Famous Leaders In The 20th Century

20 &mpk.emrnfausmf yk*~dKvf}uD;rsm; Famous Leaders in The 20th Century

20 &mpk.emrnfausmyf *k Kd~ vf}uD;rsm; Famous Leaders in The 20th Century (Burmese version) Drum Publication Group P.O Box 66 Kanchanaburi 71000 Thailand [email protected] www.drumpublications.org September, 2008 ISBN 978-974-362-328-8 II

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ed'ge;f rmwifvo l muif;a*stm(&f) (Martin Luther King Jr.) e,fvqifrif'v J m; (Nelson Mandela) tJvED ¶kd pk bJh (Eleanor Roosevelt) a';Apfbifu&l , D ef (David Ben-Gurion) rm*&ufpif*g (Margaret Higgin Sanger) vuf(cf)0,f(vf)pm (Lech Walesa) z&efŒuvif;'DvmEd¶k pk bJ(h Franklin Delano Roosevelt) bv,fwrD mvDeif (Vladimir Lenin) oDt'kd ¶kd pk bJh (Theodore Roosevelt) rg*&ufoufcsm (Margaret Thatcher) r[wWr*END (Mahatama Gandhi) yky&f [ef;rif;}uD;*|eaf ygvf (II) (Pope John Paul II) qm(&f)0ifpwefcsyaf cs;(vf) (Winston Churchill) rDac;vfa*:bmacsm(h Af) (Mikhail Gorbachev) t,mwdv k mukrd eD D (Ayatollah Khomeini) [dck srD if; (Ho Chi Minh) armfpw D ;kH (Mao Zedong) t'd;k zf[pfwvm (Adolf Hitler) a&mfe,f(vf)&D*if (Ronald Wilson Reagan wifu h m;vlom; odŒk r[kwf trnfrodawmfveS af &;orm; (The Tank Man or Unknown Rebel)

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1 10 15 19 23 28 32 38 46 51 58 65 71 75 80 84 94 102 112 119

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IV

20 &mpk . emrnf a usmf y k * ~ d v f } uD ; rsm;

]]udk,fucg;rukef;ay;vQifb,folrSudk,fhausmay:rwufpD;Edkifygbl;/}} "A man can't ride your back unless it's bent."

]]*smreDrSm[pfwvmvkyfcJhwmawG[mw&m;0ifwmcsnf;yJqdkwmowd&yg/}} "Never forget that everything Hitler did in Germany was legal."

]]uREkfyfwdkUuudk,fh&efol&Jhpum;udkowdr&ayrJhudk,fhrdwfaqG&Jhwdwfqdwf rIudkowd&&r,f/}} "We will remember not the words of our enemies, but the silence of our friends."

rmwifvlomuif; (1929-1968)

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wifvo l muif;a*stm(&f) (Martin Luther l t k cGit hf a&;v_y±f mS ;r_ King Jr.) onfvx rsm;Y acgi;f aqmiftjzpfyg0ifc+hJ yD; xif±mS ;ausm=f um; aomtar&duefEikd if o H m;wpfO;D jzpfco hJ nf?

olonfZefe0g&v D 15 &uf/ 1929 ckEpS w f iG f a*sm*f s, D mjynfe,f±t dS wWvef wm+rdK@wiG zf mG ;jrifonf? ol.zcifEiS t hf bd;k ESpOf ;D pvH;k onf ESpjf cif;c&pf,mef w&m;a[mq&mrsm;jzpf+yD; vlxt k cGit hf a&;v_y±f mS ;r_rsm;Yvnf; wufºuG pGmv_y±f mS ;yg0ifco hJ rl sm;jzpfonf? ,cifemrnfrmS rdu k u f ,f(vf)jzpf+yD; aemufwiG rf mwif[I l ajymif;vJac:qdk cJo h nf? olarG;cgpwGio f . l tbd;k rSm twWvefwm±Sd {ab;eD;pgEpS jf cif;c&pf ,mefb&k m;ausmif;wGif oif;tkyq f &mjzpfco hJ nf? rmwiftouf2 ESpt f ±G,w f iG f rmwif.zcifro S if;tkyq f &m&mxl;udq k ufc&H ±S+d yD; ESpaf ygi;f rsm;pGm tr_awmfxrf;cJo h nf? -1-

20 &mpk . emrnf a usmf y k * ~ d K vf } uD ; rsm;

oli,fav;rmwifonf tom;ta&mifcjJG cm;r_±adS om tar&duefawmif ydik ;f wGi}f uD;jyif;vmcJ&h onf? olonftmz&duef-tar&duef (uy`v)D u av;rsm;wufaomausmif;wGiw f ufc&hJ onf? xdt k csed w f iG f vlrnf;uav; rsm;onf vljzLuav;rsm;ESiahf usmif;twlwufciG rhf &cJah y? rmwiftouf 15 ESpt f ±G,w f iG f txufwef;ausmif;atmifjrifc+hJ yD; aumvdyq f ufwufchJ onf? ol.zcifEiS t hf bd;k ajc&mudek if;I twWvefwm±St d a&;}u;D aom rd;k (&f) a[muf(pf)aumvdyf (Morehouse college) wGiw f ufa&mufc+hJ yD; 1948 ckEpS w f iG v f rl a_ &;qdik &f m (sociology) wGi'f *D &D&±Scd o hJ nf? xd@k aemufou l ajrmufyikd ;f ±Szd eJ pD vm;AeD;,g(Pennsylvania) od@k omG ;+y;D (Crozer Theological Seminary) Ybmoma&;ynm&yfavhvmoif=um;cJhonf? xdkausmif;Y ynmavhvmoif=um;aepOf tdE, dN Edik if . H bmoma&;acgi;f aqmifjzpfaom r[wWr*E<. D oif=um;r_rsm;udk avhvmqnf;yl;cJo h nf? r[wWr*ED. < a&; om;csurf sm;xJwiG f t=urf;zufru _ o kd ;kH +yD;vlra_ &;ajymif;vJrr_ sm;udk rvkyf Edik af =umif; owday;xm;onf? txl;ojzifh *EDa< jymcJah ompum;jzpfaom “u|Eykf w f @kd .emusirf r_ sm;a=umifh ,if;wd@k .w&m;r#wr_r±Sjd cif;rsm;udk odjrif vmaprnf” onfrmwif.ESvHk;om;udkxdcdkufapcJhonf? bmoma&; ausmif;wGif tom;ta&mifujJG ym;aomvlrsKd ;pkrsm;yg0if+yD; vljzLtrsm;pkyg 0ifaomrmwif.tcef;wGif ,if;tm; ausmif;om;acgi;f aqmiftjzpfa±G; cs,w f ifajr‡muf=uonf? 1951 ckEpS w f iG f bmoma&;qdik &f m'D*&Du&kd ±Scd +hJ yD; aemuf abmhpwefwuUov kd o f @kd ajymif;a±$c› o hJ nf? 1995 ckEpS w f iG rf l abmhp wefwuUov kd Yf a'guw f mbG@J u&kd ±Scd o hJ nf? abmhpwefwiG yf if ,if;.=uif,maz: jzpfvmrnfh ckad &wmpaumh (Coretta hf wG@qckH o hJ nf? olronfpw d "f gw=f u@H cikd u f m pGr;f tm;ESijhf ynfph +kH y;D vl Scott) ESia xktcGit hf a&;rsm;tay: tvGe*f ±kpu kd af omrde;f rjzpfcahJ yonf? r=umrDwiG f yifrmwifESifhcdka&wmwdk@vufxyf+yD; om;ESpfa,muforD;ESpfa,mufpkpk aygi;f om;orD;av;a,mufxeG ;f um;cJyh gonf? -2-

20 &mpk . emrnf a usmf y k * ~ d v f } uD ; rsm;

cdak &wmpaumhEiS v hf ufxyfxrd ;f jr‡m;+yD;aemuf uif;onf t,fvb f m;rm;/ armif*rkd m&D±dS Dexter Avenue ESpjf cif;c&pf,mefb&k m;ausmif;Y oif;tkyq f &mjzpfco hJ nf? armif*rkd m&Donf tjcm;awmifyikd ;f a'o±S+d rdK@rsm;rSmuJo h @kd yif bwf(pf)um;rsm;ay:wGif cGjJ cm;r_rsm;±Scd yhJ gonf? 'DZifbmv 1 &ufae@ 1955 ckEpS w f iG jf zpfay:cJah omtjzpftysuu f kd vlxt k ºkH uGrq _ o D @kd *,uf±u kd af pcJh onf? xkn d aewGiv f v l wfyikd ;f t±G,pf ufcsKyo f rm;±dpk mywf(cf)onf tvkyf cGirf aS rmyef;pGmjzifjh yefvmaoma=umifb h wf(pf)um;ay:±Sv d jl zLa,musmf ; wpfa,mufuakd e&may;&efjiif;qdck o hJ nf? Ttr_jzifyh if ±dpk mywf(cf)udzk rf; qD;csKyfaESmifco hJ nf? ±dpk mywf(cf)udzk rf;qD;csKyaf ESmif+y;D onfah emufyikd ;f rmwifvo l muif;ESio hf . l taygi;f taz:rsm;onf bwf(pf)um;pD;&mwGicf jJG cm;r_±jdS cif;tay: qENjyr_rsm; vky&f efun l cD o hJ nf? bwf(pf)um;ay:wGif c&D;onfrsm;a&mpD;cGirhf &rcsi;f vljzLrsm;tm; bwf(pf)um;rpD;bl;[kjiif;qef&ef qH;k jzwfco hJ nf? Tv_y±f mS ; r_a=umifh uif;udzk rf;qD;vdu k =f u+yD; ol.tdru f v kd nf;Ak;H azmuf+yD;rD;avmif apcJo h nf? armif*rkd m&Dbwf(pf)um;oydwaf rSmufyw JG iG f yg0ifcahJ omtjcm; vlrsm;onfvnf; apmfum;r_trsKd ;rsKd ;ESit hf qH;k pD&ifrr_ sm; cHpm;&aomfvnf; oydwaf rSmufyrJG mS qufvufvy_ ±f mS ;qJyifjzpfonf? armif*rkd m&DwiG ±f adS omvlrnf; 17˜000 a,mufonf tvkyu f akd jcvsio f mG ; Ijzpfap od@k r[kwf ud, k yf ikd u f m;pD;aomvlrnf;vlrsKd ;tenf;pkrjS zpfap wpf cgwpf&Hum;}uHKac:oGm;wwfonf? Todk@jzifh armif*dkrm&Dbwf(pf)um; ukr`%Du0ifaiGrsm;xdcdkufIwpfa=umif;/ txufv$wfawmfw&m;±Hk;u armif*rkd m&Dbwf(pf)um;ukr% ` t D m;a&maESmum;pD;jcif;udk vufc&H eft wGuaf =umifh 1956 ckEpS 'f ZD ifbmv20 &ufae@wiG q f ENjyyG+J y;D qH;k oGm;cJo h nf? *&if;pbd±k /kd ajrmufu,f±v kd ikd ;f em±Sd vlrnf;ausmif;om;tenf;pkonfuif; -3-

20 &mpk . emrnf a usmf y k * ~ d K vf } uD ; rsm;

.oifcef;pmrsm;udzk wf+y;D olw@kd u, kd w f ikd v f y_ ±f mS ;r_rsm;pvky&f efq;kH jzwfvu kd f =uonf? ,if;wd@k ae&yfwiG f ±Sad omukew f u kd }f u;D xJwiG f vlrnf;rsm;udt k pm; tpmra&mif;csay;aom pm;aomufqikd w f pfqikd x f YJ vlrnf;ausmif;om; rsm;oGm;I0ifxikd =f uonf? TuJo h @kd jzifh wpfpwpfpqdik x f YJ ±Sad omcHv k w G f rsm;tm;vH;k xJY vlrnf;ausmif;om;rsm;0ifxidk =f uonf? Tod@k vyk jf cif; tm;jzifh ,if;wd@k u, kd cf E<mydik ;f qdik &f mYt±du k t f ESucf &H aomfvnf; uif;. oGeo f ifrt _ &,if;wd@k bmrSjyefIrvkyaf cs? r=umrSw D iG f Deep South wGi±f dS aomausmif;om;tm;vH;k TuJo h @kd vu kd I f vkyaf qmif=uonf? xd@k a=umifh ajcmufvtwGi;f awmifyikd ;f a'o±Sd 26 +rKd @wiG ±f adS omvljzLvlrnf;cGjJ cm;quf qHaompm;aomufqdkifrsm; yaysmufoGm;awmhonf? TuJhodk@ausmif; om;rsm;ae&m,l+y;D xkid cf rkH sm;ay:0ifxikd rf a_ =umifjh ynfo@l O,smOf/ a&ul;uef/ jyZgw±f /kH bk&m;ausmif;/ pm=unfw h u kd /f jywdu k Ef iS yhf ifv,furf;ajcrsm;Y vnf;atmifjrifr&_ ±So d nf? uif;onf Edik if w H pf0rS ;f vSnv hf nfIw&m;a[myGrJ sm;usi;f yum vlrsm;udk jynfo@l tcGit hf a&;v_y±f mS ;r_rsm;wGif yg0ifvm&efwu kd w f eG ;f Ed;_ aqmfco hJ nf? t=urf;rzufaomenf;jzifh vljzLvlrnf;cGjJ cm;aomae&mrsm;Y0ifxidk jf cif;/ armif*rkd m&DwiG jf yKvkycf ahJ om pD;yGg;a&;oydwaf rSmufjcif;rsm;jyKvky&f ef wdu k f wGef;cJhonf? uif;urJay;jcif;rSm ta&;}uD;a=umif;tpOft+rJajym=um;cJo h nf? olut u,fItmz&duef-tar&duefrsm;rJay;cGi&hf ±Scd v hJ #if tar&duef.Edik if aH &; avmuwGit f a&;}uD;pGmjzifh wpfwyftm;yg0ifaprnfjzpfonf? ,if;wd@k t aejzifh vlenf;pkrsm;jzpfapumrl rJay;cGiu hf akd umif;aumif;rGerf eG pf rD cH ef@cEJG ikd f v#if ,if;wd@k onf Edik if aH wmforRwESijhf ynfe,ftqifah ±G;aumufyrJG sm;wGif ta±G;cs,cf EH ikd zf , G ±f o dS nf? -4-

20 &mpk . emrnf a usmf y k * ~ d v f } uD ; rsm;

awmifyikd ;f wGif Ku Klux Klan* uJo h @kd aomtzG@J rsm;uvlrnf;rsm;tm;rJr ay;&efzt d m;ay;r_rsm;jyKvkycf o hJ nf? om"utjzpfq&kd aomf 1960 ckEpS f rpPpyDjynfe,fwiG f vlO;D a& 42μ rSmvlrnf;rsm;jzpfaomfvnf; 2μomrJay; &efemrnfwifoiG ;f cJ=h uonf? a'ocHvrl nf;pkrsm;tay:Oya'ESit hf nDw &m;pD&ifjcif;rjyKyJ ao'g%af y;jcif;rsm;jzifah =umufvef@apcJo h nf? tJruf ax;(vf)qdak omtouf 14 ESpt f ±G,af usmif;om;av;wpfa,mufuv kd l jzLtrsKd ;orD;wpfa,muftm;avc|eo f aH y;rdojzifh w&m;Oya'ESiw hf &m;pD &ifjcif;rjyKbaJ o'g%af y;jcif;cH&onf? wpfcsKd @url vlrrJ sm;udrk aJ y;&efemrnf pm&if;wifoiG ;f &ef wdu k w f eG ;f rdojzifh tqH;k pD&ifjcif;cH=u&onf? uif;u rpPpyDjynfe,fwiG f rJay;&eftwGuf emrnfpm&if;oGi;f &ef wdu k w f eG ;f csurf sm; vky&f mwGif ulncD ahJ omfvnf; wd;k wufrt _ vGeyf ifaES;auG;cJyh gonf? 1960 ckEpS t f ar&dueforRwa±G;cs,&f eftwGurf q J , G w f &m;a[myGYJ *|ef tuf(zf)uae'D (John F.Kennedy) onf jynfo@l tcGit hf a&;tufOya't opfvyk &f eftwGuf a[m=um;cJo h nf? a±G;aumufyt JG +yD; avhvmawG@±&dS onfrmS tmz&duef-tar&duef 70μ rSm*|et f uf(zf)uae'DtwGurf x J nfch hJ =uonf? jynfo@l tcGit hf a&;Oya'=urf;udk 1963 ckEpS u f eG *f &ufwiG w f ifjycJ+h yD; *|ev f 11 &ufae@wiG ±f yk jf rifo=H um;tpDtpOfwiG f pum;ajym=um;cJah omuae'Du Oya'=urf;udk atmufygtwdik ;f axmufjycJo h nf? “tar&duef&b hJ ,fa'o tpdwt f ydik ;f rSmrqdk arG;zGg;wJeh *D ±d;k uav;i,frsm;[m ae@wpfae@wnf;eJ‹ae &ma'owpfcktwGif;rSmarG;zGg;wJhvljzLuav;rsm;&Jh &mcdkifE_ef;wpf0uf * Ku Klux Klan auoH;k vH;k toif; - tar&duefjynfe*D ±d;k qef@usiaf &;toif; Tt

oif;udk tar&duefuawmifyikd ;f wGif awG@&+yD;vljzLrsm;ursuEf mS zH;k rsm;ESi0hf wf±jkH zLrsm; 0wfqifonf?

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20 &mpk . emrnf a usmf y k * ~ d K vf } uD ; rsm;

avmufomwef;jrifhausmif;atmifjrif=ujcif;/ oHk;yHkwpfyHkrSmaumvdyf ausmif;wufciG ±fh jdS cif;/ oH;k yHw k pfyu kH tvkyt f udik Ef iS t hf wwfynm±So d rl sm; jzpfvmjcif;/ ESpyf w kH pfyrkH mS tvkyv f ufrjhJ zpfjcif;/ ,if;wd@k .oufwrf;rSmvljzL rsm;xufcEk pS Ef pS ef nf;jcif;ESiv hf jl zLrsm;.0ifaiGwpf0ufom&±So d nf” [lIjzpf onf? uae'DwifoiG ;f aomw&m;Oya'udk uGe*f &ufrt S odtrSwjf yK&ef }udK;pm; aoG;aqmif&eftwGuf uif;ESit hf jcm;jynfo@l tcGit hf a&;acgi;f aqmifwpfcsKd @ utvkyt f udik Ef iS v hf w G v f yfa&;&±Sad &;wd@k twGuf 0g±iS w f efYxifay:ausmf =um;aomcsw D ufyw JG pfcu k kd OD;aqmifusi;f ycJyh gonf? 1963 ckEpS =f o*kwv f 28 &ufae@Y0g±iS w f efwiG f usi;f yaomtvkyt f udik Ef iS v hf w G v f yfa&;twGuf csw D ufyYJG atmifjrifrt _ }u;D tus,&f ±Scd o hJ nf? csw D ufvmaomvltyk }f u;D udck ef@reS ;f =unfrh nfqv kd #if vlO;D a& 250000 rS 400000 a,muftxd±rdS nf jzpfonf? Tcsw D ufa[majym}uD;wGif yifuif;u “I have a dream”qdk onfah emifwiG x f ifay:ausm=f um;vmonfrh ed @f ceG ;f udk a[majymcJyh gonf? uae'D.jynfo@l tcGit hf a&;Oya'=urf;udk uGe*f &ufwiG af qG;aEG;ajymqdak e qJrmS yif 1963 ckEpS Ef 0kd ifbmvwGif tqH;k pD&ifjcif;cH&onf? TwGio f rRw topfjzpfvmolvif;'Gefbif;(cf)*|efpefuTwm0efudkqufvufxrf; aqmifcahJ omfvnf; *|epf efonfjynfo@l tcGit hf a&;u¾rsm;Y emrnfoyd rf aumif;cJah cs? *|epf efuuGeu f &ufwiG f twdik ;f twmwpfct k xd0ifa&muf pGuzf ufEikd o f nft h m%mudo k ;kH I w&m;Oya'udt k wnfjyKEdik cf o hJ nf? 1964 ckEpS jf ynfo@l tcGit hf a&;tufOya'Y trsm;jynfoEl iS q hf ikd af omae&m rsm;jzpfonf±h yk ±f iS ±f /kH pm;aomufqikd rf sm;ESi[ hf w kd ,frsm;Y tom;ta&mifcJG jcm;jcif;rSmw&m;Oya'udck sKd ;azmufonf[k jyXge;f cJo h nf? xd@k twltvky±f iS f rsm;udv k nf;vltm;vH;k tay:om wlnrD #tvkyv f yk cf iG ahf y;&rnf[k vnf;yg -6-

20 &mpk . emrnf a usmf y k * ~ d v f } uD ; rsm;

±So d nf? Edik if aH wmf&efyakH iGEiS t hf vkyv f yk af qmifaomvkyif ef;rsm;wGif vlwpfO;D wpfa,muf.tom;ta&/ vlrsKd ; od@k r[kwf Edik if t H ay:tajccHaomcGjJ cm;r_ rsm;tay: oufaotaxmuftxm;±Syd gu xd&k efyakH iGrsm;udk &yfqikd ;f ypfEikd f ygonf? aemufyikd ;f uif;uz,f'&,fraJ y;ydik cf iG t hf cGit hf a&;Oya'xnfo h iG ;f a&;t ay:tm±Hpk ;l pdu k cf o hJ nf? xdt k csed w f iG f jynfe,fwpfcpk w D iG f rnfonfjh ynfe,f ole,fom;rsm;tcGit hf a&;ay;Edik o f nf [laomuef@owfcsuv f yk Ef ikd o f nfh tcGit hf a&;±So d nf? rsm;aomtm;jzifh awmifyikd ;f jynfe,frsm;wGif tar&d uefvrl nf;rsm;udk rJay;cGirhf ay;acs? awmifyikd ;f a'o±SEd ikd if aH &;orm;rsm;u qef@usi=f uaomfvnf; v$waf wmftrwftrsm;pku (333rJ 48 rJ) jzift h Edik f &IrJay;ydik cf iG t hf ufOya'jyXge;f a&;ESiq hf ;D edwv f w $ af wmfrS (77 rJ 19rJ) jzift h Edik &f ±SI d rJqENay;Edik cf iG t hf ufOya'udjk yXge;f Edik cf o hJ nf? Tw&m;Oya'uEdik if H awmftpd;k &u a'ocHjynfe,frsm;urJay;&eftwGuef mrnfpm&if;wifoiG ;f ray;olrsm;udk emrnfpm&if;rsm;a&;rSwaf y;onf? uif;uTta&;}u;D aomw&m;Oya'ESp&f yfujkd yXge;f Edik &f ef }uKd ;pm;+y;D aemuf qif;&Jom;rsm;udu k n l &D ef }udK;pm;tm;xkwcf yhJ gonf? uif;uvlrsKd ;pkEiS phf ;D yGg;a&;tcGit hf a&;rsm;rSmeD;pyfr±_ +dS y;D t+r'J eG w f aJG eaoma=umifh uif;uypPn;f OpPmrsm;udk vltrsm;twGujf zef@jzL;ay;&ef vdt k yfa=umif;a[majymcJo h nf? uif;utmz&duef-tar&duefrsm;ESiq hf if;&Jom;vljzLrsm;rS&aJ bmf&zJ ufrsm; jzpf+yD; ,if;wd@k twlwuGvufwv JG yk af qmifygu vlrt _ zG@J tpnf;udak jymif; vJEikd af =umif;tm;ay;wdu k w f eG ;f cJyh gonf? uif;utmvfbm;rm;±Spd v J rf m wGiT f od@k red @f ceG ;f ajym=um;cJyh gonf? “vGecf w hJ hJ 12 ESpw f ek ;f uwd@k awG[mjyef vnfjyKjyifa&;v_yf±Sm;r_awGrSmyg0ifcJh+yD; ('gayrJhtck) wdk@awG[macwf topfwpfcak &mufvm+y;D / 'Dacwftopfuakd wmfveS af &;acwfv@kd ac:&r,f” rdrd.}uD;xGm;vmaom tajccHususwpfzufpGef;pdwfudk vSpf[jyocJhyg onf? -7-

20 &mpk . emrnf a usmf y k * ~ d K vf } uD ; rsm;

1967 ckEpS {f +yDv 3 &ufae@wiG f rmwifvo l muif;a*stm(&f)rS tb,f a=umifAh , D uferfppfyu JG q kd ef@usi&f onft h a=umif;rsm;udk az: jyxm;ygonf? Trde@f ceG ;f udak jym+yD;onfah emuf =oZmv$r;f rd;k r_±adS omyk*K~d vfwpfcsKd @u uif; udk 1968 ckEpS o f rRwa±G;aumufyw JG iG f wwd,ygwt D jzpf0ifa&mufyg0if&ef wdu k w f eG ;f E_;d aqmf=uonf? uif;uTt}uHay;csuu f ykd ,fcscahJ omfvnf;AD ,uferfppfyt JG ay: qef@usiv f y_ ±f mS ;r_ukd qufvufaqmif±u G cf o hJ nf? uif; uAD,uferfppfyt JG ay: qef@usiaf oma=umifrh ed @f ceG ;f rsm;pwifajymcJo h jzifh tpd;k &u,if;tay:rESpo f ufvrkd r_ sm;±Scd o hJ nfuakd wG@&rnf? rwfv 28 &ufae@ 1968 ckEpS w f iG f uif;utvkyo f rm;tcGit hf a&;twGuf uln&D efrif;zd(pf) (Memphis) ±Sq d ENjyyGu J kd ud, k w f ikd Of ;D aqmifcsw D ufco hJ nf? csw D ufyOJG ;D aqmiforl sm;ucsw D uforl sm;udk t=urf;zufrv _ yk if ef;rsm;a±Smif usO&f eftrde@f ay;aomfvnf; vli,fwpfprk sm;rSm vrf;!$ecf surf sm;udek m;r axmifyJ +rKd @awmfcef;rod@k csw D uf&mvrf;wpfav#muf±q dS ikd rf sm;udk zsuq f ;D ypf cJo h nf? touf 16 ESpt f ±G,o f m±Sad o;aomvm&Dzif; (Larry Payne)[l aomaumifuav;wpfa,mufuykd v k yd u f vk,ufot l jzpfpyG pf +JG y;D ypfowf cJo h nf? od@k aomfrsujf rifoufaorsm;u vm&Duykd v k yd f rsm;ypfowfcsed w f iG f ol.vufudkajr‡mufxm;onf[kajym=uonf? uif;ucsw D ufyw JG iG f xdo k @kd t=urf;zufrv _ yk &f yfrsm;jzpf&jcif;rSm tpd;k &.&efp v_@H aqmforl sm;jzpfonf[k tcdik t f rm,H=k unfco hJ nf? xdn k uuif;uol. emrnfausm=f um;qH;k rde@f ceG ;f jzpfaom “u|eaf wmfw@kd awmifxyd af y:a&mufchJ w,f” [laomrde@f ceG ;f udk rde@f =um;cJo h nf? ol@red @f ceG ;f udk Tod@k tqH;k owfchJ onf? “'Dae@up+y;D bmawGjzpfvmrvJqw kd mrodygb;l ? 'gayrJt h a±Sr› mS cuf cJwahJ e@&ufawG±adS evdrrhf ,f? 'gayrJ'h t D &mawG[m u|eaf wmft h wGub f mrSr jzpfavmufawmhygb;l ? bmjzpfv@kd vq J akd wmh u|eaf wmfawmifxyd u f akd &muf cJ+h yD;? awmifay:uvSr;f =unfv h u kd w f t hJ cg uwday;xm;wJeh ,fajrudk awG@& -8-

20 &mpk . emrnf a usmf y k * ~ d v f } uD ; rsm;

w,f? 'De,fajrrSm cifAsm;wd@k e@J twlra&mufaumif;ra&mufEikd b f ;l ? 'gayrJh cifAsm;wd@k tm;vH;k udo k ad pcsiw f mu wd@k awGvrl sKd ;pkwpfcv k ;kH taeeJ@'u D wd ay;xm;wJah jrudk a&mufrmS rkcsjzpfw,fqw kd mudk odapcsiyf gw,f? 'gah =umifh vJu|efawmfwu,faysmfygw,f?” aemufwpfae@rmS yJuif;u ol&[ hJ w kd ,favomaqmifrmS &yfaewke;f typf owfccH &hJ w,f? olaoqH;k oGm;onfah emufqufwt JG jzpf+rdK@ 125 +rdK@wiG q f l ylaomif;use;f r_rsm;jzpfay:vm+yD; vlav;q,fajcmufa,muftowfccH &hJ onf? ESpv f t=umwGi*f srd ;f t,f(vf)a&; (James Earl Ray) qdo k nfh olukd vef'ef+rKd @wiG zf rf;qD;+y;D tar&duefo@kd y@kd vu kd o f nf? xdo k t l m;uif;udv k yk }f uH r_twGuaf xmifxu J ;kd q,fu h ;kd ESpcf svu kd o f nf? rmwifvo l muif;towfc&H onft h ay: pHpk rf;axmufvrS ;f r_rsm;rsm;pGmjyK vkycf +hJ y;D tar&dueftpd;k &ESit hf ufzb f t D ikd f (FBI) wd@k rS ,if;vky}f urH . _ aemuf uG,w f iG ±f o dS nf[k xifjrifcsu±f =dS uonf? tjcm;pdw0f ifpm;p&mtcsuw f pf ckrS *srd ;f udv k ef'efwiG o f v J eG pf ±SmIzrf;qD;cJo h rl mS tufzb f t D ikd rf [kwb f J uae'gyv k yd rf sm;jzpfonfuo dk ±d &dS onf? 1988 ckEpS w f iG f axmifxw J iG t f usO;f cscaH e&aom*srd ;f udk ±kyjf rifo=H um;awG@ qHak r;jref;cef;jyKvkycf &hJ mwGio f u l FBI at;*sirhf sm;u ol@uu kd if;tm;owf &ef0efccH ikd ;f +yD; tu,fI0efrcHygu ol.zcifEiS n hf t D pfuw kd pfa,mufukd axmifxcJ srnf[+k crd ;f ajcmufco hJ nfuakd jymcJo h nf? *srd ;f uolukd FBI uuif; tm;owfjzwfrt _ wGut f uGuq f ifzrf;cJo h nf[q k o kd nf? 1983 ckEpS w f iG f tar&duefjynfaxmifpu k eG *f &ufu tar&duef.jynfo@l t cGit hf a&;v_y±f mS ;r_acgi;f aqmifrsm;xJrS wpfa,mufjzpfonfrh mwifvo l m uif;udk *k%jf yKaomtm;jzifh Zefe0g&v D wwd,ywfwevFmae@ukd rmwifvl omuif;ae@[kowfrSwfcJhonf? -9-

20 &mpk . emrnf a usmf y k * ~ d K vf } uD ; rsm;

]]uRefawmfwdkUwdkif;jynfrSmaxmifuscH&NyD;wJhaemufrSmor®wjzpfvmrSmjzpfw,f/}} “In my country we go to prison first and then become President.”

]]b0rSm*kPf,lp&mtaumif;qHk;[m wpfcgrSmrvJuswmr[kwfbl;/ 'gayrJhudk,fvJuswJhtcgwdkif;jyefxjcif;jzpfw,f/}} “The Greatest glory in living lies not in never falling, but in rising every time we fall.”

]]wpdwfwa'ovGwfvyfrIqdkwmr½Sdbl;/}} “There is no such thing as part freedom.”

e,fvqifrif'v J m; (1918 -

)

e,f

vqifrif'v J m; (Nelson Mandela) onfvjl zLvlrnf;cGjJ cm;a&;0g'±Sad om awmiftmz&duEdik if u H kd vlrsKd ;aygi;f pH±k adS om 'Dru kd a&pDEikd if t H jzpfajymif;vJ&eftwGuf OD;aqmifco hJ jl zpfyg onf? olonf 27 ESp=f umaxmifoiG ;f tusO;f csccH &hJ +yD;aemuf ol.wdik ;f jynfY yxrOD;qH;k vlro J rRwjzpfchJ onf? ±kv d v D mvmrif'v J m;onf 1918 ckEpS Zf v l ikd v f 18 &ufae@wiG f vlrnf;wd@k . arG;&yfajrjzpfaomx&efpuD (Transkei) wGiaf rG;zGm;cJo h nf? ol.zcif[ife&D rSm oifbel ef;rsKd ;eef;EG,f (Thembu Royal Family) .tav;pm;cH&aomt }uHay;yk*Kd~ vfwpfa,mufjzpfonf? ol.emrnfjzpfaom±dv k v D mvm.t "dyg` ,rf mS “'kuaQ y;ol” [kt"dyg` ,&f onf? xd@k a=umifh ol.rlvwef;ausmif; q&muol@emrnfukd e,fvqif[ak jymif;ac:cJo h nf? rif'v J m;.i,fpOfb0wGif +idr;f csr;f pGmaexdik cf &hJ +yD; rsm;aomtm;jzifEh mG ; ausmif;jcif;ESit hf rd t f vkyrf sm;udv k yk &f onf? od@k aomfo. l zcifu, G v f eG f -10-

20 &mpk . emrnf a usmf y k * ~ d v f } uD ; rsm;

oGm;+yD;onfah emuf oifbrl sKd ;;EG,t f wGuf ud, k pf m;tkycf sKyfa&;wm0ef,&l aom =oZmv$r;f rd;k r_±o dS nfah qGrsKd ;wpfa,mufEiS o hf mG ;ae&onf? od@k aomf vnf; azg(h wf)[J(&f) (Fort Have) omoemjyKaumvdyaf usmif;rSxu G o f mG ; +yD;aemuf ausmif;om;rsm;.vljzLudv k ekd t D yk cf sKyfa&;tay: qENjyjcif;rsm; wGiyf g0ifco hJ nfrpS I rdr. d ud, k yf ikd v f w G af jrmufa&;ESit hf rsKd ;om;v$waf jrmuf a&;twGuf v_@H aqmfrc_ &D;±Snu f pkd wifco hJ nf? rif'v J m;onf 1942 ckEpS w f iG f 0d0gwm;(pf)&Jew f uUov kd f (University of f ya'bmomjzifah tmifjrifco hJ nf? olonftmz&d Witwatersrand) wGiO ueftrsKd ;om;uGeu f &uf–African National Congress (ANC) .vkyif ef; rsm;wGifyg0ifv_yf±Sm;r_rsm;wdk;yGm;vmcJhonf? ANC onfvlrsdK;aygif;pHkrS awmiftmz&duEdik if o H @kd Edik if aH &;t&ajymif;vJrr_ sm;±Sv d matmif v_y±f mS ; aqmif±u G af omtzG@J tpnf;jzpfonf? 1948 ckEpS w f iG f trsKd ;om;ygwu D tm%m&±S+d y;D “vljzLvlrnf;cGjJ cm;a&;0g'” ay:vpDukd pwiftaumiftxnfaz: jcif; od@k r[kwf vlrsKd ;a&;tay:rlwnf IoD;oef@cjJG cm;jcif;rsm;udk twif;t=uyfvyk af qmifco hJ nf? ANC url T vlrsdK;cGJjcm;a&;0g'tay: qef@usifa&;v_yf±Sm;r_vkyfief;rsm;udk pwifvkyf aqmifco hJ nf? 1952 ckEpS w f iG f rif'v J m;u ANC .vufaxmufOuUXwpf a,mufjzpfco hJ nf? 1950 ckEpS f ESpu f ek yf ikd ;f wGif tpd;k &.zdEydS q f ufqrH r_ sm;jym; vmaoma=umifh rif'v J m;ESio hf . l oli,fcsi;f tdv k AD mxrfbkd (Oliver Tamhf jcm;olw@kd u ANC udyk I kd tajccHusaom ajymif;vJrr_ sm;bufo@kd -bo) ESit OD;wnfco hJ nf? 1956 ckEpS w f iG f rif'v J m;udk wdik ;f jynftay:opPmazgurf j_ zifh pGypf cJG +hJ yD; axmifxw J iG f ig;ESpu f s+yD;aemufw&m;aov$waf y;cJo h nf? 1960 ckEpS rf wfvwGif vljzLvlrnf;cGjJ cm;a&;0g'udk qef@usiaf omvlrnf; 69 a,muftm; ykvyd rf sm;u ±Syzf b J ;D vf (Sharpeville) wGio f wfjzwfvu kd f -11-

20 &mpk . emrnf a usmf y k * ~ d K vf } uD ; rsm;

onf? tpd;k &u wdik ;f jynfwiG ;f ta&;ay: tajctaexkwjf yef+y;D ANC udyk w d f qd@k co hJ nf? Ttcsuu f w kd @kH jyefonft h aeESihf ANC u t=urf;rzufa&;ay: vpDupkd eG @f y,fI rif'v J m;u ANC twGuf “Umkhonto we Zizwe” od@k r [kwf “The Spear of the Nation–wdik ;f jynf.vSw” [kac:onfv h ufeuf udik w f yfz@JG uzkd @JG pnf;cJo h nf? xd@k aemuf ol@uAkd v kd cf sKyfrLS ;}uD;tjzpfcef@tyfjcif; cH&+yD;aemuf ppfoifwef;wufciG &hf &efEiS hf ANC twGut f axmuftyHrh sm; ±SmazG&eftwGuf Edik if jH cm;wdik ;f jynfrsm;od@k c&D;xGucf o hJ nf? ol@Eikd if o H @kd jyefvmonft h csed w f iG t f zrf;cH&+y;D tusO;f axmifxJ ig;ESpt f usO;f cstrde@f ay;cHc&hJ onf? 1963 ckEpS w f iG f rif'v J m;ESit hf jcm;aom ANC acgi;f aqmifrsm;tpd;k &udk t=urf;enf;jzifx h w k yf ,f&ef v#Kd @0u S t f }uHtpnfrsm; a&;qGcJ o hJ nf? aemifwpfEpS rf mS yif rif'v J m;udk wpfoufwpfu|e;f us&eft rde@f ay;cJo h nf? xd@k twGuf oluTtrde@f twGuf rdru d , kd u f ckd ck u H muG,f aomed*;kH csKyfpum;rSm atmufygtwdik ;f jzpfonf? “u|eaf wmf&b hJ 0oufwmwpfcv k ;kH udk tmz&duefvrl sKd ;awG&v hJ y_ ±f mS ;r_awG xJrS epfjrKyfxm;ygw,f? u|eaf wmf[m v$r;f rd;k csKyfuikd w f v hJ jl zLawGukd awmf vSew f u kd cf u kd o f vdk vlrnf;tkypf ;kd olawGuv kd nf; awmfveS w f u kd cf u kd rf mS jzpf w,f? u|eaf wmf[m 'Dru kd a&pDe@J val wGtm;vH;k o[mZmwjzpfatmif ae xdik +f y;D tcGit hf a&;om wlnrD #&±Sw d hJ vGwv f yfwv hJ rl t _ zG@J tpnf;tawG;t ac:yHpk u H kd vdck siw f mjzpfw,f? 'DtawG;tac:udk u|eaf wmfu zG@H +zdK;wd;k wuf vmatmifvyk cf siw f mjzpfw,f? 'gayrJv h t kd yfvm&if 'DtawG;tac:eJ@vJ ud, k t hf oufay;+yD;paw;Edik yf gw,f?” ol@uckd yd af xmif; (Cape Town) urf;±d;k tjyifbufY±Sad om a&mhbifu|e;f rSm axmifoiG ;f tusO;f cs+yD; aemufq;kH jynfrxJrmS ±Sw d zhJ ;kd vfprd;k tusO;f axmif xJo@kd ajymif;a±$@co hJ nf? olaxmifxu J saepOftwGi;f olonfEikd if w H umvl -12-

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jzLvlrnf;cGjJ cm;r_ukd qef@usio f nf[t k rSwt f om;wckjzpfvmonf? axmifxw J iG f ESpaf ygi;f ESpq f ,fausmu f sc+H y;D aemuf rif'v J m;u wpfcsKd @aom ta&;}uD;onft h a&;udprP sm;wGif acgi;f aqmifuqH;k jzwfcsurf sm;udk ud, k f wdik cf s&rnf[t k cdik t f rm,H=k unfonft h wGuf enf;vrf;topfwpfcu k o kd ;kH &efq;kH jzwfco hJ nf? Tod@k jzifh 'kucQ }H uKd ;pm;r_rsm;a=umifh urBmay:wGief mrnf t}uD;qH;k t usO;f om;udOk ;D aqmifI orRw±H;k wGiaf wG@qakH qG;aEG;yGu J kd v#Kd @ 0Supf mG usi;f ycJo h nf? xdt k ajctwifaqG;aEG;yGw J iG f ol@uv kd w $ af y;&efomr u Edik if x H ±J v dS jl zLvlrnf;cGjJ cm;a&;pepfukd 'Dru kd a&pDpepfo@kd ajymif;vJ&ef}udK; pm;cJo h nf? 1990 ckEpS af zaz:0g&v D 2 &ufae@wiG af wmiftmz&dutpd;k &rS jynfwiG ;f jynfyzdtm;ay;r_rsm;udk wH@k jyefjcif;tm;jzifh rif'v J m;udk v$waf y; vdu k +f yD;onfw h pf+ydKifeuf ANC tay: ydwq f @kd ru _ v kd J &yfpv J u kd o f nf? 1991 ckEpS w f iG rf if'v J m;u ANC .acgi;f aqmifwpfO;D jzpfvmonf? 1993 ckEpS w f iG f rif'v J m;udk xdt k csed u f awmiftmz&du.orRwjzpfaom FW De Klerk ESiw hf zJG ufI Edb k ,fv+f idr;f csr;f a&;qluckd s;D jr‡ichf o hJ nf? aemuf qufwEJG pS rf mS yif awmiftmz&duonf ,if;.yxrOD;qH;k vlrsKd ;aygi;f pHak ±G; aumufyu JG si;f y+y;D rif'v J m;udak wmiftmz&du.yxrOD;qH;k vlrnf;orRw tjzpfa±G;cs,v f u kd o f nf? 1998 ckEpS f *a&;pmrufcs(J vf) (Graca Machel)ESihf wwd,t}udrv f ufxyfvu kd o f nf? olronfu, G v f eG o f mG ;+yD;jzpfonfrh kd ZrfbpforRw.ZeD;onfjzpfonf? rif'v J m;ESihf 1958 ckEpS w f iG f vufxyf+y;D 1996 ckEpS w f iG u f mG ±Si;f cJo h nf'hf w k , d ZeD;onfjzpfaom 0ifeo D nf vljzLvl rnf;cGJjcm;r_ qef@usifa&;v_yf±Sm;olwpfOD;tjzpf qufvufaqmif±GufcJh onf? 1997 ckEpS w f iG f ol.orRwoufwrf;rSmvnf;ukeq f ;kH oGm;cJo h nf? rif'v J m;onf txl;ojzift h yd cf st f ikd Af –DG attdik 'f t D ufpq f ef@usiaf &;v_yf ±Sm;r_EiS hf tjcm;v_y±f mS ;r_ rsm;wGiv f nf; wpfwyfwpftm;qufvufI ulnD -13-

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yHyh ;kd cJo h nf? 2004 ckEpS w f iG f rif'v J m;rSjynfov l x l t k a±Sw › iG f v_y±f mS ;r_rsm;rS &yfem;awmhrnfjzpfa=umif;a=ujim+y;D wjznf;jznf;vlpak ±Sw › iG f ol@uakd wG@&r_ enf;vmavonf? Zlvikd v f 18 &uf 2007 ckEpS w f iG ef ,fvqifrif'v J m;/ *a&;pmrufcs(J vf)ESihf 'ufprGew f ;l wl;wd@k onf urBmay:±Sd ouf}u;D ±G,t f rkd sm;tzG@J tpnf;ta0;udk *sKd [ef;bwf (Johannesburg) wGiaf c:,lI rdrw d @kd .twwfynmESiv hf w G f vyfaom acgi;f aqmifEikd rf w _ @kd ut kd oH;k csI urBm}uD;.tcufcq J ;kH jy\em rsm;udk ulnaD jz±Si;f &ef&nf±, G cf o hJ nf? e,fvqif.touf 89 ESpaf jrmuf arG;ae@wiG f e,fvqifu ol. “The Elders”–ouf}uD;±G,t f rkd sm;-[l aomtzG@J opfudk wnfaxmifvu dk af =umif;a=ujimcJo h nf? “'DtzG@J [m olw@kd &t hJ jrifukd vGwv f yfpmG eJ@&&J ifph mG xkwaf z:ajymrSmjzpf+yD; vlpt k a±Sr› mS yJjzpfap/ aemuf uG,rf mS yJjzpfap vdt k yfwt hJ a&;,laqmif±u G rf _ awGukd jyKvyk rf mS jzpfw,f? u|ew f @kd wawGvufw+JG y;D a=umuf±@HG ra_ wGe@J jynfph kH wJah e&mawGrmS &J&ifw h phJ w d af wG±v dS matmif/ yËdyuQ±w dS ahJ e&mrSmoabmwl nDra_ wG±v dS matmife@J pdw"f gwu f swahJ e&mrSar#mv f ifch suaf wG±v dS matmif tm;ay;wdu k w f eG ;f ay;rSmjzpfygw,f?” [lIajym=um;cJo h nf? =o*kwv f 29 &uf 2007 ckEpS w f iG f e,fvqifrif'v J m;±kyw f u k kd vef'ef+rKd @±ydS g vDrefpuGw J iG pf u kd x f cl yhJ gonf?

