Transmission: The horizontally opposed engine is rear-mounted, driving the rear wheels (to eliminate friction losses caused by transmitting power to steered wheels) via a multifunction “moto-alternator” and a gearbox needing only two or three ratios. Air Car Advantages Ø One major advantage of using compressed air to power a car's engine is that a pure compressed air vehicle produces no at the tailpipe. More specifically, the compressed air cars we're likely to see in the near future won't pollute at all until they reach speeds exceeding 35 miles per hour. Ø Air cars are also designed to be lighter than conventional cars. The aluminum construction of these vehicles will keep their weight under 2,000 pounds (907 kilograms) Ø Another advantage of air cars is that the fuel should be remarkably cheap, an important consideration in this era of volatile. Some estimates say that the cars will get the equivalent of 106 miles (171 kilometers) per gallon.

I have taught my students not to apply rules or mechanical ways of seeing. Josef Albers

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AUTOMOBILES DUCATI 1198s A world-class sport bike on a world-class race track

magnesium-alloy valve covers. In the 1198 and the 1198S, the engine makes a claimed 170 horsepower - a staggering figure for a twin but just shy of the 180 horsepower claimed for last year's highly-strung 1098R. The 1198's 131.37 Nm torque output at 8000rpm beats the 1098R's 122 Nm, so it's probably a superior road bike.

A brand new world-class sport bike on a brand new world-class race track. What could be better than that? Not only does the 1198 draw on the strong foundation laid by the 1098, it borrows heavily from much of the 1098R's advanced engineering, as well as using a good deal of that bike's components. Ducati's 2009 1198S packs a 170horsepower, 131.37 Nm L-twin, top-rate Öhlins suspension front and rear, 7-spoke Marsechini wheels, an upgraded data acquisition and downloading system - and the same 8-stage traction control system you'd find on Stoner's GP8 or Bayliss's 1098R. And if 1098S sold for USD$40,000, you might be annoyed to find out that this year's 1198S, a virtually identical bike with just 10 less horsepower in stock trim, is going to sell for less than USD$22,000. The 1198S has the same engine as the 1198; the 1198cc L-twin used in last year's World Superbike homologation 1098R. Remarkably, with the 100cc capacity jump from the straight 1098 has come a 3kg weight saving on the engine alone, due to vacuum die-cast crankcases and

The electronics package on the 1198S includes the sophisticated DTC (Ducati Traction Control) system. The system has been adapted from the racebike system found on the 1098R - which cut the spark to restore traction. This would have sent unburned fuel through the catalyzer and damaged a streetbike's emissions-compliant exhaust system. According to Andrea Forni, Ducati technical director, DTC has been adapted to this street bike so that it will work without frying the exhaust. DTC on the 1098R functioned primarily by cutting spark, thereby requiring use of race exhausts in order to not damage catalytic converters found in OEM exhausts. DTC on the 1198 works first by retarding ignition depending on various parameters considered by the ECU, then further retards ignition advance as the bike's brain sees fit. However, note again that DTC on the 1198 does not cut spark as on the 1098R. The DDA (Ducati Data Analysis) system lets you download a raft of performance data to your PC one you're done manhandling the throttle - so you can see, among other things, exactly where and how much you had the traction control system working.

If the individual is a unit in a corporate mass, his life is not merely brutish and short, but dull and mechanical. Herbert Read

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KOENIGSEGG QUANT,SOLAR-ELECTRIC 4-SEATER Koenigsegg Quant: 512 bhp 275 km/h, solar-electric 4-seater launched on March 6, 2009 by Swedish supercar manufacturer Koenigsegg, in conjunction with NLV Solar of Switzerland, is showing its full scale four-seater NLV Quant at the 2009 Geneva Salon. Producing 512hp with maximum torque of 715Nm, the Quant runs 0100 km/h in 5.2 seconds and hits a top speed of 275 km/h. The all-electric car is powered through a combination of what it has dubbed a Flow Accumulator Energy Storage (FAES), which charges to full capacity in 20 minutes, and solar energy supplied via a thin layer photovoltaic coating over the car. The combined solar/FAES offer a claimed range in excess of 500km.

The thin layer solar technology and the proprietary FAES system enable the design of a fully electrical vehicle, rather than relying on more commonplace hybrid solutions. This also simplifies the drive train layout and packaging, as only one propulsion system is needed. Koenigsegg says that the Quant will be able to cover long distances without a charge due to a combination of a low frontal 2 surface area of around 2 m , a drag coefficient of around CD 0.27 and the efficiency of the FAES and solar systems. The ingenious design provides a unique blend of supercar looks and the space of a traditional luxury sedan. The car will carry four large adults in comfort and also feature a spacious boot at the rear. The gull-wing doors on the Quant allow for an easy and more ergonomic access to both the front and rear passenger seats than in conventional cars. The unique split sidelite feature allows passenger to open and close the front and rear side windows separately.

HIGH PERFORMANCE BICYCLE First high performance bicycle being created and built by F1 engineering specialists, BERU f1systems in December will be fully revealed at the launch of the U.K. Science Museum's free exhibition “Fast Forward: 20 ways F1 is changing our world” on March 2009. The UKP20,000 Factor 001 is much more than a bicycle, and is actually a ground-breaking training tool combining innovative design and advanced electronics. The company claims the Factor 001 will change the way athletes and serious enthusiasts undertake fitness training.

Factor 001 is the result of a creative project to explore the transfer of design approaches, technology and materials from Formula One (where BERU f1systems is a supplier of various components such as electronics and composites to every team) to mankind's most enduring invention. The bike is a lightweight (under 7 kg including all equipment) carbon fibre monocoque structure, designed using the same powerful modeling and analysis software used to build Formula One cars. The on-board computer and performance monitoring system,

If you must get rid of a roach, use mechanical control. Carl Olson

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incorporating various motorsport-grade sensors, a GPS and a radio transmitter, are integrated into the handlebars and throughout the bike.

braking performance at any temperature. Load sensors, wiring, batteries, sensors, control cables and lines for the hydraulic braking system are all fully integrated into the composite during construction, to give unparalleled efficiency and durability with a clean, uncluttered appearance. Twin-spar frame reduces sideways frame flex and preserves rider comfort. 8-spoke monocoque composite wheels deliver high lateral stiffness and robustness for everyday use.

Factor 001 boasts what are believed to be many firsts for the cycling world:

BERU f1systems is already in talks with various sporting bodies about future applications of the data measurement software. Factor 001 is available to order from BERU f1systems now. Pricing will start at under UKP20,000 while the full version with the software package will cost in excess of UKP20,000.

Multi-channel electronics package which provides unique ergonometric data collection, logging and analysis capabilities; can correlate biometric data from the rider, physical force data from the bike and environmental data; developed with feedback from professional athletes. Carbon ceramic brakes provide endless, exact

The “Fast Forward 20 ways F1 is changing our world”, is a new free exhibition at the Science Museum showing how manufacturers and researchers from diverse backgrounds and disciplines are embracing the Formula 1TM spirit and finding new exciting ways to bring race track innovation and technology into our everyday lives. The

INTELLIGENT CRUISE CONTROL The driverless car of the future is getting closer every day, as more and more technologies come along that take critical jobs away from the driver and put them in the hands of lightning-fast, all-seeing computers. One of the latest and most ambitious of these systems has just been successfully demonstrated in the UK; the Sentience system is a kind of hyper-intelligent cruise control system designed specifically to minimize fuel consumption and emissions. Fuel savings in testing have been between 5% and 24% - a very significant figure - and Sentience is expected to be available on

production cars, for a minimal cost, as soon as 2012.Based on route information which could eventually be integrated with a commercial navigation system the Sentience vehicle will calculate and follow an optimal driving strategy. It calculates the best route

Mechanical difficulties with language are the outcome of internal difficulties with thought. Elizabeth Bowen

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over-ride the system in case of an emergency situation.

for you based on traffic, topography, curves, speed limits and a host of other information, and then actually takes over the throttle and brakes for you for the entire journey. It keeps you strictly within speed limits, slows down for corners, speed bumps and roundabouts, and it even knows when the lights ahead are about to turn red, so you don't waste petrol accelerating towards a stop point. Its control system adjusts vehicle speed, acceleration and deceleration via its adaptive cruise control and regenerative braking. It's also keyed in to traffic light timing, so it will automatically start decelerating if it knows the green light you're approaching is about to turn red. The driver simply keys in a destination, and steers the car without a foot on pedal, letting the car make the decisions on acceleration and braking. Of course, you'd want to keep your foot close to the brakes to

The Sentience system also concentrates on getting the most out of hybrid drive systems, by optimizing the regenerative braking strategy for the batteries and increasing the availability of electric-only drive mode where possible. It's a clear step forward toward a future where your car will do the driving and you'll just be a passenger - and a demonstration of how a computer with detailed route and traffic signal information can make a huge difference to fuel consumption and emissions. The Sentience system is expected to be made available in new cars as soon as 2012 - and the fuel savings will add up to around UKP500 per year if you spend around UKP50 a week on petrol. Scaled out to a large number of cars across the UK, the system could save between 1.2 and 2.9 million barrels of oil per year.

WHY DOES A TRACTOR HAVE DIFFERENT SIZES OF WHEELS IN THE FRONT AND BACK? S. Nanadha Kumar, Final Year

The rear wheels in most of the common tractors are the drive wheels and are connected to the drive shaft. The wheels turns due to the moment of the force about the point of contact at the ground and is caused by a torque applied at the axis of the drive wheels. So, a larger wheel would require less force for same traction. Also large wheels offer some additional important advantages; Firstly, the farm tractors are meant to carry out various jobs such as ploughing of muddy fields where the traction can fail if the wheel ground grip is not substantially improved over what is available in a car tyre. Therefore, the tractor drive wheels are provided with a largegripfins or pads that bite into the ground in order to enhance the grip of traction. Secondly, the large rear wheels of the tractor fix the driver's seat at a higher

elevation so as to ensure good visibility of the nose of the tractor and the corners of the field as it ploughs. The apparently loss of safety from toppling is easily solved by providing asufficiently long cross beam below the driver's seat and a longer axle of the rear wheels than that of the front wheels. Further, the large wheels necessitate lower differential load for negotiating Sharper turns essential for covering maximum area of the field while carrying out different field operations like ploughing, sowing and harvesting.

No one should be able to enter a wilderness by mechanical means. Garrett Hardin

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RADIAL TYRE

In wilderness I sense the miracle of life, and behind it our scientific accomplishments fade to trivia. Charles Lindbergh

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Comparison of Radial vs. Cross-ply performance This little table gives you some idea of the advantages and disadvantages of the two types of tyre construction. You can see the primary reasons why radial tyres are almost used on almost all the world's passenger vehicles now, including their resistance to tearing and cutting in the tread, as well as the better overall performance and fuel economy.

Cross-ply Radial

Vehicle Steadiness Cut Resistance - Tread Cut Resistance - Sidewall Repairability Self Cleaning Traction Heat Resistance Wear Resistance Flotation Fuel Economy

GPS-Global Positioning System - Gopalakrishnan, Pre - Final Year

The Global Positioning System (GPS) is a global navigation satellite system (GNSS) developed by the United States Department of Defense and managed by the United States Air Force 50th Space Wing. It is the only fully functional GNSS in the world, can be used freely, and is often used by civilians for navigation purposes. It uses a constellation of between 24 and 32 Medium Earth Orbit satellites that transmit precise microwave signals, which allow GPS receivers to determine their current location, the time, and their velocity. Its official name is NAVSTAR GPS. Although NAVSTAR is not an acronym, a few backronyms have been created for it.

store GPS location, speed, heading and sometime a trigger event such as key on/off, door open/closed. When the vehicle reaches a predetermined location the device of passive vehicles tracking systems is removed and the data is evaluated in the computer. The active vehicle tracking system also collect the same information, but they send the information in the real-time via cellular or satellite networks to a computer or data center for evaluation.

Passive Vehicle Tracking Systems: The passive vehicle tracking systems comprise of a device that is fitted in the vehicle, which is to be tracked. This device records various locations as the car is driven around. Later you can retrieve the device and connect it to your PC to read the data. From the devise you can get reports in details. For instance apart from various locations that the car had passed you can also know when the door was closed and opened, you see the speed variations of the car. You can also know when the car had gone out of the safe zone and so on. All these reports are

Active or Real-Time Vehicle

Types of GPS Vehicle Tracking Tracking Systems Systems: There are two types of GPS vehicle tracking systems: passive and active or realtime. The passive vehicle tracking systems

The active or real-time GPS vehicle tracking systems are connected to the internet so you can view the location of your vehicle at

Life is a culmination of the past, an awareness of the present, an indication of a future beyond knowledge, the quality that gives a touch of divinity to matter. Charles Lindbergh

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any time and from anywhere via your web browser. In active vehicle tracking systems there is no need to retrieve the device to get the information you are looking for. It can distantly broadcast the GPS position using the GSM/GPRS network, SMS, and even Satellite communication. The device can also send data as an SMS text message or over the internet and can even switch to Satellite automatically when it is out of cellular network coverage. This means that you can

easily track the assets anywhere in the world. GPS real time Vehicle tracking is becoming more prominent in the service industry. The device helps them to improve the customer services. Business owners are opting to use this new technology to monitor their employee's hours on the job as well as keep track of company property. This way they can use their resources effectively and also protect their assets.

Real freedom lies in wildness, not in civilization. Charles Lindbergh

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AVIATION HISTORY OF AVIATION: Humanity's desire to fly possibly first found expression in China, where people flying tied to kites is recorded (as a punishment) from the 6th century CE. Subsequently, the first glider flight was demonstrated by Abbas Ibn Firnas in alAndalus in the 9th century CE. It was in Europe during the late 18th century that serious attempts at flight would first take place. Tethered balloons filled with hot air were used in the first half of the 19th century. The first generally recognized human flight took place in Paris in 1783. JeanFrançois Pilâtre de Rozier and François Laurent d'Arlandes went 8 km (5 miles) in a hot air balloon invented by the Montgolfier brothers. The balloon was powered by a wood fire, and was not steerable: that is, it flew wherever the wind took it.

The most successful early pioneering pilot of this type of aircraft was the Brazilian Alberto Santos-Dumont who effectively combined a balloon with an internal combustion engine. On October 19, 1901 he flew his airship "Number 6" over Paris from the Parc Saint Cloud around the Eiffel Tower and back in less than 30 minutes to win the Deutsch de la Meurthe prize.

THE ERA OF WRIGHT BROTHERS: The brothers built and tested a series of kite and glider designs from 1900 to 1902 before attempting to build a powered design. First glider, launched in 1900, had only about half the lift they expected. Their second glider, built the following year, performed even more poorly. Rather than giving up, the Wrights constructed their own wind tunnel and created a number of sophisticated devices to measure lift and drag on the 200 wing designs they tested. As a result, the Wrights corrected earlier mistakes in calculations regarding drag and lift. Their testing and calculating produced a third glider with a larger aspect ratio and true three-axis control. They flew it successfully hundreds of times in 1902, and it performed far better than the previous models. In theend, by establishing their rigorous system of designing, wind-tunnel testing of airfoils and

flight testing of full-size prototypes, the Wrights not only built a working aircraft but also helped advance the science of aeronautical engineering. They have invented WING WRAP the mechanism for the aviation control. The first flight by Orville Wright, of 120 feet (37 m) in 12 seconds, was recorded in a famous photograph. In the fourth flight of the same day, Wilbur Wright flew 852 feet (260 m) in 59 seconds. The flights were witnessed by three coastal lifesaving crewmen, a local businessman, and a boy from the village, making these the first public flights and the first well-documented ones.

People like to imagine that because all our mechanical equipment moves so much faster, that we are thinking Christopher Morley faster, too.

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HELICOPTER: autogyro invented by Spanish engineer Juan de la Cierva in 1919. These kinds of rotorcrafts were mainly used until the development of modern helicopters, when, for some reason, they became largely neglected, although the idea has since been resurrected several times. Since the first practical helicopter was the Focke Achgelis Fw 61 (Germany, 1936), the autogyros golden age only lasted around 20 years.

In 1877 Enrico Forlanini developed an unmanned helicopter powered by a steam engine. It rose to a height of 13 meters, where it remained for some 20 seconds, after a vertical take-off from a park in Milan. The first time a manned helicopter is known to have risen off the ground was in 1907 at Cornu, France. The first successful rotorcraft, however, wasn't a true helicopter, but an

MORDERN AVIATION: USSR's Aeroflot became the first airline in the world to operate sustained regular jet services on 15 September 1956 with the Tupolev Tu-104. Boeing 707, which established new levels of comfort, safety and passenger expectations, ushered in the age of mass commercial air travel. In 1961, the sky was no longer the limit for manned flight, as Yuri Gagarin orbited once around the planet within 108 minutes, and then used the descent module of Vostok I to safely reenter the atmosphere and reduce speed from Mach 25 using friction and converting velocity into heat.

The years between 1918 and 1939 is known as "Golden Age" for aviation. During the two world wars the aviation field was improving a lot to destroy the other countries rather than utilizing the technology. After World War II commercial aviation grew rapidly, used mostly exmilitary aircraft to transport people and cargo. The first North American commercial jet airliner to fly was the Avro C102 Jetliner in September 1949, shortly after the British Comet. By 1952, the British state airline BOAC had introduced the De Havilland Comet into scheduled service.

THE ROAD TO SPACE: This action further heated up the space race that had started in 1957 with the launch of Sputnik 1 by the Soviet Union. The United States responded by launching Alan Shepard into space on a suborbital flight in a Mercury space capsule. With the launch of the AlouetteI in 1963, Canada became the third country to send a satellite in space. The Space race between the United States and the Soviet Union would ultimately lead to the landing of men on the moon in 1969. It is possible to see a rainbow as a complete circle from an aeroplane. -14-

In 1967, the X-15 set the air speed record for an aircraft at 4,534 mph (7,297 km/h) or Mach 6.1 (7,297 km/h). Aside from vehicles designed to fly in outer space, this record was renewed by X-43 in the 21st century.