-14-

20 &mpk . emrnf a usmf y k * ~ d v f } uD ; rsm;

]][kwfw,f? wwfEdkifw,f vdkUajymEdkifzdkUtmPmr½SdwJhvlawGudk ]r[kwfbl;? rwwfEdkifbl;} vdkUajymcGifhray;ygeJU/}} “Never allow a person to tell you ‘no’ who doesn’t have the power to say yes.”

]]oifoabmrwlyJeJU oifhudkb,folrSudk,fhudkudk,ftxifao;atmifrvkygEdkifbl;/}} “No one can make you feel inferior without your consent.”

]]urÇmay:rSm rkef;wD;jcif;eJUtwif;tBuyfcdkif;apjcif;wdkU[m oD;oefU½SdaeNyD; tjcm;t&mawGay:rSm oufa&mufrIr½Sdbl;qdkwmrjzpfEdkifygbl;/}} “Hate and force cannot be in just a part of the world without having an effect on the rest of it.”

tJvDEdk±kpbJh (1884–1962)

t

ar&dueforRwz&ef@uvif;±kpbJ. h ZeD;ESihf Edik if H a&;v_y±f mS ;r_rsm; vkyaf qmifcahJ om tJvED ±kd pk bJh (Eleanor Roosevelt) onf jynfo@l tcGit hf a&;ESihf trsKd ; orD;v_y±f mS ;r_vyk if ef;rsm;wGif a±Sq › ;kH rSO;D aqmifyg0ifco hJ l wpfO;D jzpfonf?

tJvED ±kd pk bJo h nf 1884ckEpS af tmufwb kd mv 11&ufae@wiG f e,l;a,mufpD wD;+rKd @Y zGm;jrifco hJ nf? olr.zcif {vd,uf±pk bJh (Elliott Roosevelt) onf ,cif (1901–1909) wGif orRwjzpfczhJ ;l aom oDt'kd ±kd pk bJh (Theodore Roosevelt) .nDtpfujkd zpfonf? tJvED t kd ouf±pS Ef pS t f ±G,w f iG f olr.rdcifrmS qHq k @kd emESiahf oqH;k oGm;cJ+h yD; olrESit hf jcm;tpfuEkd iS ahf rmifrsm;udk rdcifbufrt S zGm;jzpfaom rm&Dvwfvkd a[m(vf) (Mary Ludlow Hall) ESio hf mG ;aeapcJo h nf? tJvED t kd oufq,f ESpjf ynfo h nft h csed w f iG f olr.zcifrmS t&uftvGet f u|aH omufonfah &m *ga=umifh aoqH;k oGm;cJo h nf? Ttcsed rf pS I olronfvnf; rdbrJu h av; -15-

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jzpfvmcJ&h onf? 1899 ckESpfaqmif;OD;&moDwGif olr.ta':wpfa,muf.tm;ay;r_jzifh tJvED u kd kd ''Allenwood Academy'' [kac:aom rde;f uav;ausmif;od@k yd@k aqmifco hJ nf? xdak usmif;±Sad usmif;tkyq f &mr}uD;rSm trsKd ;orD;i,fav; rsm;tm; vGwv f yfpmG awG;ac:wwf&ef jyKpkysKd ;axmifay;cJo h nf? tJvED u kd xdak usmif;wGif jyifopfbmomudx k ;l c|epf mG avhvmoif,cl +hJ y;D rdru d , kd u f , kd kH =unfjcif;rsm;vnf; wd;k yGg;vmcJo h nf? ausmif;+yD;onft h cg tJvED u kd vlra_ &;vkyif ef;rsm;wGif yg0ifvy_ ±f mS ;cJo h nf? 1905 ckEpS w f iG f olr.0rf;uGjJ zpfonfzh &ef@uvif;'D±pk bJh (Franklin D. Roohf ufxyfco hJ nf? olr.cifyeG ;f onfuo hJ @kd yif 'Dru kd a&pD0g'udk -sevelt) ESiv ,H=k unfojl zpf+yD; Edik if aH &;zufwiG f pdwyf g0ifpm;cJo h nf? 1906 ESihf 1916 ck ESpt f wGi;f ±kpbJrh o d m;pkru S av;ajcmufa,mufxeG ;f um;cJ+h yD; wpfa,muf rSm rlarG;cgpwGiaf oqH;k oGm;cJo h nf? 1913 ckEpS w f iG f orRw0k'±d0k v D q f if (Woodrow Wilson) u z&ef@uvif;'D±pk bJu h kd a&wyf.vufaxmuftwGi;f a&;rSL;tjzpf cef@tyfco hJ nf? ±kpbJo h nf yxrurBmppftwGi;f xdw k m0efuakd qmif±u G cf o hJ nf? tJvED u kd ppfyt JG wGi;f =uufajceDtzG@J Y wm0efxrf;aqmifc+hJ yD; yxrurBmppft+yD;wGif "Western hf nfco hJ nf? Front" a'orsm;Y vSnv 1921 ckEpS af EG&moDwiG f z&ef@uvif;'D±pk bJrh S t}u;D tus,af eraumif;jzpfchJ onf? aemifwiG f olcpH m;&aoma&m*grmS ydv k , D akd &m*gjzpfa=umif; prf;oyf awG@±cdS o hJ nf? o‹cl E<mud, k w f pfu, kd v f ;kH eD;yg; ta=umaooGm;+yD; ol.ajc axmufrsm;udk toH;k jyKIr&awmhacs? olemruse;f jzpfonfw h pfav#muf vH;k wGif tJvED u kd ol@ukd jyKpak pmifah ±Smufc+hJ y;D tm;tiftopfrsm;jyefvnf&±Sd vm+yD; Edik if aH &;avmuxJjyef0ifEikd &f ef ulnaD y;cJo h nf? -16-

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tJvED u kd Edik if aH &;wGif wufºuGpmG v_y±f mS ;yg0if+yD; trsKd ;orD;rJxnfo h rl sm;. toif; (League of Women’s Voters), trsKd ;om;0,f,pl m;oH;k olrsm;t oif;ESihf trsKd ;orD;tvkyo f rm;or*~tzG@J 0iftjzpf tvkyv f yk cf o hJ nf? xd@k t wl tmz&dueftar&duefvrl nf;ynmwwfrsm;ESihf ta&miftaoG;±So d rl sm; wd;k wufa&;twGuf trsKd ;om;tpnf;t±H;k (NAACP) taxGaxGtwGi;f a&;rSL;wd@k EiS &hf if;ES;D u|r;f 0ifco hJ nf? TuJo h @kd &if;ES;D u|r;f 0ifra_ =umifh tJvED kd onf tmz&dueftar&duefw@kd . jynfo@l tcGit hf a&;v_y±f mS ;r_rsm;Y pdwyf g 0ifpm;vmcJhonf? olr.cifyeG ;f onf.Edik if aH &;rJq, G yf rJG sm;wGif wpfwyfwpftm;yg0ifaqmif ±GufcJhonf? xdk@a=umifh olr.cifyGef;onfz&ef‹uvif;'D±kpbJhrSm e,l; a,muf+rKd @awmf0ef (1929) tjzpf jzpfapESihf tar&dueforRwtjzpf (1932 ckEpS )f wGif ta±G;cs,cf cH &hJ onf? tar&duefordik ;f a=umif;wpfav#mufwiG f tJvED o kd nfEikd if aH &;wGif yg0ifvy_ ±f mS ;aom yxrqH;k orRwuawmftjzpf wifpm;cH&onf? olr.cifyeG ;f onftwGuf jzpf&yfreS rf sm;pkaqmif;±SmazGay; &eftwGuf c&D;rsm;pGmxGucf &hJ onf? tJvED u kd vdib f ufqikd &f mESiv hf rl sKd ;a&; &m wd@k Ywef;wlnrD #r±_ adS p&ef aqG;aEG;a[majymcJo h nf? 1935 ckEpS w f iG t f v J ED u kd orRwz&ef@uvif;'D±pk bJt h m; Oya'ESit hf nDw &m;pD&ifjcif;rjyKbJ ao'g%af y;jcif;udk qef@usio f nfOh ya'=urf;udk uGe*f &uf wGi;f od@k wifoiG ;f &ef awmif;qdck o hJ nf? (Oya'ESit hf nD w&m;pD&ifjcif;rjyKbJ ao'g%af y;jcif;rSm vlwpfO;D wpfa,mufukd w&m;r0ifpmG pGwpf I JG tqH;k pD &ifjcif;jzpf+y;D ,cifwiG v f jl zLrsm;uvlrnf;rsm;udk Tenf;jzifo h wfjzwfavh±dS onf?) rnfo@kd qakd pumrl±pk bJu h TOya'=urf;udk axmufcaH =umif;t rsm;a±Sw › iG f xkwaf z:ajym=um;jcif;r±Scd ahJ y? tb,fah =umifq h akd omf TOya' =urf;onf rdrw d @kd .tusO;f om;rsm;udk Oya'ESit hf nD w&m;pD&ifjcif;rjyKbJ owfjzwfciG ahf y;onfah xmifrLS ;rsm;udk ta&;,lEidk o f nf? xd@k a=umifo h u l -17-

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TuJo h @kd vyk v f #if awmifyikd ;f ±So d @l urkd aJ y;aomvljzLrsm;u ol@uckd iG rhf v$wf Edik yf J aemufraJ ±G;yGrJ sm;wGio f @l urkd aJ y;awmhrmS r[kwb f J a±G;aumufyw JG iG ±f ;H_ edrv hf rd rhf nf[k qifajcay;cJo h nf? 1945 ckEpS {f +yDvwGif z&ef@uvif;'D±pk bJu h , G v f eG +f yD;onfah emuf tJvED u kd Edik if aH &;v_y±f mS ;r_wiG f qufIyg0ifvy_ ±f mS ;cJo h nf? 1946 ckEpS w f iG f tar&duef orRw[if&Dtuf(pf)=xL;rif; (Harry S.Truman) utJvDEdk±kpbJhtm; ukvor*~taxGaxGnv D mcH.ud, k pf m;vS,t f jzpf a±G;cs,w f ifajr‡mufchJ onf? ukvor*~v@l tcGit hf a&;xkwjf yefa=ujimcsupf mwrf;wGif olrut a&;ygpmG 0ifa&mufyg0ifco hJ nf? ±kpbJu h ukvor*~v@l tcGit hf a&;aumfr±Sif . yxrOD;qH;k OuUXtjzpf yg0ifco hJ nf? 1948 ckEpS pf ufwifbmv 28 &uf ae@naeydik ;f wGif ±kpbJu h a=ujimpmwrf;udk ud, k pf m;jyK+y;D xdak =ujimpmwrf; udk “The international Magna Carta of all mankind”- vltm;vH;k twGuf tajccH'rD u kd a&pDjzpf+y;D xdpk mwrf;wGiyf g0ifaomt&mrsm;udk vdu k ef maqmif ±Gu&f rnf-[kwifpm;cJo h nf? ukvor*~taxGaxGnv D mcHuxkwjf yefa=u jimcsuu f kd 1948 ckEpS 'f ZD ifbmv 10 &ufae@wiG f vufcu H sio hf ;kH cJo h nf? 1953 ckEpS f Dwight D. Eisenhower orRwjzpfvmonft h cg ±kpbJu h olr. ukvor*~&mxl;rS E_wx f u G cf o hJ nf? tJvED t kd ouf±iS pf OfwiG f rdr. d ud, k af &; &mZ0ifrsm;udak &;om;cJ+h yD; “My Story (1937),” “This I Remember (1949)” ESihf “On My Own (1958)” wd@k tygt0if jzpfonf? tJvED ±kd pk bJh onf 1962 ckEpS Ef 0kd ifbmv 6 &ufae@wiG u f , G v f eG o f mG ;cJo h nf? i,fpOfutJvED ±kd pk bJo h nf rdru d , kd u f ±kd ;kd ±d;k om;om;ESihf vdv k m;awmifw h r_±dS aomolwpfO;D omjzpfaomfvnf; }uD;vmonft h cg tjrifus,v f m+yD; rdrd awG@onfch |w, f iG ;f csurf sm;udk wm0ef,u l m trsm;twGuo f ufawmifh oufom±Srd E_ iS ahf r#mv f ifch surf sm;ay;cJah om olwpfO;D tjzpf &mpkEpS f 20 wGif todtrSwjf yKcH&ol jzpfvmonf? -18-

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]]uRrf;usifolwpfa,mufurNyD;Edkif? rvkyfEdkifbl;[kajymvQif tjcm;uRrf;usifoludkcdkif;yg/}} “If an expert says it can’t be done, get another expert.”

]]&J&ifhjcif;qdkonfrSm aMumuf½GHUoifhonfht&mudk rnfodkUaMumuf½GHU&rnfESifh raMumuf½GHUoifhonfht&m udkrnfodkUraMumuf½GHU&rnfudk oifjyaomtodynmjzpfonf/}} “Courage is the knowledge of how to fear what ought to be feared and how not to fear what ought not to be feared.”

]]tDpa&;vfEikd if rH w S u,fv h ufawGUususjzpfEikd zf Ukd twGut f MhH o zG,f&mwdkUudk,HkMunf&rSmjzpfw,f/}} “In Israel, in order to be a realist you must believe in miracles.”

a';Apfbiful&D,ef (1886-1974)

a';

Apfbifu&l , D ef (David Ben–Gurion) onf*sL;vlrsdK;rsm;.uH=urRmudk wnf aqmufay;aom EdkifiHopfwpfEdkifiHESifh ta±S›tv,f ydik ;f Edik if rH sm;udk wnfaxmifay;cJo h w l pfO;D jzpfonf?

a';Apfbifu&l , D efonf ydv k efEikd if H (±k±t S ifyg,mwGit f ygt0if) zvHk (PlonSw f iG f zGg;jrifonf? olonfom;pOfrsKd ;quf 6 quf -sk) +rdKŒY 1886 ckEp ajrmufjzpfonf? olw@kd .rdom;pkrmS Zdik , f medpef (Zionism) udek ufepJ mG ,Hk =unfaomrdom;pkjzpfonf? ol.zcifrmS a±Sa› ewpfO;D jzpfonfomru [D b±l; bmomoif=um;ay;aom q&mwpfa,mufvjJ zpf+yD; acwfrZDS ikd , f med pef-''Hibbat Zion''(Zdik , f mudck spaf omolrsm;)tzG@J ukd wnfaxmifco hJ v l nf; jzpfonf? bifu&l , D ef od@k r[kwf [Db±l;bmomr0ifcifu a';Apf*&if; (David Green) [kac:qdc k ahJ omolrmS acwfraDS om *sL;bmom0ifw@kd .ynm -19-

20 &mpk . emrnf a usmf y k * ~ d K vf } uD ; rsm;

a&;udo k if=um;&+y;D bmoma&;ESit hf wl tjcm;aombmom&yfrsm;udk wGI J oif=um;cJh&onf? bifu&l , D ef.acgi;f aqmift&nftcsi;f / Edik if aH &;tawG;tac:ESit hf jrifw@kd rSm i,fi,fuav;uwnf;uyif xifay:ausm=f um;vmcJo h nf? ol.t ouf 14 ESpt f ±G,w f iG f vli,fuav;rsm;udpk pk nf;I tDZm (Ezra) [kac: aom [Db±l;bmompum;udo k majymqdrk nfh olrsm;tzG@J ukd wnfaxmifchJ onf? touf 17 ESpt f ±G,w f iG f Poaleizion (Zdik , f mtvkyo f rm;rsm;) tzG@J xw J iG yf g0ifco hJ nf? Tygwo D nf yxrqH;k aomqd±k , S v f pfZikd , f mepfEikd f iHa&;tzG@J tajccHtzG@J tpnf;wpfcjk zpfonf? Tygwo D nf Zdik , f medpef*. vlra_ &;ESiEhf ikd if aH &;wnfaqmufyrkH sm;udk q,fpEk pS af ygi;f rsm;pGm tkypf ;kd v$r;f rd;k cJ+h yD; rsm;aomtm;jzifh bifu±l , D ef.tkycf sKyfra_ tmufwiG jf zpfonf? 1906 ckEpS w f iG f ygvufpwdik ;f od@k ajymif;a±$c› +hJ yD; *sL;pdu k yf sKd ;a&;vkyif ef;rsm;. vdarRm+f cHYtvkyo f rm;tjzifjh zpfap/ 0dik o f akd vSmifonfah e&mrsm;wGijf zpfap tvkyv f yk cf o hJ nf? Tpdu k yf sKd ;a&;+cHukd Zdik , f mepfw@kd u t&ifvyk af qmifchJ jcif;jzpfonf? aemufyikd ;f YumvDv (Galilee) wGit f apmift h jzpf tvkyv f yk f cJhonf? bifonfav;ESpv f ;kH vH;k ol.v,f,majrrsm;Y tvkyv f yk af eaomfvnf; tvkyo f rm;tcGit hf a&;a&;&mrsm;Y pdw0f ifpm;r_±+dS y;D Poaleizion ygwAD [kt d zG@J 0ifjzpfvmonf? 1910 ckEpS w f iG f ol@uykd gw. D owif;pmxkwv f yk af om*s±k pvifY t,f'w D mtjzpf a±G;cs,w f ifajr‡mufjcif;cH&+yD; ola&;om;aompm * Zdik , f mepf0g'o D nf *sL;vlrsKd ;rsm;. ,cifygvufpwdik ;f wGif *sL;Edik if jH yefvnfxal xmif

a&;ESiahf cwfraDS omtDpaP &;vfEikd if aH xmufyahH &;wGif qufvufyg0if&ef vkyaf qmif onf*h sL;vlrsKd ;rsm;.Edik if aH &;v_y±f mS ;r_jzpfonf?

-20-

20 &mpk . emrnf a usmf y k * ~ d v f } uD ; rsm;

rsm;wGi“f a';Apfbifu&l , D ef”qdo k nfu h avmifemrnfwyfco hJ nf? ([Db±l; bmomjzif“h jcaoFah ygupf ”[k t"dyg` ,&f onf?) 1912 ckEpS w f iG f wl&uDEikd if o H @kd omG ;I tDpwefb;l (vf)wuUov kd Yf Oya' ynmudo k if,+l yD; owif; axmuftjzpf tvkyv f yk cf o hJ nf? 1915 ckEpS w f iG f a';Apfbifu&l , D efukd atmfwrkd ef.vufatmufwiG f Edik if aH &;v_y±f mS ;r_rsm; jyKvkyjf cif;a=umifh ygvufpwdik ;f rSjynfEiS 'f g%af y;jcif; cHc&hJ onf? jynfEiS 'f g%af y;jcif;cH&+y;D aemuf e,l;a,muf+rKd @wiG f tajccsaexdik cf +hJ y;D azg vmref0(d pf) (Paula Munweis) ESiahf wG@qckH +hJ y;D 1917 ckEpS w f iG f r*FvmaqmifchJ onf? olw@kd wiG o f m;orD;oH;k a,muf xGe;f um;cJo h nf? olonf 1918 ckEpS w f iG +f Adwo d #wyfrawmf. wyf&if; 38 ±S*d sL;vlrsKd ;tzG@J 0ifrsm;.wyf&if; wGif wm0efxrf;aqmif&onf? yxrurBmppf+yD;onfah emuf ygvufpwdik ;f Edik if u H kd atmfwrkd eftifyg,m±Sd +Aw d o d #tifyg,mu odr;f ydu k Ef ikd +f y;D aemufol ESio hf @l ro d m;pkrsm;u ygvufpwdik ;f Edik if o H @kd jyefvmcJo h nf? 1921 ckEpS w f iG f a';Apfbifu&l , D efonf (Jewish Labour Party) *sL;vlrsKd ; rsm;.avbmygww D iG f taxGaxGtwGi;f a&;rSL;ESihf 1930 ckEpS w f iG f qd±k , S f vpfrufyikd yf gwD (Socialist Mapai Party) .acgi;f aqmifjzpfco hJ nf? ig;ESpf aemufyikd ;f wGif *sL;vlrsKd ;rsm;at*sipf D (Jewish Agency) wGif obmywdjzpf vmcJhonf? +Aw d o d #w@kd ryS gvufpwkid ;f Edik if o H rd ;f ydu k jf cif;udk ±kyo f rd ;f +y;D aemuf 1948 ckEpS af r v 14 &ufae@wiG *f sL;vlrsKd ;wd@k . wdik ;f jynfjzpfaomtDpa&;(vf)Edik if aH y:xGe;f cJo h nf? xdt k csed w f iG f a';Apfbifu&l , D efutDpa&;(vf)Edik if . H yxrOD;qH;k aom0ef}uD;csKyfjzpfvmcJo h nf? ol.0ef}uD;csKyfoufwrf;ESpcf pk vH;k (1948 –1953 ckEpS Ef iS hf 1955–1963 ckEpS )f wd@k wiG f pufrq _ ikd &f mESiphf u kd yf sKd ;a&;jyef -21-

20 &mpk . emrnf a usmf y k * ~ d K vf } uD ; rsm;

vnfjyKjyifa&;v_@H aqmfrr_ sm;a=umifh pD;yGg;a&;zG@H +zKd ;wd;k wufrr_ sm;±Sv d mcJo h nf? xd@k twl Oa&myrS'u k o Q nftrsm;tjym; tDpa&;(vf)Edik if o H @kd tajccs&ef tm;ay;tm;ajr‡mufcahJ omay:vpDtwGuf =um;0ifaphpyfajymqdrk r_ sm; jyK vkyfcJhonf? a';Apfbifu&l , D efonf 1963 ckEpS w f iG f t+idr;f pm;,lco hJ nf? od@k aomf aemufEpS Ef pS t f =umwGif Edik if aH &;avmuxJo@kd Mapai Party acgi;f aqmif. twdu k t f cHtjzpf jyefvnf0ifa&mufco hJ nf? bifonf 1974 ckEpS w f iG u f , G f vGefcJhonf?

-22-

20 &mpk . emrnf a usmf y k * ~ d v f } uD ; rsm;

]]trsdK;orD;awGrSm olrdcifwpfa,mufjzpfcsifovm;? 'grSr[kwfoluav;b,fESpf a,mufvdkcsifovJqdkwmudka½G;cs,fEdkifzdkU tajccHvGwfvyfcGifhawG½Sd&r,f/}} “Woman must have her freedom, the fundamental freedom of choosing whether or not she will be a mother and how many children she will have.”

rm*&ufpif*g (1884-1966)

rm

*&ufpif*g (Margaret Higgin Sanger) onfoaE<wm;qD;a&;twGuf v_yf±Sm; aqmif±u G rf r_ sm;rSm trsKd ;orD;vGwaf jrmufa&;v_y±f mS ;r_ rsm;udk tpysKd ;v_@H aqmfaponf? tar&duefEikd if o H rl m* &ufpif*g. odyq H` ikd &f moaE<wm;qD;jcif;/ rdom;pkprD H ude;f a±;qGjJ cif;ESiv hf Ol ;D a&wd;k wufrt _ ay: xde;f csKyfjcif; wd@k wiG f a±Sa› qmifvrf;jyv_y±f mS ;r_vyk cf o hJ jzifh urBmwpf v$m; xif±mS ;ausm=f um;cJo h nf? rm*&ufpif*gonf 1884 ckEpS /f pufwifbmv 14 &ufae@Yacgeif;(Corning)/ e,l;a,mufòrd‹wiG f zGm;jrifco hJ nf? olr.zcifrmS aysmaf ysmaf ewwf+yD; bm oma&;wGit f ,Ht k =unfr±Sad om (Free Thinker) wpfa,mufjzpfonf? odŒk aomforl .rdcifutvGeb f momw&m;udik ;f ±di_ ;f +yD; uav; 11 a,muf ±Scd o hJ nf? olrruG,v f eG rf DS umvwpfav#mufrmS wDbaD &m*guckd pH m;&+y;D wD bDy;kd awG[m olr&Jt h qkyef @J t±d;k awGukd jyif;xefpmG wdu k cf u kd &f if; aemufq;kH wGif olruTa&m*gjzifyh if uG,v f eG cf &hJ onf? rm*&uf. zcifEidk if aH &;±_ axmifrh sm;jzpfaom trsKd ;orD;rsm;rJay;ydik cf iG /hf tcGet f aumufrsm;udjk yef -23-

20 &mpk . emrnf a usmf y k * ~ d K vf } uD ; rsm;

vnfaumif;rGev f matmifjyKvkyjf cif;wd@k u olrtay:v$r;f rd;k r_rsm;±Scd o hJ nf? TuJo h @kd tjrif±a_ xmifrh sm;a=umifh olr.rdom;pktay:tdref ;D csi;f rsm;u acgi;f rmolrsm;[kxifjrif=uonf? rm*&ufonf a'otxufwef;ausmif;wGiaf tmifjrifc+hJ yD;aemuf e,l; a,muf+rdK@[wfqif (Hudson) ±Scd vmA&uf (Claverack) aumvdyw f iG f atmifjrifco hJ nf? xd@k aemufrm*&ufu e,l;*smpDwiG f q&mrtjzpfw0ef xrf;aqmif+yD;aemufwGif olr.aovkarsmyg;rdcifudkjyefI=unfh±_apmifh a±Smufco hJ nf? 1896 ckEpS w f iG f olr.rdcifaoqH;k oGm;cJo h nf? xdt k csed w f iG f rm*&ufrmS ol@rcd iftwGupf w d rf aumif;jzpf&+yD; rdru d , kd w f ikd rf cd iftay: aumif;rGepf mG rjyKpck &hJ jcif;ESihf vlrt _ odik ;f t0ef;rsm;. aq;ynmt&vspv f sL ±SLr_rsm;tay: pdwrf auseyfjzpf+yD; tvGeyf ifyal qG;0rf;enf;cJyh gonf? rsm;r =umrSrD m*&ufonf 0du _ zf vdr;f (White Plains) e,l;a,muf+rdK@o@kd omG ;+yD; olemjyKoifwef;wufco hJ nf? xd@k aemuforl u e,l;a,muf+rdK@o@kd omG ;I e,l;a,[email protected] ;f ta±S@zufa'o±Sd qif;&Jom;rsm;&yfuu G w f iG f oGm;I wm0efxrf;aqmifco hJ nf? 1902 ckEpS w f iG f 0DvspH if*gEiS v hf ufxyfchJ onf? aemufwpfEpS f rm*&ufu, kd w f ikd t f qkyaf &m*g±adS omfvnf; olw@kd .y xrOD;qH;k om;OD;uav;udk arG;zGg;cJo h nf? aemufwiG f om;wpfa,mufEiS o hf rD;av;wpfa,mufarG;zGg;cJ+h y;D orD;av;rSmuav;b0Yyif uG,v f eG o f mG ;±Sm onf? qif;&Jom;&yfuu G Yf rdcifrsm;onf rm*&ufpif*gxo H @kd vmI ud, k 0f efr±S&d ef rnfo@kd a±Smif±mS ;&rnfo h wif;tcsut f vufrsm;udk toem;cHar;jref;jcif; rsm; }uHKawG@&cJyh gonf? TtawG@t}uHKrsm; jzwfoef;vmcJ&h aoma=umifh rm*&ufrw S jznf;jznf;vlra_ &;jyKjyifajymif;vJrv _ v kd m;ol jzpfvmcJo h nf? xd@k aemufrm*&ufu qd±k , S v f pfygwx D o J @kd 0ifco hJ nf? qd±k , S v f pfygwo D nf tpd;k &rStm;vH;k udk tkycf sKyEf ikd cf iG ±hf +dS y;D ,if;wd@k ryS pPn;f rsm;udk jyefvnfa0iSay; -24-

20 &mpk . emrnf a usmf y k * ~ d v f } uD ; rsm;

rnfponfhEdkifiHa&;t,ltq±SdonfhygwDjzpfonf? rm*&ufonfjyKjyif ajymif;vJa&;twGuf csw D ufyrJG sm;pwifwufa&muf+yD; oaE<wm;qD;a&; enf;vrf;tm;vH;k udk pwifzwf±a_ wmhonf? olru rdom;pkta&twGuf rsm;vGe;f jcif;onf qif;&JErG ;f yg;r_EiS hf }uKH awG@&onft h ajccHtcsujf zpfonf[k ,H=k unfonf? 1913 ckEpS w f iG f ‘Woman Rebel’ “awmfveS o f t l rsKd ;orD;” [laomowif;pmudk wpfvv#iw f pf}urd x f w k af 0cJo h nf? xdo k wif;pmwGif trsKd ;orD;rsm;udk rdrw d @kd .rdom;pkO;D a&udk uef@owfwwfvm&efEiS hf “oaE< wm;qD;a&;(Birth Control)”qdo k nfph um;vH;k udk yxrqH;k oH;k cJo h jl zpfonf? xdpk mtkyaf jcmuftyk af jrmufukd yHEk ydS x f w k af 0+yD;onft h csed w f iG f rm*&ufukd zrf;qD;um npfnrf;onfph mayrsm;udk xkw, f jl zef@cso D nf[w k &m;pGq J ckd hJ onf? olruvnf; Oa&mybufo@kd xu G af jy;v$waf jrmuf+yD; oaE<wm;qD; a&;ta=umif;qufvufavhvmcJo h nf? xd‹k twlaq;cef;rsm;udk vSnhf vnf=unfh±_I aq;bufqdkif&mokawoejyKolrsm;ESifhvnf;aqG;aEG;cJh onf? pif*gu 1916 ckEpS w f iG f tar&duefEikd if o H @kd jyefvmcJo h nf? TwGio f rl tay: w&m;pGq J ckd surf sm; oufwrf;ukeq f ;kH oGm;cJ+h y;D jzpfonf? xdt k csed rf pS I Edik if w H 0Sr;f vH;k a[majyma&;vkyif ef;rsm;udk pwifvyk af qmifco hJ nf? e,l;a,muf +rKd @wiG f olrESit hf aygi;f tygwpfcsKd @u tar&duefEikd if . H yxrOD;qH;k oaE<wm; qD;a&;aq;cef;udk qif;&Jom;rsm;±S&d mae&mwGizf iG v hf pS cf +hJ y;D oaE<wm;qD;a&; ESiyhf wfoufonfyh pPn;f rsm;ESihf owif;tcsut f vufrsm;udak 0iSay;onf? xd‹k a=umifh Edik if aH wmfOya'csKd ;azmufrj_ zift h zrf;cH&+y;D olr.nDtpfrESit hf wl axmifwpfvtcsc&H onf? 1917 ckEpS w f iG f t±Sed jf rifrh m;vmap+yD;/ a[m ajymyGrJ sm;ESihf e,l;a,muf+rdK@±rdS rd t d m;axmufco H rl sm;xHrS tultnD&efykH aiGawmif;cHjcif;rsm;udk vkyaf qmifco hJ nf? xd@k twl Birth Control Review udpk wifxw k af 0jzef@cscD +hJ yD; ,if;rSmolr. 23 ESpt f wGi;f v_y±f mS ;r_twGuf aºuG;a=umfojH zpfco hJ nf? e,l;a,mufw&m;±H;k . oaE<wm;qD;a&;vkyif ef; -25-

20 &mpk . emrnf a usmf y k * ~ d K vf } uD ; rsm;

rsm;tay: av#mch srr_ sm;ðyvkyrf a_ =umifh olr.wdu k ±f u kd v f y_ ±f mS ;r_rsm;ud&k yf qdik ;f +yD; oifah wmfaomjynfe,fEiS zhf ,f'&,fOya'rsm;xJwiG f xnfo h iG ;f Edik f &efóu;d pm;cJo h nf? rm*&ufpif*gu t+rw J rf;e,l;a,muftm%mydik rf sm;ESihf jy\emjzpfaomfjim;vnf; olruqufvuf+y;D vlxrk sm;a±Sw › iG af [majymyGJ rsm;jyKvky+f yD; Oa&myoaE<wm;qD;jcif;qdik &f mokawoetzG@J EiS v hf nf; t quftoG,t f +rJwrf;±Scd o hJ nf? 1922 ckEpS w f iG *f syefo@dk c&D;xGucf o hJ nf? ,if;c&D;pOfrSm tm±Sc&D;pOfxGufjcif;rsm;xJrS yxrqHk;t}udrfjzpfonf? aemufwpfEpS t f =umwGif rm*&ufEiS o hf rl .oli,fcsi;f rsm;rS aq;bufqikd f &mokawoevkyif ef;tzG@J ukd aq;bufqikd &f mordik ;f a=umif;rsm;ESihf oaE< wm;qD;a&;qdik &f mowif;tcsut f vufrsm;ta=umif; pkpnf;&eftwGuf e,l;a,muf+rdK@awmf/ csu D m*dEk iS ahf tvDEKdG if;wd@k Y zGiv hf pS cf o hJ nf? 1930 ckEpS f wGif tar&duefEikd if w H 0Sr;f vH;k Yaq;cef;aygi;f 55 ckuzkd iG v hf pS Ef ikd cf o hJ nf? xdk tcsed w f iG pf if*gu ol.vuf±adS ,mufsm;ESiu hf mG ±Si;f +yD; a*sEt kd mtdy(f cs)f pvD; (J. Noah H. Slee) ESiv hf ufxyfco hJ nf? 1927 ckEpS w f iG rf m*&ufpif*gu qGpZf v D efEikd if /H *seAD m+rKd @wiG u f si;f yrnfh yxr OD;qH;k urBmv h Ol ;D a&tpnf;ta0; (World Population Conference) jzpf ajrmufa&;twGuf ulnjD yifqifay;+yD; xdt k pnf;ta0;Ypum;ajymcJo h jzifh olr.trnfrmS urBmw0Sr;f vH;k wGiaf usm=f um;vmcJo h nf? rm*&ufEiS t hf aygi;f tygrsm;uqufvufI jynfe,fEiS zhf ,f'&,fOya'rsm;xJ±dS oaE<wm; qD;a&;qdkif&mudpPESifhjynfoloufomacsmifcsda&;qdkif&m tpDtpOfrsm;Y oaE<wm;qD;a&;qdik &f m owif;tcsut f vufrsm;jzef@a0&eftwGuf }udK; pm;+yD;ajymqdak qG;aEG;cJo h nf? 1940 ckEpS w f iG f tar&duefoaE<wm;qD;a&; v_y±f mS ;r_tzG@J rS aq;cef;rsm;zGiv hf pS +f yD; aq;bufqikd &f mu|r;f usio f rl sm;. vufcrH u _ kd &,lI aemufq;kH wjznf;jznf;vlx. k vufcrH u _ &kd ±Sv d monf? tar&dueftrsm;pktwGuf rm*&ufpif*grmS oaE<wm;qD;a&;v_y±f mS ;r_[k -26-

20 &mpk . emrnf a usmf y k * ~ d v f } uD ; rsm;

odrw S x f m;=uonf? 1939–45 ckEpS 'f w k , d urBmppftwGi;f Oa&mywyfrsm; ESit hf ar&duefr*S smreD/ tDwvD/ *syefw@kd EiS yhf ËdyuQjzpfaeonft h csed w f iG f olr .emrnfausm=f um;r_rmS wjznf;jznf;}uD;xGm;vmcJo h nf? pif*grt S ar&d uefu ppfyrJG sm;wGiyf g0ifjcif;tay: twdu k t f cHjzpfco hJ nf? (pif*guppfyrJG sm; onf Edik if v H Ol ;D a&rsm;tqrwefw;kd yGm;vma&;&v'fjzpfonf[k cdik rf mpGm ,H=k unfonf?) 1946 ckEpS w f iG f Edik if w H umrdbpDru H ed ;f z,f'a&;±Si;f (Internk n l x D al xmifco hJ nf? T -ational Planned Parenthood Federation) udu v_y±f mS ;r_onf olrtwGut f }uD;qH;k ESiahf emufq;kH v_y±f mS ;r_jzpfco hJ nf? olr .aemufq;kH toufwmtESpEf pS q f ,ftwGi;f olr.ESv;kH tm;enf;yifyef; armyef;aomfvnf; qufvuf+yD;c&D;xGuw f &m;a[majymyGrJ sm;ESiw hf ŒHk jyef a=ujimcsurf sm; jyKvkycf o hJ nf? olronf 1966 ckEpS /f pufwifbmv 6 &ufae@wiG f wwfqef (Tucson) t&DZ;kd em; (Arizona) wGiu f , G v f eG o f mG ;cJh onf?