Apollo 11 lifts off on its mission to land a man on the moon In 1969 Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin set foot on the moon.

21st Century: In the beginning of the 21st century, subsonic aviation focused on eliminating the pilot in favor of remotely operated or completely autonomous vehicles. Several Unmanned aerial vehicles or UAVs have been developed. In April 2001 the unmanned aircraft Global Hawk flew from Edwards AFB in the US to Australia non-stop and unrefueled. This is the longest point-to-point flight ever undertaken by an unmanned aircraft, and took 23 hours and 23 minutes. In October 2003 the first totally autonomous flight across the Atlantic by a computercontrolled model aircraft occurred.

streamlined design. Nevertheless, it seems to have made a significant operating profit for British Airways.

In commercial aviation, the early 21st century saw the end of an era with the retirement of Concorde. Supersonic flight was not commercially viable, as the planes were required to fly over the oceans if they wanted to break the sound barrier. Concorde also was fuel hungry and could carry a limited amount of passengers due to its highly

The U.S. Centennial of Flight Commission was established in 1999 to encourage the broadest national and international participation in the celebration of 100 years of powered flight. It publicized and encouraged a number of programs, projects and events intended to educate people about the history of aviation.

HOW AIRPLANES WORK How can we make the airplane to fly? At least to move an object we may need some amount of force in the same way, incase of air plane some special forces are mandatory to fly in air.

Aerodynamic Forces

A Lift

C Weight

For an airplane the following four basic aerodynamic forces are very important.

B Trust

D Drag

Straight and Level Flight If, for any reason, the amount of drag becomes larger than the amount of thrust, the plane will slow down. If the thrust is increased so that it is greater than the drag, the plane will speed up.

In order for an airplane to fly straight and level, the following relationships must be true: Thrust = Drag Lift = Weight

A litre of vinegar is heavier in winter than in summer. -15-

Similarly, if the amount of lift drops below the weight of the airplane, the plane will descend. By increasing the lift, the pilot can make the airplane climb.

Thrust Thrust is an aerodynamic force that must be created by an airplane in order to overcome the drag (notice that thrust and drag act in opposite directions in the figure above). Airplanes create thrust using propellers, jet engines or rockets. In the figure above, the thrust is being created with a propeller, which acts like a very powerful version of a household fan, pulling air past the blades.

Drag Drag is an aerodynamic force that resists the motion of an object moving through a fluid (air and water are both fluids). If you stick your hand out of a car window while moving, you will experience a very simple demonstration of this effect. The amount of drag that your hand creates depends on a few factors, such as the size of your hand, the speed of the car and the density of the air. If you were to slow down, you would notice that the drag on your hand would decrease.

If you've ever wondered why, after takeoff, a passenger jet always retracts its landing gear (wheels) into the body of the airplane; the answer (as you may have already guessed) is to reduce drag. Just like the downhill skier, the pilot wants to make the aircraft as small as possible to reduce drag. The amount of drag produced by the landing gear of a jet is so great that, at cruising speeds, the gear would be ripped right off of the plane.

Weight This one is the easiest. Every object on earth has weight (including air). A 747 can weigh up to 870,000 pounds (that's 435 tons!) and still manage to get off the runway. (See the table below for more 747 specs.)

Lift Lift is the aerodynamic force that holds an airplane in the air, and is probably the trickiest of the four aerodynamic forces to explain without using a lot of math. On airplanes, most of the lift required to keep the plane aloft is created by the wings (although some is created by other parts of the structure).

THE SILENT AIRCRAFT Can you imagine an aircraft that fully noise free? Yes here is the idea for the noise free aircraft which is found by University of Cambridge and Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT).This requires radically different aircraft and engine designs.

The aim of the Silent Aircraft Initiative is to reduce aircraft noise by about 25 dB relative to current aircraft. This means reducing the sound energy to three thousands of its original level.

How do we perceive sound how do? Our ears respond so nonlinearly to sound, sound power is measured on a logarithmic scale - the decibel. A reduction to one-tenth of the sound energy is a reduction

A barrel of juice or wine would take about a year or two to ferment naturally into vinegar. -16-

Why are aircraft noisy and what can be done about it? What generates noise on conventional aircraft? From the engine, the main sources of noise are the fan (labeled A in the diagram to the right), and the high speed propulsive jet (labeled B)

· A noise of 63 dB outside airport perimeter. This is some 25dB quieter than current aircraft.

What can we do about these noise sources? We will not achieve our noise target with engines hanging underneath wings we need a greater integration of airframe and engine. For example, using the airframe to shield the engine noise from listeners on the ground. We can also use extensive acoustic liners in the inlet and exit engine ducts to absorb engine noise. All airframe noise sources are cut by reducing approach speed, and so there are benefits from flying the final approach more slowly. There are also benefits from reducing the engine fan speed and the jet velocity, since their noise increases significantly with speed.

Scale model superimposed over clouds

Low noise approaches: A variety of techniques can be employed to reduce the noise impacts of aircraft as they approach an airport, including: · keeping the aircraft high for as long as possible (increasing the distance from the aircraft noise sources to the ground) · keeping the aircraft at low engine power for as long as possible (reducing engine noise) · keeping the aircraft in a clean aerodynamic configuration for as long as possible (reducing airframe noise) · minimizing over flight of highly populated or sensitive areas

Concept design of an ultra low noise, fuel efficient aircraft The concept aircraft SAX-40 (Silent Aircraft experimental) is a result of an iterative design process (SAX-01 to SAX-40) to achieve low noise and improved fuel burn. We predict: · 149 passenger-miles per UK gallon of fuel (compared with about 120 for the best current aircraft in this range and size). This is equivalent to the Toyota Prius Hybrid car carrying two passengers.

It is easier to swim in a sea rather than in a river because the density of sea water is more compared to that of a river due to dissolved salts.

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DESIGN HOW TO FIND ERRORS IN FINITE-ELEMENT MODELS

It's easy to construct finite-element models with errors. And it's just as easy to correct them, when you know how.

Most analysts would like to hold this value to no more than 10%. But modeling and discretization introduce errors. Proper application of the art and science of FEA involves assessing and controlling these two types of errors. It's also a good idea to distinguish between apparent and real errors in FEA results. By definition:

The first step in a finite-element analysis selects a mathematical model to represent the object being analyzed. The term mathematical model refers to a theory such as the theory of elasticity, the Reissner theory of plates, or deformation theory of plasticity, and to the information that defines the problem - geometric descriptions, material properties, as well as constraints and loading. The analysis goal is to compute information from the exact solution u_EX and then calculate information from it such as the maximum von Mises stress, which could be F(u_EX). The function F(u_EX) depends only on the definition of the mathematical model and not on the method used for finding an approximate solution. Therefore, it does not depend on mesh quality, type, and size of elements. The difference between F(u_EX) and the physical property it represents is called the "modeling error".

The apparent error can be less than the sum of modeling error and discretization error. The two errors can have opposite signs and may nearly cancel. The quality of results depends both on how well the model represents reality (the size of the modeling error) and how accurately the FEA software handles the transformations (the size of the discretization error). Engineering Software Research and Development, Inc.

The next step uses the finite-element method to find an approximation u_FE of the exact solution u_EX. This involves selecting a mesh and elements such as 2D plates, eightnode bricks, p-elements, and so on. The mesh and elements define what's called the finiteelement discretization.

Linear Analysis: von Mises Stress P=20,000 lb R=0.5 in

Discretization error is defined by

e=

F(u_EX) - F(u_FE)

ID=SOL Run=6 Fac.=Seq Max= 2.5609+04 Min= 8.3575e+00 2.5000e+04 2.2500e+04 2.0000e+04 1.7500e+04 1.2500e+04 1.0000e+04 7.5000e+04 5.0000e+04 2.5000e+04

F(u_EX)

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What is modeling error?

indicator of a poor model comes when the strain energy corresponding to the exact solution is infinite or trivially zero. Another indicator is when the data of interest, corresponding to the solution of the mathematical model, is not defined. Or, when the solution is defined, it's entirely discretization (mesh) dependent.

Suppose one wishes to analyze a support bracket. Questions that come to mind include: What do we want to find? Maximum stress? Maximum deflections? The first few natural frequencies? The bending stiffness? Temperature distribution? Does the bracket remain in the elastic range? How many loading conditions are critical? How should we represent support conditions?

Many analysts think that an efficient mesh generator reduces modeling error with a high quality mesh. It does not. Modeling assumptions are made before meshing. Consequently, even the best mesh cannot fix an improperly defined mathematical model. systematic approach The only way to ensure small modeling errors is by showing that the data of interest are not sensitive to restrictive modeling assumptions. This is analogous to ensuring the discretization errors are small by showing that the data of interest are not sensitive to discretization (results do not significantly change with finer mesh or greater p value). For example, when one is interested in shearing forces along the edge of a simply supported plate, the classical plate model (Kirchhoff's plate) is unreliable. The unreliability is easily detected by using a Reissner model or a full 3D model of elasticity. A Reissner model of a plate in bending assumes that all in-plane displacements vary linearly across the thickness and that shear strains are constant across the thickness. Using higher plate models forces one to think about the meaning of a simple support, and whether or not it provides an accurate description of a physical system.

With a clear objective and an understanding of the limitations inherent in the theory being used, analysts can create the model geometry. At times this geometry may be similar to the CAD geometry, but quite often we find it necessary to modify the topological description to simplify meshing. Part of the modeling process includes making decisions such as modeling thin walls with shell elements, taking advantage of symmetry or asymmetry or both, including or neglecting fillets, and deleting nonessential features. For example, deciding to use shell elements rather than solid elements means one makes an important decision concerning the mathematical model and hence the kind of operations the FEA software will perform. After idealizing the topological description, one still needs to idealize material properties (select linear elastic, elastic-plastic, or another), loads, and supports. These decisions further define the mathematical problem, which supposedly represents the bracket with respect to the data of interest. Important modeling decisions are sometimes made without much concern for their implications. It often happens that the formulated model is conceptually wrong. An

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repeating calculations using progressively higher hierarchic models, one can gradually "relax" modeling assumptions until the results no longer change significantly.

To control modeling errors in a systematic way, one needs a hierarchic point of view. A well-defined mathematical model should be viewed as a special case of a more general mathematical model. For example, a model based on the linear theory of elasticity is a special case of a model that accounts for geometric or material nonlinearities, or both. Similarly, the Reissner theory of plates is a special case of the full 3D representation, with infinitely many possible plate models inbetween. When the maximum von Mises stress turns out to be larger than the yield point of the material, then a model based on the linear theory of elasticity is inappropriate. Consider a higher model, one that uses a more complex theory to imitate the real world. In any case, the linear model should be viewed only as the first step in solving a nonlinear one.

Modeling errors from convergence tests Convergence analysis calculates discretization errors by increasing the number of degrees of freedom (dof) in the model by refining the mesh in h-codes or increasing element orders in p-codes. In fact, any FEA result should be produced by a convergence process rather than by a single solution. This understanding is more practical with programs based on p-element technology that makes convergence testing a part of every solution, such as Pro/Mechanica, StressCheck, and other pcodes. A convergence test may also work as a spotter for particular modeling errors called singularities which may be masked by the discretization error. However, singularities start showing up when one examines how data of interest change after increasing the number of degrees of freedom. When data of interest do not appear to approach limiting values, then either the discretization is still too large (too few elements or too low porder) or the model is not defined properly, or both.

It has been difficult to control modeling errors in practice, with hierarchic models because most FEA codes link the element definition and underlying theory. For example, element libraries may describe an element as "20-node, triquadratic displacement, trilinear temperature, hybrid, linear pressure, reduced integration." Changing the model involves changing the element, which increases the complexity of the task. Modeling errors are not even considered in most cases because of the usual tight time constraints on analysis and a high level of expertise needed for properly executing the necessary computations.

Numerical convergence tests, however, do not always detect singularities and cannot be considered a foolproof singularity spotter. Should the data of interest diverge slowly, it may be difficult or impossible to detect by numerical means. The situation is analogous to computing the sum:

A systematic approach to controlling modeling errors lags behind other FEA developments. It has been put in commercial FEA software only recently in a code called StressCheck from ESRD, St. Louis. It automatically assesses both modeling and discretization errors. The package separately handles the topological description of elements, their polynomial degree, and the underlying theory. For instance, a hierarchic family of models is available for isotropic and laminated plates in bending. The lowest member of the hierarchy is the Reissner model, the highest is a 3D representation. By

Hazards of Comparisons Correlation with experiments provides an obvious and useful way to verify a wide range of modeling assumptions, and may help detect various modeling errors including singularities. But good correlation can be misleading and does not necessarily prove that the model is correct. Why? Because FEA

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results combine effects of two errors: the modeling and discretization error, which may nearly cancel each other, producing seemingly correct results. Suppose one wants to find the deflection of a beam supported at two points representing small rollers. A conceptual error arises by using point supports to represent rollers when the model is based on the theory of elasticity. Deflections under point support are infinite, so the FE model with many DOF will overestimate deflection.

· Is the model properly conceived with respect to the data of interest? · Is the strain energy of the exact solution finite and not zero?

Are the data of interest finite? Is the estimated relative error in energy norm (not the strain energy) reasonably small, about 5% or less? · ·

· Are the data of interest converging to a limit as the number of degrees of freedom increases?

At the same time, a coarse mesh produces a large discretization error masking the conceptual error by underestimating deflections. A credible result may be produced in that the deflection will be almost as if a roller support were properly modeled. By chance, deflections reported by the model may be quite close to what one would see in a test.

· When stress maximums are of interest, are the stress contours smooth in the highly stressed areas?

When answers to these questions are affirmative, one can be reasonably certain that modeling and discretization errors are small. Of course, it is still necessary to test for sensitivity to modeling decisions, that is, by relaxing the assumptions as demonstrated in the examples.

But two mistakes do not make it right. Such models are unreliable for computing stresses and reactions. Manipulating the mesh so the computed data match experimental observations is a widely practiced but bad idea. To properly evaluate and interpret results of an experiment, the errors of discretization must be smaller than the errors in experimental observations and the magnitude of discretization errors must be verified independently by the experiment. A brief check list of modeling errors To ensure the data of interest are accurate, ask yourself these questions about your model:

HOW TO MAKE A ROBOT PATH IN 10 SECONDS Automation in the sense of computerdriven machinery has long been used either inside programmable controllers or PCs running inside machines, usually with dedicated displays. Yet, manufacturers often regard the king of automation the industrial robot as a “costly and complex” solution. Why?

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One reason is many plant managers consider an in-house robot engineer too costly, so the general feeling seems to be “robotics is not for us.” In a way, this makes sense because even programming machines such as CNCs requires trained and dedicated high-level workers. Most plants can't afford too many employees like this, if any. On their part, robot manufacturers have failed to provide simple ways to direct robots. Robot programming has remained obscure, complex, costly, and is thus thought to belong only to big-name OEMs.

should be presented or fixed for manufacturing. This lets engineers design for manufacturing in CAD with robotics in mind. A practical example comes from an oil pan for a large diesel engine made of deepdrawn sheet metal. During production, silicone must be dispensed along its entire rim to later become a seal. This is done manually by a worker holding a dispenser, who moves the nozzle along the rim. Since the path is 3D and the nozzle angle relative to the metal must be fixed, the success of this operation requires a steady hand and good eye-to-wrist contact to maintain a quality job.

Several robotics-software programs tried to overcome these limitations, providing offline programming and simulation tools. There are even programs that link to a real robot controller and provide realistic robot visualization. However, these programs themselves fall victim to the same difficulties. They are often too hard to understand, require long training, and cost between tens to hundreds of thousands of dollars. While the software does help automobile makers and shipyards, little of it has targeted medium and small companies.

Many quality problems crop up in this scenario. For example, the silicone bead thickness is a product of pressure, angle of nozzle, height above the metal, and the hand speed, so it is not feasible to maintain consistent results between operators, shifts, and training level. Also, the job is boring, repetitive, and tiring, hence quality drops with time. This job has robotics written all over it. Teaching a robot manually One way to tell a robot how to move is by “teaching a point on the robot” or programming the robot by hand. This means moving the robot in its six axes (or less) and when reaching the needed posture, recording that point. A brief discussion of robot axes will help make this process clear.

It's easy see why robotics is thought of as being too complex. Users must deal with positions of objects in space, expressed numerically in an unfamiliar way. For example, most individuals would say, “A coffee mug is on my desk” and not “The mug is located at X = 2,100, Y = 1,450, Z = 770, RX = 0, RY = 0, RZ = 34.” Even the trivial task of picking the mug up from the desk and bringing it to your lips comprises motion in space that takes many point locations. Close to the desk, the cup undergoes more of a location change because it gets raised with just a slight tilt. In contrast, closer to the mouth, the cup undergoes more of an orientation change because it gets tilted toward the lips, but with almost no raising.

The position of any object in space has six dimensions or degrees of freedom (DOF) and is related to a reference point on the object, relative to another coordinate system (for instance, the world). For example, to describe the location of a pencil numerically, the answer is made up of location (for instance, the pencil tip is 500, 600, 200 in the world XYZ) and orientation (for instance, the pencil body is rotated around the world X by m degrees and around the world Y by q degrees). The sixth dimension comes about because an object, located at a fixed point in space, and inclined by a known angle to two principal axes, can also turn around its own axis.

Fortunately, software such as RobotWorks that runs inside SolidWorks lets designers see what the robot will do and also determine where and how the part

Nitrous oxide can make you laugh. That is why it is called laughing gas.

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Teaching the robot path around the oil pan might take an experienced robot engineer between 3 hr and two days. At each point, the engineer must stick his head under the robot, eyeball the distance between the nozzle and the part, and estimate the straight line between the current location and the previous point. But once the robot moves away from the previous point, there is nothing to show where it was. Worse yet, a robot has at least three different coordinate systems. Think about the robot world as having a coordinate system like a SolidWorks assembly. The robot tool, like a part in an assembly, also has its own coordinate system. In addition, each robot joint or part of the arm can rotate around its own axis. An engineer under the arm trying to move the tool in World Z might make a mistake and instead move the tool in Tool Z. Such a mistake could break expensive tools such as cameras, lasers, or probes, damage parts and break fixtures, or worse yet, cause bodily injury. Also, the robot is not in production for as long as it takes to collect the points.

The generated path can now run in SolidWorks so designers can see potential collisions, verify robot reach, and add or modify fixtures. In fact, engineers can design an entire work cell in the software. In the oil pan example, the software shows the robot and oil pan without a workbench or any fixtures. That's because the idea is to concentrate on the application. First find where the part should be and perhaps the robot to do the job. The robotics program then dictates work-cell elements and the best fixture location.

Defining robot paths in CAD The solution can be summed in a nutshell: Let the part drive the robot. In other words, a part designed in SolidWorks can include features used to create robot paths. For example, during part design, the engineer might add a chamfer along the oil pan rim, not necessary for the design per se, but for the sole purpose of becoming a robot path. With the robotics software running inside SolidWorks, this operation is a matter of selecting the chamfer with three clicks. The entire calculation of the path in this case would take about 10 sec, and is as accurate as the part itself. A caveat is this maneuver might not constitute the whole job. Users might need to add application-specific information such as pressure and speed, but the main task is always to get the points. In fact, this is usually 70 to 80% of the whole job. +

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A chamfer along the edge of the oil pan (shown in purple) was added for the sole purpose of becoming a robot path.

HYBRID MODELING Hybrid modeling combines CAD with digital shape sampling and processing to speed the parametric and reverse engineering of complex parts.

accurate. In some cases, it is almost impossible to use a feature-based approach to reconstruct surfaces because it's so difficult to identify and quantify parameters that control the object's shape.

Digital shape sampling and processing (DSSP) converts 3D scan data into digital models for design, visualization, analysis, and manufacturing. Combining the advantages of DSSP with feature based modeling provides a hybrid method of modeling.

Hybrid modeling fixes these shortcomings. Basic reference geometry, such as datum's, curves, and primitive features can be measured and extracted from 3D scan data. Hybrid modeling moves easily between CAD and DSSP software to take advantage of their respective strengths.

An example of a damaged pump impeller shows how to combine DSSP and CAD to create a parametric model that can be manufactured into a replacement impeller. Combining strengths Traditional CAD models are made by defining a sequence of 2D and 3D geometric features or entities and specifying the dimensions and characteristics of these entities. Parametric models make it easy to generate part variations useful in experiments of form and function.

The first step in rebuilding the impeller is scanning the existing part. The example impeller is scanned using a GOM ATOS II, a white light scanner that uses two cameras to capture projected fringe patterns on the part's surface. Since the shiny impeller surface could interfere with the projected patterns of the scanner, it's coated with a powder to reduce reflectivity. The scanner collects millions of points to generate a point cloud. The complex shape requires taking 20 scans from different positions to provide lineof-sight to all of the impeller's surfaces. An array of registration targets is placed on the impeller to help align the scans. A technique called photogrammetry detects the target's center points from the camera images.

While traditional CAD works well when modeling from scratch, shortcomings arise when it's used to reconstruct complex surfaces. Reconstructing complex objects in CAD takes a lot of time and there is no

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The collection of visible points as seen from any position provides enough information to align the scans with each other.

Combining free-form surfacing The blades are the most complex elements of the impeller's design so their surfaces are difficult to measure or define with basic parameters. However, a blade can be quickly surfaced using Nurbs-surface functions in Geomagic. The completed surfaces are then imported into CAD as IGES or STEP features.

The scanner captures 15 million points. These are aligned and merged in Geomagic Studio software to create a polygon model. The software is also used to clean and repair the scan data. Typical cleaning includes removing extraneous data and noise, decimation of data into smaller file sizes, filling holes, and repairing intersections. In this case, the entire polygon model is repaired, but in many cases only portions of a model that will be used in a parametric reconstruction must be cleaned. Extracting curves and datum's

After importing a single blade, it can be copied around the imported datum axis to generate all the blades on the hub. Because the turbine has blades of two different designs, the important - copy process is repeated with the second blade. A direct angular measurement could define blade spacing, but a better way defines a parameter that relates angular spacing to the total number of blades. This allows changing the number of blades and letting the software calculate their spacing.

The polygon model is saved as an STL file and imported into CAD software to model the impeller hub. Users start by detecting the center axis of the impeller, defining the hub profile with an extracted curve, and then generating a surface of revolution with the curve revolved about the axis.

After incorporating the blade surfaces into the solid model, define a parametric radius where the blade base intersects the hub. This radius can be adjusted at any time. CAD functions allow other blends, such as variable radius and rolling ball.

The axis can be found by selecting the impeller's perimeter surface. This should be a perfect cylinder and will generate a stable datum axis. Next, create the profile curve that defines the hub. In this case, a simple planar cross-section curve cannot be extracted because blades interfere with the hub's cross section. Fortunately, some CAD programs allow another approach: a variable section sweep. We generate the surface by extruding a half-circle along the hub axis, and control the diameter of the half-circle with a nonplanar curve extracted from the hub surface.

Trimming and blending After positioning the blades, define additional datum's and curves to perfect the contour along the outer surfaces of the impeller. To do so, extract a nonplanar profile curve in Geomagic Studio, and use a variable section sweep to generate the surface and trim the outer surface of the blades. Then generate a cylinder to trim the outer surface of the entire impeller. Center the cylinder on the datum axis. Cylinder diameter can be measured by constructing a 3D feature cylinder from the polygon surface. After trimming the outer cylinder, we can be assured the design has a perfectly centered and symmetric impeller.

The bottom surface of the impeller is not obstructed by the blades, so a simple planar curve can be extracted and used to create a surface of revolution. To describe more parameters that control the shape of the surfaces, consider using orthogonal edge boundaries of the swept surfaces. These would also generate new, idealized curves.

With modeling complete, we can use a computer-aided inspection program to compare the final CAD model to the original scan data to verify accuracy.

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Key benefits. The hybrid modeling method provides full parametric control over the shape of the hub surface, the blend radii, and the blade number and spacing. The complete process takes less than a day, including scanning, repair, and modeling. What's more, the hybrid modeling process provides several key benefits. For instance, it:

In the impeller example, more than 15 million points from 20 different scans are aligned and merged to create a polygon model.

Uses 3D investments. CAD vendors have invested thousands of man-years to create useful systems for digital design and creation. Hybrid modeling takes advantage of existing modeling systems and the skills of CAD users and experts, and augments it with 3D measurement and rapid surfacing.

The impeller in the example is prepared for laser scanning with a spray to reduce reflections. The targets (dots) identify surfaces to help assemble overlapping scans.

Helps quickly create new designs. When compared to traditional CAD, the hybrid measurement and modeling approach greatly reduces the amount of time needed to copy an existing design. In some cases, hybrid modeling takes only hours as opposed to days or weeks using conventional techniques. Produces native parametric CAD geometry. Using the CAD system, various aspects of the design can be parametrically driven by numerical values or constraints such as assembly-mating conditions. Many file I/O translation issues are avoided because the user's CAD system produces the core of the geometry.

Scanned surfaces often show gaps that are repaired within DSSP software.

Generates accurate results. Free-form surfaces can be generated from point clouds containing millions of sample points. This technique reproduces subtleties in surface structures that would otherwise be lost. The process is repeatable because scanned data is less operator dependent than typical hand measurements.

A profile curve exported from the DSSP software helps reconstruct the blade. The hub or shroud is recreated from a scanned profile. In the example model, scans prepared in Geomagic Studio software are passed to a CAD package for assembly into a solid model ready for manufacturing.

Solid carbon di oxide is called dry ice, because when it melts it does not change into liquid but vapourises directly.

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CAD software trims the outside blade with a variable section sweep.

Computer-aided inspection verifies model accuracy by showing the variation between scanned data and the CAD model.

A blade imported from Geomagic software is added and copied to the shroud.

THE BONDED-ON BEARING They are good enough for NASCAR engines. Bonded bearing surfaces are coatings made from high-performance polymers reinforced with hard nanosized particles.

This barrier under load lets the new coating wear well by an order of magnitude over PTFE and moly-filled coatings. The bonded surfaces don't wear much even when used dry against rough mating surfaces (~32 rms or greater). They can also be formulated to lap rough counter faces smooth while providing low friction. Temperature stability of some resins is up to 600°F. This is about 100°F higher than PTFE.

Most engineers would jump at the chance to replace bearing inserts with dry lubricants. In many cases, of course, this just hasn't been practical. PTFE and moly-filled coatings might work on light loads that move slowly with PV (pressure X velocity) levels of 5,000 to 10,000 lb/in.-sec. But this PV just isn't high enough to replace traditional bearings. Abrasion is another problem and erosion can literally wash the coatings away. Four years ago, a coating technology emerged that changed all this. Formulations combine nanosized additives with highperformance engineering resins. The coatings go on load-carrying surfaces that see extreme pressure, high wear, low friction, particle or ice buildup, and static electricity. Many formulations routinely exceed PVs of 50,000 lb/in.-sec The new coatings derive strength from both their binder and additives. Resins are blended with filaments/ whiskers or submicron particles of hard reinforcing materials such as boron carbide or nanosized diamond particles. Incompressible in block or sphere forms, fibers exhibit column like behavior under load and will shear or fracture, protecting the soft binder from erosion and scuffing.

The coatings are thin from 0.0003 in. (0.007 mm) for a single layer to 0.007 in. (0.175 mm) for multiple layers. This makes them strong in that strength is inversely proportional to thickness. Thus the super thin bonded materials take on the strength of the substrate. . Wet applications First to use the coatings were automotive shock absorbers along with rotary and plunger fuel pumps where the surfaces are wetted by oil or gasoline/diesel fuel. More recently, bonded bearing surfaces have replaced Babbitt or lead over plate on journal inserts and main bearings for racing engines. Although both rod inserts and mains are hydrodynamic (d/w > 4), surface-tosurface contact has been a cause of scuffing at start-up as well as at high speeds and elevated temperatures. Part of the reason for this uneven wear is lack of concentricity and parallelism between the journals and insert surface.

Ice does not melt when kept in liquid ammonia.

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Now, a high-temperature-resistant barrier coating over the Babbitt layer withstands erosion in the hydrodynamic fluid as it supports the shaft or rod journal. This permanently bonded barrier protects lower layers from heat and erosion. It is scuffproof (when oil is absent) at temperatures over 500°F though the coating cures at temperatures below the softening point of the Babbitt. The bonded layer won't melt or smear, resulting in more uniform journal clearance, better hydrodynamic properties, and more even load distribution and elimination of some of the heavy metals historically used in these bearings.

The problem again is wear, compounded by distortion. The elastic memory of PTFE is approximately 50%. When the PTFE is side loaded in cornering the band compresses. This lets hydraulic oil leak around the outer diameter. The PTFE does not return to the original shape and becomes loose, letting hydraulic fluid seep around the edges of and behind the band. And eliminating inserts brings more bearing contact along the entire vertical height of the piston's outer diameter. There's no rule of thumb but experience has proven that bonded surfaces almost always cost less than conventional inserts. One reason is the elimination of production steps. For example, tooling, machining, and assembly of wear bands in a typical piston represent a substantial portion of the piston manufacturing cost. And with bonded surfaces, parts are laser or gauge inspected at the time of bonding so that no out-of-spec parts are made.

The first test of these bearings was in NASCAR racing engines where output exceeds 800 hp and 10,000 rpm, sustained for over 4 hr. Surface speeds of the bearings reach 7,900 fpm, with PV levels over 10 times those seen in average daily driving. Tighter tolerances New application technology helps maintain critical dimensions on the parent part. The bonded material can be varied so the clearance between the applied and mating surfaces remains essentially constant, within ±0.0002 in., as parent dimensions vary slightly. Thus, you can adjust the thickness of the bonded material when the surface needs to be thicker (or thinner) to improve part fit. In applications such as hydraulic or pneumatic cylinders, the bonded material can control fluid leaks between a piston or rod and mating surface. In shock absorbers or struts, replacing the split-bushing insert on rod guides with permanently bonded bearing surfaces keeps the calibrated leakage uniform throughout the shock's life. The strength of these lead-free (RoHS-compliant) bonded surfaces increases component life while lowering manufacturing costs. The piston connected to the rod of the shock absorber or strut presents a similar problem. In conventional design, the piston uses a PTFE band that is 0.020-in. (400-ìm) thick as a friction reducing outer band, surrounding the powder-metal piston.

Quick silver is not silver, but it is another name of mercury. It is so heavy that piece of iron floats on its surface.

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DON'T COME UNHINGED OVER ENCLOSURE DESIGN When designing or specifying cabinets and enclosures, hinges play a key role in determining whether or not the product lives up to expectations. With literally thousands of products on the market, there's usually a standard one that fits the bill and is available for quick delivery. But all those choices can mak e th e s electio n p r o ces s a b it overwhelming. Here are several basic points engineers should consider to help zero in on the hinge best suited for a particular enclosure. Key points Thousands of standard hinges are available for quick delivery. Nailing performance specs early in the design keeps expenses down and prevents costly redesign or the need for special hardware. Consider the specs To minimize total product costs and maximize performance and life, engineers need to identify the critical performance parameters early in the design process. Considerations such as applicable industry standards (NEMA or IP sealing), load requirements, environmental conditions, and aesthetics all affect hardware selection and enclosure design. For instance, appearance concerns can make concealed hinges preferable to

exposed ones. Internal or external space constraints also affect designs. The product environment and corrosion-resistance requirements, often expressed in terms of hours of salt-spray exposure per ASTM B117, can drive material and finish selection. Electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding requirements are typically defined as the degree of attenuation at a specified frequency. To determine actual performance, hinges for EMI-shielding applications must be evaluated as part of the complete enclosure. Note that hinges mounted outside the sealed area do not affect performance. Other factors such as environmental sealing, material preferences, and flammability ratings can all influence hinge selection. Fortunately, hardware comes in steel, stainless steel, die-cast zinc, brass, various plastic blends, and many other materials. There are also a range of platings and coatings to suit most any environmental concern. And planning ahead often means the difference between meeting cost and delivery goals and facing unwanted budget overruns and expensive delays. For example, when enclosures require concealed hinges, minor but significant changes to the door and frame in the early stages of design can allow the use of standard products. Deciding on concealed

Perfumed talcum powder is made from mineral called Talc. It is the softest possible mineral known to man.

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hinges late in the game, however, often means costly redesign or the need for custom hinges.

require more space inside, which can be a problem in small, tightly packed enclosures. Externally mounted hardware offers greater overall strength, more universal fit, greater flexibility for removable hinges, and is easier to specify later in the design cycle. Position control

Fixed versus removable Next consider the physical hinge style that meets your primary performance characteristics. For enclosures that need only a basic open/shut design, consider freeoperating, fixed-mounted hinges. These are typically the simplest, most economical products for attaching doors to enclosures, provided a permanently attached, fixed hinge offers acceptable door swing space and life.

Sometimes free-swinging enclosure doors can be a nuisance or hazard. Hingebased positioning devices can hold doors open at various predetermined positions without the need for additional spaceconsuming hardware such as gas struts or door stays. These can be particularly valuable in horizontally hinged applications like compartment lids and flip-up access doors, or outdoors where wind can blow doors closed. Several types are available.

Designers should also consider removable door hinges. Two-piece doorremoval hinges let users completely detach the door for maximum access and flexibility in design and operation. This style of hinge is valuable when enclosures are shipped disassembled, where the door panel ships from a different location than the main enclosure body, or if the enclosure door must be removed to allow unimpeded access for equipment upgrades, service, or routine maintenance.

Detent hinges provide a mechanism to engage the door at one or more predetermined angles within its range of motion, ensuring the door will stay open at a specific angle. Some horizontally mounted hinges let a door swing down to form a shelf, or swing up to hold the door open.

Visible lift-off style door-removal hinges provide the easiest approach. They mount on the enclosure exterior, and users simply unlatch the door and lift it off pins that stay attached to the frame. Spring-loaded concealed door-removal hinges mount inside the enclosure, for more security and cleaner appearance. With the door open, users retract the hinge pins to release the door.

Constant-torque hinges maintain consistent resistance throughout the full range of motion, giving users infinite position control. Some hinges have a preset torque resistance. Others let users adjust torque and adapt one type of hinge to a range of door loads, or permit more restrictive or liberal door swing. Other position control styles include self-closing hinges and hinges with built-in dampening. Strength

Lift-off hinges let workers keep both hands free while handling the door. Retractable- pin hinges can be used in close quarters if there is not enough room to lift and manipulate the door.

Designers should always specify hinges to accommodate not only the basic door weight, but also the maximum anticipated load on the door which can change depending on where and how an enclosure gets used. For example, increasing the door's width-height ratio increases the stress on hinges. And depending on the application, consider external forces that may be applied by workers who step, lean, hang, or pull on a door.

In or out Internally and externally mounted hinges each have specific design considerations and advantages, and their selection could ultimately depend on the existing door frame. Internally mounted hardware satisfies concerns about appearance and minimizes vandalism opportunities. Typically they

The longest regularly formed English word is Praetertranssubstantiationalistically which contains 37 letters.