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20 &mpk . emrnf a usmf y k * ~ d K vf } uD ; rsm;

]]uRefawmfuysif;w,f/ 'gayrJhysif;wJhvlawGubD;awG? pufbD;awGwDxGifwm r[kwfvm;/ bmjzpfvdkUvJqdkawmholwdkUuvrf;ravQmufcsifvdkU 'grSr[kwf ypönf;awGro,fcsifvdkUaygh/}} “I’m lazy. But it’s the lazy people who invented the wheel and the bicycle because they didn’t like walking or carrying things”

]]pdwfysufrI? cg;oD;rIawGeJUtultnDrJhrIawGeJUvTrf;rdk;rIawGeJUêuHawGU&aer,f qdk&ifbmudkrQwnfaxmifEdkifrSmr[kwfbl;/}} “It is hardly possible to build anything if frustration, bitterness and a mood of helplessness prevail”

]]uRefawmfhtjrifeJUajym&&iftaumif;bufuajymif;vJrIawG½SdvmatmiftwGuftajc cHuswJhtcsufuawmhvlom;awGtay:0efaqmifrIay;jcif;jzpfw,fvdkUxifygw,f/}} “The Thing that lies at the foundation of positive change, the way I see it, is service to a fellow human being”

vuf(cf)0,f(vf)pm (1943-

vuf

)

(cf)0,f(vf)pm (Lech Walesa) onf ydv k efEikd if o H m;jzpf+yD; ,if;onfEikd if H a&;orm;ESihf ,cifutvkyo f rm;or*~EiS hf vl@tcGit hf a&;twGuv f y_ ±f mS ;olwpfO;D jzpfco hJ nf? ,if;onf Solidk, D ufEikd if . H yxrOD;qH;k -arity (Solidarnosc) [laomqdA vGwv f yfaom tvkyo f rm;or*~jzpfco hJ nf? vuf(cf) onf 1983 ckESpfwGif Edkb,f(vf)+idrf;csrf;a&;qk&±Sd+yD; 1990rS 1995 ckESpftxd ydkvefEdkifiH. orRwtjzpf wm0efxrf; aqmifco hJ nf? vuf(cf)onf qif;&Jom;v,form;wpfO;D .om;jzpf+y;D 1943 ckEpS pf ufwif bmv 29 &ufae@wiG f ydv k efEikd if ±H ydS ykd 0kd w kd iG zf mG ;jrifco hJ nf? toufarG;0rf; a=umif;ausmif;wpfcYk atmifjrif+yD;aemuf um;0yfa±Smw h pfcYk 1961 rS -28-

20 &mpk . emrnf a usmf y k * ~ d v f } uD ; rsm;

1965 ckEpS t f xdtvkyv f yk cf o hJ nf? oluppfwyfxw J iG f 2 ESp=f umtr_xrf;cJh +yD; wyf=uyf&mxl;txd&±Scd o hJ nf? 1967 ckEpS w f iG f (Gdansk) oabFmusi;f wGif v#ypf pftvkyo f rm;tjzpfwm0efxrf;aqmifco hJ nf? 1969 ckEpS w f iG f 'Ekwmudak vmh (Danuta Golos) ESiv hf ufxyf+yD; uav;±Spaf ,mufxeG ;f um;cJhonf? vuf(cf)onf tvkyo f rm;or*~wiG f wufºupG mG v_y±f mS ;yg0if+y;D 1970 ckEpS f pufrt _ a&;tcif;wGif oabFmusi;f vkyo f m;rsm; qENjyyGaJ umfrwD.obm ywdtjzpfyg0ifaqmif±u G cf o hJ nf? tpd;k &utpm; taomufaps;E_e;f rsm;jri‡ hf wif+yD;onfhaemuf abmvfwpfurf;±dk;wef;a'owpfav#mufwGif qlyl aomif;use;f r_rsm;jzpfay:vmonf? xdt k csed w f iG f Gdansk ±St d vkyo f rm;t =um;wGix f if±mS ;aomacgi;f aqmifwpfO;D jzpfco hJ nf? Gdansk ESi}hf u;D rm;aom vDeifoabFmusi;f rsm;onf tpd;k &udq k ef@usiq f ENjy&mwGif OD;wnfcsut f jzpftoH;k csjcif;cH&onf? vuf(cf)0,f(vf)pmu jyefvnfjyKjyifajymif;vJa&; udak xmufcaH omfvnf; xdjk yKjyifajymif;vJa&;vky&f eftwGuf toH;k jyKaom enf;pepfrsm;tay: xde;f csKyfjcif;rsm;jyKvky&f rnf[k wdu k w f eG ;f ajymqdo k nf? rSwfom;p&maumif;aom tjzpftysufwpfckY qENjyaeaomvltkyf 20˜000 ausmu f t kd eD;±Sd tusO;f axmifurkd wdu k cf u kd &f ef vltyk }f uD;udq k JG aqmifajymqdEk ikd cf o hJ nf? 1976 ckEpS w f iG f 0,f(vf)pm.tvkyo f rm;or*~vy_ ±f mS ;r_a=umifh tvkyf xkwyf ,fjcif;udk cH&onf? xd@k a=umifEh pS t f enf;i,ftwGi;f ,m,Dtvkyf rsm;udv k yk u f ikd cf &hJ onf? oluqufvufI uGejf rLepfr[kwaf omtvkyo f rm;or*~ukd wnfaxmif&mwGiyf g0ifco hJ nf? 1980 ckEpS w f iG f ol.oli,fcsi;f rsm;ESit hf wl Solidarnosc (Solidarity) udx k al xmifco hJ nf? tzG@J tpnf;xl axmif+yD;r=umrSw D iG f tzG@J 0if 10 oef;ausm±f v dS mcJ+h yD;0,fvpf mrSm ,if;. +ydKifbufuif;aomacgi;f aqmifjzpfco hJ nf? -29-

20 &mpk . emrnf a usmf y k * ~ d K vf } uD ; rsm;

1980 ckEpS =f o*kwv f wGio f u l Gdansk oabFmusi;f qENjyyGu J kd OD;aqmifc+hJ y;D xdq k ENy}JG u;D u Edik if w H 0Sr;f ±Sq d ENjyyGrJ sm;udjk zpfay:vmap+y;D ol@uakd cgi;f aqmif tjzpftrsm;urSw, f =l uonf? t"duawmif;qdck surf sm;rSm tvkyo f rm; rsm;. tcGit hf a&;jzpfonf? tpd;k &tm%mydik rf sm;u 0,fvpf mtm;tnHch H t±_;H ay;&efEiS ahf phpyfoabmwlnrD &_ ±S&d ef wdu k w f eG ;f Ed;_ aqmfco hJ nf? 1980 ckEpS =f o*kwv f 31 &ufae@wiG f Gdansk pmcsKyYf vufrw S af &;xd;k &efEiS x hf pkd m csKyfwiG f tvkyo f rm;rsm;twGuf qENjycGit hf cGit hf a&;ESirhf rd w d @kd .vGwv f yf aomtzG@J rsm;zG@J pnf;cGiahf y;cJo h nf? ol.v_y±f mS ;r_ukd uufovpfb&k m;ausmif;rsm;u axmufct H m;ay;cJ+h yD; 1981 ckEpS Zf efe0g&v D wGif 0,f(vf)pmudk yky&f [ef;rif;}u;D *|eaf yg(vf)uAuf wDuefwiG f ol@uv kd u d_ v f pSJ mG }udKqdck o hJ nf? 0,f(vf)pmonfvnf;uufo vpfbmomonf ol@twGut f iftm;rsm;ESihf pdw"f gww f ufºurG r_ sm;jzpfvm aponf[k qdck o hJ nf? 1980–1981 ckEpS t f wGi;f 0,f(vf)pmonf tDwvD/ *syef/ qG'D if/ jyifopfEiS q hf pG Zf vefEikd if rH sm;od@k Edik if w H umtvkyo f rm;tzG@J t pnf;.{nfhonftjzpf a&muf±SdcJhonf? 1981 ckESpfpufwifbmvwGif Gdansk Yusi;f yaomyxrOD;qH;k trsKd ;om; Solidarity uGe* f &ufwiG f obm ywdtjzpf a±G;cs,w f ifajr‡mufjcif;cH&onf? wdik ;f jynfwiG &f ±Sad om wc%wmvGwv f yfrr_ sm;rSm 1981 ckEpS 'f ZD ifbmv wGif ukefqHk;oGm;cJhonf? xdktcsdefwGifAdkvfcsKyf}uD;*s±kpDvuD; (General kd , D ufwyfrsm; 0ifa&mufwu kd cf u kd rf a_ =umuf±@HG aoma=umifh Jaruzelski) rSqA ppfOya'udck srw S cf +hJ yD; Solidarity udv k nf; &yfqikd ;f cJo h nf? xd@k twl acgi;f aqmifrsm;udv k nf;zrf;qD;+yD; 0,f(vf)pmudv k nf;aus;vufawm±Gm±Sd tdrf wpftrd w f iG f tus,cf sKyfcsxm;jcif;udck &H avonf? 1982 ckEpS Ef 0kd ifbmvwGif 0,f(vf)pmudv k w $ af y;+yD; Gdansk oabFmusi;f -30-

20 &mpk . emrnf a usmf y k * ~ d v f } uD ; rsm;

wGit f vkyv f yk cf iG ahf y;onf? 1983 ckEpS w f iG f ppfOya'ud±k yk o f rd ;f cJah omfvnf; vlwpfO;D pD.vGwv f yfrt _ ay: wif;=uyfrr_ sm;±Sad eao;onf? xdEk pS u f ek yf ikd ;f wGi0f ,f(vf)pmuydv k efEikd if . H t=urf;rzufawmfveS af &;twGuEf b kd ,f(vf) +idr;f csr;f a&;qkcs;D jr‡ijhf cif;cH&onf? ydv k efwiG ±f dS jyefvnfjyKjyifajymif;vJa&;vkyo f rl sm; tultnD&±Sjd cif;rSm udk bmacsmh(yf)uqdkAD,ufjynfaxmifpkwGif tm%m&±SdcJhaoma=umifhjzpf onf? 1986 ckEpS w f iG f udb k macsm(h yf)u ta±SO› a&my±SEd ikd if rH sm;. tdrw f iG ;f a&;Edik if aH &;wGif 0ifa&mufpu G zf ufrv _ yk af wmhrnfr[kwaf =umif; twdt vif;a=ujimcJo h nf? TwGif Wojciech Jaruzelski u0,f(vf)pmESit hf wlt vkyo f rm;or*~vy_ ±f mS ;r_rsm;ESihf awG@qakH qG;aEG;&ef zdtm;ay;jcif;cH&onf? &v'ftjzifyh gvrD efa±G;aumufy&JG ±Scd +hJ y;D / uGejf rLepfr[kwaf omtpd;k &u tm %m&±Scd o hJ nf? xd@k aemuf 1989 ckEpS w f iG f Solidarnosc uw&m;0iftzG@J t pnf;jzpfvmonf? 1990 ckEpS 'f ZD ifbmvwGi0f ,f(vf)pmu ydv k eforRwEdik if w H iG f orRwtjzpf a±G;cs,w f ifajrm‡ ufjcif;cH&onf? orRwtaejzifah tmifjrifrr_ &±Syd J ol@uakd 0 zeforl sm;u wdik ;f jynfut kd m%m±Sipf eH pftyk cf sKyfa&;yHpk jH zpfvmatmif tkyf csKyfonf [ka0zef=uonf? ol.tjyKtrlrmS yHrk eS rf [kwyf J ppfwyfEiS v hf +kH cHK a&;rsm;ESi&hf if;ES;D pGmtquftoG,±f o dS nft h ay: a0zefjcif;cH&onf? 1995 ckEpS Ef 0kd ifbmvrJa±G;yGw J iG f 0,f(vf)pmudk ,cifueG jf rLepfjzpfaom tvuf ZENm;uGmeD,pl uD; (Aleksander Kwasniewski) rStEdik &f ±Scd o hJ nf?

-31-

20 &mpk . emrnf a usmf y k * ~ d K vf } uD ; rsm;

]]aMumufjcif;xufaMumufp&maumif;wmbmrSr½Sdbl;/}} "There is nothing to fear but fear itself."

]]ighrSm½SdwJh&efolawGudkMunfhNyD;ighudkqHk;jzwfyg/}} "I ask you to judge me by the enemies I have made."

]]a½S›qufoGm;zdkUvrf;trsm;BuD;½Sdw,f/ 'gayrJhudk,fhae&mrSm&yfwnfzdkUenf;vrf;wpfckxJyJ½Sdw,f/}} "There are many ways of going forward, but only one way of standing still."

z&ef@uvif;'DvmEdk±kpbJh (1882–1945)

z

&efŒuvif;'DvmEd¶k pk bJh (Franklin Delano Roos-evelt) onftar&duef. 32 a,mufajrmuf orwWjzpf+yD; 1933 uae 1945 txdtyk cf sKyfco hJ nf? olonfoufwrf; 4 ESpw f ikd t f a¶G;cHcahJ om yxrOD;qH;k orRwjzpf+y;D wdik ;f jynfukd 'kw, d urBmppfEiS hf pD;yGg;a&;uyf hJ nf? qdu k o f nf=h um;rSmyif a¶Sa› qmiftyk cf sKyfco z&ef@uvif;'DvmEd±k pk bJo h nf oDt'kd ±kd pk bJEh iS ahf qGrsKd ;om;csi;f awmfpyf+yD; 1882 ckEpS Zf efe0g&v D 30 &ufae@wiG f [du k (f 'f)ywf/ e,l;a,mufwiG zf mG ;jrif cJo h nf? ±kpbJrh o d m;pkrmS csr;f omaomrdom;pkjzpfonft h wGuf tdrw f iG q f &mac:+yD;pmoifcJhonf? touf 14 ESpfa&mufonfhtcgrSom a*:wef ausmif; (Gorton School) wGif ausmif;qufwufco hJ nf? z&ef@uvif;onf pmawmfaomausmif;om;wpfa,mufjzpf+y;D [m;AwfwuUov kd Ef iS u hf v kd b J D ,gOya'ausmif;wGiw f ufa&mufatmifjrifc+hJ y;D 1970 ckEpS w f iG ef ,l;a,muf +rdK@w&m;±H;k Ytvky0f ifco hJ nf? 1905 wGizf &ef@uvif;u ol.0rf;uGEJ rS tJvED ±kd pk bJEh iS v hf ufxyfco hJ nf? -32-

20 &mpk . emrnf a usmf y k * ~ d v f } uD ; rsm;

olr.zcif{vd,uf±pk bJh (Elliott Roosevelt) rSm 1901–1909 ckEpS Yf tar &dueforRwjzpfcahJ om oDt'kd ±kd pk bJEh iS n hf t D pfuakd wmfonf? olr.cifyeG ;f uJh od@k yiftv J ED o kd nf 'Dru kd &ufwpfa,mufjzpf+yD; Edik if aH &;wGiw f u,fph w d 0f if pm;cJo h jl zpfonf? 1910 ckEpS w f iG ±f pk bJo h nf e,l;a,mufq;D edwt f rwftjzpf a±G;cs,cf &H +yD; aemuf e,l;a,mufEikd if aH &;avmuwGix f if±mS ;ausm=f um;vmcJo h nf? ±kp D q f if (Woodrow WilbJ. h t&nftcsi;f rsm;udk tar&dueforRw0l;'±d0k v Sw f iG , f if;udak &wyf.vufaxmuftwGi;f a&; -son) uawG@±+dS yD; 1913 ckEp rSL;tjzpfcef@xm;cJo h nf? ±kpbJu h xd&k mxl;udk ajcmufEpS w f m=umatmifxrf; aqmifcJhonf? 0l;'±d0k v D q f ifEiS t hf jcm;'Dru kd &ufwpfacgi;f aqmifrsm;u cufcaJ omtcsed f umvtwGi;f Y ±kpbJ. h tm;oGecf eG pf u kd af qmif±u G rf w _ @kd u=kd unfI h oabm wusjzpfco hJ nf? 1917 ckEpS Yf tar&duefjynfaxmifprk S yxrurBmppft wGif;odk@0ifa&mufonfhtcsdefY ±kpbJhrSwdkif;jynftwGif; a&wyfqdkif&m ypPn;f rsm;xkwv f yk af ompuf±rkH sm;ESio hf abFmusi;f rsm;udk aqmufvyk Ef ikd cf hJ onf? ppftwGi;f olu ajrmufyifv,fwiG ±f adS omppfyt JG wGuf enf;AsL[m rsm;a&;qG&J mwGiu f n l cD +hJ yD; xdpk rD u H ed ;f uyif*smrefw@kd . U-boat enf;AsL[m udt k iftm;avsmeh nf;apcJo h nf? 1921 ckEpS af EG&moDwiG f ±kpbJt h vGeyf ifemruse;f jzpfco hJ nf? aemufq;kH w jznf;jznf;wGiyf if ydv k , D akd &m*gcpH m;&onf[k prf;oyfawG@±o dS nf? xdt k csed f wGio f o l nfwpfu, kd v f ;kH avjzwfc&H eD;yg;jzpf+yD; aemifwiG o f ‹l ajcaxmufukd rnfonft h cgr# aumif;aumif;rGerf eG t f oH;k jyKEdik jf cif;r±Sad wmhacs? ol@ukd aumif;aumif;rGerf eG o f ±d adS om qD;edwt f rwfz&ef@ppfz,fuif; (Frances h a&m*grsm;u ol.trltusiu hf akd jymif;vJap+yD; ydI k Perkins) u±kpbJ. aumif;vmaomvlwpfa,mufjzpfapcJo h nf[q k o kd nf? z&ef@ppfz,fuif; -33-

20 &mpk . emrnf a usmf y k * ~ d K vf } uD ; rsm;

u “±kpbJ[ h m aeraumif;wJt h csed w f iG ;f rS 0dOmOfa&;&mydik ;f qdik &f majymif;vJr_ wd@k u±kd ±Scd w hJ ,f? u|eaf wmfowdxm;rdwmu olEpS af ygi;f rsm;pGmemruse;f jzpf wJt h csed u f p+y;D aemufyikd ;f rSm [dw k ek ;f uol@rmS wpfcgwav±Sw d wfwhJ tenf; i,ftay: pD;qufqw H t hJ usiu hf aysmufomG ;w,f? ol@rmS aEG;axG;wJph w d Ef S vHk;eJ@ ESdrfhcswwfwJhpdwfxm;±Sdvm+yD; eufeJaomtawG;tac:awG±Sdvm w,f? olu, kd w f ikd 'f u k q Q if;&Jra_ wGukd em;vnfvmw,f” [krw S cf sucf schJ onf? ±kpbJu h vufweG ;f vSn;f xJwiG f xdik af e&aomfvnf; 1928 ckEpS w f iG f Edik if aH &;avmuod@k wpfzefjyefvnf0ifa&mufco hJ nf? aemufwpfEpS w f iG yf if ±kpbJu h ekd ,l;a,muf+rdK@0eftjzpf a±G;cs,w f ifajr‡mufjcif;cHc&hJ onf? olu +rKd @0eftjzpfwm 0efxrf;aqmifaepOftwGi;f tar&du.pD;yGg;a&;jy\emudk rnfo@kd ajz±Si;f &ef tajccHusustjrif±adS omolrsm;ESihf awG@±cdS o hJ nf? xdo k w l @kd .v$r;f rd;k r_a=umifh ±kpbJo h nf tar&du.wd;k wufrt _ ±Sq d ;kH Edik if aH &;orm; rsm;xJwiG w f pfa,muftygt0ifjzpfonf? 1929 ckEpS af tmufwb kd mvjzpfymG ;cJah om “Wall Street Crash” onftar &du.ordik ;f a=umif;wpfav#mufwiG f tqd;k ±Gm;qH;k pdwcf pH m;p&mjzpfvmcJh onf? tar&dueforRw[m;bwf[;l A,f (Herbert Hoover) u awmifol v,form;rsm;twGuf Edik if u H ,fq,fa&;taxmuftyHah y;&mwGif aES; auG;jcif;ESi+hf rdK@ay:±St d vkyv f ufrrhJ sm;udk tultnDay;&efjiif;qdjk cif;rsm;jyK vkycf o hJ nf? [l;A,fu z,f'&,ftvkyv f ufrt hJ vkyo f rm;rsm;udk jzpfay: vmaprnft h qdw k ifoiG ;f xm;onfOh ya'udk ADwt kd m%mjzifyh ,f csvu kd +f yD; jynfo@l tvkyo f rm;pDru H ed ;f wnfaxmifa&;udq k ef@usicf o hJ nf? e,l;a,muf+rdK@awmf0efwpfa,muftaeESihf ±kpbJo h nf tvkyv f ufrrhJ sm; tm; ulnED ikd &f eftm;oGecf eG pf u kd }f udK;pm;cJo h nf? xd@k twl e,l;a,mufjynf e,fta&;ay:u,fq,fa&;aumfrwDuw kd nfaxmif+yD; tvkyv f ufrrhJ sm; ESit hf ouft±G,}f uD;olrsm;udk pwifun l ED ikd cf o hJ nf? -34-

20 &mpk . emrnf a usmf y k * ~ d v f } uD ; rsm;

±kpbJu h e,l;a,muf+rdK@0eftjzpf atmifjrifpmG wm0efxrf;aqmifco hJ jzifh 1932 ckEpS 'f rD u kd &ufwpforRwa±G;yGYJ a±G;cs,pf &macgi;f aqmiftjzpf odom xif±mS ;pGmay:vGiv f monf? ±kpbJrh pS ;D yGg;a&;jy\emtay: rnfo@kd ajz±Si;f & rnft h ay: odomxif±mS ;pGmraz: jyEdik af omfvnf; ol.&Dywfbvpfuef&ef oludktvG,fwulatmifEdkifcJhonf? ±kpbJo h rRwjzpfjzpfcsi;f rSmyif wdik ;f jynfwiG jf zpfygG ;aeaom b%fvyk if ef;t±_yf taxG;jy\emESi}hf uKH awG@&avonf? pD;yGg;a&;jy\emrsm; pwifvmonfh tcsed rf pS I wdik ;f jynf±b dS %fig;yHw k pfyu kH kd ydwcf sypfvu kd o f nf? aemufqufwJG taejzifh vlrsm;.b0toufwmtwGuf pkxm;aomaiG 15μ aysmufq;kH cJ&h avonf? 1933 ckEpS Ef pS Of ;D ydik ;f wGif tar&duefw@kd u,if;wd@k .b%fvyk f ief;tay:,H=k unfre_ nf;vm+y;D rdrw d @kd .aiGrsm;udx k w k , f +l y;D onfah emuftrd f wGijf yefxm;=uavonf? ±kpbJo h rRwjzpf+yD;aemufwpf&ufwiG yf if b%f tm;vH;k udk ydwcf ikd ;f avonf? xd@k aemufueG *f &uftpnf;ta0;ac:I aemif aiGa=u;jy\emay:vmv#if aiGpo k rl sm;rdrw d @kd .aiGa=u;rsm;udk rqH;k ±H;_ ap&ef tmrcHay;onfh w&m;Oya'udw k ifoiG ;f &efawmif;qdak vonf? 1933 ckEpS rf wfv 9 &ufae@wiG f ±kpbJu h txl;uGe*f &ufwpfcu k kd ac:,lcJh onf? olutzG@J 0ifrsm;udk tvkyv f ufrjhJ y\emudak jz±Si;f &ef enf;vrf;wpf ckrSm “tpdk;&udk,fwdkiftvkyfac:,lcef@xm;&ef” jzpfonf[kajymonf? aemufo;kH vtwGi;f ±kpbJu h tvkyv f ufrjhJ y\emajz±Si;f &ef ta&;}uD; onfh Oya'rl=urf;rsm;wifoGif;+yD; uGefu&ufrStwnfjyKay;cJhonf? txl;uGeu f &uftpnf;ta0;ud&k ufw&m[kac:qd+k yD; ±kpbJ. h vdt k yfcsuf rsm;udx k w k af z:cJo h nf? tpd;k &u tvkyo f rm;rsm;pGmudk tvkycf ef@ac:,lco hJ nf? ±kpbJu h tvkyf vufrjhJ y\emudek nf;yg;vmatmif }udK;pm;Iajz±Si;f aepOf wcsed w f nf;rSm yiftvkyrf vkyEf ikd af omolrsm;twGuf tcuftcJuakd vsmh enf;vmatmif -35-

20 &mpk . emrnf a usmf y k * ~ d K vf } uD ; rsm;

}udK;pm;onf? ±kpbJu h tultnDwu,fvt kd yforl sm;udk tpd;k & axmufyhH a=u;aiGay;&eftwGuf z,f'&,fta&;ay:u,fq,fa&;tkyfcsKyfr_tzGJ@ (Federal Emergency Relief Administration) udw k nfaxmifco hJ nf? 1935 ckEpS =f o*kwv f wGif vlrv _ +kH cHKr_tufOya'udk twnfjyKcJo h nf? TtufOy a'onf touft±G,}f uD;yifpifEiS zhf ,f'&,fEiS jhf ynfe,fw@kd .tvkyv f uf rJt h ay: u,fq,fa&;taxmuftyHah y;jcif;wd@k jzpfonf? NAACP uz&ef@uvif;±kpbJu h kd 1932 ckEpS w f iG f a±G;cs,v f u kd jf cif;tm;jzifh

Oya'ESiw hf &m;pD&ifjcif;r±Sb d J ao'g%af y;jcif;ud+k y;D qH;k Edik v f rd rhf nf[k ar#mv f ifh xm;ygonf? tmz&dueftar&duefom;rsm;udk Oya'ESit hf nDw&m;pD&if jcif;r±Sb d J &yfpaJ &;v_y±f mS ;oltmz&dueftar&duefom;ESpaf ,mufu ±kpbJh tEdik &f ±Sad tmifun l aD y;cJo h nf? ol.ZeD;tJvED ±kd pk bJo h nf w&m;Oya'ESihf tnDp&D ifjcif;r±Syd aJ o'g%af y;jcif;qef@usiaf &;vkyif ef;rsm;udk tcsed =f umjrifh pGmvkyu f ikd cf o hJ nf? rsm;r=umrDwiG f w&m;Oya'ESit hf nD pD&ifjcif;r±Syd aJ o 'g%af y;jcif;udk qef@usio f nfOh ya'rl=urf;udak &;qGcJ o hJ nf? TOya'xJwiG f w&m;Oya'abmifay:wGif tvkyv f yk af omwm0ef±ydS *k Kd~ vrf sm;u w&m;r0if ao'g%af y;jcif;udjk zpfay:aomtcsed w f iG f rdrw d m0ef0wW&m;twdik ;f rvkyf aomolrsm;udw k &m;Oya't&pD&ifjcif;jyKvyk &f efyg0ifonf? 1935 ckEpS w f iG ±f k pbJt h m;TOya'=urf;udk axmufc&H efpnf;±H;k jcif;cH&onf? rnfo@kd qakd pum rl±pk bJu h xdOk ya'rl=urf;twGuo f u l ulnv D #if awmifyikd ;f ±Sv d jl zLvlrq J EN ay;olrsm;u ol@uckd iG rfh v$wf rJay;awmhrnfr[kwaf =umifjh zpfonf? vGecf ahJ om 1936 ckEpS o f rRwa±G;aumufyw JG iG f ±kpbJu h Edik if aH wmf.aiGa=u; pm&if;udk uwday;xm;onft h wdik ;f rxm;Edik I f taESmift h ,Suaf y;jcif;cH& onf? wcsKd @uvnf; ±kpbJu h u kd eG jf rLepftjzifh pGypf aJG jymqdck o hJ nf? od@k aomf vnf;pDru H ed ;f topf (New Deal) uwu,fv}l udKufrsm;I &Dywfbvpf ueftrwfukd vG,u f pl mG tEdik &f ±Scd o hJ nf? -36-

20 &mpk . emrnf a usmf y k * ~ d v f } uD ; rsm;

±kpbJu h wwd,t}udrt f a±G;cHrnf[ak =ujimcJ+h yD;aemuf trsm;u ol‹ukd tm%mrsm;vGe;f onf[pk w G pf rJG r_ sm; rsm;oxufrsm;vmonf? xd@k a=umifh ±kpbJu h tar&dueforRwoufwrf;ESpcf u k o kd m,l&rnf[k a&;om;cJah om Oya'udyk xrOD;qH;k csKd ;azmufI wwd,t}udrt f a±G;cs,cf cH +hJ yD; 1940 ckEpS f wGit f Edik &f ±Scd o hJ nf? 'kw, d urBmppftwGi;f tar&duef. =um;ae0g'rSwqifrh [mrdwrf sm;udk rsuEf mS omay;cJ+h yD; aemufq;kH *syefw@kd u ykvq J yd u f rf;ud0k ifwu kd cf +hJ yD;onfh aemuf tar&duwd@k uppfyx JG u J 0kd ifco hJ nf? 1944 ckEpS w f iG f pwkwt Î }udrf orRwtjzpfa±G;cs,jf cif;cHc&hJ onf? z&ef@uvif;'DvmEd±k pk bJo h nf 1945 ckEpS af rv & &ufae@Y *smreDw@kd vufeufcsjcif;rwdik rf o D ;kH ywfwiG f uG,v f eG f oGm;cJhonf? oluG,fvGefoGm;+yD;aemuf ±kpbJh.ZeD;onftJvDEdk±kpbJhESifhol.om;ESpf a,mufjzpfaom *srd ;f (pf)±kpbJEh iS hf z&ef@uvif;±kpbJah *stm&fw@kd rmS Edik if aH &; avmuwGiq f ufvufvy_ ±f mS ;cJo h nf?

-37-

20 &mpk . emrnf a usmf y k * ~ d K vf } uD ; rsm;

]]vGwfvyfjcif;qdkwmwu,fhudktzdk;wefw,f/ tzdk;wefvGef; vdkUcGJwrf;eJUay;&rSmjzpfw,f/}} “It is true that liberty is precious – so precious that it must be rationed”

]]aoewfwpfvuf½SdwJhol[m aoewfwpfvufrSr½SdwJh vlta,muf 100 udkxdef;csKyfEdkifw,f/}} “One man with a gun can control 100 without one.”

]]vdrfnmrIawGudkcPcPoHk;r,fqdk&ifaemufrSmtrSefw&m;jzpfvmEdkifw,f/}} “A lie told often enough becomes the truth.”

bv,fwDrmvDeif (1870–1924)

b

v,fwrD mvDeif (Vladimir Lenin) onfEikd f iHa&;acgi;f aqmifwpfO;D ESihf 20 &mpk.awmf vSeaf &;tawG;tac:±Sad omoljzpf+yD; ±k±mS ;Edik if EH iS o hf m ru wurBmvH;k tay: eufeaJ omxda&mufrr_ sm;±Scd hJ onf? vDeifonf 1917 ckEpS w f iG af bmf±ADS pf (BolsheS ikd if . H tm%modr;f cJph Ofu pDpOf!e$ =f um;cJh -vik) u±k±E olwpfO;D jzpfonf? xd@k twl vDeifonf qdAk , D ufEikd if H udk wnfaxmifolESifhyxrOD;qHk;aom acgif;aqmif vnf;jzpfonf? ol.rm;ppf (Marxist) oDt&kd t D ay: ud;k um;csurf sm;ud(k vDeif0g'(Leninism)[ktrsm;u od±ydS gonf? vDeifonf 1870 ckEpS {f +yv D 10 &ufae@wiG f ppf=bpf (Simbrisk) +rKd @±±k mS ;Edik if H YzGm;jrifco hJ nf? ol.zcifrmS ausmif;ppfaq;a&;jzpf+y;D uGeq f maA;wpftjrif ±So d w l pfO;D jzpfonf? xd@k twloo l nf ±k±mS ;atmoa'gb h &k m;ausmif; (Orthk ;f ±di_ ;f aom toif;om;wpfO;D jzpfonf? -odox Church) .bmoma&;udi ol.rdcifrmS ajrydik ±f iS q f &m0ef}u;D wpfO;D . orD;jzpfonf? vDeif.rdom;pkrmS -38-

20 &mpk . emrnf a usmf y k * ~ d v f } uD ; rsm;

ujym;trdsK;jzpf+yD; ol.rsKd ;qufrsm;rSm ±k±u S m;vfrpf (Kalmyk)/ *sL;/ *smref ESiphf 'DG ifvrl sKd ;ESit hf jcm;vlrsKd ;rsm;vnf; yg0ifaumif;yg0ifEikd o f nf? tpfut kd vufZENm; (Alexander) .awmfveS rf E_ ikd if aH &;tjrifu vDeiftay: euf±i_d ;f pGmoufa&mufr_±Sd+yD; tvufZENm;uyif vDeiftm;cg;vfrwf(pf) (Karl hf w d q f ufay;cJo h nf? Marx) tawG;tac:ESir vDeifonf ausmif;wGit f vGex f ufjrufaom ausmif;om;jzpfonf? Tt csuaf =umifv h nf; oli,fcsi;f rsm;ESihf uif;uGm&onf? vDeifonf ol@q&m/ q&mrrsm;. uGeq f maA;wpftjriftay: txifao;pufqyk af omfvnf; ausmif;pmwGirf al wmfygonf? olonfpmzwf0goemyg+y;D *d;k tJ(h of)(Goethe) ESihf Turgenev wd@k .ta&;tom;u ol@b0wpfoufv;kH tay: xda&mufr_ rsm;±Scd o hJ nf? vDeifi,fpOfu 'kuq Q if;&Jr}_ u;D }u;D 2 ckuakd usmjf zwfc&hJ +y;D ,if;wd@k a=umifo h l awmfawmfpw d x f cd u kd cf &hJ onf? 1886 ckEpS w f iG v f eD if.zcifrmS (Cerebral S ahf oqH;k oGm;+yD; ol@touf 17 ESpjf ynfah om 1887 Hemorrhage) a&m*gEi ckEpS af rvwGif ol.tpfu}kd uD;tvufZENm;rSm Zmbk&iftvufZENm;oH;k a,mufwpfa,muf. touftE &W m,fut kd E &W m,fjyKaprnfh t=urf; zuform;AH;k cGrJ w _ iG yf g0ifojzifh tzrf;cH&+y;D }uKd ;qGcJ sccH &hJ onf? tvufZENm; udk zrf;rdonft h csed w f iG f ol.tpfr}u;D tefemu yg±adS eojzift h efemudk um Zef (Kazan) rSuv D rkd w D m 40 ausm±f o dS nfah us;±GmqDo@kd e,fEiS 'f g%af y;cH& onf? Todk@jzifhvDeifonf aoqHk;oGm;aomawmfvSefa&;orm;wpf a,muf. nDwpfa,mufjzpfonft h wGuf ol@twGuw f cH g;rsm;pGmydwq f @kd chJ onf? xdt k csed rf pS I vDeifu bmoma&;,H=k unfrE_ iS hf Edik if aH &;pepfw@kd upkd eG @f cGmvkdufonf? aemufq;kH wGif umZefwuUov kd rf S vDeifuv kd ufc+H yD; Oya'ynmoif=um; -39-

20 &mpk . emrnf a usmf y k * ~ d K vf } uD ; rsm;

cGiahf y;cJo h nf? wuUov kd w f iG f ynmoif=um;aepOfyif vDeifu Edik if aH &;v_yf ±Sm;r_wiG yf g0ifco hJ nf? ausmif;wuf+yD; oH;k vtwGi;f rSmyif ol@uq kd ENjyyGrJ sm; wGiyf g0ifrj_ zifh a'o&Jpcef;od@k tzrf;cHjcif;cHc&hJ onf? &Jtm%m±Sw d pfa,muf uol@ukd “vli,f&,f–awmfveS af &;vky+f yD; 'De&H aH wGumxm;wJah e&mrSm vmae&wmbmvd@k awmfveS af &;vkycf si&f wmvJ?” vDeifu ud, k u hf , kd u f kd ,H=k unfrt _ jynfjh zifh “'De&H u H ',dr;f ',dik ef @J / eJeaJ v;wGe;f vdu k , f if+ydKoGm; rSm” [lIajymcJo h nf? &v'ftaejzifh ol@ukd wuUov kd rf aS rmif;xkwv f u kd +f y;D ynma&;avmuwGif 0kid ;f y,fjcif;cH&avonf? ausmif;Yxkwyf ,fvu kd jf cif; cH&+y;D aemuf pde@f yw D mbwfo@kd omG ;+y;D tjyifausmif;wufco hJ nf? 1891 ckEpS f wGif Oya'pmar;yGaJ tmifjrif+yD; ausmif;om;OD;a& 124 a,muf±o dS nft h eufou l yxrqk&±Scd o hJ nf? vDeifu prfr&mwGiOf ya'jzifh toufarG;0rf; a=umif;ðycJo h nf? 1893 ckEpS w f iG f pde@f yw D mbwfo@kd ajymif;a±$@+yD; Oya'tvkyx f rf;aqmifchJ onf? xdt k csed rf mS yif rm;ppf (Marxist) ajratmufawmfveS af &;vkyif ef;rsm; tpysKd ;ay;cJo h nf? ol.tzG@J ukd tzG@J i,fajcmufz@JG tjzpf cGx J w k v f u kd o f nf? qdv k o kd nfrmS puf±t kH vkyrf sm;.tajctaersm;udk ±SmazGppkH rf;jcif;/ pm&if; Z,m;rsm;aumuf,jl cif;ESihf vufurf;pmwrf;rsm;a&;xm;jcif; ponfw@kd ukd vky=f uonf? TtzG@J uav;rsm;cGI J tvkyv f yk o f nft h csed rf mS wGiyf if ol. ZeD;onfem'uf'gc&yfpum,m (Nadezhda Krupskaya) ESifhawG@±Sd+yD; 1898 ckEpS w f iG o f w l @kd EpS af ,mufvufxyfc=hJ uonf? 1895 ckEpS w f iG f qGpZf mvefEikd if o H @kd xu G o f mG ;+yD; olEiS t hf awG;tac:wlnD onfq±kd , S 'f rD u kd &ufw@kd EiS ahf wG@&efomG ;cJ+h y;D a*sm*f szD vufcaemh (Georgi Plhf wG@qpkH um;ajymcJ=h uonf? olw@kd onf ±k±mS ;jynftwGi;f -ekhanov) ESia ajymif;vJa&;vky&f mwGif rnfo@kd rnfyv kH yk rf nfjzifh jiif;cHak qG;aEG;=uonf? zvufcaemhu tv,ftvwfwef;tqifh vpfb&,fvw l ef;pm;rsm;udk -40-