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If weighing the door is not an option, calculate it by height width depth density of the door material. CAD software can also accurately determine door weight and center of gravity. To select appropriate hinges, especially in larger door installations, determine both the maximum load and center of gravity (cg). The maximum force on the hinge can be determined by combining all external loads and the reaction forces generated by gravity acting on the cg of the door.

Position-control hinges let designers tailor enclosures to the application. For example, counterbalanced hinges provide lift assistance to make heavier objects move with ease.

Manufacturers' catalog data typically lists hinge strength guidelines, such as maximum axial and radial static load capacities, and ultimate axial and radial loads. In addition, mount the hinges as far apart as possible along the longest edge of a door to maximize strength. Closer, moreeven hinge spacing helps maintain rigidity, reduce door flexing, and ensure more-even gasket sealing. Taking into account these guidelines gives a better understanding of the criteria required to specify enclosure hinges. Engineers can also seek design help from manufacturers that offer a wide range of hinge options to meet specific needs. Partnering with a knowledgeable, experienced supplier typically gives access to a broader range of information, advice, and options.

Removable hinges with a retractable pin simplify door removal without tools, and prevent pin loss due to vibration.

Externally mounted hinges from Southco can be configured for lift-off door removal or permanent installation.

The automobile engine will come, and then I will consider my life's work complete. Rudolf Diesel

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VIRTUAL REALITY AND CAD The term virtual reality has come to mean the ability to "walk around" 3D mathematical models and view them as though they physically existed in space. Some CAD models now can be viewed in virtual reality through use of special viewing helmets or glasses, and software that formats video images to create the impression of depth.

The hierarchy used in CAD/CAM networks today typically is one of a client/server nature. Each workstation, or client, has its own central processing unit (CPU) and local disk storage. The network may also have a file server that contains CPU and hard disk storage, as well as magnetic tape storage.

The impression of depth results from seeing two perspective views of a threedimensional object that correspond to the same views seen by our left and right eyes. There are two general ways to create these views. The approach employed in virtual reality helmets is to use two small video screens, one for each eye, and send each view to the respective screen. A second method, which is more typically used in CAD applications, multiplexes the two images onto the sequential video fields of an ordinary monitor. The viewer wears an inexpensive set of glasses that contain an infrared receiver and polarized left and right lenses. An infrared transmitter synchronized to the alternating video fields sends signals to the eyewear which cause each lens to shutter on and off at the appropriate time so that each eye sees the corresponding left or right view.

A key trait of client/server systems is that the file-server software provides file abstraction to the client. The workstation user doesn't need to know where the files physically reside. This behavior is courtesy of what is called a virtual-file system which allows sending file system requests to a local workstation file system or to a remote server across the network. Some advanced networks are starting to evolve another layer of hierarchy above that of the file server. The idea is to connect the file server over a wide area network to massive storage facilities consisting of optical-disk jukeboxes, and mag tape or optical-disk libraries. This additional layer is basically a near-line storage system that keeps information available with access times on the order of seconds or longer.

To track the view provided by the eyewear in space requires a special view controller consisting of three ultrasound speakers sitting on top of the monitor. They emit signals to microphones incorporated in the eyewear. Signals from both the eyewear and speaker array go to a control unit. The controller detects phase differences in the transmitted and received ultrasound signals, and uses the information to track the user's head position. Software calculates new perspective views from this information. Third-party software vendors have begun releasing packages designed to work with 3D viewing equipment. One called Sudden Depth from Chasm Graphics provides a software tool kit that lets PC users

Everything comes to him who hustles while he waits. Thomas A. Edison

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create stereo images under Windows using computer graphics or 35-mm slides. It works in conjunction with the AutoDesk 3D Studio program. Another workstation-based interactive software package called 3D Interaction Accelerator from IBM permits users to "walk through" highly complex mechanical models whose complexity significantly exceeds that which graphics hardware can handle at interactive rates. It handles models comprised of thousands of parts and millions of faces.

To have a great idea, have a lot of them. Thomas A. Edison

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ACADEMIC TOPPERS Second Years: Final years Third Years: Nawaz.S - 9.54 D. Devananthan - 85.6% Balaji.K.Y - 85% - 9.49 S.Nandakumar - 85.3% Gopalakrishnan.T - 84.7% Vivek.R V.Arunraj - 85.14% Sathrukan. - 84.6% Ganesh moorthy.M - 9.47 Best Outgoing Student D.Devananthan Co-Curricular: A.Bharathiraja Extra-Curricular: R.Mohamed Riaz

CO-CURICULAR Third years: Designace 09 Barry Wehmiler nd 2 place Balaji. K.Y Suganesh. S Mohanraj. K Prabu. A Maliikarjun. S Selvakumar

Second Years: -{second Place in innovate (Kurushetra, Anna university)} üBob allan.V üDeepak Raja.S üChythenyan.N.K üKrishna Balaji.R.V {workshop in BITS) ØNirmalesh. ØNaveed Ahmed

SPORTS ACHIEVEMENTS TENNIS: Zonal and Intramural winners üShivanand.P - Final year üMuthu Saravanan.M - Final year üNaresh - Second year üBob Allan - Second year

VOLLEY BALL: Intramural winners üVinoth.T -Final Year üVignesh.R.S -Final Year üShankar.A -Final Year üMohanraj.A -Third Year üSana ullah. -Third Year üThyagarajan.J -Third year üShri Janu -First year

BALL BADMINTON: INTRAMURAL WINNERS üVinoth.T -Final Year üRamachandran.D - Final Year üLawrence Micheal.I -Third Year üArunagiriThird Year üSathrukan.P - Third Year üMuthu Saravanan.M - Final year

SHUTTLE: INTRAMURAL WINNERS üArunagiri - Third Year üSathrukan.P -Third Year

To invent, you need a good imagination and a pile of junk. Thomas A. Edison

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CHESS: BASKET BALL: INTRAMURAL RUNNERS AND ZONAL INTRAMURAL WINNERS WINNERS üVinoth.T -FinalYear üGanesh Kumar.R -Third Year üVimal Raj.S.B -Second Year üBalaji.M.K - Third Year üRaja Vishnu.R -Second Year üJaganathan.A - Third Year üKhhijas -First Year üVigna Raj.S.J -Second Year üRaghu-F -First Year üPrabhakaran.S -First Year üGanesh -Third Year üVignesh.N -Second Year

CRICKET :INTRAMURAL WINNERS

üVinoth.T -Final Year üRamachandran.D -Final Year üRavichandran.P -Final Year üAravindhan.C -Final Year üGiri Prasad -Final Year üArul.K -Final Year üElanchezhian.J -Final Year üShanmuga sundaram.S -Final Year üShankar.A -Final Year üElaya Kumar -Final Year üSana Ullah.A.S -Third Year üVigna Raj -Second Year üVijay Anand -Second Year üArunagiri -Third Year

ATHELETICS: INTRAMURAL

üVinoth.T üSana Ullah üSaravanan üRajasekar üUdaya Kumar

SNOOKER:WINNERS üDheeraj Gangi - Third Year ATHELETICS: Zonal üVinoth.T · 110 Hurdles · 400mts Hurdles · 4X100mts relay · 4X400mts relay

üSana Ullah A.S -Third Year · 200mts 2ndnd place · 4X100mts relay 2 place · 4X400mts relay 2nd place üPerumal Chetty -Third Year · 20km walk 2nd · 20km walk Interzone 2nd üSomasundaram -Third Year rd · 20km walk 3

-Final Year -long jumpnd 1st -Third Year -100mts 2st -SecondYear -100mts 1st, long jump 2nd -Second Year -800mts 1 -Third year -5000mts 1st

To my mind the old masters are not art; their value is in their scarcity. Thomas A. Edison

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- Final Year 3rd place 2nd place 2nd place 2nd Place

MANUFACTURING Bimodal Grain Structure Alaparti H V Pavan -Pre-final year undergraduate, Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600036.

Introduction: All conventional structural materials are desired to have excellent mechanical properties. Strength and ductility are the two most important mechanical properties one needs for any material. But strength and ductility are quite contrary to each other. If we improve the strength then it is likely that the ductility comes down and vice versa. But uniform and fine-grained materials are always preferred for their better mechanical properties. During recent times, a lot of research is going in to convert bulk grain material into materials having sub-micron or nano grains. This motivation is due to the well known Hall-Petch relation (This relation fails at very low grain sizes as the grains cannot support large number of dislocations within them when they are extremely small). But the problem associated with Sub-micron or Nano grains is that ductility drops though the strength improves tremendously. There is not much of uniform elongation in tension of these materials. Hence, there is a tremendous necessity to develop a microstructure which is such that we not only get high yield strength but also a good amount of uniform elongation which is greater than or equal to that of coarse grain material. One of the ways of producing such a material is where strength is not compromised for increase in ductility is by having a Bimodal Microstructure where the fine grains are responsible for high strength and the coarse grains improve ductility.

Methods employed: The following are some of the methods by which Bimodal grain structure can be developed in materials: 1. Equal Channel Angular Processing/Pressing at a reasonable temperature and subsequent Annealing 2. Equal Channel Angular Processing/Pressing with back pressure at a reasonable temperature 3. Severely CryoRolling and Low Temperature Annealing 4. Severely CryoRolling and Low Temperature Ageing 5. Sintering or Hot Pressing Microsize powders with Nanosize powders 6. Thermal Spraying and Annealing of deposits for Al-Sn alloys 7. Pre-deformation heat treatment and High Pressure Torsion and subsequent Annealing

We don't know a millionth of one percent about anything. Thomas A. Edison

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Note: All these methods do not produce a bimodal microstructure in any material. Each method is a processing route for certain materials only. Some of the methods are discussed in detail:

Iequipment is BCC and it undergoes DuctileBrittle transition at such low temperatures and fails. After rolling, they are again dipped in the Liquid Nitrogen to make their temperature same as that of Liq Nitogen. Then they are annealed or aged at temperatures around 195oC (typically for aluminium alloys) to get the bimodal grain structure after recrystallisation. Thermal Spraying: High Velocity OxyFuel (HVOF) thermal spraying is used as a method for depositing low porosity Al-Sn based layers directly onto steel strip for its use as a journal bearing. In this process, the spray is produced by injecting raw material powder into a gun designed specially where these particles are heated and accelerated by the combustion of oxygen and fuel at high pressures leading to high particle velocities and which in turn leads to low levels of porosity. This is a continuous spray of molten or semi molten particles. The cooling rates typically are the order of 106 to 107 Ks-1. This is later annealed at a temperature to obtain desired properties and microstructure. Results 1. Increase in Yield Strength and Tensile Strength. But increase in yield strength is more significant 2. Increase in hardness 3. Total elongation increases almost equal to the coarse grain material 4. Wear resistance improves 5. The material exhibits remarkable Strain Hardening

Equal Channel Angular Processing/Pressing (ECAP ECAP consists of two channels of equal cross section meeting at an angle which is predetermined (as shown in Figure 2). The angle is usually between 90o and 135o. The metal piece is inserted into the above setup through the top channel with a punch and extruded through the bottom channel. The advantage in this process is that the dimensions of the workpiece, i.e., the cross section does not vary before and after processing and hence this process can be repeated a number of times using the same die. Changing the orientation of the workpiece and thereby changing the strain path of the deformation we can get different microstructures and hence different mechanical properties.

Discussion It appears that bimodal grain structure, which is beneficial to improve the mechanical properties of bulk nanomaterials, also has problems that the exact distributions of the grain size, grain shape, and spatial distribution are sensitive to processing. Hence, a lot of processing parameters require extreme importance.

Cryo-rolling Process:

This is the same rolling process that is done to the samples which are at cryo temperature (usually Liquid Nitrogen temperature). These samples are first dipped for 10-15 mins in Liquid Nitrogen and then they are passed through iron rolls which are at room temperature. The entire setup is not maintained at cryo temperature because of the fact that iron used in rolling

What a man's mind can create, man's character can control. Thomas A. Edison

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LASER WELDING MACHINE

Integrated handling and laserwelding reduces the number of machining operations in the manufacturing process. Modern laser beam sources and optimal clamping technology ensure minimum welding distortion. The space-saving, compact design increases the integrity of the process capability and the flexibility of the machine.

The extraordinarily sturdy twinspindle laser-welding machine offers simultaneous loading and unloading of the work spindles. The clamped/compressed component can be welded axially and radially. An integrated compression unit ensures that welding distortion is reduced to a minimum. All optical components remain stationary throughout the machining process.

LATEST MILLING MACHINE Cimatron partners with leading machine tool builders to display parts cut on advanced high speed milling machines achieving high surface quality and fast delivery time Givat Shmuel, Israel - January 21, 2009 Cimatron Limited (NASDAQ: CIMT), a leading provider of integrated CAD/CAM solutions for the toolmaking and manufacturing industries, today announced that its Cimatron software will be used to program top of the line milling machines at the prestigious Indian Metal-Cutting Machine Tool Exhibition (IMTEX). 5-Axis Machining BFW will display the cutting of an aerospace joystick on the BMV 5AX machine. Cimatron makes full use of 5-Axis technology, allowing for production of the complete part in one set-up with a high level of accuracy and an impressive polish-free surface quality.

Tool making Cimatron NC 3-Axis and 3+2 positioning milling solution provides a tool path for the milling of complex mold and die components, utilizing HSM technology with efficient rough operations that will reduce machining cycle time and elongate tooling & machine life by keeping constant chip load as much as possible. Finish tool path operations will create superb surface quality to minimize the need for hand polish with the usage of tool path extension, sharp edge milling and contour as touch points.

What you are will show in what you do. Thomas A. Edison

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Cimatron NC 5-Axis Production supports continuous milling, providing full control over the tilt and lead angles as well as complete gouge and collision prevention. Touch-of-a-button 5-Axis tilting solution is especially suitable for parts with deep cavities, narrow ribs, and tight corners, allowing the use of shorter and more rigid tools for rapid machining and superb surface quality.

Cimatron's 5-Axis solution includes a rich set of solutions to streamline 5-Axis machining of common applications such as impellers, turbine blades, inlets, human implants, electrodes, and engraving. To simplify the integration of the application into the 5-Axis manufacturing environment, an extensive selection of post-processors is provided by Cimatron.

SWISS MACHINES For most Swiss machine applications, 80 percent of the component is processed on the main spindle, with some finishing work taking place on the sub spindle. This approach to part processing unnecessarily increases cycle times and creates delays in the production process, as the sub spindle is often idle while waiting for parts. A far more efficient approach is to perform 50 percent of the work on the main spindle and 50 percent on the sub spindle. Any operation that can be moved to the sub spindle will reduce production cost and improve utilization of the machine. Most likely, the easiest and most productive method for achieving this would be to move back turning and external grooving to the sub spindle where tool space is available. Main Spindle It is ideal to begin with drilling, followed by internal machining (boring, threading) on the main spindle. The work is done very close to the guide bush, which offers rigidity for a vibration-free machining process. The second operation would be external turning on the main spindle.

If possible, take the total depth of cut in one pass, to decrease cutting time and increase stability. The next operation is external grooving and milling. Face milling is the preferred operation, as it generates less cutting forces because of the limited stability and power of the rotating spindle. The final operation on the main spindle is the cut-off operation. It is best to pick off the component as close as possible to the main spindle to reduce vibration and maintain a good surface finish. Sub spindle The first operation on the sub spindle should be back turning. Again, it is best to take the depth of cut in one pass to reduce cycle times and increase stability. The final operation on the sub spindle is internal, encompassing machining processes that include drilling, boring and threading. Again, the goal is to reduce cycle time. To accomplish this, one must improve the utilization of the sub spindle of a Swiss machine.

America is a country of inventors, and the greatest of inventors are the newspaper men. Alexander Graham Bell

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VERTICAL TURNING Interestingly, in the past few years the process of turning in metal working has seen some of the most dramatic innovation applied to it. Live tooling, C-axis, Y-axis, tool changers, inverted vertical spindles and more can be found on numerous machines currently available. There are many applications where what seems to be old-fashioned technology is the best means to make parts. The traditionally designed VTL (vertical turret lathe) is an example of this class of technology. While its basic form has been around awhile, the VTL hasn't stopped evolving. New versions of these machine tools incorporate many of the productive technological innovations found in horizontal turning centers.

Application: Like most turbines, functionally a gas turbine is a relatively simple machine. Fuel is burned in a combustion chamber, and the expanding gas passes through a series of blades turning them like air across a fan. Rotational speeds and temperatures are very high in these engines.

Advantages: An important advantage of the VTL machine is the ease in which large heavy work pieces can be set and held in place for machining. An advantage to any shop using VTL is that gravity is an important factor in holding these parts. Generally only a minimum of hard clamping is required.

Concentrate all your thoughts upon the work at hand. The sun's rays do not burn until brought to a focus. Alexander Graham Bell

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NANO-TECHNOLOGY NANO ANTENNAS FOR TREATING CANCER around. Using this method researchers have been able to target and completely remove one hundred percent of tumors in laboratory mice, without harming any healthy cells surrounding the tumor.

A PhD candidate from the Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology (HST) has pioneered some innovative new treatments in the emerging field of nanomedicine that could aid in the fight against cancer. Geoffrey von Maltzahn's polymer-coated gold 'nano-antennas' are designed to be injected into the bloodstream to target and destroy cancerous tumors.

Von Maltzahn has also pioneered a second nanoparticle-based invention designed to utilize a more natural approach to seek and deliver therapeutics to cancer in the body. Looking to the swarming activities of ants, he has designed a simple set of particles that communicate with each other whilst in the body and collaboratively detect and destroy cancers. One particular two-step approach that he has demonstrated involves harmless 'scout' particles that travel around the body with the goal of finding and broadcasting the location of cancer cells. Secondary 'assassin' particles can pick up the broadcast and target the area in question with large and localized doses of therapeutic drugs. Von Maltzahn claims that this method can deliver over 40 times the regular dose to affected areas.

Cancer is one of the leading causes of death in our modern society, with over a million people diagnosed every year. Despite the huge amount of money and resources that have been invested into finding effective ways to treat cancer, the complexity of the disease in its many manifestations has meant a cure has been elusive. The most common forms of cancer treatment, such as chemotherapy, are designed to kill the fastgrowing cells that form a malignant tumor, but these end up attacking many of the body's naturally growing cells as well as not being thorough in their attack on cancerous cells. Von Maltzahn's new method involves injecting nanomaterials, which are materials on the scale of one ten thousandth of a millimeter, into the bloodstream. These tiny gold 'nano-antennas' gradually concentrate at the site of the tumor by infiltrating pores in rapidly growing tumor blood vessels. Nearinfrared light can penetrate the surface of theskin, and shining it on these nanoparticles causes them to convert the light energy into heat, heating up the particles and destroying the cancer cells they have conglomerated

“If such highly-targeted delivery can be achieved clinically, this method would enable doctors to increase the drug dose that is delivered to tumors, increasing its overall efficacy and reducing side-effects,” Von Maltzahn explains. “This concept of engineering systems of nanoparticles that collectively outsmart disease barriers has many potential applications in medicine, from improving regenerative medicines to ultra-sensitive diagnostics.”

Neither the Army nor the Navy is of any protection, or very little protection, against aerial raids. Alexander Graham Bell

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NANO-TECHNOLOGY IN RAIN MAKING In years gone by it was thought we could alter the weather and induce rain through dances and other rituals, while traveling showmen made their attempts throughout during the drought of the American West and Midwest in the 1930's. Rainmaking has advanced since those days with the advent of cloud seeding, but while cloud seeding has been shown to change the structure and size of clouds, it's still debatable whether the practice actually has any effect on rainfall. Now a breakthrough by an international team of scientists could help in the development of new materials which could be used to enhance the process.

cause rain, they do not necessarily need to focus on materials that have hexagonal surfaces - other types of surfaces may be good too," says scientists. "It is important to understand the structure of ice on the nanoscale, and in particular up against solid surfaces because this is how ice crystals form," explains the paper's first author. "We need to understand the structure of ice crystals in the upper atmosphere because they play an important role in the formation of clouds and precipitation." And cloud seeding is not the only area to be affected by the discovery. The formation of nanoscale ice crystals (i.e. nucleation) plays a key role in fields as diverse as atmospheric chemistry and biology.

Presently the most common materials for cloud seeding are dry ice and silver iodide, which has a hexagonal crystalline structure similar to that of ice. Introducing silver iodide into a cloud that contains supercooled water is supposed to induce freezing nucleation, whereas the introduction of dry ice cools the air so much that ice crystal can form spontaneously from the vapor phase. The structure of regular ice is well known at the macroscale with ice structures usually built out of simple hexagonal arrangements of water molecules - this hexagonal building block motif is easily observed in the structures of snowflakes. Ice structures however, are much more mysterious and less well understood at the nanoscale particularly when ice forms at an interface with matter as is the case in the higher atmosphere with particles of dust. Silver iodide is used because of its hexagonal crystalline structure, but as reported in Nature Materials (March 2009) scientists led by researchers at the London Centre for Nanotechnology (LCN) at UCL have discovered a novel one dimensional ice chain structure built from pentagons showing that ice can build an extended one dimensional chain structure entirely from pentagons and not hexagons."This discovery leads to fundamental new understanding about the nature of hydrogen bonding at interfaces and suggests that when people are searching for new ice nucleating agents which can be used to seed clouds and

In order to address the challenge of characterizing ice on the nanoscale, the team from the LCN joined up with a team of experimentalists from the University of Liverpool to examine ice formation on a very well defined, atomically flat copper surface. Ice nucleation on metal surfaces affords an opportunity to watch this process unfold at the molecular-scale on a well-defined, plane interface. A common feature of structural models for such films of ice is that they are built from hexagonal arrangements of molecules. The Liverpool group performed scanning tunneling microscopy experiments and the LCN and Berlin teams carried out ab initio calculations to predict what the microscopy results would be. Only through the combination of these two state-of-the-art approaches were they able to definitively show that the ice structures that form are made from pentagons. The team's discovery that ice chain structures can be made from pentagons offers the possibility of replacing silver iodide as a seeding agent, which has also raised some (small) concerns from some quarters regarding the uptake of silver in the environment. Now as to whether cloud seeding is effective in the first place I'll leave for you to decide, but until strong evidence proving its effectiveness or otherwise is found, it seems certain that cloud seeding will continue.

Sometimes we stare so long at a door that is closing that we see too late the one that is open. Alexander Graham Bell

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A Novel Way to Fight Air Borne Diseases -Bhavya Bhushan Yadhav, RV Engineering College, Bengaluru. [email protected] A nanocomposite material that is both Biocompatible and Antimicrobial is made at a low cost. This material can be made into fibrous structures that mimic human hair present in nose. This fibrous material is implanted in nose not in a very deep region but at a position which is very suitable for the human being and also doesn't compromise the purpose for which it is implanted. Once implanted in the nose they act as normal hair structures with novel properties that help to kill the Pathogens trying to enter human body via nose and make people safe from several chronic diseases.

Special air-sampling devices have been used to collect such particles since the 19th century but it has often been impossible to identify them accurately since the pathogens undergo mutations very often and develop resistance to presently available drugs. Many have built devises with instruments that detect microbes by using techniques such as guest hot complex, etc. But still now there is no economical means to prevent the disease causing organisms from entering the body. Several nanofilters & wearable masks containing nano structures are the maximum that is available in the market. Diseases are only treated after the detection of the disease but no efficient way of preventing the diseases are so far made. Nano Solution For A Global Problem: Carbon is always known for its biocompatibility recent research has shown that many carbon based nanostructures are very biocompatible and they have astounding results made in the field of Nanobiotechnology. Recently a Virginia tech scientist prepared Nanozomes whose outer layer was made of Carbon nanostructures the nanozome was used to store oxygen in blood and release it during emergency. Another chemical that is of great medicinal importance from ages is Silver. Recent studies on silver has shown that silver can break open the cell membrane of single cell organisms (pathogens)and kill them by spilling all their cell content outside due to rupturing of the cell membrane. A composite material can be made of these two elements where Carbon helps in binding to the skin and make biocompatibility and silver on the other hand can catch pathogens and kill them and prevent them from entering the nasal duct. A Carbon Nano Tube with Silver attached to it can be a easy

How Sevier are Air Borne Diseases: The statistics of persons affected by air borne diseases appear as a killer, According to the World Health Organization (WHO), nearly 2 billion peopleone third of the world's populationhave been exposed to the tuberculosis pathogen. Annually, 8 million people become ill with tuberculosis, and 2 million people die from the disease worldwide. In 2004, around 14.6 million people had active TB disease with 9 million new cases. The annual incidence rate varies from 356 per 100,000 in Africa to 41 per 100,000 in the Americas. Many people are affected by diseases like Cryptococcosis, Blastomycosis , Coccidiodomycosis , Histoplasmosis Aspergillosis, etc. Challenges and Trends in Nanobiotechnology to fight Air Borne Diseases: Plant, animal and human diseases spread by microscopic airborne particles have had major economic and social impacts during history

The most successful men in the end are those whose success is the result of steady accretion. Alexander Graham Bell

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solution since Carbon Nano Tubes can form hairy structures. Is It Possible To Have Such a Material: A recent research by College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University a facile and efficient aqueous phase-based strategy to synthesize carbon nanotube (CNT)/silver nanocrystal nanohybrids at room temperature is reported, this a very economical and handy way to synthesize the material. In the presence of carboxyl group functionalized or poly(acrylic acid)- (PAA-) grafted CNTs, silver nanoparticles were in situ generated from AgNO3 aqueous solution, without any additional reducing agent or irradiation treatment, and readily attached to the CNT convex surfaces, leading to the CNT/Ag nanohybrids. The nanoparticle sizes of silver can be controlled from 2 nm to 1020 nm and the amount of metal deposited on CNT surfaces can be as high as 82 wt%. Furthermore, large-scale (10 g or more) CNT/Ag nanohybrids can be prepared via this approach without the decrease of efficiency and quality. The facile, efficient and large-scale availability of the nanohybrids makes their tremendous potential realizable and developable. For this we don't need huge clean room industries to manufacture Silver Carbon Nano Tubes thus this makes the product highly cost effective and a marketable one. Also there is Hydrogenated diamond-like-carbon (a-C:H) and hydrogen-free amorphous carbon (a-C) coatings known to be biocompatible and have good chemical inertness. For this reason, both of these materials are strong candidates to be used as a matrix that embeds metallic elements with antimicrobial effect. This was shown as research work published in Materials Research Society journal of USA. So in many ways Silver can be Added to Carbon.

Adaptability And Sustainability Of The Solution: The solution is very generic to the cause and does not need adaptation to changing needs because we simply rupture the cell membranes of any microbe that is trying to enter the nose. Ease Of Implementation: The manufacturing processes that are explained above are very economical and it can be synthesized in laboratory conditions and many developing countries can afford the manufacturing process. Only an expertise in the transplanting of the fibers should be considered as serious issue. Conclusion: The above research works show promising to our mission to have biocompatible carbon silver structures that can be placed inside the nose and prevent hazardous diseases by trapping the pathogens at the nose. Presently huge amounts of capital is invested in the research of these diseases and to find a novel way to prevent these diseases getting affected to people. Many people get the Tuberculosis,etc because of inhaling air containing its bacteria. Thus by implanting Carbon Silver Nano tubes inside the nose can prevent the disease to a very great extent.

The nation that secures control of the air will ultimately control the world. Alexander Graham Bell

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ROBOTICS QUADRABOTS Autonomous flying quadcopter robots built from off-the-shelf parts in €300 kits (US$380), could establish radio networks for phones and wireless Internet in disaster zones. The system is being developed by German researchers at the Ilmenau University of Technology, which is seeking phD students to assist with the project.

temporary networks for communication more quickly than technicians on the ground. The bots are equipped with satellite navigation, GPS, and VIA Pico-ITX hardware. They are designed to fly to various points on high ground, for example the top of a building, and provide network coverage.

When infrastructure is damaged or destroyed, it's vital that people are able to access information or call for help, and that teams on the ground can communicate efficiently. The quadcopter bots could provide ad-hoc,

But while the bots themselves cost €300, the batteries to power them cost €1,000 (US$1,265), and provide just 20 minutes of flying time. After the bot has landed, it can remain operational for “several hours.”

TALON ROBOTS The most common robots currently in use by the military are small, flat robots mounted on miniature tank treads. These robots are tough, able to tackle almost any terrain and usually have a variety of sensors built in, including audio and video surveillance and chemical detection. These robots are versatile, with different sensor or weapon packages available that mount to the main chassis. Virtually all of them are manportable.

Versatility has been designed into the TALON as well, with multiple possible configurations available that adapt the robot to the situation at hand. The basic TALON includes audio and video listening devices and a mechanical arm. A lightweight (60lb/27-kg) version omits the arm. TALONs were used for search and rescue at WTC Ground Zero, and they have been used in Bosnia, Afghanistan and Iraq for the disposal of live grenades, improvised explosive devices and other dangerous explosives. Recently, the TALON was prepared to take on an even bigger role. All TALONs are now equipped with chemical, gas, temperature and radiation sensors. The military is even running tests on TALONs that carry guns. "TALON robots can be configured with M240 or M249 machine guns or Barrett 50caliber rifles," according to manufacturer Foster-Miller.

TALON The TALON is a man-portable robot operating on small treads. It weighs less than 100 lbs (45 kg) in its base configuration. TALON is designed to be very durable -- one of the robots reportedly fell off a bridge and into a river in Iraq. Sometime later, the soldiers set up the TALON's control unit and simply drove it out of the river . That brings up another important feature of the TALON -it's amphibious. TALON is operated with a joystick control, has seven speed settings (top speed is 6feet/1.8 meters per second) and can use its treads to climb stairs, maneuver through rubble and even take on snow.

I have seen the science I worshiped, and the aircraft I loved, destroying the civilization I expected them to serve. Charles Lindbergh

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THERMAL NEW BMW INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE CLAIMED TO CLEAN AIR pollutants in the surrounding air are consumed by the engine as well as small amounts of lubricating oil. After the burn process there are virtually zero exhaust emissions. In fact, according to BMW's own testing the exhaust coming out of the tailpipe was actually cleaner than the ambient air going in. In initial testing, the Hydrogen 7's engine actually shows emissions levels that, for certain components, such as Non Methane Organic Gases (NMOG's) and Carbon Monoxides (CO's), are cleaner than the ambient air that comes into the car's engine. BMW has been developing hydrogen technology more than 25 years and claims it's the most logical energy carrier of the future for three key reasons. First, it has no carbon and therefore hydrogen combustion generates no CO2, hydrocarbons and other pollutants. Second, it can be produced using renewable, clean technologies like solar, wind, geothermal, and bio-processes. And lastly, it can be produced in stable areas of the globe as necessary for energy security.

BMW (Bayerische Motoren Werke) has unveiled a new internal combustion engine design that not only produces near zero emissions, but it apparently absorbs and burns ambient air pollutants as well. The ultra-clean engine debuts in the new monofuel Hydrogen 7 saloon and is on display at SAE World Congress meeting in Detroit. Based on the original V12-powered BMW Hydrogen 7 bi-fuel version (petrol and hydrogen), the new mono-fuel vehicle's internal combustion engine is optimized to run solely on hydrogen and is said to deliver the same performance, comfort, and safety as a regular production BMW 7 Series plus better mileage than its predecessor. Since the consumed hydrogen has no carbon, the engine itself would produce no CO2, hydrocarbons, or other pollutants. However, BMW claims the existing

The Hydrogen 7 mono-fuel is a demonstration production vehicle, not a prototype, and was created to showcase the clean energy potential and feasibility of a hydrogen internal combustion engine.

DETONATION IN PETROL ENGINES Petrol (gasoline) is a distilled and refined oil product made up of hydrogen and carbons - a hydrocarbon. A long-chain hydrocarbon to be exact. It doesn't spontaneously combust without extreme provocation. When you have a petrol fire, it's not the petrol itself that is burning, it's the vapour, and this is the key to fueling an engine. The carburetor or fuel injectors spray petrol into an air stream. The

tiny particles of petrol evaporate into a vapour extremely quickly, and combined in a cloud with the air, it becomes extremely combustible. The smaller the particles from the carburetor jet or fuel injector, the more efficiently the mixture burns.

I owned the world that hour as I rode over it. free of the earth, free of the mountains, free of the clouds, but how inseparably I was bound to them. Charles Lindbergh

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4 stroke combustion cycle. The intake valve is on the right, the exhaust valve on the left. Detonation, dieseling or pre-ignition are all terms for what happens when the fuel-air mix spontaneously explodes rather than burning. Normally this happens when the mixture is all fouled up, and the engine is running hot. The temperature and pressure build up too quickly in the combustion chamber and before the piston can reach the top of its travel, the mixture explodes. This explosion tries to counteract the advancing piston and puts an enormous amount of stress on the piston, the cylinder walls and the connecting rod. From the outside of the engine, you'll hear it as a knocking or pinging sound. The precise sound is very hard to describe because every engine sounds slightly different when it happens. But the best way I can describe it is a constant 'toc toc toc' type knocking sound.

Detonation, pre-ignition, pinking, pinging and knocking. Petrol doesn't spontaneously combust? Well it can if the conditions are right, and the conditions are extreme heat and pressure - exactly the conditions you find in the combustion chamber. When this happens, it's called detonation or pre-ignition. Diesel engines rely on this process because they don't have a spark plug in the traditional sense of the word. However in petrol engines, when this happens (also known as dieseling), it's a Very Bad Thing. Engines are designed to have the fuel-air mix burn at a fixed point in the cycle, not explode randomly. Whilst it might look like an explosion, if you could film it on a super highspeed camera, you'd see the mixture actually burns up very quickly rather than exploding. The video is just that - in-cylinder video of the

PULSTAR SPARK PLUG The test vehicle for this product test is a Honda Element. The Element isn't exactly a performance vehicle - it's a porky SUV (sports utility vehicle) with the aerodynamics of a tower block. It has Honda's venerable 2.4 i-VTEC engine in it though, so it's no slouch considering it's size. However, it does represent a factory vehicle with no performance mods; one that is used every day for everything from hoofing it mountain roads to go skiing, to long-distance road trips. To test the Pulstar claims, two things need to happen. First - fuel economy before-and-after, and second, outright horsepower and 0-60

that has proven to be within a couple of percent of more traditional measurement methods. Below is a table of ten 0-60 times, ten horsepower runs and seven mpg calculations, sorted lowest-to-highest. The mpg figures are for the last 7 tanks before the test began. These are real-world figures, not manufacturer-inflated ones. Important note: Because this test was done with an automatic transmission, the horsepower results are slightly skewed. The important number will be the difference between the before and after horsepower values - not the values themselves - because each test was done in near identical conditions with the same equipment, vehicle and testing procedure. Note - the rows are independent of each other. ie. a horsepower measurement does not correspond to an mpg calculation or 0-60 time.

times before and after.