20 &mpk . emrnf a usmf y k * ~ d v f } uD ; rsm;

xnfo h iG ;f vd+k yD; vDeifurl qif;&Jom;tvkyo f rm;vlwef;pm;rsm;udo k m xnfo h iG ;f vdo k nf? Tod@k tjiif;tcHjk zpfrw _ @kd a=umifh aemufq;kH wjznf;jznf; qd±k , S 'f rD u kd &ufwpfygwo D nf rif±ADS pf (Mensheviks) ESiahf bmf±ADS pf (BolshS zf @JG uo JG mG ;onf? -eviks) [lItzG@J Ep vDeif±±k mS ;od@k jyefvmonft h cg olEiS t hf wl w&m;r0ifvufurf;pm±Gurf sm; ,lvm+yD; awmfveS af &;owif;pmwpfapmifpwifxw k af 0&ef aqmif±u G cf hJ onf? xdo k wif;pmxkwaf 0aomnrSmyif olEiS t hf jcm;acgi;f aqmifrsm;t zrf;qD;cH&onf? axmifxw J iG pf pk ak ygi;f 15 vtcsc&H onf? xd@k aemufo@l ukd qku d af b;&D;,m;od@k jynfEiS 'f g%af y;vdu k +f yD; xdak e&mYyif olEiS chf &yfpum ,mwd@k vufxyfco hJ nf? jynfEiS 'f g%af y;cHc&hJ aomtcsed +f y;D qH;k oGm;+y;D aemuf olw@kd onf qGpZf mvefEikd if o H @kd xGuo f mG ;+yD; aemufq;kH wGit f pPcg&m (Iskra) qdo k nfo h wif;pmudx k w k af 0Edik cf o hJ nf? tpPcg&m.t"dyg` ,rf mS t*Fvyd v f kd (Spark–rD;yGg;jzpfonf? Ttrnfukd uAsmwpfy'k x f ±J pdS myd'k rf S &±Scd o hJ nf? xdu k Asmpm yd'k rf mS “The spark will kindle a flame–rD;yGg;awG[m rD;awmuf awGjzpfvmatmifE;_d qGay;wJt h &mjzpfw,f” [lIyif? qGpZf mvefwiG af e pOftwGi;f qd±k , S 'f rD u kd &ufwpfygwu D kd tm%m±Sv d matmif vkyaf qmifEikd cf hJ onf? oltaejzifh acgi;f rm+y;D aphpyfa=uat;wwfwhJ tjrifr±Sjd cif;a=umifyh g wDuu kd o JG mG ;aponft h "dutcsuw f pfcjk zpfonf? 1905 ckEpS w f iG f jzpfygG ;cJah om pde@f yw D mbwftpkvu kd t f +yHKvdu k o f wfjzwfr_ a=umifh vDeifukd t=urf; zufvyk if ef;rsm;pwifvyk af qmif&ef wdu k w f eG ;f ay; ouJo h @kd jzpfonf? tpkvu kd t f +yKH vu kd o f wfjzwfrr_ mS Father Georgi Gapon OD;aqmifaom +ird ;f csr;f pGmqENjyaeaomtzG@J ukd Cossacks wd@k rS ypfcwfjcif;rS pwifcyhJ gonf? Tjzpf&yfa=umifh ±k±mS ;wGiq f ENjyyGrJ sm;pGmjzpfay:vmcJo h nf? vDeifonf ±k±o S @kd EpS Ef pS =f umjyefvmaecJah omfvnf; oluwdjyKxm;cJah om qENjyyG/J od@k r[kwf vlxak wmfveS af &;yG}J uD;jzpfrvmcJah cs? tb,fah =umifq h kd -41-

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aomf Zmwd@k uvlx}k uD;udk tcGit hf a&;wpfcsKd @ay;+yD; auseyfEpS o f rd ahf pcJh onf? 1906 ckEpS w f iG v f eD ifukd ±k±mS ;qd±k , S 'f rD u kd &ufwpftvkyo f rm;ygwD (Russian Social Democratic Labor Party [RSDLP]) .tr_aqmifaumfr wDtzG@J 0iftjzpf a±G;cs,cf &H aomfvnf; ta±G;cH&onfrpS I 1917 ckEpS t f xd rsm;aomtm;jzifh Oa&mywpfciG Yf jynfEiS 'f g%af y;jcif;cH&onf? olonf cufccJ g;oD;aomb0udk jzwfoef;&aomfvnf; Edik if aH &;pmaywd@k ukd quf vufa&;om;Edik cf o hJ nf? yxrurBmppfpwifjzpfay:onft h csed w f iG f vDeifu =op}wD;,mrSmyif±adS e ao;onf? 1914 ckEpS =f o*kwv f wGif ±k±aS xmufvrS ;f a&;tjzpf tzrf;cH&+yD; axmifxw J iG t f usO;f csc&H onf? od@k aomf axmifxw J iG cf %=umomtzrf; cH&+yD; qGpZf mvefo@kd ajymif;oGm;&ef tcGiahf y;vdu k o f nf? bmeD(Berne) Y usi;f yaom tpnf;ta0;wpfcx k YJ rdr. d ppfyEJG iS yhf wfoufaomtjrifrsm; udak z: jycGi&hf cJo h nf? oluyËdyuQukd e,fcs@J 0g'[kac:qd+k yD; ppfuakd xmufcH aomqd±k , S v f pfrsm;tm; qif;&Jom;tvkyo f rm;vlwef;pm;rsm;udk azguf jyefaomolrsm;[kpyG pf cJG o hJ nf? Oa&my±Sq d ±kd , S v f pfrsm; ppfyu JG akd xmufc=H uonfukd vDeiftaeESix hf w d v f ef@ tH=h ocJo h nf? xdt k csed rf pS I vDeifu tm;oGecf eG pf u kd f “e,fcs@J ppfyrJG sm;udjk ynf ol@ppfy”JG rsm;tjzpfo@kd ajymif;vJ&ef vH@_ aqmf0g'jzef@rr_ sm;jyKvkycf o hJ nf? vD eifu r[mrdww f yfom;rsm;u ,if;wd@k .±dik zf ,frsm;udk ppfAv kd }f uD;rsm;qD jyefvn S +hf yD; qd±k , S v f pfawmfveS af &;vkyif ef;rsm;vkyaf qmif&eftwGuf 0g' jzef@csaD &;vkyif ef;rsm;vkyaf qmifco hJ nf? 1915 ckEpS pf ufwifbmvwGif eDuv kd yf(pf) II u a±S@wef;wGiw f u kd cf u kd af e aom ±k±w S yfrawmfwiG f =oZmv$r;f rd;k r_±o dS nf[, k q l xm;onf? xd@k a=umifh ppfbufqikd &f mqH;k ±_;H r_rsm;jzpfay:vm+y;D 1917 ckEpS w f iG f ol@tpd;k &udk axmuf -42-

20 &mpk . emrnf a usmf y k * ~ d v f } uD ; rsm;

cHrr_ sm; usqif;oGm;cJo h nf? wdik ;f jynf.ppfa&;ppf&mtay:wGif y&d,m,fr ºu, G 0f jcif;ESijhf zwfpm;v'fpm;vkyrf w _ @kd a=umifh ±k±mS ;wyfrawmftwGuf acwf rSaD omppfyu JG w kd u kd &f ef vdt k yfaomvufeufypPn;f rsm; axmufyI hH r&awmh acs? 1917 ckEpS w f iG f ppfom;aygi;f 1˜300˜000 ausmw f u kd yf w JG iG u f sq;kH oGm; +yD; 4˜200˜000 xdcu kd 'f g%&f m&um 2˜417˜000 a,muftzrf;cHc&hJ onf? Tppfy}JG u;D onfvnf; ±k±mS ;pD;yGg;a&;twGuf qd;k usKd ;oufa&mufr_ jzpfay:ap cJo h nf? tpm;tpmavsmeh nf;vm+yD; aps;E_e;f vnf; tqrwef}uD;rm;vm onf? 1917 ckEpS Zf efe0g&v D wGif zufwu kd &ufY ukeaf ps;E_e;f rSm ajcmufq wdk;vmcJhonf? 1917 ckEpS w f iG f ±k±mS ;Edik if YH awmfveS af &;ESpcf pk wifco hJ nf? rwfvwGif pde@f yD wmbwfwiG ±f adS om pwD;vkyo f m;rsm;u oydwaf rSmuf=uonf? wjznf; jznf;TqENjyyGrJ mS }uD;rm;vm+yD; vlaxmifaygi;f rsm;pGmwd@k onf vrf;rrsm; ay:wGiw f ef;pDqENjyae=uonf? TwGif Zmbk&if. tm%mqH;k ±_;H cJ+h yD; t vufZENm;uD&ifpuD;OD;aqmifaom 'lrmtzG@J u tm%modr;f ,lco hJ nf? vDeifu *smrefw@kd EiS hf oabmwlnrD w _ pfcjk yKvyk cf o hJ nf? tu,fI*smrefw@kd u ol@tm; ±k±mS ;od@k tE &W m,fuif;ab;±Si;f pGmyd@k aqmifay;Edik v f #if olutm %modr;f ,l+y;D ±k±mS ;wyfukd ppfyt JG wGi;f rS±yk o f rd ;f ay;rnf[I l yif? uD&ifpuD; uwdik ;f jynfwiG f tcuftcJrsm;}uHKawG@&+yD; ±k±mS ;wyfrawmfrS t±H;_ ESi&hf if qdik &f aomfvnf; ±k±mS ;wyfujkd yefI±kyo f rd ;f &efpw d rf ul;ay? atmufwb kd mv wGif vDeifu wdik ;f jynftm%mudk aoG;pufrusavmufatmifyif odr;f ,l Edik cf o hJ nf? bv,fwrD mvDeiftouf 47 ckEpS t f ±G,w f iG u f eG jf rLepfygwD (Society of dw f nf;rSmyif wdik ;f People’s Commissars)wd@k .acgi;f aqmifjzpfvm+y;D wpfcse jynf.orRwjzpfvmonf? -43-

20 &mpk . emrnf a usmf y k * ~ d K vf } uD ; rsm;

tpd;k &topfjzpfaom uGejf rLepfygw. D tcuftcJrmS enf;yg;vSonfr[kwf acs? *smreDEiS jhf zpfygG ;aeaomppfyrJG sm;vnf; ±kww f &uf+yD;qH;k oGm;onf? (ol .aºuG;a=umforH mS ‘aygirf ek @f ay;ygppfyrJG [kwyf g’ [lIjzpfco hJ nf)? ±k±mS ;wd@k rS olw@kd .aygirf ek @f jcif;jzpfaom ,lu&de;f udk *smreDrsm;vufo@kd q;kH ±H;_ oGm;vdu k f &aomfvnf;rsm;r=umrD*smreDu ppfyw JG iG q f ;kH ±H;_ oGm;aomtcg olw@kd r, S l u&de;f udk jyefvnf&±Scd o hJ nf? v,f,majr rsm;udck , JG rl #a0+y;D wcsKd @ut kd rsm; ydik af jrtjzpfxm;cJo h nf? tpd;k &u puf±rkH ikd ;f vkyif ef;rsm;ESib hf %frsm;udk Edik if H awmfyikd o f rd ;f ydu k v f u kd o f nf? xd±k ±k mS ;atgo h a'hgb&k m;ausmif;udk zsuo f rd ;f cJh onf? vDeiftwGuf twdu k t f cHygw±D cdS +hJ y;D 1918 ckEpS w f iG rf if±ADS w d f (tjzL) abmfv ±SAD pf (teD) wd@k t=um; jynfwiG ;f ppfrsm;jzpfco hJ nf? tjzLrsm;udk +Adwed Ef iS t hf ar&duefw@kd u ulncD ahJ omfvnf; aemufwiG t f jzLrsm; ppfyw JG iG t f a&;edrchf hJ &onf? 1919 ESihf 1921 ckEpS rf sm;wGif iwfrw G af cgi;f yg;r_EiS w hf u kd zf KdG wfa&m*grsm; ±k±mS ; jynfwpfjynfv;kH Yjzpfay:cJ+h y;D vl 27 oef;ausmrf #ukd toufq;kH ±_;H apcJo h nf? Tjy\emrsm;udak jz±Si;f &eftwGuf vDeifu pD;yGg;a&; vkyif ef;pOftopfwck csay;cJo h nf? Tvkyif ef;pOfukd ysupf ;D ±_yaf xG;ae+y;D ±k±mS ;jynf}u;D .aoqH;k ae +y;D jzpfaompD;yGg;a&;pepfukd jyefItouf±iS v f map&ef t&if;±Sipf epftawG; tac:rsm;jzpfay:vmawmhonf? v,form;rsm; v[mjyifaps;wGif aps; a&mif;cGi&hf ±Sjd cif;ESit hf vkyo f rm;iSm;&rf;Edik cf iG rhf sm;&±Sv d monf? v,f,majr wd;k cs@J vyk u f ikd af om v,form;rsm;udk ukvwf (a±S;±k±jS ynf±v dS ,form; }u;D rsm;) [ko±d =dS uonf? tvkyo f rm;ta,muf 20 xufenf;aompuf±kH rsm;udk jynfoyl ikd t f jzpfrES w _ yf ,f+yD; ,ciftvky±f iS rf sm;vufxo J @kd jyefay;cJh onf? od@k aomfvnf; ol.vky&f yf&v'frsm;udk olaumif;aumif;rawG@±cdS H pm;&awmhay? 1918 ckEpS =f o*kwv f 30 &ufae@wiG f qd±k , S v f pfawmfveS o f l -44-

20 &mpk . emrnf a usmf y k * ~ d v f } uD ; rsm;

rsm;.tzG@J 0ifjzpfaom 'd&k mupfvefu ol@uakd oewfEiS yhf pf+yD;aemuf ol@ use;f rma&;vnf; qkw, f w k v f mavonf? ol.cE<mud, k x f o J @kd usnq f EH pS f awmif0h ifc+hJ yD; cGpJ w d x f w k &f eftwGuf tE &W m,f±v dS eG ;f ojzifrh xkwcf &hJ acs? 1922 ckepS af rvwGif vDeifavjzwfc&H +yD; aemufwpfEpS rf jynfrh DS xyfIav jzwfc&H onf? oltoufraoqH;k rD aemufq;kH ESpEf pS t f wGi;f wdik ;f jynf.vGef u|pH mG jzpfay:aeaom jzpf&yfwpfcsKd @ukd }udK;pm;jyKjyifco hJ nf? ol.tjrifrmS t&if;±SiEf ikd if rH sm;ESit hf wl ,SOw f aJG exdik &f ef avhvmjcif;wd@k vt kd yf+yD; xd a&mufrr_ ±Sad omAsLwdu k a&pDpepfuv kd nf;&yfp&J eftwGujf zpfonf? xd@k twl ol.ae&mudk pwmvifur[kwyf J xa&mfpuD;udt k m%m&±Sad pvdo k nf? od@k aomf olratmifjrifcahJ y? pwmvifonftvGeyf ifjzwfx;kd Om%faumif; +y;D vDeifuo hJ @kd vt l wGuyf ifwu,fyiftuif;yg;vnf0o J jl zpfco hJ nf? 1923 ckEpS w f iG f vDeifukd avaemufwpfcgxyfjzwfI olu, kd w f pfjcrf;aooGm;+yD; pum;rajymEdik af wmhay? xd@k aemuf olrnfonft h cgr# jyefaeraumif;awmh yJ 1924 ckEpS Zf efe0g&v D 21 &ufae@wiG f OD;aESmufaoG;a=umjywfa&m*gjzifh uG,fvGefoGm;cJhonf?

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20 &mpk . emrnf a usmf y k * ~ d K vf } uD ; rsm;

]]pum;udkcsdKompGmajymNyD;wkwfBuD;BuD;wpfacsmif;udkifxm;yg/}} "Speak softly and carry a big stick."

]]r½dkufyJeJUa½SmifEdkif&ifvHk;0r½dkufygESifh? 'gayrJh½dkuf&ifb,fawmhrS jznf;nif;pGmr½dkufygESifh/}} "Don’t hit at all if it is honorably possible to avoid hitting, but never hit soft."

oDtdk'dk±kpbJh (1858–1919)

oD

td'k ±kd pk bJh (Theodore Roosevelt) onft ar&duefjynfaxmifp. k 26 a,mufajrmuf orRwjzpf+yD; olonf}uH@cikd +f yD; vkyif ef;wGit f m;oGecf eG f pdu k t f vkyv f yk af qmifaom acgi;f aqmifwpfO;D jzpf+y;D t ar&duefEikd if u H Ekd ikd if jH cm;a&;&mudprP sm;Y yg0ifaqmif±u G f r_rsm;rsm;jym;vmapcJyh gonf? oDt'kd ±kd pk bJo h nf 1858 ckEpS af tmufwb kd mv 27 &ufae@Y e,l;a,muf+rKd @ wGifzGm;jrifonf? olonfcsrf;omºuG,f0aompD;yGg;a&;orm;wpfOD;. pwkwo ˆ m;jzpf+y;D ol.i,femrnfrmS “xuf'”D jzpfonf? oluxdek mrnfukd vH;k 0r}uKd uaf y? ol@wiG yf ef;em&if=uyfa&m*g ESit hf vGeyf ifrsupf rd e_ af oma&m *g±o dS nf? xd@k a=umifo h . l zcifonfo@l tm; tEdik rf cHt±_;H ray;yJ rdr. d a&m*g rsm;udw k eG ;f vSeEf ikd &f efTod@k tm;ay;cJyh gonf? “om;rSmOm%fAv±Sad yrJh um ,Avr±Sb d ;l ? 'ga=umifu h m,Av±Sad tmif vky, f &l r,f?” ol.zcifro S @l om;udu k n l &D eftwGuf tm;upm;±Hu k kd olw@kd .tdrw f iG yf ifwnfaxmifay; cJo h nf? Tod@k EiS x hf uf'rD S wjznf;jznf;rdr. d cE<mud, k u f se;f rmoefprG ;f vm atmif tm;upm;vdu k pf m;vmcJ&h maemifwiG f “u|±J ikd ;f wpfaumifvu kd se;f rmoefprG ;f vmonf” [kEi_d ;f ,SO&f vmatmif use;f rmoefprG ;f vmygonf? toufi,f±, G pf Ofu oDt'kd o kd nfo. l rdom;pkEiS t hf wlOa&mywpfciG v f ;kH c -46-

20 &mpk . emrnf a usmf y k * ~ d v f } uD ; rsm;

&D;vSnv hf nfc+hJ yD; xdak e&mwpfYyif ol.jyifopfpum;ESi*hf smrefbmomp um;udu k |r;f usipf mG wwfajrmufco hJ nf? 1876 ckEpS t f ouf 18 ESpt f ±G,w f iG f oDt'kd o kd nf[m;AwfwuUov kd 0f ifciG hf &cJo h nf? olupm;aomtm;upm;rsm;rSmavSavSmjf cif;/ vufa0Su › pm;jcif;/ jrif;pD;upm;jcif;ESiphf cef;csupm;jcif;rsm;udEk pS o f ufonf? oDt'kd o kd nfynm avhvmoif,&l mwGipf w d 0f ifpm;r_±+dS y;D trSew f u,fajym&v#if v_y±f mS ;wuf ºuGaomausmif;om;wpfa,mufjzpf+yD; pmoif=um;yd@k cs&mwGif tm;wuf oa&mavhvmoif,lonf? wpfcgwkef;uqdkv#if ol@udkpmoif=um;ydk@cs aomya&mzufqmuoDt'kd u kd kd “'DrmS =unfo h t D 'kd /kd igu'Dtwef;xJrmS q &mjzpfaewmvJowd&tH;k aemf” [l.? 1878 ckEpS w f iG o f t D 'kd u kd emrnfausm=f um;aomabmhpwefro d m;pk.orD; jzpfol tJvpf[moma0;vDEiS ahf wG@qckH o hJ nf? ,if;wd@k EpS Of ;D cspo f &l nf;pm;t jzpftcdse=f umjrifph mG aexdik cf +hJ y;D 1880 ckEpS /f atmufwb kd mv 27 &ufae@wiG f tJvpfEiS o hf t D 'kd w kd @dk vufxyfxrd ;f jrm;cJo h nf? Ttcsed w f iG rf mS yif ol.zcif rSm tpmtdru f ifqmjzifh 1878 ckEpS af zazz:0g&v D 9 &ufae@wiG u f , G v f eG cf hJ onf? ol.zcifaoqH;k oGm;+yD;aemuf toufEpS q f ,fw h pfEpS t f ±G,±f o dS t D kd 'do k nf ,if;.rdom;pktwGuf tdraf xmifO;D pD;jzpfvmcJ&h onf? xd@k aemufot D 'kd u kd udv k b H , D m±SOd ya'ausmif;udq k ufwuf+yD; 1881 ckEpS f wGiaf usmif;rSxu G +f y;D e,l;a,mufc±dik jf ynfo@l vw $ af wmfwiG f ae&m&atmif }udK;pm;cJo h nf? ol@u&kd yD wfbvpfuef (Republican) wGit f a±G;cs,cf &H +yD;&D ywfbvpfuefuOkd ;D pD;OD;aqmif&eftwGuf ESp}f udrw f ikd w f ikd f ta±G;cHc&hJ onf? oDt'kd . kd uHaumif;oxufaumif;vm+yD; ol@b0wGif vsijf refpmG wd;k wufr_ rsm;±Sv d monfuakd wG@&rnf? od@k aomfvnf; 1884 ckEpS w f iG o f . l b0rSmwpf -47-

20 &mpk . emrnf a usmf y k * ~ d K vf } uD ; rsm;

ppD+ydKuGo J mG ;&onf? azaz:0g&v D 12 &ufae@wiG o f . l orD;av;tJvpf±pk bJv h ;D udzk mG ;jrif+yD;aemuf ol.ZeD;onfwiG f ausmufuyfa&m*g±adS =umif; awG@±&dS onf? xdak &m*gjzifyh ifazaz:0g&v D 14 &ufae@cspo f rl sm;ae@wiG f uG,f vGeo f mG ;cJ±h mS onf? ol.rdcifrmS vnf;aeraumif;jzpf+yD; wdu k zf KdG uftzsm; a&m*gu&kd um 1884 ckEpS /f azaz:0g&v D 14 &ufae@naeydik ;f wGif uG,v f eG f oGm;cJ&h ±Smonf? Tok@d jzifh 1884 ckEpS w f iG f ±kpbJu h taemufbufqo D @kd c&D;ESiI f 'guw kd m (Dakota) Ywd&p d m> efarG;jrLa&;tvkyv f yk =f unf&h ef }udK;pm;onf? ol@taeeJ@ 'guw kd m.vlou l if;rJrh u _ ol.&ifxrJ S cHpm;ae&aoma=uuG0J rf;enf;r_w@kd ajzodrEhf ikd v f rd rhf nf[, k =kH unfonf? taemufbuf±dS vlq;kd vlayrsm;uol@ udk “av;vH;k ” ESihf “ajcaxmufaysm”h ponfrh av;rpm;rcHcsrd cHomjzpf atmifajymqdjk cif;rsm;udjk zwfoef;I wjznf;jznf;ol@uq kd ef@usiv f monfh olrsm;udk tajctaetvdu k af y:rlwnfI jzwfx;kd Om%fo;kH aomfwefjyef rsm;jzifjh zpfap oHr%duo hJ @kd rmausmaompwD;vufo;D rsm;jzifjh zpfap wjznf; jznf;tEdkif,lvmcJhonf? [email protected]'goudkawmhol.ig;r#m; avSuckd ;kd oGm;onfo h cl ;kd rsm;rSty rnforl #ord nfr[kwaf y? olc;kd rsm;uol .ig;zrf;avSuckd ;kd +yD;onft h cg oDt'kd o kd nf =urf;wrf;vSonf'h guw kd majr rsuEf mS jyifurkd r_bJ olc;kd rsm;.aemufuEkd pS yf wf=umvdu k +f yD;wJah emufyikd ;f aemufq;kH olc;kd rsm;udzk rf;rdc. hJ ? xd@k a=umifh ta±St › &yfu “ajcaxmufaysmh wJ+h rdK@}uD;om;[molc;kd awGukd zrf;Edik cf w hJ ,f” vd@k emrnfwiG cf o hJ nf? Tum vwpfav#mufwiG f oDt'kd u kd pmrsm;pwifa&;om;+yD; pma&;q&mjzpfvm onf? ola&;om;aompmtkyx f w J iG f 1889–1896 ckEpS w f iG x f w k af 0aom “America’s Westward Expansion” av;tkyw f u JG ykd gxw k af 0cJo h nf? 1889 ckEpS w f iG f &DywfbvpfueforRw[m&Dqifu,if;udk tar&duefjynf ol@0efaqmifra_ umfr±Sit f zG@J 0ifwpfO;D tjzpf cef@xm;vdu k o f nf? 1895 ckEpS f -48-

20 &mpk . emrnf a usmf y k * ~ d v f } uD ; rsm;

wGi±f pk bJu h e,l;a,muf+rdK@e,fyv k yd b f 'k t f zG@J 0ifjzpfvmonf? aemufwpf ESpw f iG f &DywfbvpfueforRwruf(cf)uif;av (Mckinley) uol‹uakd &wyf . taxGaxGvufaxmuftwGi;f a&;rSL;tjzpfcef@tyfco hJ nf? ±kpbJu h t ar&duef.a&wyfpGrf;tm;udkwdk;csJ›jr‡ifhwifcJhojzifh tar&duefonfvnf; urBmph pfyrJG sm;wGif ydI k yg0ifvmonfuakd wG@&rnf? pydeEf iS t hf ar&duefppfyJG rsm;twGi;f ±kpbJu h ajcvsiw f yf&if;wGif 'kAv kd }f uD;tjzpfwufºuGpmG wm0ef xrf;aqmifco hJ nf? 1898 ckEpS w f iG f ±kpbJrh mS e,l;a,muf+rKd @0eftjzpfta&G;cH&+y;D 1900 ckEpS w f iG f orRwrufuif;av;.atmufwiG f 'kw, d orRwta±G;cH&avonf? 1901 ckEpS w f iG f rufuif;av;uvky}f uHowfjzwfjcif;cH&+yD; ol‹ae&mud±k pk bJq h uf cH&±So d nf? xdo k ufwrf;jynf+h yD;aemufrS ±kpbJu h rdrw d iG t f cGiahf &;±So d nft h wdik ;f orRwtjzpf 1904 ckEpS w f iG t f a±G;cs,cf cH &hJ onf? olorRwoufwrf; wpfav#mufv;kH wGif }uD;rm;aomaumfyakd &;±Si;f rsm;.tm%mrsm;udk uef@ owf&eftwGuf vuf0g;}uD;tkycf sKyfa&;vkyif ef;rsm; usio hf kH;jyefvnfxl axmifa&;vkyif ef;rsm;udk pwiftpysKd ;vkyaf qmifco hJ nf? xd@k xufru t ar&duef. yxrOD;qH;k trsKd ;om;O,smOfukd zavmf&'D gjynfe,fY 1903 ckEpS f ESihf 1906 ckEpS w f iG f yxrOD;qH;k trsKd ;om;ausmufwikd u f kd ,Ge;f rif; (Wyomf nfaqmufco hJ nf? -ing) wGiw Edik if jH cm;a&;&mwGiv f nf; ±kpbJu h tar&duefonf “csKd ompGmpum;ajym+y;D wkw}f uD;}uD;wpfacsmif;udik o f nf” [ka=ujimcJo h nf? ol‹,=kH unfcsurf mS t u,fItjcm;aomEdik if rH sm;u tar&duefonf rdr. d tusKd ;rsm;udk ppfa&; +crd ;f ajcmufrr_ sm;jzift h umtuG,af y;a=umif;odv#if tar&duef.vH+k cKH a&; rSm yd+k yD;wd;k jr‡iv hf mvdrrhf nf[I l yif? rGe±f ;kd pmcsKyfa=umifh uma&;bD;,ef;yif v,fxYJ Edik if jH cm;a&wyfrsm;±Sv d mjcif;rS umuG,+f yD; vufwiftar&duef udk tar&duefjynfaxmifpw k pfcu k om =um;0ifpu G zf ufEikd o f nf? -49-

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±kpbJhonf yem;rm;wl;ajrmif;wnfaxmifa&;udk tm;ay;wdkufwGef;cJh onf? 1906 ckEpS w f iG f Russo–Japanese ppfyu JG kd +yD;qH;k atmifjyKvkycf o hJ nfh twGuf Edb k ,f(vf)qkuckd s;D jr‡ijhf cif;cHc&hJ onf? ±kpbJu h orRw&mxl;rS 1908 ckEpS w f iG t f +ird ;f pm;,lco hJ nf? 1912 orRwa±G; aumufyGJwGif ol‹.ae&mudkqufcH&±SdcJhaom0DvsHxyf(zf).ay:vpDudkr óudufojzifh olEiS òhf ydiI f rJa±G;cJo h nf? xd‹k a=umifh &Dywfbvpfuef.rJuEkd pS zf ‹JG cGo J vkjd zpf+yD;aemuf 'Dru kd &ufwpftrwf 0l;('f)±d0k v D q f ifuorRwjzpfvmcJh onf? ±kpbJo h nf 1919 ckEpS Zf efe0g&v D 6 &ufae@toufajcmufq,ft±G,w f iG f aoqH;k oGm;cJah omfvnf; ol.tarGtESprf sm;use&f pfco hJ nf? oDt'kd o kd nf tar&duef. orRwaumif;wpfa,mufjzpfonfomru opPm±Sad omcif yGe;f onfpjH yzcifEiS Ehf ikd if aH wmftwGut f usKd ;jyKonfomru urBmwpfcv k ;kH tusKd ;twGut f usKd ;jyKvkyaf qmifcahJ om jynfo@l om;aumif;wpfa,muf jzpfco hJ nf? olonfpma&;q&maumif; wpfa,mufjzpf+yD; vl@tcGit hf a&; v_y±f mS ;r_rsm;Y rem;raeyg0ifaqmif±u G o f nfomru acgi;f aqmifrt _ &nf tcsi;f ESijhf ynfph o kH nfEh ikd if aH &;orm;wpfa,mufjzpfonf? rdr. d teD;tem; wpf0u kd ±f u dS rBm}uD;udk yHpk o H iG ;f onfomru rnfonft h vkyu f rkd qdv k yk &f m wGiv f w G v f yfr/_ w&m;Oya'atmufwiG w f &m;r#wr_EiS phf w d cf sr;f omr_tay: wGifrlwnfonf? ol.emrnf “xuf'”D udt k pGjJ yKI 0uf0±H yk u f av;rsm;udk xuf'±D yk [ f ak c: onf?

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20 &mpk . emrnf a usmf y k * ~ d v f } uD ; rsm;

]]trsdK;orD;wpfa,mufu tdrfOD;pD;xdef;csKyf&mrSm jzpfay:vmwJhtcuftcJawG taMumif;udkem;vnfygu wdkif;jynfudktkyfcsKyf&mrSm ay:aygufvmwJh jyóemawGtaMumif;udkem;vnfvmzdkUeD;pyfvmNyD;/}} "Any Woman who understands the problems of running a home will be nearer to understanding the problems of running a country."

]]tmPm½Sdw,fqdkwm rdef;rwpfa,mufeJUwlw,f/ wu,fvdkUoifbmjzpfw,f qdkwmudkajymjy&&if oifrdef;rjzpfrSmr[kwfbl;/}} "Being powerful is like being a lady. If you have to tell people you are, you aren't."

]]wu,fvdkUuRefrvdkcsifwJht&mudk&rnfqdkvQifuRefrtvGefU tvGefpdwf½SnfEdkifygonf/}} "I am extraordinarily patient, provided I get my own way in the end."

rg*&ufoufcsm (1925-

)

rm

*&ufoufcsm (Margaret Thatcher) onf,l Edu k w f ufuif;'dr;f .yxrOD;qH;k trsKd ;orD; 0ef}u;D csKyjf zpf+y;D 1979 ckEpS rf S 1990 txdtyk cf sKycf o hJ nf? oufcsmu+Adwdef.pD;yGg;a&;zGHŒ+zdL;wdk;wufvmatmif f Œkd vkyaf qmifrnf[u k wday;+y;D olru T&nfreS ;f csuo a&muf&adS tmif tpd;k &ydik pf uf¶rkH sm;udk a&mif;csjcif;ESihf yk*v ~ u d ydik t f jzpfoŒkd ajymif;vJjcif;rsm;vkyu f ikd cf o hJ nf? rm*&ufa&mbwfonf ukepf q kH ikd af &mif;ol.orD;jzpf+y;D 1925 ckEpS af tmuf wdb k mv 13 &ufwiG f =urforf (Granham)/ vifueG ;f ±_id ;f ,m; (Lincolnsf mG ;jrifco hJ nf? atmufpzd@k 'w f uUov kd w f iG af tmifjrifc+hJ yD;onfh -hire) wGiz aemuf rm*&ufonf okawoejyK"gwyk nm±Siw f pfO;D jzpfvmonf? xd@k aemuforl u Oya'ynmudq k ufvufoif=um;I 0wfvakH wmf&a±S@aewpf -51-

20 &mpk . emrnf a usmf y k * ~ d K vf } uD ; rsm;

OD;jzpfvmonf? 1951 ckEpS 'f ZD ifbmv 13 &ufae@wiG 'f eJ pfoufcsm (Denis Thatcher) qdk aom atmifjrifaompD;yGg;a&;orm;wpfa,mufEiS v hf ufxyfco hJ nf? rm* &ufoufcsmonf uGeq f maA;wpfygw0D ifwpfO;D jzpf+y;D 1959 ckEpS af tmufwkd bmvwGif (Finchely) udu k , kd pf m;jyK&ef a±G;cs,jf cif;cH&onf? aemifEpS Ef pS t f =um;wGi[ f m±drk ufrv D ef (Harold Macmillan) tpd;k &.yifpifEiS Ehf ikd if t H mrcH a=u;XgewGif wGzJ ufygvrD eftwGi;f a&;rSL;tjzpf aqmif±u G cf o hJ nf? 1964 ckEpS f taxGaxGa±G;aumufyw JG iG f uGeq f maA;wpfygw±D ;H_ ESrd chf +hJ y;D [m±dk 0Dvpif (Harold Wilson) u0ef}uD;csKyftopfjzpfvmcJo h nf? uGeq f maA; wpfygwaD cgi;f aqmifjzpfvmoltuf'0yf[uf(of) (Edward Health) uol rudk twdu k t f cHtpd;k &.yifpifEiS Ehf ikd if t H mrcHa=u;XgewGif ajyma&;qdck iG ±hf dS yk*K~d vftjzpfcef@xm;cJo h nf? xd@k aemuforl u twdu k t f cHygwb D ufrt S rd f ,mXge (atmufwb kd m 1965)/ b¿ma&; ({+yDv 1966)/ avmifpmESiphf rG ;f tif (atmufwb kd m 1967)/ o,f,yl @kd aqmifa&; (Ed0k ifbm 1968) ESiyhf nm a&; (atmufwb kd m 1969) wd@k YtoD;oD;wm0ef,cl &hJ onf? 1970 ckEpS t f axGaxGa±G;aumufyrJG sm;Y uGeq f maA;wpfygwt D Edik &f onfh tcsdefwGif oufcsmuynma&;ESifhody`Ha&;&mwdk@Y twGif;a&;rSL;jzpfvm onf? 1970 ckEpS af tmufwb kd mvwGit f ouf 7 ESpaf usmu f av;rsm;t wGuf ausmif;rsm;YEd@k tvum;wdu k af u|;r_ukd &yfqikd ;f ypfjcif;ESiahf usmif; wGit f pm;tpmzd;k rsm; jr‡iw hf ifay;jcif;rsm;vkyo f nft h wGuf tjiif;yGg;r_rsm; jzpfay:apcJo h nf? xdt k csed w f iG f 0ef}uD;csKyftuf'0yf[uf(of)onf ukeaf ps;E_e;f ay:vpDEiS 0hf if aiGay:vpDrsm;csrw S &f ef }uKd ;pm;cJo h nft h wGuf tvkyo f rm;or*~EiS yhf ËdyuQ -52-

20 &mpk . emrnf a usmf y k * ~ d v f } uD ; rsm;

jzpfay:apcJo h nf? oluw&m;r0ifqENjyr_rsm;twGuf Oya'jyXge;f Edik &f ef}uKd ; pm;r_rsm;a=umifh tvkyo f rm;tvky±f iS yf ËdyuQujkd zpfay:apcJo h nf? 1973 ckEpS w f iG f owˆKwGi;f tvkyo f rm;rsm;. “tkycf sKyfrt _ wGut f vkyv f yk jf cif;” (Work-to-rule) qENjyjcif;rsm;a=umifh v#yp f pf"gwt f m;jzwfawmufjcif;rsm;r =umc%jzpfay:+yD; wpfygwo f ;kH &uftvkyv f yk jf cif;rsm; jzpfay:vmonf? 1974 wGi[ f uf(of)u “rnfot l yk cf sKyfonf” qdo k nfu h pd t P ay: taxG axGa±G;aumufyu JG akd c:,lusi;f ycJo h nf? TwGit f uf'0yf[uf(of)u t Edik rf &awmhbJ [m±d(k vf)0Dvq f ifEiS ahf vbmygwrD mS tm%mjyefvnf&±Sv d m onf? 1975 ckEpS Zf efe0g&v D wGif oufcsmutuf'0yf[uf(of)udk uGeq f maA; wpfygw. D acgi;f aqmiftjzpf ,SO+f ydKifta±G;cH&efped af c:cJo h nf? azaz:0g&v D 4 &ufoufcsmu[uf(of)udrk J 130 rJEiS hf 119 rJjzift h Edik &f ±Scd o hJ nf? xd@k aemuf Tta&;}u;D aom trsKd ;orD;Edik if aH &;ygwaD cgi;f aqmifjzpfvmonf? [uf(of)u ±_;H ESrd jhf cif;udv k ufrcHEikd yf J oufcsm.uufbed ufwiG t f vkyf qufvyk &f efjiif;qefco hJ nf? 1976 ckEpS rf wfv 16 &ufae@wiG *f srd ;f acgv*ef (James Collaghan) u[m ±dv k 0f v D q f if.0ef}uD;csKyf&mxl;udk qufc&H ,lco hJ nf? wpfjznf;jznf;ouf csmu vuf,m0g'0D g'udyk I kd vufcu H sio hf ;kH um aps;uGupf ;D yGg;a&;pepfo@kd yI kd tm±Hpk u kd v f monf? 1978 ckEpS Zf efe0g&v D wGif olruvlrsm;uEdik if jH cm;wdik ;f jynfrSa±$@ajymif;aexdkifvmolrsm;. “v$rf;rdk;r_” cH&rSmudkpdk;&drfonfht a=umif;rde@f ceG ;f ajym=um;cJo h jzifh jypfwif±@_H csjcif;cHc&hJ onf? 1978 ckEpS w f iG Ef ikd if t H }u;D tuJ "Chancellor of the Exchequer" jzpfo'l eJ pf [Jav (Denis Healey) uaiGa=u;rsm;tay: wif;=uyfpmG xde;f csKyjf cif;rsm;jyK vkycf o hJ nf? aiGa=u;xde;f csKyf&mwGif jynfow l @kd .ynma&;ESiu hf se;f rma&;t -53-