Before To get a good average for all the figures measured, the key is to get a bunch of readings, eliminate the highest and lowest values, and then average the rest. The performance testing was done using a G-Tech performance meter - an easy-to-use product

I realized that If I had to choose, I would rather have birds than airplanes. Charles Lindbergh

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mpg

Horsepower

0-60 time

17.6

105

11.37

17.9

106

11.74

18.0

106

11.77

18.2

107

11.78

19.4

108

11.80

19.5

108

11.80

19.7

109

12.00

-

111

12.01

-

112

12.26

-

115

12.28

After The Pulstar test lasted 4 months which allowed a good spread of time for them to bed in and perform on a daily basis. (Pulstar claim it could take a couple of tank full of gas for a car's engine management system to adapt to the new plugs.) The 'after' tests were done in the same location as the 'before' tests with near enough identical atmospheric conditions. As before, the runs were done each way to average out any prevailing wind. The mpg figures represent the last 7 tanks with the Pulstar plugs in the engine. The results were as follows. As above, the rows are independent of each other. ie. a horsepower measurement does not correspond to an mpg calculation or 0-60 time. mpg

Horsepower

0-60 time

15.2

105

11.33

16.6

106

11.35

17.6

107

11.64

17.8

107

11.75

18.3

108

11.80

18.9

109

12.02

19.0

109

12.10

-

112

12.26

-

113

12.31

-

113

12.32

Conclusion: "Designer" Spark Plugs. If you've never changed your spark plugs, putting almost any brand of new plug in your engine will yield some change to your vehicle's characteristics - normally a slightly increased gas mileage and slightly increased horsepower. With the Pulstar plugs, the average gas-mileage went down slightly over the course of the test. This bears out similar reports from other group tests of these spark plugs published elsewhere on the web. Horsepower did go up but only slightly using the testing method here. As I said above, it's not the absolute value that is important - it's the difference between the before and after figures. In this case half a horsepower equates to about 0.4% difference. Any sort of dyno testing whether it be rolling road or dynamic in-car testing like this will typically have an error tolerance of about 5% so the difference in horsepower results in this case is negligible. I rated the plugs as 2 stars because they're good quality plugs and make fine replacements for anything you might have in your engine right now. But they simply do not live up to the claims made in the advertising. Photos of the plugs after 4 months in use will be posted shortly.

If I had to choose, I would rather have birds than airplanes. Charles Lindbergh

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REFRIGERATION WITHOUT COMPRESSOR --MAGNETIC REFRIGERATON: - Malli Arun, Pre - Final Year

The magnetic refrigeration is method of refrigeration based on the magnetocaloric effect-“some magnetic materials heat up when they are placed in a magnetic field and cool down when they are removed from the magnetic field”. This effect is obeyed by all transition metals and lanthanide elements, e.g.: gadolinium. The main difference associated with this process is that it is void of compressor. The compressor is replaced by small bed containing the magnetocaloric material, a small pump to circulate the heat transfer fluid, and a drive shaft to move the bed in and out of the magnetic field. The heat transfer fluid used in this process is water mixed with ethanol instead refrigerants that pose threats to the environment. This project will develop a high efficiency prototype of refrigeration unit, capable of replacing the conventional refrigeration system. This project aim is to delivers following key benefits: · Increase the energy/ cost efficiency of the running system. · E liminating of all gas-based refrigerants (e.g.: CFC's, HFC's, HCFC's etc). · Eliminating the high capital and working cost of the compressor. · This heat transfer fluid is cheaper than traditional refrigerants and also eliminates its effects on environment (ozone depletion).

PROCESS: This magnetic field is generated by a solenoid. There are two regenerators beds made of Gd that are alternatively inserted into the field. Thus the relative movement of the refrigerant out of the fields causes the lowering of the temperature. Each bed rotates through the magnetic field in one second. The first regenerator bed inside the magnetic field experiences an increase in temperature as the one outside feels a decreasing temperature as it is outside the field. It will again be warmed by entering into the field. The heat is dissipated into passing water which carries the heat toa heat exchanger. This serves two purposes. The water cools the Gd so itcan begin lowering quicker and it aid sin eventual cooling by the changing magnetic field. The whole process takes about 2 seconds. For the lowest change in magnetic fields studied, from 0 to 1.5 teslas, the efficiency was about 20% and 30%. Between 0 and 5 Teslas, the efficiency increased to 50%-60%, a substantial increase. The cooling power of the machine ranges

Is he alone who has courage on his right hand and faith on his left hand? Charles Lindbergh

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between 200W and 600W, which at this point is a great beginning for building a refrigerator that will eventual have much better cooling power than refrigerators of today. There is also less wasted energy and greater efficiency.

FUTURE PLAN: With continued research in magnetic refrigeration could become the next big advance in refrigeration technology. The future plan will be to adapt this technology to the homemade refrigeration.

SLUDGE There's a snappy new moniker for Black Death now, and it's called sludge. The cause is the same as Black Death and it seems to be regardless of maintenance or mileage. The chemical compounds in engine oils break down over time due to prolonged exposure to high temperatures and poor maintenance habits. When the oil oxidizes, the additives separate from the oil and begin to chemically break down and solidify, leading to the baked-on oil deposits turning gelatinous, and that nasty compound is what is lovingly referred to nowadays as sludge. It's like blackyoghurt. What doesn't help is that modern engines, due to packaging, have smaller sumps than in the "good old days" and so hold less oil. This means that the oil that is present in the engine can't hold as much crap and can lead to earlier chemical breakdown. The most common factor in sludge buildup is mineral oils combined with a lack of maintenance by the car owner combined with harsh driving conditions. But this isn't true in

all cases. For some reason, a 2005 Consumer Reports article discovered that some engines from Audi, Chrysler, Saab, Toyota, and Volkswagen appear prone to sludge almost no matter how often the oil is changed.

What does sludge look like? I was contacted by a BMW driver who's been having a particularly harsh time with sludge and has been discussing it on the Bimmerfest forums. He posted some images of his problem and other readers posted similarly-framed images of the same engine components in "normal" condition. Below are two of those photos. On the left is what the cam case should look like in a well maintained engine when photographed through the oil filler cap. On the right is what the same type of engine looks like when suffering sludge buildup.

Isn't it strange that we talk least about the things we think about most? Charles Lindbergh

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When is sludge not sludge?

In this example, the consensus was that the sludge buildup was caused by an overheating engine, oil that hadn't been changed for 20,000 miles of stop-go city driving, a lot of cold starts and a period of about 12 months in storage without an oil change. Most of this happened before the current owner got it.

Curing sludge: There are no hard and fast rules for curing an engine of sludge buildup. If it's really bad, flushing the engine might be the only cure, but that could also cause even more problems. If flushing the engine results in bits of sludge getting lodged where they can do more damage, you're actually worse off. It's interesting to note that some race techs have reported sludge buildup in race engines as a result of aftermarket additives being used in conjunction with the regular oil. The chemical composition of the additives isn't as neutral as some companies would lead us to believe, and combined with particular types of oil and high-stress driving, they can cause oil breakdown and sludge to appear. The lesson from them appears to be "don't use additives".

Easy. When it's an oil and water emulsion from a leaking or blown head gasket. If this happens, you get a whitish cream coloured sludge on the inside of the oil filler cap. The filler cap is typically cooler than the rest of the cam case and so the oil/water mix tends to condense there. So if you take the oil filler cap off and it looks like it's covered in vanilla yoghurt or mayonnaise, you've got a blown head gasket. A surefire way to confirm this is if your oil level is going up and your coolant level is going down. The coolant is getting through the breaks in the head gasket and mixing with the oil. When it gets to the sump it separates out and the oil floats on top. A slightly more accurate way to check for this condition is to use a combustion leak tester, or block tester.

VW / Audi sludge problems While the the 1.8T engines in Audi A4's, Audi TT, VW Passat, Jetta, Golf, New Bettle, are all very prone to sludge buildup, Audi/VW does not have an extended warranty for them from the factory. Thefactory warranty is 4 year/50,000 miles but it can be extended if purchased. Although Audi/VW now has 10,000 mile service intervals, oil changes can be done between "services", and should be done if the vehicle is driven in heavy traffic, off-road, and non-highway use.

Toyota sludge problems For their part, Toyota have the dubious honour of having the most complaints about sludge buildup in theirengines - 3,400 at the last count. At the time of writing there is a class action suit going on against them.

Saab sludge problems For an example of sludge in a Saab 9 5 Aero with only 42,000 miles on it, you might be interested to read my case study on this engine, put together with the help of a reader

It is the greatest shot of adrenaline to be doing what you have wanted to do so badly. You almost feel like you could fly without the plane. Charles Lindbergh

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did you know? WHAT ARE WHITE STREAKS IN SKY? - Gopalakrishnan, Pre - Final Year

Ever notice when watching a jet airplane fly overhead there is a white streak or stream behind it? This has many words for it, the main two words are vapor trail or contrail. Contrails happen when the air flowing over and under the surfaces of the aircraft create wingtip vortices mix with the moist air caused by the exhaust of the engines. The white streams you see are not engine exhaust. In fact what you are seeing before your eyes is formations of clouds which eventually dissipate after a while. Think of air as water and think of the sky as a body of water such as a lake, river or ocean. So what are wingtip vortices? As the aircraft moves through the air it pushes the air out of the way, just like a boat moving through the water. When the aircraft pushes this air out of the way the tips of the aircraft wings disturbs the air and causes the air to rotate like a horizontal tornado. This horizontal tornado is called wingtip vortices and is also termed wake turbulence. Note the word wake in wake turbulence, just like a boat has a

wake behind it when moving through the water. Wake turbulence can be a serious hazard to small aircraft landing or taking off after a larger, heavier aircraft.

Keeping this in mind, let's go into a little more detail about contrails. As the aircraft forces its way through the atmosphere the exhaust from the engines moistens the air. The air temperature at these attitudes is below freezing. Moist cold air (water crystals) creates wind creates these contrails which are really just small clouds.

FUTURE OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - K.R.S. Gowtham Raj, Second Year

Mechanical engineering will evolve and collaborate as a global profession over the next 20 years through a shared vision to develop engineering solutions that foster a cleaner, healthier, safer and sustainable world. ASME convened more than 120 engineering and science leaders from 19 countries representing industry, academia and government to a global summit in Washington, D.C., April 16-18, to imagine what mechanical engineering will become

between now and 2028. They examined the grand challenges confronting our world and aspired to be at the forefront of developing new technologies to address energy, environment, food, housing, water, transportation, safety, and health. They underscored the joy of discovery, creation and application of engineering solutions that improve human life. They affirmed that the benefits of mechanical engineering must reach everyone through global partnerships

To a person in love, the value of the individual is intuitively known. Love needs no logic for its mission. Charles Lindbergh

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and locally appropriate development. Mechanical engineers with a decade or more of experience can attest to how much their world has changed during their careers. In the next 20 years, mechanical engineering is certain to experience continuing and surprising changes. Particularly one must be concerned about how to prepare the mechanical engineer of 2028 to have the critical knowledge and competencies required in the future. They are looking to a future characterized by engineering large and small scale systems, meeting the competitive edge of knowledge and embracing the collaborative advantage, regulating global innovation, anticipating the diverse face of a global engineering profession, preparing for the technological capabilities of the NanoBio future and designing at home. The following text of this article will look at each challenge briefly. D E V E L O P I N G S U S TA I N A B LY: Rapidly developing economies are adding to global environmental pressures and competition for energy, water, and other highdemand resources. Mechanical engineering will be challenged to develop new technologies and techniques that support economic growth and promote sustainability. ENGINEERING LARGE & SMALL SCALE SYSTEMS: Engineers in 2028 will work at the extremes of very large and very small systems that require greater knowledge and coordination of multidisciplinary and multiscale engineering across greater distances and timeframes. A new field of systems engineering will incorporate much of the knowledge and practices of mechanical engineering. COMPETITIVE KNOWLEDGE:

EDGE

OF

In 2028, the ability of individuals and organizations to learn, innovate, adopt and adapt faster will drive advanced economies. Mechanical engineering education will be

restructured to resolve the demands for many individuals with greater technical knowledge and more professionals who also have depth in management, creativity and problemsolving. COLLABORATIVE ADVANTAGE: The dominant players in all industries in 2028 will be those organizations that are successful at working collaboratively. The 21st century will be defined not by conflict but by the integration of competitive markets with new methods of collaboration. REGULATING GLOBAL INNOVATION: Innovation, within the framework of a global economy, will remain a complex affair in 2028. Fundamental restructuring of the regulation and protection of intellectual property on a global basis is unlikely. As more complex technologies require greater collaboration and sharing of patents, incremental changes will occur to produce equitable and beneficial results for the innovators and those that adopt and commercialize innovations. DIVERSE FACE OF ENGINEERING: Demand for new technologies will sustain global demand for adequately skilled and innovative mechanical engineers in 2028. Prospective employers will seek and promote people with unique and varied backgrounds to maximize their potential for success in diverse cultures and situations. THE NANO-BIO FUTURE: Nanotechnology and biotechnology will dominate technological development in the next 20 years and will be incorporated into all aspects of technology that affect our lives on a daily basis. Nano-Bio will provide the building blocks that future engineers will use to solve pressing problems in diverse fields including medicine, energy, water management, aeronautics, agriculture and environmental management.

A man must not swallow more beliefs than he can digest. Henry Ellis

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MECHANICAL ENGINEER'S ACHIEVEMENTS THAT MADE WORLD TURN AROUND -Karthick Venkatesh, Salem. [email protected] Agricultural Mechanization The mechanization of agriculture began in the mid-19th century, but the most profound advances and applications have occurred during the 20th century. Mechanized equipment has almost entirely replaced human and animal power for farming tasks in developed nations, and it is now transforming agriculture in many

Such equipment, from tractors and cultivators to a wide variety of harvesting machinery, has enabled an explosion in agricultural productivity for both food and fibers during the 20th century. In the process, however, agricultural mechanization also promoted a massive shift from rural to urban life in the developed countries, along with similarly massive changes in the nature of work, the consumer economy, women's roles in society, and even the size and nature of families. Air Conditioning and Refrigeration Air conditioning enabled a redefinition of the standards of human comfort during the 20th century, but along with the closely related field of refrigeration, it also made possible numerous manufacturing, food processing and storage, and medical processes. Air conditioning became a practical endeavor only after Willis Carrier fully defined the relationships between ir, water, and energy in his "psychrometric chart," and after the development of new,

aeffective refrigerants in this century. Air conditioning of homes, offices, stores, and vehicles made many naturally hot regions attractive to millions of people and sparked huge demographic changes. Moisture control enables a number of moisture-sensitive manufacturing processes, and refrigeration enhances the preservation of food, medical tissues, and a wide variety of perishable items. Few technologies have had greater direct effect on human comfort and lifestyle during this century. Airplane Truly a product of 20th century technology, the airplane has had a vast impact on the domestic and international scene by reducing travel times over long distances. The airplane enabled a redefinition of the concept of travel, since the route and speed limitations of land and sea did not apply. The airplane also redefined the relationship between the travelling public and the engineers who designed and built the planes, as travelers entrusted their lives to engineers' products as never before. As a result, more people have been able to travel farther than most would have ever dreamed, and the entire world has become accessible. This century has witnessed a steady improvement in aircraft performance, safety, and efficiency as engineers have continued to refine the airplane and its supporting systems. "Aviation is proof that given, the will, we have the capacity to achieve the impossible." Edward Vernon. "The aeroplane has unveiled for us the true face of the earth." - Saint-Exupery, Antoine De “I wish I could write well enough to write about aircraft. Faulkner did it very well in Pylon but you cannot do something someone else has done though you might have done it if they hadn't” Ernest Hemingway

A sublime faith in human imbecility has seldom led those who cherish it astray. Henry Ellis

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Apollo Project Apollo produced the first--and so far only--vehicles for humans to visit another heavenly body, an achievement that must be seen as one of the outstanding accomplishments in all of human history. The "earthrise" viewed from Apollo 8 forever reshaped our view of the Earth as a fragile outpost for life in the vastness of space, and the samples from the six lunar-landing missions continue to provide evidence for a better understanding of our universe. From the Saturn V booster to the lunar module, Apollo was an engineering triumph. The knowledge gained in power, structures, life support, and materials continues to benefit humankind, and Apollo's success continues to inspire new visions for exploration.