20 &mpk . emrnf a usmf y k * ~ d K vf } uD ; rsm;

wGuf &efyakH iGrsm;udyk gjzwfawmufco hJ nf? a0zefo;kH oyforl sm;u Tod@k jyK vkyjf cif;rsm;a=umifh aiGa=u;xkwv f yk rf u _ t kd ajccHaompepf (Monetarism) udjk zpfay:vmaponf? 1978 ckEpS w f iG f jynfow l @kd twGut f oH;k p&dwrf sm; jzwfawmufvu kd o f nft h wGuf rauseyfrr_ sm;jzpfay:vm+yD; qENjyyGrJ sm;ay: ayguv f mcJo h nf? xd@k a=umifh 1979 ckEpS t f axGaxGa±G;aumufyw JG iG f av bmygwt D a&;edrchf o hJ nf? TwGirf m*&ufoufcsmu +Aw d ed Ef ikd if . H yxrOD;qH;k trsKd ;orD;0ef}u;D csKyjf zpf vmonf? 1979 ckEpS Ef 0kd ifbmvwGif oufcsmu Oa&mypD;yGg;a&;todik ;f t 0dik ;f (European Economic Community–EEC) .xdyo f ;D tpnf;ta0;wuf a&mufc+hJ y;D EEC xJo@kd +Aw d ed x f nfo h iG ;f &aomaiGyrm%twGuf n‡Ed id_ ;f aqG; aEG;r_rsm;jyKvkycf o hJ nf? oufcsmtpd;k &onf 'Jepf[aJ vtpysKd ;cJah om aiGa=u;xde;f csKyfr_ (moneta-rist) ay:vpDuq kd ufvufusio hf ;kH cJo h nf? 1979 ckEpS Ef iS hf 1980 ckEpS rf sm;wGif aiGoyd o f nf;r_Ee_ ;f avsmeh nf;oGm;aomfvnf; tvkyv f ufrEhJ e_ ;f rSm ESpq f wd;k yGg;vmonf? 1981 ckEpS w f iG f Exchequer .t}u;D tuJjzpfol qm*suzf &D[kd 0D (Sir. Geoffrey Howe) ujynfot l wGuf toH;k p&dwrf sm;jzwfawmufchJ onf? Tumvwpfav#mufwiG f jynfo@l qENaumuf,cl surf sm;Y +Aw d ed . f ordik ;f a=umif;wpfav#mufwiG f rm*&ufoufcsmonf jynfot l }udKuft enf;qH;k 0ef}uD;jzpfco hJ nf? oufcsmtpd;k &u yk*v ~ u d ydik o f @kd ajymif;vJjcif;pDru H ed ;f jzifh &efyakH iG±mS azGcJh onf? TwGi+f Adwo d #a=u;eef;qufo, G af &;vkyif ef;/ +Adwo d #av,mOfc&D; oGm;vma&;vkyif ef;/ ±dv k ±f KGd uf(pf)ESi+hf Adwo d #pwD;vkyif ef; ponfEh ikd if yH ikd v f yk f ief;rsm;udk yk*v ~ u d vufo@kd jyefay;jcif;tygt0ifjzpfonf? 1982 ckEpS {f +yv D 2 &ufae@wiG t f m*siw f ;D em;uazgu h vef (Falkland) u|e;f -54-

20 &mpk . emrnf a usmf y k * ~ d v f } uD ; rsm;

pkrsm;udu k sK;ausmo f rd ;f ydu k cf o hJ nf? aemufwpf&ufrmS yif urBmu h v k or*~ oEMXd gef 502 udx k w k jf yefcsrw S cf +hJ y;D tm*siw f ;D em;udk azmhuvefu|e;f pkrsm;rS xGucf mG oGm;&efawmif;qdck o hJ nf? {+yDv 5 &ufae@wiG +f Adwo d #w@kd .a&wyf onf azg(h pf)armihf (Portsmouth) rSxu G cf mG &ef azgu h vefu|e;f pkbufqo D @kd OD;wnfco hJ nf? +Aw d ed u f azgu h vefu|e;f pkywfywfvnfrikd f 200 udo k ;D oef@ZkH tjzpfa=ujimcJ+h yD; 1982 ckEpS af rv 2 &ufae@wiG f tm*siw f ;D em;ppfoabFm *sief &,f(vf)b,fvu f &mEdu k ekd pfjrKyyf pfco hJ nf? aemufEpS &f uft=umwGi+f Ad wdeo f abFm±Sz;D vf('f)rSm'H;k ysjH zift h ypfc&H onf? arv 21 &ufae@wiG +f Adwo d #wyfrsm; azmhuvefu|e;f pkpefumavmhwiG f qku d af &mufvmonf? wdu k yf rJG sm;qufvufjzpfygG ;+yD; aemufq;kH wGiaf zgph wefav (Post Stanley) utzrf;qD;cH&+yD; tm*siw f ;D em;wyfrsm;u 1982 ckEpS *f |ev f 14 &ufae@wiG f vufeufcst±_;H cHco hJ nf? ppfyrJG sm;atmifEikd af om a=umifh rm*&ufoufcsm. emrnfausm=f um;vmaoma=umifh 1983 ckEpS f wGiu f si;f ycJah omtaxGaxGa±G;aumufyYJG uGeq f maA;wpfygwu D rJtrsm; qH;k 144 rJjzift h Ekid &f cJo h nf? oufcsmu 0ef}uD;csKyfa&mfe,f&D*ifESifh &if;ESD;pGmaygif;oif;qufqHr_&±SdcJh onf? xd@k aemufow l @kd EpS Of ;D ESpzf ufpvH;k u qdAk , D uf,el , D t H ay: wif;rmpGm qufq&H efoabmwlco hJ nf? oufcsmudt k rsm;u acgi;f rmaomtrsKd ;orD; [k0ifpm;ac:a0:=uonf? od@k aomf 1983 ckEpS Ef 0kd ifbmvwGi+f Adwo d #w@kd EiS hf }uKd IaqG;aEG;r_r±Syd J +Aw d o d #vufatmufcu H &ife'g (Grenada) udt k ar&du wd@k u usK;ausmo f rd ;f ydu k cf o hJ nft h wGuf oufcsma'goxGucf &hJ onf? oufcsmtpd;k &u rdrw d @kd .ay:vpDjzpfaom tvkyo f rm;or*~.tm%m av#mch sjcif;udq k ufvufusio hf ;kH cJo h nf? trsm;tay:pmemaomqENjyyGJ rsm;ESihf qdik yf w d jf cif;rsm;jyKvyk jf cif;udk wm;jrpfonf? or*~acgi;f aqmifrsm;u -55-

20 &mpk . emrnf a usmf y k * ~ d K vf } uD ; rsm;

oydwaf rSmufyw JG iG f jyKvkyrf nfv h y_ ±f mS ;r_rsm;tay: rdrw d @kd .tzG@J 0ifrsm;udrk J xnfch ikd ;f &rnfjzpf+y;D or*~rT S tzG@J 0ifrsm;tm;vH;k .v_y±f mS ;r_tay: wm0ef ,l&rnfjzpfonf? tpd;k &u tvky±f iS Ef iS t hf vkyo f rm;yËdyuQjzpfrt _ ay:*±kr pdu k yf w J if;rmpGmqufqcH +hJ y;D 1984 ckEpS w f iG jf zpfygG ;cJah om rdik ;f wl;vkyo f m;rsm; .pwifcahJ omoydwaf rSmufrr_ mS 12 v=um+yD; rnfonfah tmifjrifrr_ rS &cJh acs? 1985 ckEpS rf wfv 13 &ufae@wiG f usi;f ycJah om Konstantin Chernenko .tokbY acgi;f aqmifopfraD c;(vf)udb k macsm(h Af)(Mikhail Gorbachev) ESiahf wG@qckH o hJ nf? udb k macsm(h Af)rS Perestroika ay:vpDjzpfaom jyefvnfxl axmifa&;ay:vpDopfukd a=ujimvdu k o f nft h cg oufcsm.qdAk , D ufjynf axmifpt k ay: tjrifajymif;vJomG ;onf? qdAk , D uf.pD;yg;G a&;ydrk x kd ad &mufr_ ±Sv d map&ef&nf±, G cf sujf zifh pD;yGgG ;a&;/ Edik if aH &;Yvdu k af vsmr#wr_±v dS mjcif;ESihf ,Ofaus;r_jyKjyifajymif;vJrr_ sm;jyKvkycf o hJ nf? udb k macsm(h Af)uqdAk , D uf jynfaxmifpt k wGi;f aps;uGupf ;D yGg;a&;pepfrsm;pwifusio hf ;kH +yD; pufrv _ yk f ief;ESiphf u kd yf sKd ;a&;vkyif ef;rsm;Y ud, k yf ikd v f yk if ef;rsm;wd;k cs@J vyk u f ikd &f ef tm;ay;cJh onf? 1986 ckEpS Ef 0kd ifbmvwGif usi;f ycJah omtpnf;ta0;yGw J pfcYk oufcsmu Oa&myaiGvv J , S Ef e_ ;f ,E &W m; (European Exchange Rate Mechanism) xJo@kd 0ifrnft h }uHay;r_ukd y,fcsco hJ nf? rnfo@kd qakd pumrl xdv k twGi;f wGio f ufcsmu vlZifbwfOa&myaumifp(D Luxembourg European CounJ wGi;f Yyif Single European Act xJYvufrw S x f ;kd &efo cil) tpnf;ta0;yGt abmwlcJhonf? 1986 ckEpS {f +yv D wGif oufcsmu tar&duefA;kH }uaJ v,mOfrsm;udk +Aw d ed Ef ikd f iHwiG &f yfem;cGiahf y;+y;D vpfAsm;Edik if u H kd AH;k }u&J eftcGiahf y;cJo h nft h wGuf a0zef -56-

20 &mpk . emrnf a usmf y k * ~ d v f } uD ; rsm;

jcif;rsm;pGm&±Scd o hJ nf? xdt k csed w f iG f vpfAsm;Edik if u H kd tajccHaom t}urf; zuform;wd@k utar&duefukd tcgaygi;f rsm;pGmwdu k cf u kd cf o hJ nf? 1987 ckEpS t f axGaxGa±G;aumufyw JG iG f trsm;rJqENEiS t hf rwfaygi;f 102 &±Scd +hJ y;D wwd,t}urd t f m%mjyefvnf&±Sv d monf? xdEk pS rf yS if oufcsmudk ESpf 100 twGi;f oufwrf;t±Snq f ;kH 0ef}u;D csKyt f jzpf towfrw S cf cH &hJ onf? vlceG af umufjcif;udk paumhwvefY 1989 ckEpS {f +yDvwGif pwifa=ujim+yD; (aemifwpfEpS t f =umwGi+f Aw d ed Ef ikd if w H pfEikd v f ;kH od@k ) aumufco H nft h wGuo f l r.emrnfuq kd ;kd ±Gm;ysupf ;D apcJo h nf? tcGet f opfukd vltrsm;pkur}uKd uyf J aemufq;kH wGif jynfoq l ENjyyGrJ sm;jzpfay:apcJo h nf? 1990 ckEpS Ef 0kd ifbmvwGiu f eG q f maA;wpfygw. D acgi;f aqmiftjzpf0ifa&muf ,SO+f yKd icf &hJ m yxrt}urd w f iG t f Edik &f cJah omfvnf; 'kw, d t}urd w f iG rf l ±_;H edrhf cJo h nf? 1990 ckEpS Ef 0kd ifbmv 28 &ufae@wiG f rm*&ufoufcsmu 0ef}uD; csKyf&mxl;rSEw k x f u G cf +hJ yD;,if;.ae&mwGi*f |eaf r*smu tpm;xd;k ae&m,lchJ onf? 1992 ckEpS rf wfvwGif oufcsmu atmufvw $ af wmfrES w k x f u G cf o hJ nf? r=umcifrmS yJtxufvw $ af wmfY “Baroness Thatcher of Kesteven” tjzpf wm0ef,al qmif±u G cf o hJ nf?

-57-

20 &mpk . emrnf a usmf y k * ~ d K vf } uD ; rsm;

]]rsufvHk;wpfvHk;twGuf rsufvHk;udkay;qyf&&ifawmh urÇmwpf0Srf;vHk;yg rsufpduef;ukefawmhrSmaygh/}} "An eye for eye only ends up making the whole world blind."

]]yxrawmholwdkUuoifhudkOayu©mjyKMuw,f? NyD;awmholwdkUuoifhudkavSmifajymif &,farmMuvdrfhMur,f? NyD;awmhoifhudkwdkufcdkufMuw,f? aemufawmh oiftEdkif&oGm;wmbJ/}} "First they ignore you, then they laugh at you, then they fight you, then you win."

]]urÇmay:rSm udk,fjrifcsifwJhajymif;vJrItwdkif; udk,fhudk,fudkajymif;vJ&r,f/}} "We must become the change we want to see in the world."

r[wWr*END (1896-1948)

bm

oma&;/ Edik if aH &;acgi;f aqmifEiS ahf vm ukwEW iS v hf o l m;wd@k tusKd ;aqmif&u G f ol 1869-1948 r[wWr*END (Mahatama Gandhi) onf 1869 ckESpfatmufwdkbmv 2 &ufae@wGif tdE, dN Edik if yH b kd ef'gY arG;zGm;cJyh gonf? olonf 20 &mpk wGit f xif&mS ;qH;k aom avmukw&W mESiEhf ikd if aH &;acgi;f aqmifwpfOD;jzpfygonf? *ENDonftdENd,vlrsdK;rsm; tm; t=urf;rzufjird ;f csr;f aomenf;vrf;jzifh +Aw d o d # tkycf sKyfrv _ ufatmufrS vGwv f yfEidk &f ef jyKvkycf jhJ yD; tdE, dN wkid ;f oljynfom;rsm; rSo@l uakd v;pm;tyfaom zcif}uD;wpfO;D tjzpf todtrSwðf ycJ=h uygonf? tdE, dN vlrsKd ;rsm;rS ol‹tm; r[wWr*EN[ D ak c:qd=k u+yD; “jrifjh rwfaomol”[k t"dyg` ,&f onf? *ENo D nf tajymif;tvJukd rvdv k m;aom/ xH;k wrf;"avh udk rpGe@f y,fvakd omrdom;pkrS qif;oufvm+yD; touf 13 ESpt f &G,w f iG f -58-

20 &mpk . emrnf a usmf y k * ~ d v f } uD ; rsm;

uwfpwbmqdak omtouf 12 ESpt f &G,rf ed ;f uav;ESihf rdbrsm;.pDpOfr_ jzift h rd af xmifjyKcJo h nf? *ENw D iG f om;&wemav;OD;arG;zGm;cJyh gonf? om; [m&DvmESirhf meDvmudk tEN, d wGiaf rG;zGm;cJ+h y;D / om;a';zf'gEiS &hf rf'gukd awmif tmz&duwdu k w f iG f arG;zGm;cJyh gonf? *ENo D nf vltrsm;tm;vH;k tm; cspcf if =uifemr_xm;aomfvnf; rdr. d om;r,m;tay:wGif pnf;urf;wus=uyf =uyfrwfrwf±cdS o hJ nf? *ENo D nfvef'efwiG f Oya'bmom&yftm; oGm;a&mufavhvmoif,cl +hJ yD; 1891 ckEpS w f iG f tEN, d od@k vufawG@toH;k cs&ef jyefvnfa&muf&v dS monf? oljyefa&muf+yD;vtenf;i,ftwGi;f rdcifu, G v f eG o f mG ;cJyh gonf? xdt k csed f wGif *ENt D ouf 21 ESpyf if&adS o;onf? tEN, d wGif rdr. d w&m;Oya'twwf ynmudk vufawG@toH;k cs&mwGif atmifjrifrr_ &Scd ahJ oma=umifh 1893 ckEpS f wGif emwmvfawmiftmz&duodk@ a&S›aetoif;wpfckY tvkyfvkyf&ef ajymif;a&$@omG ;ygonf? xdt k csed w f iG f awmiftmz&duonf +Aw d o d #w@kd .tkycf sKyrf v _ ufatmufwiG f &Sdaeao;onf? +Adwdo#vlrsdK;rsm;xH rdrd.wef;wltcGifhta&;udk wifjy awmif;qdo k nft h cg rw&m;zdEydS rf u _ ckd &H +yD; tjcm;aomtEN, d vlrsKd ;rsm; vnf; Todk@yifcHpm;ae&a=umif;olod&SdjrifawG@vmonf? olESifhtjcm; aomtEd, N vlrsKd ;rsm;onf rsuEf mS jzLrsm;ESit hf xl;wef;&xm;wGrJ sm;wGif pD; cGirhf jyKjcif;/ wnf;cdck ef;awmfawmfrsm;rsm;wGif olw@kd tm; vufrcHjcif;wd‹k t jyif &du k Ef u S jf cif;/ rw&m;ojzifjh yKrq l ufqjH cif;rsm;ukcd &H onf? olonfa'o cHtEd , dN vlrsKd ;rsm;tay: rw&m;jyKrq l ufqjH cif;rsm;udk ckc&H efOya'enf;vrf; udt k oH;k jyKco hJ nf? [dELN t,l0g'v$r;f rd;k r_/ Jainism ESichf &pf,mefbmomom oemwd@k vr$ ;f rd;k r_/ pma&;q&m}uD;rsm;jzpfaom Tolstoy ESihf Thoreau wd@k . v$r;f rd;k r_ponfw@kd a=umifh *ENo D nf Satyagraha (trSew f &m;udck spcf ifr)_ / trSm;rsm;udk t=urf;rzufaomenf;vrf;rsm;jzifh ajz&Si;f jcif;vrf;pOfukd a&; -59-

20 &mpk . emrnf a usmf y k * ~ d K vf } uD ; rsm;

om;cJo h nf? Edik if aH &;qdik &f mrw&m;r_rsm;udk ckcw H u kd cf u kd o f nfh ol.t=urf; rzufvrf;pOfrsm;wGif oydwaf rSmufjcif;/ trsm;ESiyhf ;l aygi;f aqmif&u G rf r_ &Sd jcif;/ vufurf;pmapmif rsm;a&;om;jcif;ESirhf jyif;xefaomckcrH r_ sm;yif jzpfyg onf? awmiftmz&duwGif aexdik v f monft h ESpf ESpq f ,ftwGi;f wGi*f END onf t}udraf ygi;f rsm;pGm axmifcsjcif;cH&onf? 1914 ckEpS w f iG f awmiftm z&duwdu k t f pd;k &rS *EN. D awmif;qdck surf sm;udk rsm;pGmvufcv H monf? awmiftmz&duwdu k w f iG f atmifjrifr&_ &S+d yD;aemuf 1914 ckEpS Yf *ENo D nf tdE, dN Edik if o H @kd jyefvmcJo h nf? ol.,m,Dvyk if ef;rSwqifh vl@ou d mQ tm;t odjyK&ef pnf;&H;k v_‹H aqmfa&;vkyif ef;tm; tESpEf pS q f ,fausmt f xd jyKvyk v f m cJ&h onf? *ENt D ouf 45 ESpt f &G,w f iG f +Adwo d #tyk cf sKyfrv _ ufatmufrS tEN, d vlrsKd ;rsm;vGwv f yfa&;&&Sad &;twGuf Edik if aH &;avmuxJo@kd 0ifa&muf vmcJo h nf? 1919 ckEpS w f iG f +Adwed t f pd;k &udk rESpo f ufaomqENjyyGrJ sm; ydrk kd }uD;xGm;vmcJo h nf? +Adwed w f ‹kd rS ykeu f ef&efv‹H_ aqmfaomolrsm;tm; t us,cf sKyfcs&efjzpfaom ±dv k uftufOya' (Rowlatt Acts) udx k w k o f ;kH onfh tcsed w f iG f *ENrD v S nf; oef;aygi;f rsm;pGmaomaemufvu fkd o f m;rsm;tm; qGJ aqmifaponfh "Satyagraha" vrf;pOfopfukd csucf si;f xkwjf yefa=ujimap onf? 1919 ckEpS f {+yDvwGif "Rowlatt Acts" qENjyyGjJ cif;udk +Adwed f "Amritsar"+Ad wdo#ppfom;rsm;. t=urf;zufErdS Ef iS ;f r_jzpfaom "Amritsar" tpkvu kd t f ðyH vdu k o f wfjzwfrt _ m; jzpfapcJyh gonf? +Adwed t f pd;k &onf tdE, dN rSvnf; rdrd wd@k .a=u;eef;}uKd ;rsm;udk jzwfawmuf+y;D teD;&S&d xm;vrf;rsm;udv k nf; jzwf awmufvu kd af =umif; owif;&&So d nft h cg jAdwv d #tpd;k &onf Ekid if aH wmft a&;ay:tajctae (State of Emergency) tm;a=ujimvku d jf y;D rnfonft h pnf;ta0;rsm;rjyKvky&f a=umif; a=ujimvdu k yf gonf? +Adwo d #tpd;k &rS rnf onft h pnf;ta0;yGu J rkd S rjyKvky&f ef ydwyf ifxm;aomfvnf; a'ocHygwn D D -60-

20 &mpk . emrnf a usmf y k * ~ d v f } uD ; rsm;

vmcHtpnf;ta0;rSmjzpfajrmufco hJ nf? xd‹k a=umifn h ae 5 em&D 15 rdepft csed w f iG f +Aw d o d #-tdE, dN ppfwyfrS ppfom;rsm;tpnf;ta0;yGu J kd 0ef;&Hvu kd yf g onf? wyf&if;rSL;&,f*seD ,f'ikd , f m (Brigadier Reginald Dyer) .trde@f t& ppfom;rsm;onf vufeufrphJ pk nf;qENjyaeaoma,mufsm;/ rde;f rrsm;ESiu hf av;oli,frsm;tm;ypfcwfco hJ nf? Typfcwfro _ nf tcsed f 10 rdepfr#=um jrifI h aoewfusOq f aH ygi;f 1˜650 r#ypfcwf+y;D ppfom;wpfO;D v#if y#r;f r#tm; jzifh usnq f H 33 vH;k r#ypfcwfco hJ nf[k wGuq f &ygonf? xdt k jzpftysuf wGif vlO;D a&aygi;f 379 OD;aoqH;k a=umif; +Aw d ed t f &m&Sd Raj rSazmfjyygonf? od@k aomf tjcm;aomowif;tcsut f vufrsm;wGirf l vlO;D a&aygi;f 1˜000 txufaoqH;k +yD;/ 2˜000 OD;a&txd'%f&m&&So d nf[k azmfjyxm;ygonf? cGpJ w d u f q k &m0ef a'guw f mprpfrS vlO;D a& 1800 cef@aoqH;k ok@d r[kw'f g%f &m&&Scd o hJ nf [kazmfjyxm;ygonf? T Amritsar tpkvu kd t f ðyHvu kd o f wf jzwfrw _ iG f +Adwo d #tm;axmufccH zhJ ;l aom oef;aygi;f ajrmufrsm;pGmaomvl rsm;u tdE, dN udk axmufct H m;ay;vmonft h jzpfo@kd ajymif;vJcyhJ gonf? 1920 ckEpS w f iG f *ENo D nf tdE, dN .Edik if aH &;wGi=f u;D pd;k v$r;f rd;k aomyk*Kd~ vw f pfO;D jzpfvmonf? olu tdE, dN trsKd ;om;nDvmcHukd jyKjyifajymif;vJvu kd +f yD;rd rd.+ird ;f csr;f aom vkyif ef;pDru H ed ;f jzpfaom rnfonf+h Aw d o d #tzG@J tpnf;rsm; ESirhf yl;aygi;f bJ jAdwo d #tpd;k &.xkwu f ek yf pPn;f rsm;/ vkyif ef;rsm;uko d ydwf arSmufjcif;wd@k jyKvkycf ahJ oma=umifh axmifaygi;f rsm;pGmaomvlrsm;zrf;qD; csKyfaESmifjcif;cHc&hJ ygonf? 1922 ckEpS w f iG f *ENu D , kd w f ikd af xmif'%f 6 ESpu f s&efp&D ifjcif;cHc&hJ onf? od@k aomf 2 ESpaf emufyikd ;f axmifrS v$waf jrmufvm+yD; Edik if aH &;avmurSEw _ f xGuo f mG ;I qd;k &Gm;aeaom[dELN -rlpvif.qufqaH &;wif;rmr_jyefvnf aumif;rGev f mapa&;wGif tm&Hpk u kd af qmif&u G af ecJo h nf? 1930 ckEpS w f iG f qm;tcGeaf umufcaH =u;tay: qENjyonft h aejzifh pnf;&H;k a&;w&yfujkd yK vkycf jhJ yD; axmifaygi;f rsm;pGmaomvlrsm;jzifh qm;±S&d myifv,fo@kd csw D ufjyD; -61-

20 &mpk . emrnf a usmf y k * ~ d K vf } uD ; rsm;

rdrw d @kd u, dk w f ikd yf ifv,fa&uae qm;xkwv f yk Ef idk o f nfo h auFwwcktae jzifjh yocJyh gonf? +Adwo d #rS csrw S x f m;onfOh ya't& tdE, dN jynfojl ynfom;wk@d onf tajc cHpm;aomufuek jf zpfonfh qm;xkwv f yk af &;vkyif ef;ukd rxkwv f yk &f ef wm; jrpfxm;onf? vdik pf ifciG jhf yKcsu&f adS om qm;xkwv f yk af &;puf&rkH sm;wGio f m 0,f,pl m;oH;k cGi&hf o dS nf? ‚if;cGijhf yKcsu&f xm;aom qm;xkwv f yk af &;puf&kH rsm;tm;vH;k rSm +Adwo d #w@kd yikd q f ikd x f m;ygonf? yifv,fo@kd csw D ufyu JG kd *ENrD S 24 &uf=umOD;aqmifppD Ofc+hJ yD; yifv,fa&rSqm;rsm;ukx d w k v f yk cf o hJ nf? T csD wufyw JG iG f axmifaygi;f rsm;pGmaom vlxt k iftm;yg0ifcyhJ gonf? {+yDv 5 &ufae@wiG f vlxrk sm;ESit hf wl yifv,fo@kd *ENaD &muf&o dS mG ;+yD;eHeuf 8 em&D 30 rdepftcsed w f iG f obm0qm;tvH;k tcJukd *ENrD pS wifaumuf,cl o hJ nf? TwGif *ENo D nf jAdwo#w‹kd .qm;rxkw&f Oya'udk csKd ;azmufavjyDjzpf onf? Tod@k jyKvkyjf yD;aemufyikd ;f tjcm;aomygvmonfv h pl o k nfvnf; qm;rsm;ukpd wifaumuf,cl yhJ gonf? Tod@k jyKvkyo f nfhf wpfygwt f wGi;f wGif jAdwo d #Oya'udck sKd ;azgurf j_ zifh axmifrsm;wGiv f rl sm;jynfo h mG ;jyD; *END ud, k w f idk rf v S nf; axmifxo J @kd xnfo h iG ;f jcif;cHc&hJ ygonf? 1931 ckEpS w f iG f tdE, dN trsKd ;om;uGe*f &ufygw. D wpfO;D wnf;aomud, k f pm;vS,t f jzpf vef'efwiG f usi;f yonfph m;yG0J ikd ;f awG@qakH qG;aEG;yGo J @kd wuf a&mufcyhJ gonf? od@k aomf 1934 ckEpS w f iG f ygwrD ES w _ x f u G o f mG ;+yD; t=urf;r zufaomenf;vrf;udt k oH;k jyKum Edik if aH &;vky&f mS ;r_wiG yf g0ifco hJ nf? *sm0g [mvmae±l; (Jawaharlal Nehru) rSo@l acgi;f aqmifae&mudk qufc&H ±Scd hJ onf? *ENu D tdE, dN jynfp;D yGm;a&;tm; rdrw d @kd .&yf&mG "avhp;D yGm;a&;vrf;pOftwkid ;f jyKusi&hf efvv kd m;aomfvnf; 0ef}uD;csKyf*sm0g[mvmae±l;rS oabmrwlnD aoma=umifh tdE, dN wGiaf cwfrpDS uf&rkH sm;/ &xm;vrf;rsm;ESiahf cwfryDS @kd aqmif -62-

20 &mpk . emrnf a usmf y k * ~ d v f } uD ; rsm;

qufo, G af &;vrf;rsm;udk pwifwnfaqmufavonf? 1945 ckEpS w f iG f +Aw d ed t f pd;k &u 1947 avmh'af rmifb h wfweftpDtpOfEiS b hf m oma&;,H=k unfrt _ ay:rlwnf+yD; ud, k yf ikd t f csKyftjcmtm%m±Sd vGwv f yf aom Edik if aH &;toGiu f ;l ajymif;oGm;rnfh tdE, dN ESiyhf gupPwefEikd if x H al xmif a&;ywfoufIaomfvnf;aumif;f +Aw d o d #tpd;k &rS aphpyfaqG;aEG;yGjJ yKvyk cf yhJ g onf? 1857 ckEpS u f wnf;u +Adwo d #w@kd .udv k ekd ED ikd if jH zpfcahJ om tEN, d Edik if H onf 1947 ckEpS =f o*kwv f 15 &ufwiG v f w G v f yfaomEdik if jH zpfvmonf? [dELN ESirhf pl vifw@kd t=um; txdu¶k%;f onf qd;k &Gm;pGmqufvufjzpfay:ae onf? *END u tdE, dN Edik if pH nf;vH;k nD!w $ af &;twGuf [dELN ESirhf pl vifw@kd +idr;f csr;f pGmaexdik &f ef pnf;&H;k ajymqdck o hJ nf? Tod@k EiS hf 1948 ckEpS w f iG t f Ed , dN ([dELN trsm;pkjzpfonf) ESiyhf gupPweftjzpfEpS Ef ikd if jH zpfvmonf? ta&S@yikd ;f ESihf taemufyikd ;f rSm (rlpviftrsm;pkjzpfonf)/ ta&S@ygupD wefonf ,cku|Eykf f wd@k ac:aeaomb*Fvm;a'h&jfS zpfvmonf? *ENo D nf tdE, dN Edik if EH pS yf ikd ;f uGo J mG ; onfuq kd ef@usi+f yD;/ Tbmoma&;tkypf Ek pS cf t k =um; jzpfay:aomt=urf; zufrr_ sm;twGuf tvGe0f rf;enf;ayonf? 1948 ckEpS Zf efe0g&v D 13 &uf wGit f ouf 78 ESp&f +dS yjD zpfaom*ENo D nf aoG;,do k &H q J ENjyyGrJ sm;&yfwef@omG ; aponf&h nf&, G cf sujf zifh tpmiwfcOH ykoaf pmifah ecJo h nf? 5 &ufjynfo h nfh aemufyikd ;f qef@usio f al cgi;f aqmifrsm;rS cdu k &f efjzpfrr_ sm;ud&k yfwef@&efo abmwlncD o hJ jzifh *ENo D nftpmiwfcOH ykoaf pmifjh cif;ud&k yfwef‹apcJyh gonf? *EN. D tpmiwfcOH ykoaf pmifrh w _ iG f t=urf;zufrj_ zpfay:aeonfh [dELN ESirhf pl vifEpS zf ufpvH;k &yfwef‹apjyD; 4if;ESpzf @JG pvH;k tm; t&Su&f apcJyh gonf? od@k aomfvnf; ,ae@xw d ikd yf if olw@kd .bmoma&;qdik &f mtxdu&k%;f rSm , ae@txdqufvufjzpfymG ;aeqJjzpfygonf? 1948 ckEpS Zf efe0g&v D 30 &uf/ olonfOykoaf pmifjh cif;rS&yfqikd ;f +yD; 12 &uf aemufyikd ;f wGif a'vDY[dELN bmoma&;pGo J w l pfO;D . vky}f uHowfjzpfru _ ckd &H -63-

20 &mpk . emrnf a usmf y k * ~ d K vf } uD ; rsm;

avonf? *EN. D =oZmtm%monf om;pOfajr;quf tqufquftay: qufvuftyk pf ;kd aeqJjzpf+y;D tar&duefvrl sKd ;rmwifvo l muif;onfvnf; tar&duefEikd if . H vlra_ &;ajymif;vJa&;twGuf *EN. D t=urf;rzufaom qENjyr_enf;vrf;udt k oH;k jyKcJo h nf? *EN. D tokbY cs;D usL;*k%jf yKonfph um;aygi;f rsm;pGmtxJrS xif&mS ;aom&l yaA'ynm&Siw f pfO;D jzpfonf[k Albert Einstein rSTuJo h ‹kd ajymoGm;yg onf? “Generations to come will scarce believe that such a one as this f awmh- “aemifvmrnfh walked the earth in flesh and blood.” t"dyg` ,u aqGpOfrsKd ;qufrsm;---taeeJ‹'v D t kd aoG;tom;eJ‹ touf±iS cf hJ wJh vlwpf a,muf±cdS w hJ ,fqw kd m ,H=k unf=urSmr[kwb f ;l ” vd‹k qckd w hJ ,f?

-64-

20 &mpk . emrnf a usmf y k * ~ d v f } uD ; rsm;

]]vGyfvyfa&;qdkwmudk,fvkyfcsifwmudkvkyfwmr[kwfbJeJU udk,fvkyfoifhwJht&mudkvkyfwmjzpfw,f/}} “Freedom consists not in doing what we like, but in having the right to do what we ought.”

]]vlrIa&;w&m;rQwrIudktMurf;zufwJhenf;eJU,lvdk&rSmr[kwf/tMurf;zufrIqdkwm olvdkcsifwJht&mudk owfvdkufwmjzpfw,f/}} “Social justice cannot be attained by violence. Violence kills what it intends to create.”

]]tem*wf[m'DaeUrSmpw,f/ reufjzefrSmprSmr[kwfbl;/}} “The future starts today, not tomorrow.”

ykyf&[ef;rif;}uD;*|efaygvf (II) (1920-2005)

*Wef

ayg(vf) II (Pope John Paul II) udk urBmwpfvm$ ;bk&m;zl;xGuaf om yky&f [ef;rif;}uD;[kvt l rsm;uod±x dS m;ygonf? olonf±dkrefuufovpfbk&m;ausmif;ordkif;t wGi;f tjcm;aombmoma&;acgi;f aqmifrsm;xuf urBmtES@H ±adS e&mrsm;od@k c&D;xGu+f y;D vlaygi;f rsm;pGm ESiphf um;ajymcJzh ;l onfyh *k Kd~ vfwpfO;D jzpfonf? olonf yky&f [ef;rif;.tkycf sKyfypkH epfukd acwfraDS tmifajymif;vJEikd cf o hJ nf? ,cifu yky&f [ef;rif;}uD;rsm;onf vlrsm;ESiahf 0;uGmpGmae+yD; AufweD efEiS hf a0;aomae&mrsm;wGif roGm;cJb h ;l acs? od@k aomf *|eaf yg(vf)taeESihf rdrw d iG f c&D;pOfrsm;jzifjh ynfEh u S af eonf? olonf bmoma&;acgi;f aqmifwpfO;D t jzpf tDwvDtwGi;f 102 }udr/f tjyifbufwiG f 144 }udrf bk&m;ausmif;rsm; od‹k c&D;xGucf +hJ y;D ol.yky&f [ef;rif;}u;D jzpfonfo h ufwrf; 26 ESpt f wGi;f Edik if H aygi;f 130 Edik if o H @kd c&D;xGucf o hJ nf? olonf tjcm;ykyrf sm;oGm;cJah om c&D;pOf -65-

20 &mpk . emrnf a usmf y k * ~ d K vf } uD ; rsm;

uDvrkd w D mrsm;aygi;f vdu k v f #if olwpfO;D wnf;oGm;cJo h nfu h v D rkd w D mu ydI k rsm;aeygonf? 1978 ckEpS af tmufwb kd mv 16 &ufae@Y *|eaf yg(vf)touf 58 ESpo f m±Sd ao;onft h csed w f iG f yky&f [ef;rif;}uD;tjzpfta±G;cs,cf cH &hJ onf? Tod@k EiS hf *|eaf yg(vf) II onf ESpq f ,f&mpktwGi;f touf ti,fq;kH yky&f [ef;rif;}uD; jzpf+yD; 15 &mpkEpS af emufyikd ;f ±Sd yxrqH;k aomtDwvDEikd if o H m;r[kwo f nfh yky&f [ef;rif;}u;D vnf;jzpfco hJ nf? ol@ukd vltrsm;u=unfnKd z, G af umif;+y;D wnf+ird &f ifu h surf ±_ +dS y;D ol@ukd awG@z;l aomolrsm;u yky&f [ef;rif;}u;D udt k od Om%f/ tvif;a&mifay;onfyh *k Kd~ vf[k rSw, f +l yD; olomG ;onfrh nfo h nfah e &mwGirf qdk ol@ukd jynfov l x l u k }udKufEpS o f uf=uonf? rwfv 4 &uf 2004 ckESpfwGif*|efayg(vf)onfyD,yf(pf) (Pius ix) ESiphf ed @f yw D mwd@k rv S I JG oloufwrf; t±Snq f ;kH yky&f [ef;rif;}uD;jzpfco hJ nf?

emZDacwfuausmif;om;b0 yky&f [ef;rif;}u;D . i,femrnf&if;rSm cg±v kd 0f @kd vm (Karol Wojtyla) jzpf+y;D ar v 18 &uf 1920 ckEpS Yf 0g'0kd u d_ (f pf)ydv k efEikd if w H iG zf mG ;jrifco hJ nf? oltouf ±SpEf pS t f ±G,w f iG f rdcifaoqH;k oGm;cJo h nf? oH;k ESpaf emufyikd ;f ol.tpfuw kd pf a,mufu eDjref;tzsm;a&m*gEiS ahf oqH;k oGm;onf? 0d@k vm.zcifrmS wyf=uyf }uD;wpfO;D jzpf+yD; 1941 ckEpS w f iG u f , G v f eG cf o hJ nf? ol@touf 20 t±G,w f iG f ol.rdom;pk0ifo;kH a,mufuq kd ;kH ±_;H cJ&h onf? cg±v kd 0f @kd vmonf oli,fcsi;f rsm;ESit hf pkvu kd af ewwf+y;D puD;pD;jcif;/ ajcusif c&D;xGujf cif;/ awmifwufjcif;/ a&ul;jcif;ESiahf vSavSmjf cif;wk@d ukd }udKufEpS f oufonf? xd@k twl pmudt k ywfwukw}f udK;pm;aom ausmif;om;wpfO;D vnf;jzpfonf? olonf bmompum;wGit f vGex f ;l c|e+f yD; bmompum; -66-

20 &mpk . emrnf a usmf y k * ~ d v f } uD ; rsm;

11 rsKd ;udu k |r;f usipf mG ajymEdik o f nf? emZDvufatmuf±dS ydv k efEikd if w H iG f ausmif;om;wpfa,mufjzpfaom cg±v kd f taeESifhbmoma&;udk tvGefvdkufpm;aomoljzpfonf? olonf ±dkref uufovpfjzpf+yD; r,fawmfrm&Dukd wu,fyif=unfnKd av;pm;+yD; ol. ud, k yf ikd af qmify'k u f vufwifbmomjzifh ''Totus tuus'' jzpf+y;D vufwifjzifh “tm;vH;k oift h wGujf zpf+yD;t"dy`g,rf mS ‘rm&D’ ” jzpfonf? cg±v kd 0f @kd vmonf ydv k efordik ;f wGif touf 38 ESpt f ±G,w f iG t f oufti,f qH;k *d% k ;f csKyfbek ;f }uD; (bD;a±Smh(yf)) jzpfvmonf? aemufu;kd ESpw f iG f touf ti,fq;kH uufovpf*% kd ;f csKyf}uD;jzpfvm+yD; bmomw&m;r±Sad omEdik if H }uD;twGi;f ±Sv d rl sm;udk bmoma&;vrf;!$erf r_ sm;ay;cJo h nf? 1978 ckEpS w f iG f vltrsm;tH=h oaponft h csuw f pfcrk mS *d% k ;f tkyrf sm;.aumvdyaf usmif;rS ol@tm; ±drk efuufovpfb&k m;ausmif;udOk ;D aqmif&ef a±G;cs,cf o hJ nf?

ol.tjrif wpfcsKd @u *|eaf yg(vf)udak wmfveS af &;orm;[k xifjrif=uonf? olonfv@l tcGit hf a&;tay:wGif rm;rm;rwfrwf&yfwnfay;jcif;/ ppftpd;k &rsm;udk a0 zefqef@usijf cif;/ *sL;vlrsKd ;rsm;ESijhf yefvnfoifjh rwfaygi;f pnf;a&;/ tjcm;aom bmomw&m;,H=k unforl sm;ESihf pum;pjrnfajymqdak qG;aEG;yGv J yk jf cif;ESiw hf urBmvH;k ±Scd &pf,mefbmom0ifw@kd . nD!w $ af &;twGu}f udK;pm;cJo h nf? trsm;u yky&f [ef;rif;}uD;taeESihf rdr. d Zmwd&yfajrydv k efwiG f pnf;vH;k nD !$wrf v _ y_ ±f mS ;r_rsm;jyKcJo h nft h wGuf Oa&my±Su d eG jf rLepfpepfuu kd n l I D y aysmufaponf[ak jym=uonf? xd@k twl vlcsr;f omESiq hf if;&J om;rsm;t =um;±So d nfh vpf[mr_w@kd uo kd ±d jdS cif;/ t&if;±Sipf epfrsm;vGe;f jcif;tay: a0zef jcif;ESihf taemufEikd if w H @kd .±ky0f g'wd@k tay: a0zefjcif;wd@k jyKvkycf o hJ nf? -67-

20 &mpk . emrnf a usmf y k * ~ d K vf } uD ; rsm;

ol@ukd oGm;ykyaf vv$iahf jymolrsm;uol@uw kd ;kd wufjyKjyifajymif;vJru _ q kd ef@ usi+f y;D wu,fah cwfopfwiG jf zpfay:aeaomt&mrsm;udk qef@usi+f y;D em&Dukd aemufjyefqo JG [ l x k if=uonf? wpfcsKd @u ol@ukd tpGe;f a&mufa±S;±d;k t,l0g' ±S+d yD; trsKd ;orD;&[ef;cHjcif;/ oaE<wm;qD;jcif;ESiu hf , kd 0f efzsujf cif;wd@k tm; wm;qD;r_tay: ol@uakd 0zef=uonf? olu vltrsm;.vlO;D a&rsm;vGe;f jcif; [kqakd omt,ltqudk '¾&D,w kH rf;pum;tjzpfrw S , f +l y;D uGe'f ;kH udk AIDS a&m*gumuG,af &;twGuo f ;kH jcif;onf xdak &m*grsm;jyef@ymG ;a&;twGut f ultnDay;onf[kqdkonf? {+yDv 2002 ckEpS w f iG f tar&duefuufovpf*% kd ;f csKyf 12 a,mufukd 2 &ufwmtwltpnf;ta0;ac:,l+y;D tar&duwGiu f ufovpf&[ef;rsm;u uav;i,frsm;tay: vdiq f ufqaH &;vkyjf cif;ponfh ausmrf aumif;=um;r aumif;t±_yt f axG;rsm;ta=umif;udk aqG;aEG;ajymqd=k uonf? yky&f [ef; rif;}uD;u olEiS 0hf ifa&mufawG@qakH om*d% k ;f csKyf}uD;rsm;udk &[ef;rsm;ESib hf m omw&m;u uav;rsm;tay:vdiq f ufqrH v _ yk jf cif;onf “&mZ0wfr”_ [k rSw, f +l y;D bk&m;ocifrsupf x d w J iG f “xdwv f ef@z, G af umif;aomtjypf”[kqkd onf?

vkyf}uHowfjzwf&ef}udK;pm;jcif; yky&f [ef;rif;}uD;onf 1981 ckEpS w f iG f ay:wl*ED ikd if rH ,fawmfrm&D.zmwDrm blb&k m;ausmif;od@k omG ;pOftwGi;f ol@uakd oewfEiS yhf pfI vky}f uHowfjzwf &ef}uKd ;pm;cJah omfvnf; olu ,if;taeESiv hf w G af jrmufEikd jf cif;rSm r,fawmf rm&D.ulnaD oma=umif[ h , k q l onf? aemifwiG o f @l u}kd udK;pm;I owfrnfh wl&uDEikd if o H m;rmruftvDt*g (Mahmet Ali Aga) udk axmifxw J iG o f mG ; awG@+yD; ol@uckd iG v hf w $ cf o hJ nf? xd@k twl zufwrD mbk&m;ausmif;od@k omG ;+yD; r,fawmfrm&Dukd ol@tm;ao -68-

20 &mpk . emrnf a usmf y k * ~ d v f } uD ; rsm;

ab;rSun l cD o hJ nft h wGuf aus;Zl;wif&efomG ;onft h csed w f iG f "g;udik x f m; aom&[ef;wpfa,mufu ol@u"kd g;ESix hf ;kd owfawmhrnfah emuf bmrSrvkyf yJo@l zmomol&yfqikd ;f cJo h nf?

vltrsm;. “ykyf&[ef;rif;” .b0aemufqHk;c&D; yky&f [ef;rif;}uD;.aemufq;kH b0wGif a&m*gtrsKd ;rsKd ;udk cHpm;&onf? 1992 ckEpS w f iG f ol.tlr}uD;twGi;f jrif;zka&mifemudck x JG w k cf +hJ yD; 1993 ckEpS w f iG f ol.ausmuke;f tqpfvcJG +hJ yD; 1993 ckEpS w f iG af ygi±f ;kd usO;f jcif;ESihf 1996 ckEpS f wGit f t l wufukd cGx J w k v f u kd &f onf? xd@k twl *|eaf yg(vf)onf yguifceferfa=uma&m*g/ ±d;k qufa&mifem/ wifyg; qH±k ;kd emusOjf cif;ESihf 1991 ckEpS w f iG v f yk }f uHowfjzwf&ef}udK;pm;r_a=umifh em wm±Snaf &m*gponfw@kd uckd pH m;cJ&h onf? 1992 ckEpS w f iG t f ±l dS jrif;zkemudck JG xkwcf &hJ +yD; 1992 ckEpS w f iG f rawmfwqacsmv f cJ ahJ oma=umifh wifyg;qH±k ;kd rsm;cGpJ w d cf &hJ onf? Ta&m*grsm;=um;xJuyif yky&f [ef;rif;}uD;onf urBmtES@H c&D;pOfukd quf vky&f efq;kH jzwfcsucf s+yD; ordik ;f 0ifc&D;pOftjzpf usK;bm;Edik if /H awmiftmz&d u/ qD;&D;,m;/ ,lu&de;f / *&dEikd if o H @kd omG ;+y;D vloef;aygi;f rsm;pGmwk@u d kd awG@qkH E_wq f ufc+hJ yD; vli,fv±l , G rf sm;udv k nf;awG@qckH yhJ gonf? od@k aomf 2005 ckEpS af zaz:0g&v D wGif *|eaf yg(vf) II rSm touf±LS jcif;tcuf tcJw@kd a=umifh aq;±Hck %c%wufc&hJ onf? &ufowWaygi;f rsm;pGm=um+yD; aemuf ol.av¹yGeu f ckd u JG +k yD;aemuf touf±LS ydu k u f kd ol@vnfacsmif;xJo@kd xnfhoGif;ay;cJhonf? azaz:0g&v D 27 &uf 2005 ckEpS w f iG f we*FaEGae@r,fawmfrm&Dtm; 0wfjyK -69-

20 &mpk . emrnf a usmf y k * ~ d K vf } uD ; rsm;

&efacgi;f avmif;xd;k aumif;cs;D ay;jcif;udk ud, k w f ikd rf vkyEf ikd b f J rdr. d vuf axmufuv kd yk cf ikd ;f cJ&h onf? Tt}udro f nf ol.yky&f [ef;rif;}uD;ouf wrf;wpfav#muf yxrqH;k t}udrjf zpfonf? c&pfawmf±iS o f efxajrmufawmfral om ae@aumif;cs;D r*Fvmay;yGrJ S vGI J t jcm;uufovpf*% kd ;f csKyfw@kd ukd wm0efay;I ol@u, kd pf m;wm0efxrf;aqmif aponf? c&pfawmf±iS o f efxajrmufawmfral om we*FaEGae@wiG f yky&f [ef; rif;}uD;u rdr. d AmwDuefjyLwif;aygurf S rsuEf mS az: jyvm+yD; pde@f yw D mpuGJ wGi&f yfaeaomvlx}k uD;udk aumif;cs;D ay;cJo h nf? olpum;ajym&ef}udK;pm;cJh aomfvnf; aemufq;kH wdwq f w d pf mG yif pdwx f YJ aumif;cs;D ay;cJ&h onf? yky&f [ef;rif;. use;f rma&;wpwpqd;k ±Gm;vm+y;D aemufwiG f olu aq;±Ho k @kd ac:oGm;rnfurkd vdak wmhyJ AmwDuefeef;awmfwiG o f mae&ef qH;k jzwfco hJ nf? {+yDvESp&f ufwiG f *|eaf yg(vf) II uG,v f eG o f mG ;+yD; ol.toufrmS 84 ESpjf zpf onf?

-70-

20 &mpk . emrnf a usmf y k * ~ d v f } uD ; rsm;

]]cHpm;rIuae vIHUaqmfrIeJUtouf½SifvGwfajrmufrIwdkUudk qGJxkwfEdkif&r,f/}} "We shall draw from the heart of suffering itself the means of inspiration and survival."

]]udk,f&wJhpm;0wfaea&;twGuftoHk;jyKNyD; udk,fay;wJht&meJUtoufwm wpfckudk aqmufvkyfEdkifw,f/}} "We make a living by what we get, but we make a life by what we give."

]]wdkUtaumif;qHk;vkyfaew,fvdkUajymwm bmrStoHk;rusygbl;/ vdktyfaewJht&mudk vkyfwJhtcg atmifjrifrI½Sd&r,f/}} "It is no use saying, ‘we are doing our best. You have got to succeed in doing what is necessary."

qm(&f)0ifpwefcsyfacs;(vf) (1874-1965)

qm

(&f)0ifpwefcsyaf cs;(vf) (Sir Winston Churchill) onf rm;rm;rwfrwf&yf wnfIzufqpf0g'udk qef@usiaf omEdik if aH cgi;f aqmif wpfO;D jzpf+y;D wurBmvH;k u'Dru kd a&pDpepfwiG f ,H=k unf r_±v dS matmifEiS hf +Adwed Ef ikd if u H 'kd w k , d urBmppftwGi;f atmifjrifr&_ ±Sad tmifO;D aqmifEikd cf o hJ nf? 0ifpwefv, D ekd wfpyifpmcsyaf cs;(vf)onf Ed0k ifbmv 30 &uf 1974 ckEpS f wGib f v,f[if (Blenhiem) eef;awmfatmufpzd@k ±i_d ;f ,m; (Oxfordshire) wGizf gG ;jrifonf? ol.zcif avmh('f)&efa'gch yfacs;(vf)rSm xif±mS ;ausm=f um; aomEdik if aH &;orm;wpfO;D jzpfonf? csyaf cs;(vf)onfpif[wf (pf) Sandhust ppfoifwef;ausmif;wGif atmifjrif+yD; ppfrx _ rf;cJo h nf? olonftaemuf ajrmufyikd ;f tdE, dN ESiphf 'l efEikd if ¶H dS ppfajrjyifrsm;Y wm0ef,cl &hJ onf? ppfxw J iG f tr_xrf;aepOftwGi;f csyaf cs;(vf)u ae@pOfppfa=u;eef;pmrsm;udzk wf+y;D "The Story of The Malakand Field Force (1898)" ESihf "The River War" ponfh -71-

20 &mpk . emrnf a usmf y k * ~ d K vf } uD ; rsm;

pmtkyrf sm;udak &;om;cJo h nf? 1899 ckEpS w f iG f +Adwed pf pfwyfrES w _ x f u G cf +hJ yD; “armeif;zd@k pf Morning Post owif;pmwGif ppfyo JG wif;axmuftjzpf wvvkycf o hJ nf? awmiftmz&d uwGi±f adS om bdt k m (Boer) ppfyYJG owif;axmufaepOftwGi;f bdt k m (Boers) rsm;uol@uz kd rf;qD;I axmifoiG ;f tusO;f csccH &hJ onf? od@k aomfol vGwaf jrmufvmonft h csed w f iG f acgi;f }u;D ydik ;f owif;rsm;udk a&;om;cJo h nf? t*Fvefo@kd jyefa&mufonft h csed w f iG f ol.tawG@t}uHKrsm;udk a&;om;I “London to Ladysmith” pmtkyt f jzpf 1900 ckEpS w f iG x f w k af 0jzef@cscD o hJ nf? 1900 ckEpS w f iG cf syaf cs;(vf)u td;k [rf; (Oldham) ygvrD efwiG f uGeq f maA; wpftzG@J 0ifjzpfvm+y;D vlra_ &;jyefvnfwnfaxmifrv _ yk if ef;rsm;udk axmuf cHojl zpfvmonf? 1904 ckEpS w f iG f ol.ygwt D }uD;tuJrsm;vdv k m;aomt ajymif;tvJuekd m;rvnfeikd af oma=umifh csyaf cs;(vf)uvpfb&,fygwo D @kd ajymif;vJ&efjiif;ckecf o hJ nf? 1905 ckEpS af ±G;aumufyw JG iG f vpfb&,fygwt D Edik &f aomtcg csyaf cs;(vf)udk udv k ekd ±D ;kH YvufaxmuftwGi;f a&;rSL;tjzpf cef@tyfjcif;cH&onf? 1908 ckEpS w f iG f uufbed uftwGi;f od@k uek o f , G af &;bkwt f zG@J 0if. OuUXt jzpf0ifa&mufc+hJ yD; 1910 ckEpS w f iG jf ynfxaJ &;0ef}uD;jzpfvmonf? jynfxaJ &; 0ef}uD;wpfa,muftjzpfov l yk af qmifco hJ nft h &mrsm;rSm tusO;f axmif rsm;wGif jyefvnfxal xmifa&;vkyif ef;rsm;jzpfaom tusO;f axmiftwGi;f y nmay;a[majymyGrJ sm;ESit hf usO;f om;rsm;twGuf *Dwya'omyGrJ sm;usi;f y ay;jcif; tygt0ifw@kd jzpfonf? xd@k jyif axmifxu G t f usO;f om;rsm;udk tul tnDay;aomtzGJ@rsm;udkxlaxmifay;cJhonf? rnfodk@yifqdkapumrl 0uf(vf)(±S)f (Welsh) rdik ;f wl;vkyo f m;rsm;qENjyyGw J iG f csyaf cs;(vf)u ppfwyf oH;k cJo h nft h ay:olŒudk jyif;xefpmG a0zefc=hJ uonf? 1911 ckEpS af tmufwb kd mvwGif csyaf cs;(vf)onf a&wyft}u;D tuJ (First -72-

20 &mpk . emrnf a usmf y k * ~ d v f } uD ; rsm; Lord of the Admiralty) jzpfvmcJ+h y;D acwfra DS oma&wyfjzpfvmatmifun l D

ay;cJo h nf? csyaf cs;(vf)onf 1912 ckEpS w f iG f a&wyfrawmf.av,mOfys0H ef aqmifr_ (The Royal Naval Air Service) udw k nfaxmifay;cJo h nf? xd@k t jyif &±Sv d maomenf;pepfopfrsm;udk aumif;rGepf mG toH;k jyKEikd &f efava=umif; Xge (Air Department) udw k nfaxmifco hJ nf? csyaf cs;(vf)u zG@H +zdK;wd;k wuf r_rsm;wGif tvGeyf ifpw d v f y_ ±f mS ;wufºuGaoma=umifh av,mOfarmif;oif wef;udkwufa&mufcJhonf? 1914 ckEpS yf xrurBmppfjzpfay:cdsew f iG f csyaf cs;(vf)u ppfaumifpw D iG 0f if a&mufyg0ifco hJ nf? rnfo@kd yifqakd pumrl 1915 ckEpS 'f g'efe,fw&m;a[m, ajymyGJ (Dardanelles Campaign) ratmifjrifrt _ ay: tjypfwifjcif;cH& onf? xd@k aemuf “Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster” tjzpfae&m ajymif;ay;jcif;cH&onf? tpd;k &.ppfa&;rl0g'rsm;wGif yg0ifygwo f uf&ef =o Zm tm%mr±Sad wmhonfah emuf olpw d rf csr;f omawmhyJ aemufq;kH +Aw d o d # wyfrawmfxw J iG f jyefvnftr_xrf;+y;D taemufyikd ;f a±Sw › ef;ae&mrsm;wGi±f dS aom “Royal Scots Fusiliers” wyf&if;udOk ;D aqmifco hJ nf? 1917 ckEpS w f iG f tpd;k &tvkyx f jJ yefvnf0ifa&muf+yD; vufeufc, J rf;rD; ausmuf0ef}u;D tjzpfwm0efxrf;aqmifonf? 1919 ckEpS rf S 1921 ckEpS t f xd oluppfa&;ppf&mESiahf va=umif;qdik &f mbufwiG f wm0ef,&l aomtwGi;f a&;rSL;jzpfc+hJ y;D 1924–1929 ckEpS t f xd 0ef}u;D (Chancell of the Exchequer) tjzpfwm0efxrf;aqmifco hJ nf? xdEk pS rf sm;aemufyikd ;f q,fEpS t f wGi;f ol@twGuf “uHq;kd rd;k arSmifusaomESpf rsm;” [kq&kd ayrnf? tdE, dN rsm;.rdru d , kd yf ikd t f yk cf sKyaf &;tay: qef@usiaf &; ESihf Abdication crisis–tcGit hf m%mvufvw $ af &;ta&;awmfyt kH wGi;f tuf'0yf(wf)tm;axmufct H m;ay;r_w@kd a=umifh ol@uv kd t l rsm;uvufr cHawmhojzifh ol.emZD*smreDrsm;ay:ay:ufvmjcif;ESi+hf Adwed t f aeESihf vuf euftopftqef;rsm;jyefvnfwyfqif&eft}uHay;jcif;wd@k ukd rnforl #t -73-

20 &mpk . emrnf a usmf y k * ~ d K vf } uD ; rsm;

a&;rvkyaf wmhay? 1939 ckEpS 'f w k , d urBmppfjzpfay:onft h csed t f wGi;f csyf acs;vfonfa&wyf.t}uD;tuJ ( First Lord of the Admiralty) jzpfvm onf? 1940 ckEpS af rvwGif Neville Chamberlian u0ef}u;D csKy&f mxl;rSEw _ f xGu+f yD;aemuf csyaf cs;vfu ,if;.&mxl;udq k ufccH o hJ nf? ol.emZD*smr eDrsm;atmufwiG f vufrajrmuft±_;H ray;cJjh cif;a=umifh wdik ;f jynfro S @l ukd }udKufEpS o f uf=uonf? ppfyt JG wGi;f umvrsm;Y ryifryef;bJ ol.wm0ef rsm;udk xrf;aqmifc+hJ y;D tar&dueforRw±kpbJEh iS q hf ufqaH &;rsm;aumif;rGef +yD; wpfcgwpf&q H ufqaH &;cufcaJ om qdAk , D uf,el , D jH zifyh ifqufqaH &; aumif;rGeaf tmif aqmif±u G Ef ikd cf o hJ nf? 1945 ckEpS pf pfyt JG +yD; a±G;aumufyrJG sm;wGif csyaf cs;vfutm%mudv k uf v$wfcH&aomfvnf; twdkuftcHygwD.acgif;aqmiftjzpf qufvuf&yf wnf+yD;rdr. d ppfat;ppfy(JG Cold War) tay:pd;k &drrf r_ sm;ESi“hf Iron Curtain*” [laompum;toH;k tE_e;f udk wifpm;ausm=f um;vmatmifvyk f aqmifc+hJ y;D Oa&myES i f h "Trans–Atlantic" wd k @ pnf ; vH k ; nD n $ w f r _ ± S d a tmif v k y f aqmifEikd cf o hJ nf? 1951 ckEpS w f iG o f u l 0ef}uD;csKyftjzpfjyefvnfwifajr‡muf jcif;cH&onf? 1955 ckEpS w f iG f E_wx f u G cf ahJ omfvnf; olraociftcsed w f t kd wGi;f txd 0ef}uD;tjzpf wm0efxrf;aqmifco hJ nf? 0ifpwefcsyaf cs;(vf)ao qH;k oGm;onfw h ikd f ol.Edik if aH &;v_y±f mS ;aqmif±u G rf a_ wGomrupmtkyaf ygi;f ajrmufrsm;pGmudv k aJ &;om;cJo h nf? xd@k a=umifh 1953 ckEpS w f iG Ef b kd ,f(vf)pm ayqku&kd ±Scd o hJ nf? csyaf cs;vfonf 1965 ckEpS Zf efe0g&v D 24 &ufae@wiG f uG,v f eG cf +hJ y;D ol@uEkd ikd f iHawmfu*k%jf yKo+*dKvfco hJ nf? * Iron Curtain “oHuef@vef@um” qdo k nfph um;vH;k pm0gaqmEdik if rH sm; (uGejf rLepfEikd if H

–t"dutm;jzift h ar&duESit hf aemufOa&myEdik if )H wd@k ukd cGjJ cm;xm;onfph nf;rsO;f jzpf+yD; 1945 rS 1991 ckEpS pf pfat;ppfyu JG ek q f ;kH onft h csed u f mvwGijf zpfonf?

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20 &mpk . emrnf a usmf y k * ~ d v f } uD ; rsm;

]]uRefawmfr[kwf&ifb,foljzpfrvJ/ aemufNyD;tckrSr[kwfvdkU&Sd&if b,fawmhjzpfrvJ/}} "If not me, who? And if not now, when?"

]]raeUuoiftrsm;BuD;vkyfcJhNyD;NyDvdkUxifae&if 'DaeUoif trsm;BuD;rvkyfEdkifawmhbl;/}} "If what you have done yesterday still looks big to you, you haven't done much today."

]]uRefawmf[muGefjrLepform;wpfa,muf? wu,fhuGefjrLepform;yg/ wjcm;ol awGtwGufawmhpdwful;,Ofp&mbJjzpfvdrfhr,f? 'gayr,fhuRefawmhftwGufawmhw u,fh&nfrSef;csufyef;wdkifwpfckyg/}} "I am a Communist, a convinced Communist! For some that may be a fantasy. But to me it is my main goal."

rDac;vfa*:bmacsmh(Af) ( 1931-

rD

)

ac;vfa*:bmacsm(h Af) (Mikhail Gorbachev) onf 1931 ckEpS w f iG af rG;zGm;cJ+h y;D 1985 ckEpS rf S 1991 ckESpftxd qdkAD,ufqdk&S,fvpforRwEdkifiH (USSR) .acgi;f aqmifwpfO;D jzpfcy hJ gonf? qdAk , D uf ESit hf a&S@yikd ;f Oa&myEdik if rH sm;.uGejf rLepf0g'udk jzKwfcs +y;D jyKjyifajymif;vJa&;0g'udw k nfaqmuf&eftaumif txnfazmfcJhonfhaemufqHk;acgif;aqmifwpfOD; vnf;jzpfcyhJ gonf? a*:bmacsm(h Af)onf qdAk , D ufpepfujkd yefvnf&iS o f efap&ef jyKvkyrf nfqkd aomfvnf; ‚if;pepfujkd zKwcf scyhJ gonf? a*:bmacsm(h Af). taemufwikd ;f Edik if H rsm;txl;ojzift h ar&duefjynfaxmifpEk iS jh f zpfymG ;aeaomwif;rmr_ajzav#mh csiaf omay:vpDonf 1940 ckEpS u f wnf;uurBm}uD;udk cGjJ cm;cJah omppf at;yG}J uD;+yD;qH;k &eftwGuf ta&;}uD;aomxnf0h ifrw _ pfcjk zpfco hJ nf? -75-

20 &mpk . emrnf a usmf y k * ~ d K vf } uD ; rsm;

rDac;vfa*:bmacsm(h Af)onf qdAk , D uforRwEdik if H Privolnoye rS 1931 ckEpS f rwfv 2 &ufae@wiG af rG;zGm;cJo h nf? olonfpu kd yf sKd ;a&;qdik &f mv,f,m&dwf odr;f a&;pufry_ pPn;f rsm;jyifqifow l OD;.om;jzpfygonf? a*:bmacsm(h Af). tbd;k jzpfol Pantelei Yefimovich Gopkalo onfueG jf rLepfygw(D CPSU). tzG@J 0ifwpfO;D jzpf+yD;/ (trsm;ydik v f ,f,majrvkyif ef;) Kolkhoz &Gm.OuUX wpfO;D jzpfygonf? 1937 ckEpS w f iG o f t l m; NKVD* v#Kd Œ0Suyf v k yd w f @kd rv S , D eG f xa&mfpuD; Leon Trotsky udak xmufco H nfh ykeu f efot l zG@J tpnf;.acgi;f aqmifwpfO;D tr_jzifh zrf;qD;axmifcscyhJ gonf? axmifwiG f 2 ESpef ;D yg;ESyd pf uf zrf;qD;csKyaf ESmifjcif;cH&cJ+h y;D / 1938 ckEpS 'f ZD ifbmvwGif jyefvnfvw G af jrmuf vmcJhygonf? ‚if;jzpfysucf o hJ nf&h mZ0ifordik ;f a=umifh a*:bmacsm(h Af)u ol.Edik if aH &;tm; toGiaf jymif;vJra_ y;apcJo h nfh t"dutcsujf zpfonf[ak jymqdck yhJ gonf? ol@tbd;k onf uGejf rLepform;qefaeqJjzpf+yD; rdr. d ajr;tm; Karl Marx/ f ef;qdik &f mrsm;jzifh qufE, G f Frederick Engels ESihf vDeif (Lenin) wd@k .vkyi apcJyh gonf? (vD,eG x f a&mfpuD;.vkyif ef;ta=umif;udrk rl ajymjycJah y)? 'kw, d urBmppftwGi;f u a*:bmacsmAh . f &Gmud*k smrefppfom;wd@k odr;f ydu k f jcif;cHc&hJ ygonf? aemufyikd ;f wGif rdru d , kd w f ikd T f od@k a&;om;cJyh gonf? “ppf+y;D oGm;onfhtcsdefwkef;uu|efawmfhtouf 14 ESpfbJ&Sdygao;w,f? u|ef awmfw@kd &@J rsKd ;qufuawmh ppfwiG ;f rSjzpfay:cJw h u hJ av;rsm; rsKd ;qufjzpfyg w,f? 'DppfyaJG wG[m u|eaf wmfw@kd b0avmifu|r;f apcJw h ,f? u|Eyfk w f @kd &, hJ ck vuf&u dS rBmtm; awG@jrif}uHKawG@&ydS EkH iS jhf yKrlusi}hf uHra_ wGuv kd nf;jzpfvmap ygw,f?” *NKVD onfqAkd , D uf,el , D . H v#Kd @0u S yf v k yd w f yfz@JGjzpf+y;D pwmvifacwfwiG f Edik if aH &;ESyd f

uGyrf r_ sm;twGuf wm0ef,&l onf?

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20 &mpk . emrnf a usmf y k * ~ d v f } uD ; rsm;

a*:bmacsmh(Af)onf armfpudkwuUodkvfY Oya'qdkif&mbmom&yftm; wufa&mufoif=um;jcif;rjyKcif aumuf&w d o f rd ;f r_qikd &f mwm0efct H jzpf wm0efxrf;aqmifcyhJ gonf? ausmif;om;b0wGiyf if uGejf rLepfygw(D CPSU) wGit f zG@J 0iftjzpf yl;aygi;f yg0ifc+hJ yD; Raisa Titorenko ESiv hf ufxyfxrd ;f jrm; cJyh gonf? a*:bmacsm(h Af)wuUov kd af usmif;qif;+yD;aemuf uGrq f rkd u kd eG jf rLepfvil ,f rsm;tzG‹J (Komsomol Communist Youth Organizaion) wGif tcsed jf ynf0h ef xrf;wpfO;D tjzpfwm0efxrf;aqmifcyhJ gonf? 1995 ckEpS w f iG f a*:bmacsm(h Af) onf uGrq f rkd ekd ,ferd w d q f ikd &f maumfrwD.twGi;f a&;rSL;wpftjzpfcef@tyf jcif;cH&ygonf? a*:bmacsm(h Af)onfvyk if ef;zG@H +zdK;wd;k wufrr_ sm;pGmjyKvkycf hJ onft h ay: 1960 ckEpS Yf pwm&dyk v kd w f iG f uGrq f rkd . kd xdyw f ef;t&m&Sw d pfO;D jzpf vmcJo h nf? aemufEpS t f wGi;f wGiaf *:bmacsm(h Af)onf armfpud&k dS 22 }udrf ajrmufueG jf rLepfygwn D v D mcHo@kd uGrq f rkd . kd ud, k pf m;vS,t f jzpfapv$wjf cif; cH&ygonf? a*:bmacsm(h Af)onf pwm&dyk w kd iG f pdu k yf sKd ;a&;qdik &f mynmudk (1964-67 ckEpS t f xd) aemufxyfavhvmoif,+l yD; 1970 ckEpS w f iG f pwm&dyk ekd ,ferd w d f qdik &f mwGif twGi;f a&;rSL;wpftjzpf wm0efay;tyfjcif;cH&cJyh gonf? rdr. d vkyif ef;aqmif&u G rf r_ sm;onf jynfe,fv+kH cHKa&;qdik &f maumfrwD (KGB) . OuUXjzpfaom,l&t D eJ 'f &dyk t kd m; oabmusapcJyh gonf? xdak =umifh tJe'f &dk ydo k nf rdr. d tm%mudt k oH;k csum a*:bmacsmt h m;&mxl;wd;k ¹r‡iv hf u kd yf g onf? 1971 ckEpS w f iG f a*:bmacsm(h Af)onf uGejf rLepfygw. D A[dak umfrwDtzG@J 0if wpfO;D jzpfvmcJo h nf? aemufyikd ;f wGif pdu k yf sKd ;a&;qdik &f mtwGi;f a&;rSL;tjzpf wm0ef&adS oma=umifh armfpudo k @kd ajymif;a&$@omG ;ygonf? 1980 ckEpS Yf ydv k pf bl&w kd iG f toufti,fq;kH aomtzG@J 0ifwpfO;D jzpfvm+y;D av;ESpt f wGi;f wGif -77-

20 &mpk . emrnf a usmf y k * ~ d K vf } uD ; rsm; Konstantin Chernenko

.ud, k pf m;vS,jf zpfvmcJo h nf?

1985 ckEpS w f iG f Chernenko uG,v f eG o f mG ;cJo h nf? ‚if;ae&mtm; A[dak umf rwDraS *:bmacsm(h Af)tm; uGejf rLepfygw. D taxGaxGtwGi;f a&;rSL;tjzpf a&G;cs,w f ifa¹r‡mufco hJ nf? ygwaD cgi;f aqmifwpfO;D taejzifh olonfrvdk vm;aomA[dak umfrwD0ifrsm;tm; &kww f &uf&mxl;rS Ekwx f u G af pcdik ;f vdkufygonf? E_wfxGufoGm;olrsm;tpm;wGif ol.vkyfaqmifcsuftm; axmufco H abmwlnaD om toufi,f&, G af omyk*Kd~ vfrf sm;jzifh jyefvnf tpm;apxd;k cJyh gonf? 1985 ckEpS w f iG f vD,eG x f a&mfpuD;t&ufpjJG cif;ESiv hf mbfay;vmbf,jl cif;udk qef@usio f nft h aejzifph nf;&H;k a&;vkycf o hJ nf? xd@k aemuf qdAk , D ufp;D yGm;a&; pepfukd ydrk akd umif;rGew f ;kd wufvm&eftusKd ;jyKaponfh vpfb&,fp;D yGm;a&;/ Edik if aH &;ESihf ,Ofaus;r_qikd &f mpepfrsm;od@k jyKjyifajymif;vJrr_ sm;ESihf Perestroika (jyefvnfz@JG pnf;r_) .vdt k yfcsurf sm;udv k nf;ajymqdck yhJ gonf? a*:bmacsm(h Af)onf aps;uGupf ;D yGm;a&;udw k nfaqmufrnfh qdAk , D ufpufr_ vkyif ef;rsm;ESihf pdu k yf sKd ;a&;vkyif ef;rsm;wGif yk*v ~ u d ydik q f ikd rf r_ sm;jzpfay:ap&ef tm;ay;onfh rlay:vpD0g'rsm;udjk yXge;f cJyh gonf? od@k aomf qdAk , D uftm%m ydik rf sm;u jyKjyifajymif;vJrw _ iG f taxmuftulrjyKa=umif;ESiahf ps;qdik rf sm; wGiu f ek yf pPn;f rsm;vHak vmufrr_ &Sad =umif;azmfjyygonf? a*:bmacsm(h Af)onf qdAk , D uf.Edik if jH cm;a&;rlay:vpD0g'ajymif;vJru _ v kd nf; a=ujimcJyh gonf? 1987 ckEpS w f iG f a&mfe,f&*D ifEiS ahf wG@qckH +hJ y;D (INF) t%kjrL zsuo f rd ;f a&;pmcsKyfukd csucf si;f vufrw S af &;xd;k vdu k o f nf? wqufwnf; wGif ta&S@Oa&myEdik if rH sm;.jynfwiG ;f a&;&mrl0g'ay:vpDrsm;wGif yg0if aESmifh ,Surf j_ yKawmhrnfr[kwaf =umif; &Si;f vif;pGmazmfjycJ+h yD; tmz*efepPwefrS -78-

20 &mpk . emrnf a usmf y k * ~ d v f } uD ; rsm;

qdkAD,ufvufeufudkifwyfrsm;udk±kyfodrf;a=umif; 1989 ckESpfwGifa=u jimvdu k yf gonf? ,if;a=ujimjyD;wESpw f iG f a*:bmacsm(h Af)rS +idr;f csr;f a&;Edk b,f(vf)qku&kd &Scd o hJ nf? ta&SO› a&myEdik if rH sm;wGif uGejf rLepftpd;k &rsm;udk qef@usio f nfq h ENjyyGrJ sm; wGif a*:bmacsm(h Af)onfqAkd , D uf.wifu h m;rsm;tm; apv$wrf yd@k ay;cJh onfuo kd wdjyK=unfyh g? Tod@k jyKvkyjf yD; r=umcifaom vydik ;f twGi;f ydv k ef Edik if /H [efa*&D/ bla*;&D;,m;/ &lar;eD;,m;ESit hf a&S@*smreDEikd if rH sm;wGif uGejf rL epf0g'rsm;udyk xkwEf ikd cf o hJ nf? (a&S;t,l0g'tkycf sKyfr)_ uGeq f maA;wpftm%mydik rf sm; tm%mwGi±f adS e aomtcsed w f iG f a*:bmacsm(h Af)rS qdAk , D ufjynfaxmifp}k uD; 'Dru kd &ufwpf Edik if jH zpfvm&ef}udK;pm;r_wrkd mS atmifjrifrr_ &cJah y? 1991 ckEpS =f o*kwv f wGif a*:bmacsm(h Af)onf uGejf rLepfygwt D rmcHrsm;rS tm%modr;f &ef =udK;pm;cJh onfuakd &Smif&mS ;Edik cf o hJ nf? Tod@k jyKvkyjf cif;tm; wHŒk jyefonft h aejzifah *: bmacsmh(Af)onfA[kdaumfrwDtm;zsufodrf;cJhonf? rnfodk@yifjzpfap qdAk , D ufEikd if jH ydKvJonfah emufyikd ;f 1995 ckEpS f 'DZifbmv 25 &ufae@wiG f a*:bmacsm(h Af)&mxl;rSEw _ x f u G o f mG ;cJyh gonf?