Apollo Specifications · · ·

Length: 7.56 m Diameter: 3.90 m Mass: 24,523 kg

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Structure Mass: 1,910 kg

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Electrical Equipment Mass: 1,200 kg

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RCS Thrust: 16 × 440 N

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Propellants: N2O4/UDMH

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RCS Specific Impulse Isp: 290 s (2.84 kN·s/kg)

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RCS Impulse: 3,517 kN·s

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Service Propulsion Engine (SPS) Engine Mass: 3,000 kg

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SPS Engine Thrust: 98 kN

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SPS Engine Propellants: N2O4/Aerozine 50 (UDMH/N2H4)

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SPS Engine Propellants: 18,413 kg

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SPS Engine Specific Impulse Isp: 314 s (3.08 kN·s/kg)

Automobile Although invented in the late 1800s, the automobile did not come into prominence until the early 20th century, after its basic configuration was determined and massproduction methods were established to make it available to a broad cross section of society. Few, if any, other machines have been as widely adopted or used as an agent of change in so many societal institutions and practices. The automobile vastly expanded most people's mobility horizons, and it enabled profound changes in most aspects of modern life, from courting practices to work practices; from housing options to leisuretime options; and from small shops to large factories. Even the relationship of citizens and their government adapted to embrace a new model for public works as publicly funded roads were built to support the automobile. With the good has also come the bad, including air pollution and accidents, but even these have heightened our awareness of the value of human life and fostered new engineering solutions to improve the quality of the human condition. Bioengineering Another creation of the 20th century, the field of bioengineering has enabled major advances in the understanding of life and produced numerous machines to sustain, prolong, and enhance human life. The heartlung machine made heart surgery, and ultimately transplants, possible, while artificial hearts keep patients alive until suitable donors can be found. Numerous other machines enable a wide variety of diagnostic and surgical procedures that were undreamed of in the first half of this century, including the high-speed dental drill, the infant incubator, and nuclear magnetic resonator. Replacement joints provide unprecedented relief to those suffering from severe joint deterioration.Recent advancements in electronics and electromechanical actuators hold out promise for mobility to many in the foreseeable future. In no other field has engineering and technology become so intimately wedded to life itself

All civilization has from time to time become a thin crust over a volcano of revolution. Henry Ellis

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Bottle Manufacturing Only since 1912 have automated bottle-making machines introduced a cheap and plentiful supply of glass containers for pharmaceuticals, household products, food and beverages, and an endless variety of uses. Safety, standardization, quality, and convenience of glass containers not only revolutionized the industry, these machines ended child labor in glass-container plants. In 1913, the National Child Labor Committee of New York City said the rapid introduction of the automatic machine did more to eliminate child labor than they had been able to do through legislation. Codes and Standards Safety is the paramount consideration for all engineers. As machinery grew larger, more complex, and ubiquitous in modern life, it became essential to establish standards for the safe construction and operation of a wide array of devices and systems. The ASME Boiler Code of 1914 marked the first time that manufacturers agreed on a set of specifications to ensure against failures and enhance public safety. This effort grew to include all manner of devices and systems with a potential for injurious failure, including pressure vessels, cranes, elevators, and nuclear reactors--with many of its provisions codified into laws and regulations. Unknown and unappreciated by the public, codes and standards have nevertheless proven to be an unsurpassed agent for public safety and welfare. Food Processing Nothing is more important to life than safe food, and engineers have contributed more to this cause during the 20th century than in all previous ones combined. Louis Pasteur discovered the basis for sterilization in 1881, but bulk sterilization of canned food began about 1920, ushering in a new age of safe and economical food processing and distribution. Thanks to the efforts of many engineers, food processing is now a highly mechanized industry that furnishes a tremendous quantity and variety of safe, nutritious food to the world.

Glass Manufacturing The 20th century brought a level of perfection to glass manufacture that reaches into every home and business structure in the world, from the perfectly smooth surface of float plate glass for windows to fiberglass used for thermal insulation of industrial buildings and homes, as acoustic insulation, for fireproofing, as a reinforcing material in plastics, cement, and textiles, in automotive components, in gaskets and seals, and in filters for air and fluids.

Formed by laying molten glass on liquid metal surfaces, the float plate glass manufacturing became of integral part of modern or Bauhaus structures and products. Refinements in fiberglass have led, however, to the same concerns resulting from asbestos fibers. (Glass wool is now considered a carcinogenic, thus making fiberglass one of the greater engineering challenges of the next century.) Glass bottles were made by hand at the turn of the 20th century, and by the mid1920s ,80 percent were machine-made. Even the first succcessful fully automated machine for form light bulbs was only introduced in 1926. Integrated Circuit Mass Production Like the automobile and the light bulb, the world's first practical production machine for the assembly of integrated circuits made possible their economical production and thus the integrated circuit a reality. The ABACUS II, designed and built by Texas Instruments, was the first practical automated production machine for the assembly of integrated circuits.

"Charm" - which means the power to effect work without employing brute force - is indispensable to women. Henry Ellis Charm is a woman's strength just as strength is a man's charm.

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Using heat and pressure, it bonded fine gold wire to microscopic contacts on the silicon chip and pin connections on the package, with a positioning accuracy of? 0.00025 inch while bonding up to 375 devices an hour. Numerically Controlled Machines and Robotics Of the many ways that computers have impacted human life during the last half of the 20th century, few have had greater effect on society than the automatic control of machines. Whether the product is a convenience like automotive cruise control or a major redefinition of a societal institution such as numerically controlled machining and robotic assembly of complex devices, "NC" machines have enabled direct and indirect changes in almost every aspect of modern life. By redefining--physically and economically--our concepts of work and the nature of human involvement in numerous activities, they are encouraging people to focus on the most creative aspects of life instead of the more mundane ones. Paper Converting From public health cries for sanitary solutions, through the excesses of a disposable society, to visions of the paperless society, the saga of paper conversion has been a major story for the 20th century. The paper cup was inspired by public health concerns, particularly the sharing of the community dipper. Disposable diapers, sanitary products, food service items, food packaging, and the grocery bag are prominent examples of the innovative design opportunities. With this

industry, however, come the environmental challenges of and subsequent engineering solutions to landfill options. Plastic Manufacturing Mass production of plastics, beginning with the Bakelite process, offered 20th-century mass production a lighter, extremely flexible material for most product design. Examples include extrusion molding (weather strippings, wire insulation, plastic tubing, and clothing fibers like Nylon), blow molding (bottles and thin-walled glasses), sheet casting (Mylar and Saranwrap), and injection molding (parts for everything, including dashboards, appliance cases, floppy diskette cases). Power Generation Electrification has improved the lives of people around the world in countless ways. It is by far the most flexible power-transmission method yet devised, but before it can be transmitted and used, electricity must first be generated. A wide variety of energy sources, including water, wind, fossil fuels, and nuclear, can be used to turn the generators that produce an electric current, but the growth in size, efficiency, safety, and reliability of the generating machinery is rarely appreciated by the public. Indeed, an uninterrupted supply of electricity is now considered as the norm, and the interruptions that do occur are rarely the fault of machinery at the generating stations. The wide availability of electric power to perform thousands of essential and enjoyable functions has been a primary shaping element of the 20th century, and power generation, whether it involves hydropower, steam, internalcombustion, nuclear, or a host of alternate prime movers, continues to provide the energy our modern society requires.

Dancing is the loftiest, the most moving, the most beautiful of the arts, because it is no mere translation or Henry Ellis abstraction from life; it is life itself.

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TV Antenna Tower Collapse: In this case, based on a real-world scenario, a television station was videotaping a crew raising the station's new television antenna tower. Unfortunately, on the day of videotaping, something went wrong with the lifting rig, and while the antenna was being hoisted the bolts failed. The result was a tragedy, with seven riggers falling 1200 feet to their death. The case raises serious questions about the design engineer's social responsibility to ensure safety on a construction site where riggers hoisting the antenna tower did not have sufficient technical expertise to know that they were endangered. Additionally, the case poses questions about product liability issues in engineering and ethics, particularly where knowledgeable bystanders, who could avert a tragedy by speaking up despite inferred liability, are concerned. What is the engineer's social responsibility as compared to legal liability? While valuable for all engineering students, the case is particularly well suited for statics and structures courses. A Plow for Mexican Peasant Farmers: Mechanical engineering students in a capstone design course are asked to design a plow that is suitable for use by peasant farmers in Mexico. The case shows how technological change, especially in thirdworld countries, can raise value issues. It illustrates the problems created by the intersection of design considerations and these value issues, and prompts students to come up with Ribbon Machine The incandescent electric light revolutionized nightlife around the world, but the ubiquitous light bulb could not have succeeded without an efficient, economical method of manufacturing the billions of glass envelopes, or "bulbs" required over the years. In 1925, when the best semi-automated methods could produce less than 300 bulbs per hour, Will Woods of the Corning Glass

Works introduced his ribbon machine that streamlined the process and increased production five-fold.

Within five years, a single ribbon machine could produce around 2,000 bulbs per minute, lowering the cost of the bulb to less than one cent. The ribbon-machine has changed little since its introduction. Fewer than 15 machines now produce the world's entire supply of standard bulbs, making the unsung ribbon machine one of the most effective industrial machines ever, and making a vast range of nighttime activities possible. Xerography During the 1960s, one observer of technology asked, "What hath Xerox wrought?" (an obvious play on the words of Samuel Morse's first telegraph message over a century earlier). That the question was asked at all-less than 20 years after the first Xerox copier was sold--reveals how ubiquitous the electrostatic copying process known as Xerography had become, as well as its potential for reshaping communication, at least communication on paper. No technology since the Linotype and highspeed printing (in the 1880s) had made printed matter so universally available, and no information technology so decentralized the control over the intellectual content of those documents, including the tremendous impact of paperback printing. By making small- and moderate-run reproduction economical and easy for anyone to do, Xerography permitted a wider dissemination of ideas than ever before. Today, communication options steadily increase as engineers continue to incorporate the basic technology into other devices, such as laser printers

Dreams are real as long as they last. Can we say more of life? Henry Ellis

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OUR RECESSION Recession is a better chance for the companies to lay off the people out of the firms, but no good laborers have been thrown off yet in many industries. With the experience of just 3 months in the industry, what I have seen is that there is always demand for good resource people either in software, hardware, catering, BPO's and in all types of firms. There are two ways to get a job, one is by chance and one is by desire. Opportunities are vast, till the world is active you will have jobs, but you have to make yourself suitable. Just ask yourself, Are you the right person with right qualities for the job. If no is the answer, ask yourselves how to prepare. To get a desired job you must need a Passion a burning desire and hope (its like attending only one interview and clearing it) and to get a job by chance you need to have patience on others (its like attending 10 interviews and at last clearing the last one). Research field needs lots and lots of engineers like us. Try hard to achieve anything which is your dream.

But one true fact about the legends, they don't work for others; they thought it will be the boring job in the world. Be an entrepreneur, start your own business either small or big, try to be a king. A famous quote about the recession, “Recession is when a neighbor loses his job. Depression is when you lose yours” - Fortieth President of the USA Actor Reagan,

Every artist writes his own autobiography. Henry Ellis

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Ronald

INSPIRATIONAL CHILDREN ILLUMINATE CONFIDENCE So teach him to close the door", my daughter Emma responded after listening to me complain, again, about the dog coming in from the back door, bringing with him a blast of Buffalo January cold air. Teach a dog to close a door behind him? You got to be kidding. That has got to be a really, really hard thing to do, and I do not have any dog credentials following my name. But then she took it a step further. "Come on Kolby", she said, grabbing some treats and positioning him in front of the open door. "Touch." And "touch" he did, which moved the door to a closed position. She rewarded him with a treat, smiled, looked at me, and said "see!" And I saw and became convinced. Over the last few days I have been consistent with Kolby. Each time he comes in I bring him back to the open door and ask him to close (I changed the target word, making the command more specific). There have been failures, but lately more and more successes. And I knew we turned the corner this morning when he asked to be let out just so I would open the door, so that he could close it and be treated. WOW There remains work to be done. I have to remove the hand signal and work so that he will close the door from a distance. But, I now realize, with consistency of focus the task will

be completed, and, with the way things are progressing, completed quickly. What a wonderful treat to have a dog that can close the door after himself. Even more wonder can be found in the lessons I learned so clearly from both Emma and Kolby. A wish is just a wish until you decide to take action. Once you decide to accomplish a goal, and decide that it "is" easy (remember Emma's assurance), than it becomes easy to do what needs to be done. Just start doing it. As long as one holds on to the belief that it is "too hard", than it remains "too hard" and out of reach. Working towards the accomplishment of a goal can be loads of fun, and full of lots and lots of treats. So what have you been wishing for lately? And what has been stopping you from getting started?

COMPANY REVERBRATES VISION A man is known by the company he keeps. We have heard that phrase so many times. Our folks have cautioned us often with that in our silly childhood. Do we heed to that advice in our business? Where do you hang out? What is your business surrounded by?

Have you heard about Christian Huygens? This genius of early 17th century did something awesome. He discovered a law of resonance. A law which was well accepted in physics later and now is being applied to brain science.

However well organized the foundations of life may be, life must always be full of risks. Henry Ellis

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Huygens kept few pendulum clocks on the wall of his room with each clock swinging independently. He discovered that after few cycles of independent cycling all the clocks started swinging precisely synchronized rhythm.

you realize you already have lost faith in your dream. Naysayers will rotten your business. Keep as much away as possible. Realize your own vibrations and vibrate with belief.

And he gave the world a law that seems inherent law of the nature.

Hang out with the other type, the positive ones. Believe in your business and converse with similar minds. You will be amazed with the difference it makes.

He summarized that waves from clocks produced vibrations in the wall which in response produced waves that synchronized the rhythm of all clocks.

Your mind is the workshop of your success. Every business is first borne in the mind before the mind takes action to shape its vision.

Scientists have now extended that law to working of brain waves and results are very -very promising.

Your mind is the powerhouse of ideas which will make your business a success.

Have you ever wondered that successful peoples are surrounded by similar ones? Is it a coincidence that when like minded people are at work the success is more likely! Let us use this phenomenon to bring success to bring success to your business. It may be a home based business, online business or for that matter any venture. To succeed in your business - Avoid Naysayers - Surround yourself with who have done or believe this can be done. This is a much overlooked aspect of business. Your company definitely determines the outcome of your business dream Your mind reacts to them like walls did to the clock and produces similar waves. Before

Your mind is the source of your strength that enables you to carry the burden in difficult times. Feed your mind the good food. Avoid stuffing in the junk food. When you fall it is important to know and believe that many others have fallen and rose again. That is the attitude which will determine success. One must develop that attitude. If you hang around with naysayers you will drown further because your own mind refuses to provide the necessary strength. Success might be on the next turn waiting for you. If you are negative in your approach you are sure to stop before that turn arrives. So set your clocks again. It is time to vibrate with right frequency.

GRANDFATHER'S LETTER One day, a young man was cleaning out his late grandfather's belongings when he came across a bright red envelope. Written on the front were the words, "To my grandson." Recognizing his grandfather's handwriting, the boy opened the envelope. A letter inside read: Jealousy, that dragon which slays love under the pretence of keeping it alive. Henry Ellis

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Dear Ronny, Years ago you came to me for help. You said, "Grandpa, how is it that you've accomplished so much in your life? You're still full of energy, and I'm already tired of struggling. How can I get that same enthusiasm that you've got?" I didn't know what to say to you then. But knowing my days are numbered, I figure that I owe you an answer. So here is what I believe. I think a lot of it has to do with how a person looks at things. I call it 'keeping your eyes wide open.' First, realize that life is filled with surprises, but many are good ones. If you don't keep watching for them, you'll miss half the excitement. Expect to be thrilled once in a while, and you will be. When you meet up with challenges, welcome them. They'll leave you wiser, stronger, and more capable than you were the day before. When you make a mistake, be grateful for the things it taught you. Resolve to use that lesson to help you reach your goals.

given bigger shoes to fill. So be ready for endings as well as challenging beginnings. Sometimes we have to be brave enough to move from the familiar to the unfamiliar. Life isn't just reaching peaks. Part of it is moving from one peak to the next. If you rest too long in between, you might be tempted to quit. Leave the past in the past. Climb the next mountain and enjoy the view. Dump things that weigh you down emotionally and spiritually. When an old resentment, belief, or attitude becomes heavy, lighten your load. Shed those hurtful attitudes that slow you down and drain your energy. Remember that your choices will create your successes and your failures. So consider all the pathways ahead, and decide which ones to follow. Then believe in yourself, get up, and get going. And be sure to take breaks once in a while. They'll give you a renewed commitment to your dreams and a cheerful, healthy perception of the things that matter the most to you.

And always follow the rules. Even the little ones. When you follow the rules, life works. If you think you ever really get by with breaking the rules, you're only fooling yourself.

Most important of all, never give up on yourself. The person that ends up a winner is the one who resolves to win. Give life everything you've got, and life will give its best back to you.

It's also important to decide exactly what you want. Then keep your mind focused on it, and be prepared to receive it.

Love always, Grandpa By Steve Brunkhorst Motivaitonal author

But be ready to end up in some new places too. As you grow with the years, you'll be EMOTIONS ARE A PART OF LIFE Life is like an unsolved puzzle. No one can define what life is because it is a very complex thing. Life is something that makes you happy and proud at times and makes you feel so low at times that you say to yourself, "Why was I born?" But whatever it is, it is real fun. In Life, in every moment, something new happens; something that you never expected,

something that you were waiting from a long while to happen and something you were expecting to happen. It is a combination of happiness, sorrow, joy, love, anger, enjoyment, loneliness, fear, excitement and many other emotions. The definition of the word life can't be completed without using the word emotions.

Man lives by imagination. Henry Ellis

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Some people work in emotions whereas others work with emotions. So it's very important to understand how people are using their emotions. If they are letting emotions get control over them, then they'll be dragged by others and situations all the time. But, if he is controlling his emotions in a proper way, then no one will ever have control over him. The way a person uses his emotions is what we call attitude. Someone has correctly said, "Your attitude determines your altitude in life". Attitude, as we already defined, is the way an individual uses his emotions and directly related to the psyche of a person. Some people use their emotions in a positive way and some people do it in a negative sense. When people use emotions in a positive way we call it positive attitude and when they use it in a negative way we call it negative attitude. It's up to an individual to decide how he uses his emotions. Which way will you decide? Think I choose to be me, I choose to be unique in every sphere of life. The moment you don't know who you are, Then you have a misplaced identity. In everything you want to do, Have the ability to differentiate between right and wrong. It shows you will be able to stand up for something, If you can't, you'll fall for everything. Make many friends, But choose the ones that will follow you up the ladder of success. Life's path is just too tough for mediocre, You have to be more than a mediocre to stay on top of your game. Sometimes, things don't go the way we want them to. That doesn't mean God is asleep, It does mean he has a better idea.