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20 &mpk . emrnf a usmf y k * ~ d K vf } uD ; rsm;

]]tD&efrSmjzpfay:vmwJhawmfvSefa&;rSmvlawGutpövmrfudkvdkcsifw,fvdkUa
]]uREkfyfwdkUudkqefUusifwJhvlawG[muifqmtBudwfeJUwlw,f/olwdkUudkcGJpdwfjzwfxkwf zdkUvdkw,f/ 'DvdkrSrvkyf&ifolwdkU[mtm;vHk;udkt*wdvdkufpm;rIawGvkyfrSmjzpfw,f/}} “Those who are against us are like cancer tumors that need to be removed surgically; otherwise they will corrupt everything”

]]rdcifwpfa,mufuom;udkudk,fwdkifw&m;½Hk;odkUydkUNyD;aemufolr&Jhom;[m BudK;rdefUay;cH&cJhw,f/ 'DrdcifudkvlawGtwk,loifhw,f/ “People have to learn from the mother who brought her own son to court and then her son was hanged”

t,mwdkvmukdrDeD (1902–1989)

t

,mwdv k mukrd eD D (Ayatollah Khomeini) .em rnf t &if ; rS m qm,rf ± l [ d k v m-tmvf - rl qm0D-tmvf-ukrd eD D (Sayyid Ruhollah al-Musavi alKhomeini) jzpfonf? olonfbmoma&;acgi;f aqmif wpfO;D jzpf+yD; Edik if . H jyifyrSaeIvlx}k uD;udk OD;aqmif+yD; tD&efrS rd[ k mruf&pD m±Smygv0D (Muhammad Reza J tmif 1979 wGiw f eG ;f vSef Shah Pahlavi) (±Sm) ud+k yKd va Edik cf o hJ nf? ukrd eD o D nf bmoma&;qdik &f mynmwwfqm,pfarmhpwdzk m (Sayyid Mostf iG f ,if;.zcifu, G v f eG f -afa) .om;jzpf+yD;,if;.touf 6 vt±G,w oGm;cJo h nf? ukrd eD . D touf 15 ESpt f ±G,w f iG f ,if;.rdcifEiS t hf a':aoqH;k oGm;onft h wGuf tpfu}kd uD;ujyKpkapmifah ±Smufco hJ nf? ukrd eD o D nftpfukd }u;D ESit hf wl cd&k efusr;f udk tvGwu f surf w S +f y;D ±S, D mtpPvmrf (Shia Islam) -80-

20 &mpk . emrnf a usmf y k * ~ d v f } uD ; rsm;

.tajccHtcsuftvufrsm;udkavhvmcJhonf? rsm;r=umrSu D rdk eD o D nf (t&yf Arak) +rKd @o@kd omG ;+y;D tpPvmrfrpfOya'udak vh vmoif,cl o hJ nf? 1920 ckEpS t f apmydik ;f wGif ol.q&muuGrf (Qum) +rKd @o@kd ajymif;a±$@co hJ nft h wGuf ukrd eD v D o J @l q&maemufo@kd vdu k yf gvmcJo h nf? ukrd eD u D “t,mwdv k m–Ayatollah” bG@J trnfu&kd ±Scd o hJ nf? t,mwdv k m bG@J onf awmfaom±S, D mausmif;om;rsm;udak y;aombG@J jzpf+yD; t"dyg` ,rf mS “bk&m;ocifuay;aomvufaqmif” [lIyif? ukrd eD u D eufeaJ omt,l0g 'rsm;udv k ufc+H yD; ,if;wd@k rmS avmupnf;pdrOf pPmrsm;udk ypfy,f+yD; bk&m;. eufeaJ om v#Kd @0u S q f ef;=u,frr_ sm;udk pl;prf;±SmazGo;kH oyfjcif;yifjzpfonf? ukrd eD . D t,l0g'wGif Oya'/ ,kwadW A' (usKd ;a=umif;qufpyfI,H=k unfap onfhtodynm) ESifh'\edutawG;tac:rsm;yg0ifaoma=umifh ol. aemufvu kd rf sm;pGm±Scd o hJ nf? tjcm;aomtD&efEikd if o H m;rsm;uJo h @kd ukrd eD o D nf tD&efEikd if t H wGi;f Y tjcm; Edik if rH sm;.0ifa&mufp;kd rd;k cs,v f , S rf t _ ay: vH;k 0rvdv k m;acs? Edik if jH cm;tpd;k &rsm;onf trsm;tm;jzifah cwfraDS omfvnf; tpPvmrfrpf.±d;k &mudq k ef@ usiaf omEdik if aH &;t,l0g'rsm;udak xmufct H m;ay;onf? yxrOD;qH;k acgi;f aqmifwpfa,mufrmS &Dqm±Smygv0Djzpf+y;D 1921 ckEpS t f wGi;f ±k±mS ;tpd;k &. axmufcu H n l rD j_ zifh tD&efyxrOD;qH;k zG@J pnf;tkycf sKyfyt kH pd;k &udk z,fxw k yf pf EdkifcJhonf? Ttjzpftysufrsm;udk=unfh+yD; trsufa'goxGufaomfjim; vnf;ukrd eD u D 1930 ckEpS rf sm;twGi;f Edik if aH &;v_y±f mS ;r_rsm;wGiyf g0ifywf oufcjhJ cif;r±Sad y? oluEdik if aH &;v_y±f mS ;r_rsm;.acgi;f aqmifrmS bmoma&; vkyaf qmifaomvlrsm;.vufxw J iG f ±S&d rnf[, k =kH unfonf? xd‹k a=umifh olu tjcm;bmoma&;acgi;f aqmifwpfO;D jzpfonfh t,mwdv k m[,f&. D tqH;k tjzwfjzpfonfh &Dqm±Sm. tD&efEikd if t H ay:ajymif;vJru _ v kd u kd ef m& rnfuv kd ufccH &hJ onf? 1941 ckEpS w f iG f udrk eD u D ygvm0Dtpd;k &tm;toH;k r -81-

20 &mpk . emrnf a usmf y k * ~ d K vf } uD ; rsm;

usaomtpd;k &[ka=ujim+y;D trde@f tm;vH;k udk tm%m±Sit f yk cf sKyrf t _ pd;k &u ay;+yD; bmrSwefz;kd r±Sb d ;l [kqckd . hJ ? 1941 ckEpS w f iG f ygvg0. D ae&mudk ol. om;rd[ k mruf&q D m±Smygvm0Du +Aw d ed /f jyifopfEiS t hf ar&duefw@kd .tult nDjzif&h ±Scd o hJ nf? 12 ESpaf emuf+yD;wGif tar&duefaxmufvrS ;f a&;at*sipf D (CIA) u Shah wd@k .r[mrdwu f kd ,if;wd@k .&efojl zpfaom0ef}uD;csKyfr[ kd m rufrpkd m'uf (Mohammad Mosaddeq) udk y,fcs&mwGiu f n l cD o hJ nf? =o Zmwuford ;f aomtzG@J u udrk ifeu D kd Shah tay:a0zefrr_ sm;jyKonfh twGuf zdtm;ydI k ay;cJo h nf? 1960 ckEpS Of ;D ydik ;f wGif ±Smwd@k utjzLa&mifawmfveS ;f a&;udpk wifc+hJ y;D taemuf wdik ;f t,l0g'rsm;jzpfaom trsKd ;orD;rsm;tcGit hf a&;/ wef;wlnrD #&±Sad &;ESihf bmoma&;udt k ajcrcHaomynma&;rsm;ponfw@kd ux kd nfo h iG ;f ay;cJo h nf? udrk eD u D uGr±f zdS ufZu D sr;f pmoifausmif; (Faziye Seminary) wGiyf nmoif =um;aepOfrSmyif a'go}uD;pGmjzifh±[email protected]:vpDudk wdkufcdkufxdk;ESufcJh onf? xd@k a=umifh ±Smwd@k uol@ukd 1963 ckEpS w f iG af xmifcsc+hJ y;D 1964 ckEpS w f iG f tD&efEikd if rH x S u G o f mG ;&ef jynfEiS 'f g%af y;cJo h nf? udrk eD t D &D wfEikd if H (Iraq) ajrmufyikd ;f wGi±f adS om ±S, D mwd@k .oef@±iS ;f aom+rdK@jzpfonfeh m*swf (Najaf) wGit f ajccsaexdik o f nf? xkad e&mYyif udrk eD u D ol.t,l0g'rsm;udak usmif; om;aygi;f 12/000 ausmx f o H Œkd jzef@a0cJo h nf? em*swf (Najaf) +rdK@raS eIyJ &pf+rdK@o@kd 1978 ckEpS af emufyikd ;f wGif ajymif;a±$@aexdik cf o hJ nf? udrk eD u D tD&ef Edik if o H m;rsm;ud±k mS ESi, hf if;wd@k .tar&duefr[mrdwrf sm;udk +zKd cyJG pf&efEiS , hf if; utar&duefw@kd ukd “u|Eykf w f @kd &OhJ ;D aESmufrsm;ud'k jrwdu k , f o l ”l [kac:qdk onf? aemufq;kH ±Smwd@k u tm%mrSwu kd jf zKwf+yD; 1979 ckEpS Zf efe0g&v D wGif wdik ;f jynfrES iS x f w k v f u kd jf cif;udk cH&onft h csed w f iG f udrk eD u D tD&efo@kd jyefvmcJh onf? 'DZifbmvwGif zG@J pnf;tkycf sKyfyt kH ajccHOya'opfwpfcu k kd csrw S cf +hJ yD; tD&efEikd if u H kd tpPvmrfjynfo@l orRwEdik if [ H ak =umfjimcJ+h yD; ,if;udt k rD ef (rdk [mrufae&mudq k ufcrH nfo h )l [ktrnfay;cJ+h y;D b0toufwmtwGuOf ;D -82-

20 &mpk . emrnf a usmf y k * ~ d v f } uD ; rsm;

aqmifay;rnfah cgi;f aqmiftjzpf rSw, f jl cif;cH&onf? udrk eD aD tmifjrif+yD;aemufwpfEpS w f iG f tD&wfrt S &D efuw kd u kd cf u kd cf +hJ yD; ±SpEf pS f =umyËdyuQpwifco hJ nf? ppfa&;twGuf ukeu f sp&dwrf sm;rsm;jym;vm+yD; aemufq;kH wGiu f rkd eD rD o S . l pum;twdik ;f “tqdy&f nfwpfcu G af omufjcif;” [kajym+y;D ukvor*~.=um;0iftypftcwf&yfpaJ &;vkyif ef;udv k ufccH o hJ nf? 1989 ckEpS Zf eG v f wGif udrk eD aD oqH;k oGm;onft h cg tD&efEikd if o H m;aygi;f rsm;pGm u udrk eD t D wGuf 0rf;enf;a=uuGcJ &hJ onf? olu, G v f eG o f mG ;onft h csed w f iG f tD&ef.pD;yGg;a&;rSm tvGet f iftm;enf;cJah omfvnf; tpPvmrfEikd if u H rkd l aumif;rGepf mG xlaxmifEikd cf o hJ nf?

-83-

20 &mpk . emrnf a usmf y k * ~ d K vf } uD ; rsm;

]]rkefwdkif;aMumifhxif½SL;yifrsm;ESifhqdkufy&uf(pf)xif;½SL;yifrsm;urdrdwdkUtm;omcsuf rsm;ESifhwnfNidrfrIrsm;udkazmfjyEdkif&efaumif;aomtcGifhta&;wpfckjzpfaMumif;owd&yg/}} "Remember, the storm is a good opportunity for the pine and the cypress to show their strength and their stability."

]]uRefawmfh&Jhwm0ef[m yJhudkifolwpfa,mufvdkbJ-zcifEdkifiHBuD;jzpfwJh-avSwpfpif;&Jh yJhudkifudkab;uif;pGmxdef;xm;NyD;? rkefwdkif;rsm;tMum;uaevlxkawGudkaysmf½TifrI urf;pyfoUkd a&muf&EdS ikd af tmifyUkd aqmifzUkd wm0ef½ydS gw,f/}} "My duty is like that of a helmsman who must steer safely the boat-the Fatherland-through storms and take people to the shores of happiness."

[dkcsDrif; (1890-1969) csrD if; (Hochi Minh) onf AD,uferfawmf vSeaf &;Edik if aH cgi;f aqmifwpfO;D jzpf+yD; aemif wGif (AD,uferfajrmufyikd ;f ) Democratic hf ef}uD;csKyfjzpfvmol Republic of Vietnam .OuUXESi0 wpfO;D jzpfygonf? [do k nf 1941 ckEpS rf pS IAD,ufred f vGwv f yfa&; twGuv f y_ &f mS ;cJo h jl zpf+y;D / 1945 ckEpS w f iG f Democratic Republic of Vietnam udu k eG jf rLepftyk cf sKyf a&;pepfujkd zift h yk cf sKyfEikd cf o hJ nf?

[dk

1954 ckEpS w f iG f jyifopfw‹kd ukd ESrd Ef iS ;f wdu k x f w k Ef ikd cf o hJ nf? ,if;onf AD,uf erfppfyYJG ajrmufyikd ;f AD,uferfukd rdrt d oufq;kH oGm;onftxdO;D pD;cJ+h yD;/ 6 ESpaf emufyikd ;f wGif ajrmufA, D uferfyikd ;f rSatmify&JG ±SadS oma=umifh ppfy+JG yD;qH;k oGm;cJo h nf? xd‹k aemuf AD,uferfvrl sKd ;rsm; aygi;f pnf;nD!w $ rf p_ wif&±Sv d m cJo h nf? ,cifu AD,uferfawmifyikd ;f .òr‹d awmfjzpfaompdik u f eG f (Saigon)+rKd @ awmfu[ kd ckd srD if;tm;*k%ðf yaomtm;jzif[ h ckd srD if;+rKd @awmf[k trnfajymif;vJ -84-

20 &mpk . emrnf a usmf y k * ~ d v f } uD ; rsm;

vdkufygonf? [dck srD if;onf AD,uferfY 1890 ckEpS w f iG af rG;zGm;cJyh gonf? ol.zcif!, kd eJ f pde[ f l (Nguyen Sinh Huy) onfjyifopfw@kd rS ausmif;q&mwpfO;D tjzpft vkyfcef@tyfjcif;cH&onf? olonftvGef^m%faumif;ol[k *k%fowif; ausmaf Zmaomfvnf; jyifopfbmompum;udo k if,&l ef jiif;y,fcahJ om a=umift h vkyjf yKwfcyhJ gonf? xd@k a=umifh touf±iS af exdik af &;twGuf AD ,uferfwjynfv;kH od@k c&D;vSnv hf nf&+y;D v,form;rsm;twGuf 0efaqmif r_vyk if ef;rsm;vkyaf qmif&if; toufarG;0rf;a=umif;jyKco hJ nf? xd0k efaqmifr_ vkyif ef;rsm;rSm aq;bufqikd &f m ukor_ay;jcif;ESiphf ma&;jcif;tvkyrf sm;yg0if ygonf? trsKd ;om;a&;0g'w D pfO;D taejzifh !d, k eJ o f nf rdro d m;orD;rsm;udk jyifopf. tkycf sKyfa&;udk qef@usiaf wmfveS &f ef oifay;cJyh gonf? xd‹k a=umifo h m;orD; rsm;}uD;jyif;vmaomtcg trsKd ;om;0g'u D q kd yk u f ikd x f m;+yD; AD,uferfvrl sKd ; rsm; vGwv f yfa&;twGuf wdu k yf 0JG if&efqEN&=dS uonfrmS rxl;qef;ay? [dck srD if;.tpfronf jyifopfppfwyfYtvky&f cJo h nf? olronf rdr&d ¶Sad om &mxl;udt k oH;k ðyI jyifopfwyfrS ppfvufeufypPn;f rsm;udck ;kd ,lco hJ nf? ol .&nf±, G cf surf mS wae‹wiG f xdv k ufeufrsm;udt k oH;k ðyI jyifopfrsm;udAk D ,uferfrw S u kd x f w k &f efjzpfygonf? od@k aomf olrtm;zrf;rdomG ;ojzifh w oufwu|ef;axmifcscH&cJhavonf? !d, k eJ o f nf rdru d , kd w f ikd jf yifopfbmompum;oif,&l ef jiif;qefcahJ omf vnf;[dt k m; jyifopfausmif;od‹k ynmoif=um;&efy@kd aqmifco hJ nf? Tonf -85-

20 &mpk . emrnf a usmf y k * ~ d K vf } uD ; rsm;

rSmjyifopfw@kd tm;wdu k x f w k &f mwGif aumif;aomjyifqifry_ ifjzpfonf[k rdrd xifjrifaoma=umifjh zpfygonf? [dck srD if;ausmif;+yD;onfah emufyikd ;f wc%ausmif;q&mtvky0f ifvyk cf yhJ g kd yf gonf? Tod@k jzifw h ikd ;f onf? xd@k aemuf oabFmom;vky&f ef qH;k jzwfvu jynftES@H tjym;od@k c&D;vSnv hf nfciG &hf cJo h nf? jyifopftifyg,mEdik if rH sm;pGm od@k vnf; rdrad &muf&cdS o hJ nf? Tod@k c&D;vSnv hf nfjcif;jzifh rw&m;ojzifah oG; pkycf &H olonf AD,uferfvrl sKd ;wpfcw k nf;omr[kwaf =umif; olavhvmod&dS cJ&h ygonf? 1917 ckEpS w f iG f [do k nfy&J pfwiG f tajccsaexdik cf yhJ gonf? um;vfrwf (Karl Marx) a&;om;aom pmtkyr f sm;ESit hf jcm;vuf00J g'pD ma&;q&mrsm;a&; om;aom pmtkyrf sm;udzk wf¶KS +y;D aemufyikd ;f uGejf rLepf0g'w D pfa,mufjzpfvm onf? 1920 ckEpS 'f ZD ifbmvwGif jyifopfueG jf rLepfygwu D kd pwifz@JG pnf;vdu k f onf? [do k nf ,if;ygwjD zpfajrmufa&;twGuf pwifwnfaxmifcahJ omt zG@J 0ifwpfO;D jzpfco hJ nf? [do k nf tjcm;aomjyifopfueG jf rLepfygrsm;uJo h @kd yif ±k±mS ;awmfveS af &;vkyf ief;rsm;udo k abmusco hJ nf? 1924 ckEpS w f iG f qdAk , D ufjynfaxmifpo k @kd [dk tvnftywfa&mufco hJ nf? armfpudYk a&muf&adS epOf rdr. d oli,fcsi;f xH od@k uGejf rLepform;rsm;tm;vH;k wGif rdrw d ikd ;f jynfo‹kd jyefomG ;&ef wm0ef¶+dS yD; “vlxpk nf;a0;yGrJ sm;jyKvky&f ef/ pnf;&H;k &efEiS o hf ifwef;rsm;ay;&ef/ xd@k aemuf vGwv f yfa&;twGuf wdu k cf u kd &f mwGif OD;aqmifrj_ yKjcif;” wd‹k uv kd yk &f rnf[k a&;om;cJhygonf? rnfo@kd yifjzpfap [dk AD,uferfo@kd jyefomG ;cJv h #if jyifopftm%mydik rf sm;.zrf; qD;r_tE &W m,frS uif;v$wrf nfr[kwaf =umif; rdru d , kd rf rd o d wdjyKrdygonf? -86-

20 &mpk . emrnf a usmf y k * ~ d v f } uD ; rsm;

xd@k a=umifh w&kwEf ikd if AH , D uferfe,fpyfo@kd omG ;a&mufaexdik &f ef qH;k jzwf vdu k yf gonf? xdak e&mwGif wdik ;f wyg;a&muftrsKd ;om;a&;0g'rD sm;tm; “AD ,uferfawmfveS af &;tzG@J tpnf;” xJo@kd 0ifa&muf&efpnf;&H;k a&;vkyaf v onf? 1940 ckEpS pf ufwifbmvwGif *syefppfom;rsm;tif'ckd sKd if;em;udk usL;ausmf wdu k cf u kd cf yhJ gonf? *smreDw@kd rS yJ&pfuo kd rd ;f ydu k cf o hJ nft h wGuf jyifopfppf kd yf q JG ifE&J$ ef tusKd ;r±Sad wmha=umif;odI *syefrsm;xHvufeuf om;rsm;rSwu csvu kd yf gonf? Ttjzpfukd awG@jrif&onfh [dck srD if;ESio hf . l aemufvu kd f om;rsm;onf Edik if jH cm;om;wd@k .tkycf sKyrf r_ v S w G af jrmuf&ef vkyaf qmif&rnfh tcGit hf cga&mufvm+yD[x k ifjrifaoma=umifh AD,ufred f [kac:aomtzG@J tpnf;wpfczk @JG pnf; wnfaxmifvu kd o f nf? ppfAv kd cf sKyf Vo Nguyen Giap .acgi;f aqmifrj_ zifh AD,ufred o f nf ajymufusm;ppfqifa&;pepfjzifh *syefrsm; tm;wdu k cf u kd q f ef@usicf o hJ nf? AD,ufrdefonf qdkAD,ufjynfaxmifpkxHrS ppfvufeufrsm;ESifhcJ,rf;rD; d nfomru ykvq J yd u f rf;YAH;k }uJ+yD;onfah emuf ausmufrsm;udk vufc&H &So tar&duefjynfaxmifpx k rH S axmufyrhH r_ sm;&&Scd yhJ gonf? xdt k csed u f mvwGif ppfbufqikd &f my&d,m,fuakd vhvmod±cdS o hJ nf? 1945 ckEpS =f o*kwv f wGif [D¶¶kd ;DS rm;ESiehf g*gpmuDYAH;k }urJ j_ zpfymG ;+y;D aemuf *syef rsm;rSrrd w d ‹kd .r[mrdwrf sm;xH vufeufcsonft h cg AD,ufred w f ‹kd twGuf rdr. d wdik ;f jynfukd tkycf sKyfEikd o f nft h ajctaeaumif;wpfc&k ±Sv d monf? 1945 ckEpS pf ufwifbmvwGif [dck srD if;onf AD,uferf'rD u kd &ufwpforRw -87-

20 &mpk . emrnf a usmf y k * ~ d K vf } uD ; rsm;

Edik if zH @JG pnf;vdu k af =umif; a=ujimvdu k yf gonf? AD,uferfppfyt JG +yD;wGif AD ,uferfwiG f jzpfvmrnht f ajctaersm;udk xdyo f ;D tpnf;ta0;yGw J iG f z&ef uvif;'D&pk bJ/h 0ifpwefcsyaf cs;ESi*hf sKd ;Zufpwmvifw@kd rq S ;kH jzwf+y;D jzpfa=umif; AD,ufred rf rS od&cdS ahJ y? 4if;wd@k . oabmwlncD surf mS AD,uferfuEkd pS yf ikd ;f cG+J y;D ajrmufyikd ;f udk w±kww f @kd rt S yk cf sKyfrnfjzpf+yD;/ awmifyikd ;f udrk l +Adwo d #w@kd rt S yk f csKyfrnfjzpfa=umif;AD,uferfuEkd pS yf ikd ;f cGv J u kd o f nf? 'kw, d urBmppf+y;D onfah emuf jyifopfonfA, D uferfukd jyefvnftyk cf sKy&f ef }udK;pm;avonf? [dck srD if;rS a=ujimvdu k o f nfAh , D uferf'rD &kd ufwpforRw Edik if u H jkd yifopfw@kd rt S odtrSwrf jyKaoma=umifh AD,uferfEiS jhf yifopfppfom; rsm;t=um;wdu k cf u kd rf j_ zpfymG ;avonf? tapmydik ;f wGif ppfy&d,m,fynm u|r;f usiaf omjyifopfw@kd tm;wdu k cf u kd &f mwGif Adv k cf sKyf}uD; Vo Nguyen kd cf &hJ onf? od@k aomf 1940 ckEpS af rmfpw D ;kH (Mao Giap rStcuftcJrsm;&ifqi hf rd . d uGejf rLepfwyfom;rsm; w&kwEf ikd if ¶H dS cseaf u±Sw d f (Chaing Zedong) ESir k rdS Ef iS ;f cJo h nfh 1949 ckEpS af emufyikd ;f wGif tajctaeydrk akd umif; Kai Shek) udE rGev f monf? xdt k cgryS if AD,ufred Yf '%f&m&olrsm;ESihf rdr. d ppfom;rsm;vHk +cHKonfw h yfpcef;jyKvkyv f mEdik af yonf? 1953 ckESpfwGif AD,ufrdefonf AD,uferfajrmufydkif;±Sdae&mrsm;pGmudk xde;f csKyf vmEdik o f nf? od@k aomf AD,uferfawmifyikd ;f rSmrljyifopfw@kd rS tcdik f trmcsKyfuikd x f m;+yD; Bo Dai [kac:aom AD,uferf{u&mZfb&k ifujkd ynf e,f. ppfO;D pD;csKyftjzpfwnfaxmifvu kd o f nf? jyifopfw@kd onf ppfyw JG iG f tcsed =f umyg0ifwu kd cf u kd &f OD;rnf[k ¶Si;f vif;pGmod& aomtcg jyifopftpd;k &onf AD,ufred Ef iS ahf phpyfaqG;aEG;yGjJ yKvyk &f ef óu;d pm;cJh -88-

20 &mpk . emrnf a usmf y k * ~ d v f } uD ; rsm;

onf? jyifopfw@kd u Edik if t H pd;k &zG@J pnf;&mwGif tultnDay;rnfjzpf+yD;w jznf;jznf;AD,uferfuv kd w G v f yfa&;ay;rnf[u k wdjyKonf? od@k aomf [dck sD rif;ESit hf jcm;AD,ufred af cgi;f aqmifrsm;rSm jyifopfw@kd ajymonfurkd ,Ho k jzifh ppfyu JG o kd mqufvufqifEaJ$ vonf? jyifopfw@kd onfvnf; ppfyq JG ufvufa&;udck ck w H eG ;f vSeaf vonf? AD,uferf f eG v f m+yjD zpfaom wGi¶f adS omppfAv kd cf sKy}f u;D Navarre onftcsed rf sm;pGmukev a=umifh AD,ufred w f ‹kd uakd tmifycJG &H ef tcsed af &muf+yD[ak wG;rdvmonf? xd@k a=umifph pfAv kd cf sKyf}uD; Vo Nguyen Giap tm;enf;y&d,m,fppfy}JG uD;qifEJ$ v#if rdrw d @kd jyifopfrt S Edik &f ¶So d mG ;rnfrmS trSeyf ifjzpfonf[ek m;vnfo abmayguaf vonf? 1953 ckEpS 'f ZD ifbmvwGif ppfAv kd cf sKyf Navarre onf avmEdik if w H iG pf cef;csxm;aomAD,ufred rf S ,if;wd‹kf .wyfpcef;od@k 4if;wd@k jyef roGm;Edkif&ef Dien Bien Phu wGif&SKyfaxG;aomckcHumuG,fr_udkwnf aqmufavonf? ppfAv kd cf sKyf}uD; Navarre .avmEdik if w H iG f ppfqifre_ nf; AsL[mtay:ppfAv kd cf sKy}f u;D Giap rSjyifopftm; Dien Bien Phu wGijf yefvnf wdu k cf u kd v f rd rhf nf[rk eS ;f qxm;onf? ppfAv kd }f uD; Navarre .tpDtpOftwdik ;f ppfAv kd rf LS ; Giap .pdeaf c:r_ujkd yef vnfcck aH vonf? rnfo@kd yifjzpfap Giap onfw[kew f ;kd wdu k cf u kd pf ;D ESi;f rnfh tpm; Dien Bien Phu ud0k ef;&Hvsuf jyifopfppfom;rsm;ywfywfvnfu wkwu f si;f wl;avonf? uwkwu f si;f .tjyifbufwiG t f jcm;uwkwu f si;f ESiw hf ;l ajrmif;rsm;udk jyifopfppfwyf&&dS mtv,fA[do k @kd a&mufatmifw;l xm; onf? Tod@k jzifAh , D ufred o f nf jyifopfppfom;rsm;&S&d m Dien Bien Phu udt k eD;uyfcck H wdu k cf u kd Ef ikd af v+yD? AD,ufred o f nf Tod@k jyifqifrr_ sm;ESit hf wl AD,uferfwcGiv f ;kH &Sd rdr. d tzG@J -89-

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om;rsm;tm;vH;k udpk pk nf;vdu k o f nf? Tod@k jzifh ppfypJG wif&ef tqifoifjh zpf avonf? Dien Bien Phu ud0k ef;&Hrnfh Giap .ppfwyfO;D a& 7 aomif;r#&+dS y;D jyifopfppfom;rsm;xuf tqaygi;f 5 qydrk sm;onf? 1954 ckEpS rf wfv 13 &ufwiG f Vo Nguyen Giap udx k ;kd ppfqifavonf? AD,ufred rf jS yifopfw@kd ukd w[kex f ;kd wdu k cf u kd rf u _ kd 56 &ufr#cck w H u kd cf u kd , f if; jyifopfw‹kd .vufxw J iG f Dien Bien Phu e,ftenf;i,f[musecf o hJ nf? tajrmufwyfrS Adv k rf LS ;}u;D Piroth onfrrd t d oH;k jyKcahJ om wdu k cf u kd rf e_ nf;y &d,m,ftay:tjypfwifvsuf rdr. d wyfom;rsm;tm; “usKyftvGeo f u d mQ usw,f” [kqakd vonf? xd@k aemufvufypfA;kH jzifh olŒud, k u f kd tqH;k pD&if vdkufonf? jyifopfw@kd onf arv 7 &ufae@wiG f vufeufcsvu kd af vonf? jyifopf bufraS oa=uxdcu kd o f l 7 axmifr#¶+dS yD; ppfom;wpfaomif;wpfaxmifcef@ rSmaxmifcsc&H onf? aemufwae@wiG f AD,uferfrS rdrw d @kd qw k cf mG oGm;awmh rnf[jk yifopftpd;k &rSa=ujimvdu k yf gonf? aemufwvt=umwGit f ar&d uefjynfaxmifp/k qdAk , D ufjynfaxmifp/k +Adwed Ef iS jhf yifopfEikd if w H @kd rES ikd if jH cm; a&;0ef}uD;toD;oD;rsm;onf ud;k &D;,m;ESiAhf , D uferfw@kd .yËdyuQrsm;udk rdrd wd@k taejzifh +ird ;f csr;f aomjy\emajz&Si;f r_enf;vrf;rsm;udk awG@¶v dS #iaf wG@¶dS aumif;aqG;aEG;&ef *seAD mwGif awG@qakH qG;aEG;=uonf? aphpyfaqG;aEG;r_t}udraf ygi;f rsm;pGmjyKvky+f yD;onfah emuf atmufygoabm wlncD surf sm;&¶Sv d monf? (1) AD,uferfukd 17 'D*&Dajrmufyikd ;f rsO;f +ydKift=um; ydik ;f jcm;xm;rnf? (2) AD,uferfajrmufyikd ;f udk [dck srD if;tm;tkycf sKyfaprnf? -90-

20 &mpk . emrnf a usmf y k * ~ d v f } uD ; rsm;

(3) AD,uferfawmifyikd ;f udk Ngo Dinh Diem tm;tkycf sKyfaprnf? (4) jyifopfppfom;rsm; AD,uferfrx S u G cf mG oGm;&rnf? (5) AD,ufred o f nf awmifA, D uferfrS xGucf mG oGm;&rnf? (6) AD,uferfvrl sKd ;rsm;onf rdrw d @kd EpS o f uf&m AD,uferfawmifyikd ;f wGif aomfvnf;aumif;/ ajrmufyikd ;f wGiaf omfvnf;aumif;aexdik &f ef vGwv f yfpmG a&G;cs,yf ikd cf iG &hf o dS nf? (7) AD,uferfwcGiv f ;kH rS taxGaxGa&G;aumufyu JG kd 1956 ckEpS f Zlvikd v f r wdik rf w DS iG f tjynfjynfqikd &f maumfr&Sif .}uD;=uyfuyG u f rJ a_ tmuf wGiu f si;f y&rnf? 4if;tcsurf sm;tay: &Si;f vif;pGmoabmwlnrD &_ +y;D aemuf Ngo Dinh Diem onfA, D uferfjynfaxmifpt k wGuf a&G;aumufyjJG yKvky&f efrvdv k m;ay? t b,fa=umifq h akd omf rdrw d @kd .Edik if aH &;OD;wnfcsurf sm;yg0if&ef tjcm;aom enf;vrf;rsm;jzifh a&G;aumufyjJG yKvky&f efpOf;pm;vmonf? Tod@k jzifh a&G; aumufyrJG sm;rjzpfajrmufco hJ nft h wGuf vlaygi;f rsm;pGm AD,uferfawmxJ wGifawmcdk+yD; vufeufudkiftzGJ@rsm;ydkrdkrsm;jym;vma=umif;awG@&onf? 1959 ckEpS w f iG f Diem tpd;k &t&m¶Sad ygi;f 1˜200 cef@owfjzwfjcif;cH&onf? Tr[menf;AsL[mudk [dck srD if;tpuwnf;uyifqef@usicf o hJ nf? AD,uf erfawmifyikd ;f &Sd vufeufuikd w f yfz@JG rsm;onf Diem tpd;k &tay:t=urf; zuf wdu k cf u kd rf nft h pm; rdrw d @kd .tzG@J tpnf;vdt k yfcsuaf xmufyahH &;rsm;udk ompOf;pm;vkyaf qmifoifah =umif;jiif;ckecf yhJ gonf? aemufq;kH wGi[ f ckd srD if;onf ajymufusm;ppfqifa&;wyfukd tultnDay;&ef oabmwlnv D u kd o f nf? vufeufuikd t f zG@J i,fuav;rsm;udk aygi;f pnf;I -91-

20 &mpk . emrnf a usmf y k * ~ d K vf } uD ; rsm;

tiftm;}uD;rm;aom ckcw H eG ;f vSeo f nft h zG@J jzpfvm&ef tm;ay;wdu k w f eG ;f cJh onf? ,if;wdk@oabmwlnDaoma=umifh 1960 ckESpf'DZifbmvwGif National Front for the Liberation of South Vietnam (NLF) udz k @JG pnf;vdu k f onf? tar&duefrsm;ac:ae=ujzpfaom NLF ac: Vietcong onfujJG ym; aom Edik if aH &;ESib hf moma&;aygi;f rsm;pGmrS jzpfay:vmcJo h nf? NLF acgi;f aqmifjzpfaom Saigon a&S@ae Hua Tho onf qd¶k , S v f pfoabmw&m;a&; rl0g'¶So d rl [kwcf ahJ omfvnf; Tvky¶f mS ;r_wiG yf g0ifoal ygi;f rsm;pGmwd@k onf uGejf rLepf0g'udk axmufct H m;ay;=uaomolrsm;jzpfonf? onfrrd . d ppfom;rsm;udk oHOk ;D rSq,fO;D jzifh tzG@J i,fav;rsm;zG@J pnf; xm;onf? TtzG@J i,frsm;tm; Cells [kac:onf? TtzG@J i,frsm;onf twlwuGtvkyv f yk af qmif=uaomfvnf; rdrw d @kd wpfO;D csi;f pDEiS o hf ufqikd f onft h a=umif;rsm;udrk od=uacs? Tenf;tm;jzifh rdrw d @kd .ajymufusm;wyf zG@J rsm;tzrf;cH&onft h cgwiG af omfvnf;aumif;/ !‡O;f yrf;ESyd pf ufjcif;cH&onfh tcgwiG af omfvnf;aumif; rdrw d ‹kd .0efccH surf sm;u NLF tm;xdcu kd ef pfem apjcif;tvGeef nf;yg;onf? NLF

NLF .ueOD;&nfre S ;f csuyf ef;wdik rf sm;rSm aus;vufa'o¶Sd awmifov l ,f

orm;rsm;.axmufcHr_udk&¶Sd&eftwGufjzpfonf? NLF rS¶Gmrsm;odk@0if a&mufonfhtcgwGif rdrdwdk@vkdufem&rnfhpnf;rsOf;pnf;urf;csufrsm;¶Sdyg onf? tzG@J om;rsm;tm;vH;k Tvrf;!$ecf surf sm;udt k wdtusvu kd ef m=u &onf? 4if;pnf;rsO;f pnf;urf;vrf;!$ecf surf sm;rSm(1) jynfow l @kd .ydik q f ikd rf r_ sm;/ aetdrrf sm;/ aumufyo J ;D ESrH sm;/ ajr,mrsm; udrk zsuq f ;D &? (2) jynforl sm;tvdrk &Syd gu trdt&wdu k w f eG ;f Iacs;iSg;apjcif;/ a&mif;cdik ;f -92-

20 &mpk . emrnf a usmf y k * ~ d v f } uD ; rsm;

apjcif;rsm;rjyKvky&f ? (3) rdrw d @kd uwdjyKonft h wdik ;f uwdwnf&rnf? (4) jynfow l @kd tm;txiftjrifao;aponfph um;rsm;/ trlt&mrsm; jzifrh jyKvky&f ? (5) vlxw k @kd .ae@pOfvyk if ef;rsm;jzpfaom (aumuf&w d jf cif;/ xif;acGjcif;/ f n l rD a_ y;&ef ponfw@kd jzpfyg a&cyfjcif;/ pufcsKyfjcif;ponfrsm;wGiu onf? 1964 ckEpS w f iG f tar&dueforRw Lyndon B. Johnson onfr;kd +crd ;f uJo h @kd }u;D rm;aomppfqifa&; (Operation Rolling Thunder) udpk wifqifEcJ$ o hJ nf? ,if;wd‹k .tpDtpOfrmS AD,uferfajrmufyikd ;f .pD;yGm;a&;udk zsuq f ;D &efEiS Ahf D ,uferfawmifyikd ;f ajymufusm;wyfrsm;udk ulnrD r_ &S yfwef@ap&ef tpDtpOf&Sd ygonf? Tppfqifa&;onf &Spyf wf=umppfqifa&;pDru H ed ;f jzpfaomfvnf;oH;k ESprf #=umoGm;onf? xdt k awmtwGi;f wGif tar&duefonf AD,uferfY AH;k wefcsed w f pfoef;cef@}uJco hJ nf? f eG o f mG ;ygonf? 1969 ckEpS w f iG f [dck srD if; uGev

-93-

20 &mpk . emrnf a usmf y k * ~ d K vf } uD ; rsm;

]]ppfyGJudkNyD;qHk;apwm[mppfyGJjzpfNyD; aoewfawGudkypfcszdkUtwGufao ewfuikd zf Ukd vdt k yfygw,f/}} “War can only be abolished through war, and in order to get rid of the gun it is necessary to take up the gun”

]]avhusifhysdK;axmifrIr½SdwJhppfwyf[m xHkxdkif;xdkif;rIdif;wJhppfwyfjzpfNyD; xHkxdkif;wJhppfwyf[m b,fawmhrSrdrd&Jh&efoludk acsrIef;EdkifrSmr[kwfbl;/}} “An army without culture is a dull-witted army, and a dull-witted army cannot defeat the enemy”

]]urÇmBuD;&Jhordkif;udkvIyf½Sm;wuf
armfpDwHk; (1893–1976)

armf

pDw;kH onfqif;&Jom;v,form;wpf OD;.om;jzpfonf? olonf 1930 ESihf 1940 ckEpS rf sm;twGi;f ±Sd w±kwu f eG jf rLepfygwv D y_ ±f mS ; r_rsm;udk OD;aqmifc+hJ yD; 1949 ckEpS w f iG f w±kwEf ikd if . H acgi;f aqmif}uD;wpfa,mufjzpfvmonf? armfonf 1893ckEpS 'f ZD ifbmv 26&ufae@wiG [ f el efjynfe,f/ a±Smif±eS af us; ±Gm±Sv d ,form;rdom;pkzmG ;jrifvmcJo h nf? armfpw D ;kH .zcifrmS wu,fpnf; urf;±Sad omoljzpf+yD; [email protected]@f ukd zDvmqef@usif aeonf? wpfcguarmfuTod@k ajymcJzh ;l onf? “u|eaf wmht f azuausmif; ESpw f ef;wufczhJ ;l +yD; pmtkyaf wGzwfwwfw,f? 'gayrJt h aru pmvH;k 0r zwfwwfb;l ? u|eaf wmfuawmh rdom;pkawGtwGuf ‘pmwwfay wwf’ wpfa,mufyaJ yg?h u|eaf wmf±;kd &mtpOftvma[mif;awGoyd gw,f? 'gayrJh u|eaf wmfr}uKd ub f ;l ? u|eaf wmf}uKd uw f mu [d;k a±S;a±S;wke;f u w±kwjf ynf &Jh ta=umif;awGjzpf+y;D txl;ojzifh awmfveS o f al wG&t hJ a=umif;jzpfw,f?” -94-

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armfpw D ;kH ynmoif=um;pOfwiG f uGejf zL±Sy. f oabmw&m;rsm;oif=um; &+y;D w±kwjf ynfordik ;f / pmayESizhf v D q kd zkd w D @kd uo kd if=um;&onf? 1911 ckEpS w f iG f armfonfcse±f mS +rdK@ (Changsha) od@k omG ;cJ+h yD; &DywfbvpfuefppfwyfwiG pf pf om;tjzpfwm0efxrf;aqmif&onf? &Dywfbvpfuefwyfonf 1911 ckEpS f awmfveS af &;wGio f #if (Qing) rif;rsKd ;rif;qufrsm;udk xkwyf ,fcahJ omoljzpf onf? cse±f mS +rKd @Y±Sad epOf armfu taemufwikd ;f zDvq kd zkd rD sm;udk avhvmqnf; yl;+yD;owif;pmESi*hf sme,frsm;udv k nf; zwf±a_ vhvmcJo h nf? 1918 ckEpS cf se±f mS wGi±f adS om[leefq&mtwwfoifaumvdyw f iG f atmifjrif cJ+h yD; yDuif;od@k omG ;um yDuif;wuUov kd pf m=unfw h u kd Yf tvky&f ±Scd o hJ nf? r=umcifrmS yif armfonf rm;ppf (Marxist) Edik if EH iS v hf rl a_ &;tawG;tac:t a=umif;avhvmonft h zG@J wpfz@JG EiS ahf ygi;f rd+yD; aemufwiG f rm;ppf.ta&;t om;rSeo f r#ukd rv$ww f rf;zwfonfo h jl zpfvmonf? 1919 ckEpS af rv 4 &ufae@vy_ ±f mS ;r_twGi;f ausmif;om;rsm; ESiyhf nmwwfrsm;u w±kwjf ynf . acwfrw DS ;kd wufa&;twGuf atmf[pfaepOf armfpw D ;kH uGejf zL ±Syt f ,l0g' (Confucianism) . ±d;k &m"avhx;kH xrf;tarGtESpr f sm;tay: a0zefrr_ sm;jyK vkycf o hJ nf? olu±d;k &m"avhrsm;udk awmfveS yf ek u f efonft h cg ud, k cf E<mpGr;f tifEiS Ohf ;D aESmuftoH;k jyK&rnf[k tav;teufa&;om;xm;onf? yDuif; wGif ,if;.yxrZeD;onf,Ofuikd [ f ;DG ( Yang Kaihui) ESiahf wG@qv kH ufxyfchJ onf? (armftouf 14 ESpt f ±G,w f iG f ol@zcifu ol@u±kd mG xJ±rdS ed ;f uav; wpfa,mufEiS v hf ufxyfay;cJo h nf? od@k aomfarmfu Tvufxyfyu JG b kd ,f awmhrt S odtrSerf jyKcJah cs?) ±k±mS ;awmfveS af &;.=oZmv$r;f rd;k r_a=umifh 1921 ckEpS Zf eG v f wGif ±Se[ f ikd ;f +rKd @Y w±kwu f eG jf rLepfygw–D Chinese Communist Party–CCP udzk @JG pnf;wnf axmifcJhonf? armfpDwHk;u ,if;ygwD.tapmqHk;tzGJ@0ifjzpfvmonf? aemifEpS Ef pS t f enf;i,fwiG f armfpw D ;kH ESio hf . l oli,fcsi;f ±k±mS ;awmfveS af &; -95-