People may not exactly remember What you did or what you said, But they will always remember how you made them feel. Dedicated to our fellow juniors Who's In Charge Of Your Life? Sometimes it sounds foolish or frustrating to think positive when times are really bad and a few people make it worse for you, doesn't it? But just tell me, if I call you tomorrow morning, while you are still in bed and say, "You are an Angel for me and I'm blessed to have such a good person in my life. May God bless you". How would you feel????? Won't it be a great feeling and a great way to start a fantastic day? Next morning I again call you but this time I say, "You Rascal! You are the dumbest and most foolish person on the earth I've ever met. You screwed me and you will be screwed...etc". How would you feel now????? Of course it would be a frustrating day, with a sad feeling, because you heard all the crap in the morning while you were still in bed! Now answer my question - "Who is controlling 'your' life?" Am I supposed to control YOUR life? Is that right? When I say something good about you, does it makes you a good person and vice versa? NO!!! YOU ARE THE MASTER OF YOUR OWN LIFE! Before you were born, God put in nine months of effort to create you. Would anyone waste nine months intentionally? NO… NEVER. He made you for a 'Purpose'. So, don't hand over control of your life to anyone else. Instead of saying "Take Care", say," Take a chance, Take charge and create an opportunity", as obstacles are only illusions!

Men who know themselves are no longer fools. They stand on the threshold of the door of Wisdom. Henry Ellis

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The Bridge Of Forgiveness How far we can forgive, and how often? I had the privilege to visit this wonderful place in Palawan during the summer's gospel team. After the long and exciting week, we had a chance to explore the place where we are assigned. We came upon this narrow hanging bridge made of 2 bamboos and a long rope, where you can hold tightly for your life as you cross it. I was so afraid of heights (I think most of us were not accustomed to crossing such a perilous bridge) however, our team leader told us that we must cross this bridge in order to see the magnificent falls that lie out on the other side (and of course to have lunch). "As you cross this bridge, think about forgiveness. Difficult, but it is possible". Many times in our lives we face situations that we don't expect - broken relationships, betrayal of a friend, unfaithfulness of our partners, etc., and all we do is sigh (women

cry a lot). But I noticed that life must go on, and all the burdens must be unloaded through forgiveness - forgiveness of yourself and forgiveness of others. I didn't understand my cousin when she told me I should kill all those who do harm to me with kindness. But as I grow older, I realize that dwelling on past hurts and guilt will not serve me well. Once I forgave serious offenses, I noticed that I couldn't forget them but every time I remembered them, I smiled. There are no more pains brought just by the thought of them. After all, life is good. Despite of all the hardships, pains, and difficulties life teaches me to be strong in facing any adversity while at the same time makes me compassionate to those who suffer. If somebody does something terrible to me, I have to recall the bridge of forgiveness difficult but possible.

PESSIMISM PAYS This is a true story about a woman I'm sure we all know at least one person who cannot find a good thing to say about anything or anyone. Your typical "miserable" person who could have $10 million handed to her and would complain that it wasn't $10 million and $1. This was such a person. The sky would be blue, the temperature warm and the flowers in full bloom. She would point out one small cloud that loomed in the horizon, that it was two degrees warmer in another town and that the petals on the tulips were wilting prematurely. She had nothing good to say about anyone we worked with, and I thought we had a great group of people. I eventually started to avoid her because try as I would to get her to find something good in the world, she would strike down my every effort.

When we would learn of anything new in the workplace, she would immediately react with anger and start venting her opinion to anyone within earshot. I decided to distance myself from her because I could not raise her energy and she was bringing mine down. Science has proven that the way we think, feel and react has an impact on our health and physical well-being. When someone is constantly sick or suffering from one ailment or another, this may often be a reflection of what is going on in his or her thoughts. Of course, there are always exceptions; however, I have observed that many of those who live in a constant state of negativity, and who react to many situations based on their judgments, suffer more maladies and chronic illnesses than those who don't.

One can know nothing of giving aught that is worthy to give unless one also knows how to take. Henry Ellis

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I often contemplated this theory when thinking of my co-worker and I wondered if some day she would suffer a fatal heart attack or terrible illness because she was so filled with anger and negativity. While working a Tuesday afternoon shift, she booked off duty early and went home because she had a small bruise on her leg that was causing her intense pain. Later that same evening, she was admitted to the hospital and diagnosed with flesh eating disease. Wednesday her leg was operated on and it was learned that the disease had spread into her other leg and abdomen. Thursday she was given her last rights. When I heard of this series of events, I was shocked and saddened. I listened to others saying, "How could this happen? She's young and so healthy." I couldn't help but think to myself that her thoughts and negative feelings might have finally manifested themselves through her physically. Somehow I was not so surprised anymore by the terrible news. She remained in Intensive Care for many months and even though she was not expected to live

more than four days from her diagnosis, she remains with us today. She has very little left of her legs, endured numerous operations on several organs, and spent many months in physical, mental, spiritual and emotional agony. Many months passed before she was able to see her two young children. I often think of her when I am inclined to react to certain situations in a negative way, or when I am tempted to fall into a negative pattern of complaining or criticizing. One of the great powers we have is the power to choose, and when I'm faced with the choice of complaining or making the best of a situation, I take the high road. Do I do it consistently? Not always. After all, I am human and do make mistakes. But, every day I continue to strive to be better than I used to be. What can you do today to create a more positive outlook on life? By Laurie Hayes Author of several inspiration articles

THE LEADERSHIP EXAMPLE Leadership is about living your values 100%. It is a choice, an honour and an act of courage. To many people, leadership feels like walking a plank, and so they too often "sell out", play small and stay safe. Consequently, leaders can die emotionally before they are ever really born. A good leader inspires confidence in themselves, but a great leader inspires confidence in the people they lead. How does this happen? Example! Leadership is an attitude, not a position. It is a pioneering spirit that is inspired by example. The problem today is that leadership is being taught as a technique and a model. As a leader you must be the example you want to experience. Example is the greatest teacher. It beats the "Tell 'em" style of leadership, and also the "Just Fuckin' Do It" style of leadership. Example moves a person's heart. There is no substitute for example. Leadership is about being first. For instance, if you want trust, be trusting first; if you want proactivity,

be proactive first; if you want enthusiasm, be enthusiastic first. Be first! Many people fear the loneliness and vulnerability leadership brings. The old style leader was a "one man show" who suffered from "dysfunctional independence", or, "By Myself Syndrome", and was constantly reinventing wheels. Today, in our world of global enterprise, independence is weakness. Collaboration and synergy are strength. A quick story: A school teacher decided one day to tell her class of young children the story of Moses. The children listened attentively. After she finished, she asked, "Why do you think Moses wandered lost in the desert for forty years?" There was a rather long hush. Suddenly, a boy shot up his arm obviously inspired by a genuine flash of insight: "Maybe, Miss, Moses was afraid to ask for directions". Out of the mouths of babes ……! A true leader offers a brilliant example of asking and receiving support. With support, a leader can make more risks, take more knocks and face the

In philosophy, it is not the attainment of the goal that matters, it is the things that are met with by the way. Henry Ellis

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music whatever the tune is! Companies need to support their leaders more. We need to create cultures which honour leadership. Where teams snipe at the leader, it is the team that ultimately fails. Also, the more a person snipes at a leader, the more defended that person will be when they are faced with an opportunity to lead.

In summary, leadership is an example, not a technique. It is about service, synergy and mutual support. When you start thinking of leadership, motivation and praise as techniques, it's time to take a holiday! Be want you what to see. Be the example!

My six-year-old daughter Sophie and I were playing a rhyming game the other day and out of the blue she asked me, "Why can't I touch the sky?" I laughed inside and thought for a few moments. I tried to explain it from the Jack and the Beanstalk story, but she just just looked at me funny. Then I tried the old earth space thing, but that was too technical. The more I tried, the clumsier it got when finally I realized I wasn't getting through.

someday, my little girl just might lose her pure and trusting imagination to adulthood and maybe stop asking these wonderfully creative questions. I didn't feel like it was right that I progressed up the ladder of maturity only to lose what I feel is a very important concept: the ability to retain and possess a childlike quality to explore other possibilities. Where did my childlike imagination go? Why did it go? I thought I would ask Sophie this question to help me understand why some adults tend to lose sight of this magical way of thinking and why others make a living by it.

By Robert Holden The Celebrity Speakers" Newsletter 1999

WHY CAN'T I TOUCH THE SKY?

Then I had a realization. What if my daughter had asked the same question to another six year old? What would the other child have said? Some six year olds think they know the answer to everything and its fun to listen to what they have to say. Something tells me her friend wouldn't have the slightest difficulty in explaining the answer. Chances are, they would have argued and discussed it until finally reaching agreement. I wished I could have turned the question over to an imaginary friend and then sit back and listen to the conversation. That night while lying in bed, I kept thinking about her question and why I couldn't come up with a really cool answer. Was it because I had "grown up" and now used my imagination like an "adult"? As I grew, the maturation process obviously had boxed me in. And worse yet... I knew that

She looked at me with a puzzle on her face and then I knew. It never occurs to her that there's any other way. Why on earth would a six-year-old little girl dream she couldn't touch the sky unless somebody told her she couldn't? I watch my little girl as she plays. She conducts an imaginary reading class and makes sure each doll pronounces the words correctly. She dresses her babies and gets them ready for they're day. Her imagination takes wing each and every day to places I'm not aware. Sometimes I can catch a glimpse of her inner world when we sit and talk about her day or what her plans are for tomorrow. Remember when we were younger, when we used to talk about and imagine what we would become when we grew up? I wanted to be a policeman and my friends wanted to be fireman and race car drivers. We believed anything was possible and we could become whatever we wanted, never

It has always been difficult for Man to realize that his life is all an art. It has been more difficult to conceive it so than to act it so. For that is always how he has more or less acted it. Henry Ellis

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doubting the possibilities. As children, we dreamed big. Children are visionaries, and it seems a little sad to think our childlike imagination seems to disappear as we grow older. As we age, the ever-increasing intrusions of the world on our minds seem to frighten that childlike imagination into full-blown retreat.

I have my daughter to thank for asking her question. It connected me, once again, with my priorities. She made me think about my own potentiality and how I may be limiting myself. Maybe I need to reconnect with my childlike imagination and think more outside the box of adult creativity. If I do that, maybe I can explain in my own six-year-old way, why she can... touch the sky.

As we grew up, we learned why the sky really is blue, and why grass is green. Why flowers need sunlight and how birds really fly. We lose a little bit of the wonder of life around us as we schedule the next meeting or plan tomorrow's agenda.

by Robert Hunt reator of MySelfDevelopment.net

STEVE IRWIN

L. Sri Subramaniyam, Final Year

A man who dedicated his life to the wildlife. A dedication which came through shear passion. One who does not posses the word FEAR in his dictionary. Yes, we are talking about one Steve Irwin, not the only one but truly a unique one. . To some, he was just a reckless attention-seeker. To others, he was the lovable bloke from the Outback whose antics with the world's most dangerous creatures made him irresistible. But the shocking death of Steve Irwin has deprived Australia of one of its most colorful personalities. Were the voyeuristic demands of television to blame? Or was it just a random, tragic accident?

EARLY DAYS Irwin was born 22 February 1962 in Essendon, located west of Melbourne, Australia. Although his father Bob was officially a plumber, and his mother Lynn a

maternity nurse, the family's consuming passion was rescuing and rehabilitating local wildlife. In 1970 the hobby became a full time operation, as the Irwins opened the Beerwah Reptile Park (later relocated and redubbed the "Australia Zoo"). Even with the advent of a formal facility, the family home was itself a mini-zoo and wildlife hospital, with makeshift marsupial "pouches" slung over the backs of chairs and snakes stashed everywhere. The young Irwin meanwhile came to share his parents' obsession, and he soon displayed an uncanny rapport with wild creatures, able to sense their moods and preferences intuitively. This ability to second-guess animal behavior, coupled with his enthusiastic admiration of Bob Irwin's real life "action hero" escapades with crocs and venomous snakes, led Steve to try his own hand capturing the risky reptiles. Though initially alarmed, his father began tutoring him in crocodile capture. Animals were in Irwin's blood. When he was eight, his father, Bob, a plumber with a passion for reptiles, moved the family from Melbourne to Queensland's Sunshine Coast, where they opened a small wildlife park. By the time Irwin was nine, he was catching crocodiles, and in his twenties he did work for the Queensland government as a crocodile trapper, removing problem animals from populated areas.

It is only the great men who are truly obscene. If they had not dared to be obscene, they could never have Henry Ellis dared to be great.

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A QUOTE BY HIM: I sincerely believe that there's room for cutting down trees for forestry and grazing, so as we all get to eat. Everyone has to compromise. PROFESSIONAL LIFE: Nicknamed "The Crocodile Hunter", was an iconic Australian television p e r s o n a l i t y, w i l d l i f e e x p e r t , a n d conservationist. He achieved world-wide fame from the television program The Crocodile Hunter, an internationally broadcast wildlife documentary series cohosted with his wife Terri Irwin. Together, they also co-owned and operated Australia Zoo, founded by his parents in Beerwah, Queensland. In 1991, when his parents retired, he took over the park - originally called the Queensland Reptile and Fauna Park, and now known as Australia Zoo - and developed it into a major tourist attraction. A theme park famous around the world, it has more than 1,000 animals on 60 acres of bushland and 360 employees, many of whom were in mourning yesterday. A QUOTE BY HIM: “I have no fear of losing my life - if I have to save a koala or a crocodile or a kangaroo or a snake, mate, I will save it.”

A RESCUE EFFORT: In November 2003, Irwin was filming a documentary on sea lions off the coast of Mexico's Baja California Peninsula when he heard via his boat's radio that two scuba

divers were reported missing in the area. Irwin and his entire crew suspended operations to aid in the search. His team's divers searched with the rescue divers, and Irwin used his vessel to patrol the waters around the island where the incident occurred, as well as using his satellite communications system to call in a rescue plane. On the second day of the search, kayakers found one of the divers, Scott Jones, perched on a narrow rock ledge jutting out from the side of a cliff. Irwin and a crewmember escorted him to Irwin's boat. Jones did not recognise his celebrity rescuer, as he had never seen Irwin on television. The other lost diver, Katie Vrooman, was found dead by a search plane later the same day not far from Jones' location. A QUOTE BY HIM: I have no fear of losing my life - if I have to save a koala or a crocodile or a kangaroo or a snake, mate, I will save it. But just to prove that he is a human here's a fact. In 2004, during an interview with Larry King, he admitted that he had a fear of parrots, having received many painful bites from the animals in the past DEATH:

On 4 September 2006, Irwin was fatally pierced in the chest by a stingray spine while snorkeling at the Great Barrier Reef, at Batt Reef, which is located off the coast of Port Douglas in Queensland. Irwin was in the area filming his own documentary, Ocean's Deadliest, but weather had stalled filming. Irwin decided to take the opportunity to film some shallow water shots for a segment in the television program his daughter Bindi Irwin

Beyond knowledge, the quality that gives a touch of divinity to matter. Charles Lindbergh

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was hosting, when, according to his friend and colleague, John Stainton, he swam too close to one of the stingrays. "He came on top of the stingray and the stingray's barb went up and into his chest and put a hole into his heart," said Stainton, who was on board Irwin's boat the Croc One. MEMORIAL SERVICE

· THE road running past Steve Irwin's Australia Zoo on Queensland's Sunshine Coast has been renamed in honour of the late Crocodile Hunter. On New Year's Day, Glasshouse Mountains Road officially became Steve Irwin Way. · In a final tribute, Australia Zoo staff spelled out Irwin's catchphrase "Crikey" in yellow flowers as Irwin's truck was driven from the "Crocoseum" for the last time to end the service. Flags on the Sydney Harbour Bridge flew at half mast on the day of the memorial service. · A crocodile research centre in Neyyar Wildlife Sanctuary was named by the Kerala government after Steve Irwin. · There is a nature park in Australia named after Irwin

MORAL OF THE STORY: Hey! Just don't go even think about getting into water where stingray is ther. Be feared. A QUOTE BY HIM: "My life revolves around conservation. That is my work. That is my life, and I'll die doing that." And he did just that .A man who kept his word. This world salutes to you hero for your contribution to the wildlife. He made many contributions to the field of wildlife education and conservation during his life. He ran an organization to rescue and protect crocodiles and supported numerous other animal charities. Many of nature's dangerous creatures lost their greatest champion the day Irwin died.

VOICE OF OUR SENIOR Hi Everyone,

I thank for the opportunity given here to express my views. I am Sulthan Ibrahim S of 2008 batch now approved as a Mechanical Engineer Graduate from this Sona College. To be honest, I don't know what I am going to study in this college for the next four years at 2004. But when I think it now, I am really proud to be a Mechanical Engineer. Not only in the academics, the days I enjoyed all the

four years all are the most wonderful days in my life. I really miss those days and I wish to come back. Most of the things have motivated me in those days. The college opportunities have helped me to realise the passion that was inside me. And what I have achieved is this pride, respect and hope. Each and everyone have inspired me on their own way. They were all not the same and you too don't be same. All were different. But the one common thing I came to see from many people in the world is their desire to know their fortune i.e., to know their future. Many were facing many obstacles but they were successful. I learnt from them. If we want to make mistakes and learn, this life won't be sufficient so learn from others mistakes. Every thing in this

Life is like a landscape. You live in the midst of it but can describe it only from the vantage point of distance. Charles Lindbergh

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world even a small micro organism has something special character to be learnt from them. I am still learning and this is what helped me to reach this heights. There are lots and lots of field to prove our capability. I would say, “To be successful, you must need three things in life- Passion, Competitor or Enemy and the last one is love and affection” and “ We all have born as the same but we should not die as the same”. Do something different and we need to prove our capability.

The average and above average students will mostly try to get a high salary, a flat, etc., but the below average student will try to prove themselves to the world by becoming great legends. I believe in them. And What Bill Gates said, “I was the student with many arrears in the class, Now I am the owner of the very big concern Microsoft, my class mates who were toppers are now my employees” Don't loose Hope, Enjoy the life, Try till the last breadth and All the best.

Living in dreams of yesterday, we find ourselves still dreaming of impossible future conquests. Charles Lindbergh

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