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atmifjrifatmifxal xmifay;aom vDeif.t,l0g'wd@k ukd pwiftoH;k jyKcJh onf? armfonf ±Se[ f ikd ;f Edik if aH &;tzG@J EiS phf wiftvkyv f yk cf o hJ nf? qdAk , D uf,el , D ±H dS t}uaH y;yk*Kd~ vrf sm;tultnDjzifh ulrifwef; (Nationalist Party) trsKd ;om; a&;0g'yD gww D jznf;jznf;w±kwEf ikd if w H iG t f m%m±Sv d monf? rwfv 12 &uf 1925 ckEpS w f iG f ,if;wd@k .acgi;f aqmifpef,wfpif (Sun Yat-Sen) uG,v f eG f oGm;cJ+h y;D cseaf u±Sw d u f acgi;f aqmifjzpfvmonf? cseaf u±Sw d rf S tzG@J tpnf; twGi;f ±Su d eG jf rLepfrsm;udk xkwyf ,fz@kd t+rJ}udK;pm;cJo h nf? tESyd u f yG rf cH& aomuGejf rLepfrsm;u Jiangxi Soviet tzG@J uw kd nfaxmifco hJ nf? trsKd ;om;a&;0g'rD sm;onf 0dik ;f &Hyw d q f @kd rr_ sm;pwifjyKvkyv f monft h wGuf uGejf rLepfrsm; xdak e&mrS }uKd ; pm;xGuo f mG ;+y;D w±kwjf ynf.taemufajrmuf bufwiG f trmcHpcef;topfwpfcck svu kd o f nf? 1934 ck ESpaf tmufwb kd m vwGif armfEiS t hf jcm;trsKd ;om;wpfoed ;f ausmEf iS , hf if;wd@k .rdom;pk0ifrsm; onf t aemufyikd ;f ±Sd awmifwef;rsm;±S&d ma'ood@k xGuaf jy;wdr;f a±SmifomG ; cJhonf? xdo k @kd wrd ;f a±Smifxu G af jy;olrsm; tcuftcJtrsKd ;rsKd ;ESi&hf ifqikd &f onf? olw@kd onfwpfae@v#if rdik af ygi;f 50 ausmaf v#mufwuf+yD; ±Sepf o D @kd atmufwb kd m v 20 &ufae@ 1935 ckEpS w f iG af &muf±cdS o hJ nf? cef@reS ;f ajct&rdik f 8˜000 ausmv f rf;av#mufjcif;wGiv f l 30˜000 omtouf±iS af exdik Ef ikd cf o hJ nf? 1937 ckEpS w f iG f *syefwyfrsm;u w±kwEf ikd if o H @kd usL;ausm0f ifa&mufcphJ Of csef au±Sw d u f +rKd @awmfuekd rfuifrcS |eu f if;od@k a±$@ajymif;cJo h nf? olonf urf;±d;k wef;a'owpfav#mufEiS t hf a&;}u;D aom+rKd @}u;D wpfcsKd @ukd *syefw@kd .vufxJ od@k qH;k ±_;H vdu k &f onf? *syefwyfrsm;udk wdu k x f w k v f akd oma=umifh cseaf u -96-

20 &mpk . emrnf a usmf y k * ~ d v f } uD ; rsm;

±Sw d u f armfpw D ;kH ESio hf . l uGejf rLepfwyfrawmfEiS v hf ufw&JG ef qH;k jzwfvu kd f onf? 'kw, d urBmppftwGi;f armfpw D ;kH .pepfwus±adS om ajymufusm;wyfrawmf rsm;udk Zl';D (Zhu De) ESiv hf ifbikd af tmif ( Lin Biao) wd@k rOS ;D aqmifco hJ nf? *syefw@kd rS vufeufcsvu kd o f nfEiS w hf pf+yKd ief uf uGejf rLepfwyfrsm;u cseaf u ±Sw d Of ;D aqmifaom trsKd ;om;a&;0g'w D yfrsm;udjk yefIwdu k cf u kd cf o hJ nf? uGef jrLepfrsm;jzpfaomw±kwef w D yfrsm;wGif pnf;urf;yd±k jdS cif;/ cH,cl suo f abmw &m;jrifjh rwfjcif;/ ae&mtES@H tjym;±Sd awmifov l ,form;.axmufcrH r_ sm; a=umifh cseaf u±Sw d w f yfrrsm;udk av;ESpt f wGi;f tEdik w f u kd Ef ikd cf o hJ nf? 1949 ckEpS af tmufwb kd mvwGif CCP .OuUXtjzpfarmfpw D ;kH u w±kwEf ikd if u H w kd ±kwjf ynfo@l orRwEdik if [ H ak c:qdck o hJ nf? cseaf u±Sw d . f wyfrsm;onf xdik 0f rf u|e;f od@k xu G af jy;v$waf jrmufco hJ nf? uGejf rLepfw@kd onf wjznf;jznf;wdik ;f jynfux kd ed ;f csKyfvmEdik +f yD; 1949 ckEpS f atmufwb kd mv 1 &ufae@wiG f armfu w±kwjf ynfo@l orRwEdik if u H x kd l axmifvu kd +f yD;jzpfa=umif;a=ujimcJo h nf? 1958 ckEpS w f iG af rmfu“a±S@o@kd t[kejf yif;pGmckeyf saH usmv f m$ ;jcif; (Great Leap k =ujimcJ+h yD; pdu k yf sKd ;a&;ESiphf ufry_ pPn;f xkwv f yk af &;rsm;wd;k Forward)” uda wufrsm;jym;vmap&efa=umfjimcJo h nf? Tjyefvnf xlaxmifa&;vkyif ef; wGif pdu k yf sKd ;a&;vkyif ef;}u;D rsm;udk bHt k zG@J pepftjzpfxal xmif+y;D vl 75˜000 ausmyf g0ifco hJ nf? bHt k zG@J pepfwpfcpk w D iG f ,if;wd@k . ud, k yf ikd +f cHajrESi0hf uf±kH rsm;±S=d uonf? rdom;pkwpfcpk w D iG f twd;k rsm;udck aJG 0&,l+yD; olw@kd .ud, k yf ikd f v,f , majrrsm;ud k , f p D ± S d = uonf ? od k @ aomf oH k ; ES p f q uf w d k u f a & }uD;jcif;ESiahf umufyo J ;D ESrH aumif;jcif;a=umifh ,if;wd@k .xkwu f ek u f x kd cd u kd f ysupf ;D apcJo h nf? xd@k twl qdAk , D uf,el , D rH S ,if;.u|r;f usio f rl sm;udjk yef -97-

20 &mpk . emrnf a usmf y k * ~ d K vf } uD ; rsm;

vnfac:,ljcif;a=umifh xkv d yk if ef;wd@k ux kd cd u kd yf supf ;D apcJo h nf? ,if;wd@k &±Sd onf&h v'frmS vnf; raumif;yJ cef@reS ;f ajct& Great Leap Forward umv twGi;f vl 31 rS 33 oef;ausmt f oufq;kH ±H;_ cJ&h onf? Great Leap Forward .ratmifjrifra _ =umifh armfu w±kwjf ynfo@l orRw

Edik if . H OuUX&mxl;rSEw _ x f u G v f u kd o f nf? ol.ae&mudk vsLa±Smif±DS (Lui H ±So d nf? od@k aomf armftaeESihf ay:vpDrsm;qH;k jzwf&eft Shaoqi) uqufc& wGut f a&;}uD;aomyk*Kd~ vftjzpfuse±f adS eao;onf? armfonf 1966 ckEpS Yf Edik if aH &;avmuwGif wpfzefjyef0ifa&mufvm+yD;vif bdik af ,mif (Lin Biao) ESit hf wlvufwI JG ,Ofaus;r_awmfveS af &;udk pwifchJ onf? 1966 ckEpS pf ufwifbmv 3 &ufae@wiG f vifbikd af ,mifurde@f ceG ;f ajym=um;&mwGif ausmif;om;rsm;ESiw hf uUov kd af usmif;om;rsm;tm; (NikH aom ygwt D m%mydik rf sm;udak 0 -ita Khrushchev) .t,ltqv$r;f rd;k r_c& zefrj_ yK&efwu kd w f eG ;f cJo h nf? armf.a[majymr_rsm;txufwef;ausmif;om;rsm;u wHk@jyefr_ay;aom tm;jzifh yDuif;±Sad usmif;om;rsm;u teDa&miftapmihw f yfom; (Red Guak @JG pnf;cJo h nf? armfu Tv_y±f mS ;r_rsm;udk axmufcaH =umif;t -rds) rsm;udz rSwt f om;jyKvu kd o f nfEiS w hf +yKd ief uf wkid ;f jynfw0Sr;f vH;k ±Sd ausmif;om;rsm; u teDa&miftapmifw h yfrsm;udk wdik ;f jynfwpfjynfv;kH wGif pIxlaxmifchJ onf? Tausmif;om;rsm;u ,if;wd@k .q&m/ q&mrrsm;/ ausmif;tkycf sKyf a&;rsm;ESit hf pd;k &t&m±Sw d @kd ukd pwifa0zefajymqd=k uonf? armfu, kd w f ikd u f 1966 ckEpS =f o*kwv f 18 &ufae@w, D eferifpuGw J iG w f &m;a[maepOf teD a&miftapmifw h yfom;rsm; aomif;aygi;f rsm;pGm wufa&mufvm=uonf? ausmif;rsm;ydw+f yD;aemuf wEdik if H vH;k ±Sad usmif;om;rsm;u armfub kd &k m;w qltjzpf =unfnKd av;pm;=uonf? ausmif;ESiw hf uUov kd af usmif;rsm; -98-

20 &mpk . emrnf a usmf y k * ~ d v f } uD ; rsm;

1966 ckEpS rf pS ydwI f 1969 ckEpS t f xdyw d cf o hJ nf? armfuausmif;om;rsm;udk “Smash the four olds” [kac:qdo k nf? “ta[mif;av;ckuykd ,fzsujf cif;” qdo k nft h ,ltqa[mif;/ ,Ofaus;r_a[mif;/ "avhx;kH wrf;a[mif;ESit hf avhtusiahf [mif;” wd@k uzkd suq f ;D ypf&efjzpfonf? teDa&miftapmifw h yf om;rsm;apwDyx k ;kd rsm;/ tEkynmtvkyrf sm;/ pmayrsm;ESiEhf ikd if jH cm;±d;k &mESi"fh avhx;kH wrf;rsm;udk zsuq f ;D ypfonf? xd@k twl tEkynm±Sirf sm;/ pma&;q&m rsm;ESiEhf ikd if jH cm;ESit hf quftoG,±f o dS rl sm;udv k nf; jiif;yef;ESyd pf ufco hJ nf? w&m;cHrsm;udk jynforl sm;u 0kid ;f Ia0zefjcif;/ t±Sucf jJG cif;ESirhf awmfrw&m; ESyd pf ufjcif;rsm;udjk yKvyk o f nf? ynmwwfrsm;jzpfaom pma&;q&mavmif±DS (Lao She) ESio hf rdik ;f ynm±Si0f [ l ef(Wu Han) wk@d onf towfc&H jcif; od@k r [kww f ±kwef w D yfw@kd .vufcsujf zifah oa=uqH;k ±H;_ cJ&h onf? trsm;uaxmif xJtusO;f csc&H jcif; od@k r[kwf tvkyjf yif;xefpmG vky&f jcif;rsm;yg0ifonf? omreftpdk;&t&m±Sdwdk@udk tajccHusaomtzGJ@wdk@. wdkufcdkufr_udkcHcJh& onf? armfpw D ;kH ud, k w f ikd af ±G;cs,af om vsLa±Smif±u DS , kd w f ikd f omrefacgi;f aqmifwpfO;D jzpf+y;D t&m&mudv k ufawG@enf;tm;jzifh udik w f , G af jz±Si;f aom oljzpfaoma=umifh ol@uv kd rl sm;u “w±kwEf ikd if &H ehJ yH gww f pft&if;±Sipf epfukd vrf;cif; ay;cJw h v hJ jl zpf+y;D armfpw D ;kH udk azmufjyefwv hJ v l @kd pGypf jJG cif;cH&w,f?” olu 1969 ckEpS w f iG f axmifxw J iG af oqH;k oGm;cJo h nf? vsLESiEhf ikd if t H quf toG,±f adS om wde@f a±Smifzed f (Deng Xiaoping) wd@k ukd tpd;k &&mxl;rS jzKwcf s vdu k +f yD; axmifxt J usO;f csIjzpfap/ jynfEiS 'f g%af y;Ijzpfap jyKvkycf o hJ nfh ppfa&;acgi;f aqmif vifbikd af ,mifonf armfvrl a_ &;awmfveS af &;ay:vpD udk axmufc+H yD;aemuf 1969 ckEpS w f iG f armf.&mxl;udq k ufc&H ±So d nf? 1967 ckEpS w f iG f trdsK;om;vGwaf jrmufa&;wyfrawmfukd jyefvnfac:,lchJ onf? xdt k csed w f iG f w±kwef v D y_ ±f mS ;r_rsm;ESihf r=umc%wdu k yf rJG sm;qufEJG -99-

20 &mpk . emrnf a usmf y k * ~ d K vf } uD ; rsm;

cJ&h onf? 1967 ckEpS rf S 1969 ckEpS t f wGi;f vlaxmifaygi;f rsm;pGmaocJ&h onf? jzpfay:aeaom qlyal omif;use;f r_w@kd ukd &yfp&J eftwGuf tpd;k &tzG@J tpnf; rsm;udk PLA .vufatmufwiG x f m;+yD; ,Ofaus;r_awmfveS af &;udpk wifchJ onf? 1969 ckEpS rf pS I +rKd @aetpd;k &t&m±Srd sm;eSiyhf nmwwfrsm;udk awm±Gm rsm;od@k apv$wI f armf.vkyif ef;rsm;udk avhvmapcJo h nf? +rdK@ay:±St d ouf 16–19 t±G,±f v dS il ,fuav;rsm;udv k nf; rdom;pkEiS chf x JG w k I f awm±Gm rsm;odk@apv$wfum qif;&Jom;v,form;rsm;xHwGif A[kokw±SmrSD;ap onf? rdom;pkrsm;udck x JG w k +f yD; wpfa,mufEiS w hf pfa,muf rdik af xmifaygi;f rsm;pGmaomae&mwGifxm;+yD; cufcJqif;&J=uyfwnf;pGmaexdkifaponf? tdro f @kd jyefvmcGirhf &onft h wGuf wcsKd @vil ,fv±l , G rf sm;rSm aus;vufa' orsm;wGiEf pS af ygi;f rsm;pGmaexdik cf &hJ ±Smonf? 1970 ckEpS rf sm;twGi;f armfu ol.&nf±, G cf sujf zpfaom +rdK@EiS ahf us;vuf awm±Gmrsm;t=um; pD;yGg;a&;vpf[mr_w@kd ukd av#mch s&ef}udK;pm;cJo h nf? +rdK@ aevlux kH w H @kd .om;orD;rsm;rSm a'owGi;f ±Sq d if;&Jom;v,form;rsm;t aumiftxnfaz:+yD;aom vkyfief;rsm;ta=umif;om oif=um;&onf? ausmif;om;rsm;onf tajccHaq;ynmrsm;oif=um;cGi&fh ±S+d yD; awm±Gmrsm; od@k aus;vufq&m0efrsm;taeESio hf mG ;a&muf+yD; qif;&Jom;v,form; rsm;twGuf tajccHuse;f rma&;apmifah ±Smufrw _ @kd uakd y;&onf? +rKd @aevlaer_ tqift h wef;rsm;udk awmfveS af &;bJav;jyZmwfrsm;/ atmfy&mESit hf jcm; aompmayrsm;udk xkwv f yk cf +hJ yD; rsm;aomtm;jzifu h s, D ef±iS f (Jiang Qing) (armfpDwHk;.ZeD;av;a,mufwpfa,muf) vufatmufwGifxkwfa0cJh onf? xdt k Ekynmrsm;rSm qif;&Jom;v,form;rsm;. v_y±f mS ;r_rsm;ESihf armfpw D ;kH .ta=umif;*k%jf yKa&;om;xm;jcif;jzpfonf? 1970 ckEpS f ESpv f ,fyikd ;f twGi;f tpGe;f a&muf,Ofaus;r_awmfveS af &;rsm; aysmufu, G o f mG ;aomfvnf; wpfcsKd @wpfavu use±f adS eao;onf? armft -100-

20 &mpk . emrnf a usmf y k * ~ d v f } uD ; rsm;

aeESihf vlav;a,muftzG@J ukd axmufct H m;ay;cJo h nf? xdak v;a,mufrmS us, D ef±iS f (armf.ZeD;)/ 0rf[ek 0f if (Wang Hongwen)/ a,mif0if,eG f (Vao hf efc|e±f aDS ,mif(Zhane Chungqiao) wd@k jzpfonf? Tvlav; Wenyuan) ESiZ a,muftzG@J rmS tm%m}uD;rm;vmcJo h nf? armfpw D ;kH aoqH;k +yD; 1976 ckEpS f wGif us, D ef±iS Ef iS t hf jcm;*d% k ;f orm;av;a,mufukd jypfrr_ sm;pGmjzifh w&m;pGJ qdkcJhonf? usD,ef±Sifudk,fwdkifaordef@cscHcJh&+yD;aemuf woufwu|ef; axmifcsc&H onf? ,if;vlav;a,muf*% kd ;f udk zrf;qD;+yD;aemuf ,Ofaus;r_ awmfveS af &;+y;D qH;k oGm;ovd±k cdS o hJ nf? wde@f a±Smifzed @f vufxufwiG rf l xd, k Of aus;r_awmfveS af &;udk jypfwif±@H_ csco hJ nf? armfpw D ;kH onf yDuif;Y 1976 ckEpS pf ufwifbmv 9 &ufae@wiG f aoqH;k oGm; cJhonf? armfpw D ;kH vufxuf 1949 rS 1975 txdcef@reS ;f ajct& ,if;.Edik if aH &;v_yf ±Sm;r_a=umifh vl@toufaygi;f 54˜750˜000 rS 56˜900˜000 txd qH;k ±H;_ cJ&h onf[kqdk.?

-101-

20 &mpk . emrnf a usmf y k * ~ d K vf } uD ; rsm;

]]vlom;tusdK;aqmif&Gufa&;t,l0g'[m owÅdr&SdaMumif;ESifh iwHk;jzpfaMumif;udkazmfjyw,f/}} "Humanitarianism is the expression of stupidity and cowardice."

]]vdrfvnfrIudkBuD;BuD;us,fus,fvkyfyg/ &dk;&dk;av;eJUbJvdrfvnfajymqdkyg? tjrJajymaeyg/ tvdkvdkeJU olwdkU,HkMunfMuygvdrfhr,f/}} "Make the lie big, make it simple, keep saying it, and eventually they will believe it."

]]atmifjrifjcif;twGufyxrqHk;vdktyfcsuf[m tMurf;zufrIudk yHkrSefeJUtqufrjywf toHk;jyKjcif;jzpfw,f/}} "The very first essential for success is a perpetually constant and regular employment of violence."

t'dk;zf[pfwvm (1889–1945)

1

930 ckEpS yf ikd ;f wGif pD;yGm;a&;/ Edik if aH &;ESiv hf rl a_ &; tajctaersm; ¶kww f &ufajymif;vJonft h csed f wGif =oZmv$r;f rd;k +yD; rde‹f ceG ;f tajymaumif;aom=o p}wD;,m;Edik if zH mG ; t'd;k zf[pfwvm(Adolf Hitler) rS 1920 ckEpS t f wGi;f *smreDY tm%m&¶Sv d monf? 1923 ckEpS w f iG f tm%mrodr;f ,lEikd cf ahJ omfvnf; wjznf;jznf;aemufq;kH Y'D rdu k a&pDtyk cf sKyfa&;yHpk jH zifh tm%m&¶Scd o hJ nf? tm%m&onfEiS rhf rd t d m; wdu k cf jH yKolrsm;ESihf *sL;vlrsKd ;rsm;tm; okwo f if&iS ;f vif;ypfjcif;jzifh urBmw 0Sr;f vH;k udpk wifvr$ ;f rd;k csKyfuikd v f monf? t'd;k zf[pfwvmonf *smrefe,fpyfEiS ehf ;D aom =op}w;D ,m; Edik if &H dS +rKd @av; wpf+rKd @Y 1889 ckEpS {f +yv D 20 &ufae@wiG af rG;zGm;cJyh gonf? [pfwvm.rdb ESpyf g;rSm qif;&Jaomukeo f nfp;D yGm;a&;orm; rdom;pkrsm;rS qif;oufvm -102-

20 &mpk . emrnf a usmf y k * ~ d v f } uD ; rsm;

onf? ol.zciftmvG;D Zf[pfwvm (Alois Hitler)onf tartdraf zmfrESihf w&m;0ifzcifr±Sad om om;jzpfcahJ omfvnf; olonftvGeaf wmfIar#mv f ifh csu}f u;D rm;olwpfa,mufjzpfaoma=umifh aemufyikd ;f wGif taumufceG Xf m erS t&m&S}d uD;wpfO;D jzpfvmonf? [pfwvmonf tajccHrv l wef;ausmif;wGif ynmxl;c|e+f yD; tem*wfwiG f ynma&;zufwiG f xGe;f aygurf nfo h w l pfO;D jzpfrnft h vm;tvm±So d nf? t wef;xJwiG f tjcm;ausmif;om;rsm;uJo h @kd yif ausm=f um;olwpfO;D jzpf+y;D ol. acgi;f aqmifrt _ &nftcsi;f rsm;onf tvGecf s;D usL;zG,af umif;ygonf? ol onf bmoma&;qefow l pfO;D vnf;jzpfygonf? [pfwvmonf bmem wdwif; (Beneditine) bkef;}uD;ausmif;ESifhrsufESm csif;qdkifwGif 6 vr# aexdkifcJhygonf? bkef;}uD;ausmif;.xl;jcm;xif&Sm;aom yHko¾mefrSm emZDp=um wHqdyf jzpfygonf? i,f&G,folwpfOD;taejzifh t'dk;zfonf bke;f awmf}uD;wpfa,mufjzpf&efpw d u f ;l cJyh gonf? txufwef;ausmif;}uD;wGif +ydKifqikd rf r_ sm;ydrk sm;vmonft h wGuf xdyw f ef; tqifw h iG rf &&So d nft h cg ol.a&S@quf}udK;pm;aponfh pdwef nf;yg;oGm;ap onf? [email protected] ol@tm;ausmif;+yD;onft h cg =op}wD;,m;tpd;k &XgewGif yg0iftr_xrf;rnfjzpfjy;D zcifajc.&meif;rnfo h jl zpfvrd rhf nf[k ar#mv f ifch suf rsm;xm;&Scd yhJ gonf? od@k aomf [pfwvmonf acgi;f rmcJo h jl zpf+y;D pm}uKd ;pm; &efv‹H_ aqmfcahJ om ol.rdbrsm;/ ausmif;q&mrsm;. oGeo f ifq;kH rr_rsm;rSm ratmifjrifcahJ y? wqufwnf;wGiv f nf; [pfwvmonf ol.tazmf ausmif;om;rsm;=um;wGif xifay:ausmf=um;r_rsm;rSmvnf;enf;ygvmcJh onf? xd@k a=umifo h @l taz:rsm;uol‹ukd ,if;wd‹k . acgi;f aqmifwpfO;D jzpf&ef -103-

20 &mpk . emrnf a usmf y k * ~ d K vf } uD ; rsm;

vdv k m;r_r¶Sad wmhay? [pfwvmonf ol‹xuftoufi,faomausmif; om;rsm;tm; trde@f ay;&onfukd tvGeEf pS o f ufcyhJ gonf? xd@k a=umifyh if ol@trde‹f tm;rvGeq f efEikd o f nfh ol@xuftoufi,f&, G o f nfu h av;rsm; jzifh tcsed rf sm;pGmudu k ek v f eG af p cJyh gonf? 1900 ckEpS w f iG f [pfwvmutEk ynmonfwpfO;D jzpf&ef pdw0f ifpm;vmcJo h nf? [pfwvmonf [email protected], G v f eG o f mG ;onft h csed w f iG t f ouf 13 ESpo f m &Sad o;onf? zcifu, G v f eG o f mG ;cJah omfvnf; olw@kd ro d m;pktwGuf aiGa&; a=u;a&;jy\emr&Scd ahJ y? tb,fa=umifq h akd omf olw@kd yikd q f ikd o f nfu h , kd yf ikd f tdr&f +dS yD;/ aiGtvH;k t&if;tcsKd @EiS t hf pd;k &0efxrf;rS&&So d nfh t+idr;f pm;vpmaiG rsm; vufc&H &Sad oma=umifjh zpfygonf? twef;xJ wGipf mnHo h nft h a=umif; a=umifEh iS hf use;f rma&;raumif;onft h a=umif;wd@k a=umifh [pfwvmonf touf 16 ESpt f &G,w f iG f ausmif;rSEw _ x f u G cf yhJ gonf? [pfwvmtouf 18 ESpt f &G,w f iG f zcifrx S m;cJah y;aomtarGukd vufcH &&Syd gonf? &±Sad omtarGjzifh tEkynmonfwpfO;D jzpfvm&ef rdr&d nfreS ;f xm;ouJo h @kd AD,m;emod@k ajymif;a&$@omG ;onf? rdr. d tEkynmvuf,mpGr;f &nfrmS vHak vmufaejyD [laomtawG;tjrif&cdS ahJ omfvnf; AD,m;emtEky nmoifausmif;rS ol.0ifciG ahf v#mufxm;pmudv k ufrcHonft h cgo@l .ar#mf rSe;f csurf sm; tpdwpf w d t f r$mr$mysupf ;D cJ&h ygonf? wqufwnf;wGif AD,m; em;Adou k mynmoifausmif;wGif ynmqnf;yl;&efxyfraH v#mufxm;aomf vnf; ol@xw H iG af usmif;xGuv f ufrw S rf ¶Sad oma=umifh xdak usmif;uol@ukd vufrcHcahJ y? Tausmif;ESpaf usmif;rS rdr. d av#mufxm;pmudyk ,fcsra_ =umifh [pfwvm -104-

20 &mpk . emrnf a usmf y k * ~ d v f } uD ; rsm;

udt k &Suw f uGjJ zpfapcJyh gonf? wqufwnf;wGiv f nf; rdr. d rdciftm; T tjzpfrsm;udk rnfodk@r#jyefrajymjy&ufay? Todk@jzifholonftEkynm ausmif; wufa&mufynmoif,al eonfh yHpk aH ,mifaqmif+y;D AD,m;emwGif qufvufaexdkifcJhonf? 1909 ckEpS w f iG f [pfwvmppfrx _ rf;&ef tcsed af &muf&v dS monf? od@k aomf=o p}wD;,m;udk txiftjrifao;ojzifh ppfrr_ xrf;vdak oma=umifh ta=umif; =um;pmrsm;udOk ayuQmjyKcJo h nf? wm0ef&o dS rl sm;rS olEiS t hf quftoG,&f &eftcsed f 4 ESprf #=umjrifph mG }udK;pm;cJyh gonf? 1914 ckEpS =f opx¶d[ k efa*&D ,mppfwyfwiG f aq;ppfaq;r_c, H &l m ratmifjrifcahJ y? tb,fa=umifq h kd aomf use;f rma&;raumif;I olonf vufeufrsm;tm;udik w f , G Ef ikd rf nfr k cf u kd rf /_ ppfwm0efxrf;aqmifrw _ iG f pGr;f tifjynfph EkH ikd rf nfr [kwaf =umif;/ wdu [kwaf oma=umifyh ,fcsjcif;cHc&hJ ygonf? yxrurBmppf}uD;jzpfymG ;r_onf [pfwvmtwGuf yxrqH;k t}udrw f u kd f cdu k rf w _ iG yf g0if&ef tcGit hf a&;&±Scd o hJ nf? ol‹taeESi*hf smreDonf Oa&myEdik if H rsm;xJwiG f tjrifjh rwfq;kH / tiftm;t}u;D rm;qH;k Edik if jH zpfa=umif; oufaojy l yif? xd‹k a=umifh bmAm&D &mwGif yg0ifEikd af prnft h cGit hf a&;wckjzpfonf[I ,ef (Bavarian) ppfwyfwiG f yg0ifppfrx _ rf;aqmif&ef av#mufvm$ wifcyhJ g onf? 2 v =umoifwef;+yD;onfah emuf Ypres teD;wGif [pfwvmESio hf l wd@k .wyf&if;onf yxrOD;qH;k aom&ifqikd w f u dk yf u JG kd +Aw d o d #EiS b hf ,fv*f sD ,ef wyfw@kd jzifq h ifEcJG &hJ onf? ppfyaJG wmfawmfrsm;rsm;wGif cufcufccJ t J ouf tE &W m,frS vGwaf jrmufvmEdik cf o hJ jzifh ,if;.&JprG ;f owWu d *kd % k ðf yaom Iron Cross qkEp S cf u k q kd w G cf ;l cJ+h y;D wyf=uyf}u;D tjzpfo@kd &mxl;wd;k jri‡ jhf cif;cHc&hJ -105-

20 &mpk . emrnf a usmf y k * ~ d K vf } uD ; rsm;

onf? ol.wyf&if;rSL;rS [pfwvm.pGr;f &nfukd Tod@k rw S cf sucf sa&;om;yg onf/ “a&Sw › ef;xGupf pfwu kd &f mrSm ol[maoG;at;at;eJ@tEdik &f zd@k &J&&J ifh &ifh ppfwu kd cf o hJ jl zpfygw,f? tE &W m,frsm;wJt h ajctae=um;rSm qufo, G f a&;r&awmhwyhJ w d rf ad ewJt h csed rf mS awmif [pfwvm[m rarmwrf;eJ@r a=umufwrf;bJ ta&;}uD;wJo h wif;yd@k aqmifrj_ yKEdik cf w hJ ,f?” u|r;f usirf w _ yfz@JG Free Corps onf *smreDEikd if t H wGi;f uGejf rLepf}uD;xGm; vmr_ukd umuG,w f u kd cf u kd af om vufeufuikd w f yfz@JG wpfz@JG jzpfco hJ nf? ‚if; tzG@J 0ifrsm;onf uGejf rLepfrsm; *smreDu0kd ifa&mufxed ;f csKyf&ef óud;pm;ae onft h csed Ef iS hf wajy;wnf;wnfaxmifxm;jcif;jzpfonf? emZDygwt D m; 0efaqmifra_ y;onfph pfwyftaejzifh emZD.A[dck surf jzpfaom "Brown hJ gonf? Shirts" (S.A)ppfwyfukd wnfaxmifcy ppf+yD;qH;k +yD;r=umrDyif [pfwvmonf ppfaxmufvrS ;f a&;wGiaf e&m&&S+d yD; *smreftvkyo f rm;rsm;ygww D iG f OD;pD;OD;aqmifrj_ yK&ef wm0efay;tyfjcif;cH& D pfck onf? Tygwt D m; rdr. d Edik if aH &;wd;k wuf&mod@k yd@k aqmifay;onfyh gww jzpfonf[jk rifonf? *sL;vlrsKd ;rsm;tay: rdr. d rke;f wD;r_rsm;onf TtzG@J t pnf;.Edik if aH &; tkwjf rpfwpfcjk zpfvmonf? od@k EiS hf ygw. D tpnf;ta0;rsm; ta=umif;udk Anti-Semitic owif;pmrsm;wGif awG‹vm&onf? 1919 ckEpS f atmufwb kd mv 16 &ufae@wiG f [pfwvmonf vltrsm;.pdwu f kd !d@k ap onfrh ed @f ceG ;f ajym=um;jcif;tvkyw f pfcjk zpfay:vmonf? [pfwvmonf trsm;.a'gorsm;jzpfay:ap&efEiS rhf rd t d ay:ar#mv f ifch suf rsm;xm;&S&d ef tpnf;ta0;rsm;od@k t+raJ emufusa&mufavh&o dS nf? pifay: -106-

20 &mpk . emrnf a usmf y k * ~ d v f } uD ; rsm;

odk@a&mufonfhtcg y&dowfrsm;.qlylr_rsm; wdwfqdwfoGm;onftxd apmifq h ikd ;f +yD;rS rde@f ceG ;f pwifavh&o dS nf? rde@f ceG ;f pajymonfh tapmydik ;f tcsed f wGi[ f pfwvmonf wke&f if+yD;xpftaernf? aemufyikd ;f rSwjznf;jznf;t csed , f +l yD; vuf[efajc[efrsm;jzifrh ed @f ceG ;f udk at;aq;pGmajymavonf? xd@k aemuf jyif;xefaompdwcf pH m;r_jzifh wjznf;jznf;toHus,v f monf? rde@f cGe;f ajymonft h csed w f iG f ac|;rsm;xGuv f monftxd/ rsuEf mS jzLvmonfxd ESihf rsuv f ;kH rsm;plxu G v f monfw h ikd af tmif jyif;jyaompdwcf pH m;r_rsm;jzift h oHrsm;uGt J ufvmonftxd rde@f ceG ;f ajymavonf? *smreDtay:rw&m;o jzifjh yKcJo h nfrsm;udk [dw}f uD;[ef=uD;/ a'gEiS ahf rmESirhf rd . d y&dowfrsm;tm; rke;f wD;r_rsm;jzpfay:ap&ef rde@f ceG ;f ajymavonf? rdr. d rde@f ceG ;f +y;D qH;k oGm;onfh tcg y&dowfrsm;onf pdwaf jcmufcsm;r_rsm;jzifu h se&f pfc+hJ yD; [pfwvmay; rnft h }uHtOm%freS o f r#ukd vufc, H &l eftqifoifjh zpfjyD;jzpfonf? [pfwvmonf rde@f ceG ;f ajym+y;D v#i+f y;D csi;f pifay:rStjrefqif;+y;D y&dowfjrif uGi;f rSaysmufu, G o f mG ;onf? rdro d nf v#Kd ‹0u S q f ef;=u,fow l pfO;D tjzpf d , kd rf rd zd efw;D &ef &nf&, G o f nft h wGuaf =umifh "gwyf &kH u kd o f nfrsm;udjk iif; rdru qefonf? Tenf;jzifh rdrt d m; “u,fwif&iS w f pfO;D ” tjzpfvt l rsm;rSyrkd kd pdwf 0ifpm;vmap&efEiS hf olajymrnft h &mrsm;udk vlrsm;vma&mufem;qif &efjyKvkyjf cif;jzpfonf? ygw0D ifw@kd .tultnDjzifh tcsuf 25 csuyf gaomygwv D rf;pOfukd rl=urf;a&; qGcJ o hJ nf? ‚if;udk 1920 azazmf0g&v D 24 &ufae@wiG f pdwt f m;xufoef onfh vlxEk pS af xmifausmw f ufa&mufaom jynfo@l tpnf;ta0;Y wifjy cJyh gonf? Ttcsuf 25 csux f w J iG f Versailles pmcsKyfuzkd suo f rd ;f jcif;/ -107-

20 &mpk . emrnf a usmf y k * ~ d K vf } uD ; rsm;

ppfyrJG t S usKd ;&v'frsm;udk tm%mjzifo h rd ;f ,ljcif;/ ajr,mrsm;udjk ynfe,ft wGut f oH;k jyK&efjzpfonft h wGuf avsmaf =u;ray;bJord ;f ,ljcif;/ *sL;vlrsKd ; wd@k . vlrt _ cGit hf a&;rsm;udk zsuo f rd ;f jcif;ESiphf pfy+JG y;D aemuf *smreDo@kd ajymif; a¶$Œvmaom*sL;vlrsKd ;rsm;tm;ESix f w k jf cif; ponfrsm;yg0ifygonf? [pfwvmonf olw@kd .ygwt D m; *smreftrsKd ;om;qd&k , S v f pftvkyo f rm; rsm;ygwjD zifh trnfajymif;vJvu kd +f y;D teDa&miftvHEiS phf =umwHqyd rf mS ygwD .oauFwjzpfvmcJo h nf? Edik if aH &;qdik &f mrde@f ceG ;f a[m=um;r_wiG f ESpt f awmfrsm;rsm;wGif OayuQmjyKcH cJ&h aom[pfwvmonf ,cktcgwiG rf ed @f ceG ;f ajym=um;&mwGif y&dowfrsm; f nft h ajctaeod@k a&muf¶dS tm; qGaJ qmifrt _ jynft h 0jzifh em;axmif,El ikd o vmcJo h nf? Edik if aH &;tjctaerSmvnf; ajymif;vJomG ;onf? *smreDonfppf &_;H cJo h nhf Edik if w H Edik if v H nf;jzpfco hJ nf/ xd@k a=umif Versailles pmcsKyw f iG f *smreD tpd;k &rS T+idr;f csr;f a&;pmcsKyfukd twif;t"rRvufrw S af &;xd;k jcif;cHc&hJ +yD; rdr. d e,fajr 13 &mcdik Ef e_ ;f yg tqH;k ¶SKH ;cHay;cJ&h ygonf? qdv k o kd nfrmS rdr. d jynf ol 6 oef;ESiEhf ikd if x H u G u f ek =f urf;ypPn;f (oHowWK&dik ;f 65 &mcdik Ef e_ ;f / ausmuf rD;aoG; 45 &mcdik Ef e_ ;f / oGyf 72 &mcdik Ef e_ ;f ) ESihf puf¶kH 10 &mcdik Ef e_ ;f qH;k &SKH ;cJyh g onf? xd@k tjyif rdr. d vufatmufcu H v kd ekd ED ikd if rH sm;udv k nf; vufvw G q f ;kH &SKH ;oGm;cJ&h onf? T Versailles pmcsKyft& ppftwGi;f ysupf ;D qH;k ¶SKH ;r_rsm;t wGuf *smreDrS xyfraH y;aqmif&ao;onf? Tavsmaf =u;onf *smreDtrsKd ; om;OpPm"ewefz;kd aygi;f 38 &mcdik Ef e_ ;f cef@&o dS nf? Ttjzpftysurf sm;a=umifh [pfwvmonf wpfO;D wnf;txD;ruseaf wmh ay? *smrefppfom;rsm;vnf; ol.rde@f ceG ;f ajymonft h csed rf sm;wGiw f uf -108-

20 &mpk . emrnf a usmf y k * ~ d v f } uD ; rsm;

a&mufem;axmif+yD; ‚if;wd@k q;kH ¶SKH ;cJ&h aomt&mrsm; xyfwjl zpfaeonfukd vufccH =hJ uonf? ol@ay;aomowif;tcsut f vufrsm;a=umifh ppfom; rsm;onfvnf; rdrw d Œkd tjypfr[kwaf =umif; vufcv H m=uonf? [pfwvm rS rdrw d @kd *smreDvrl sKd ;pkonf ppfyw JG iG pf pf¶KHS ;cJo h nfr[kwaf =umif;/ ppfyjJG zpfay: &efawmfveS af &;ta=umif;ukd a[majymaeaom *sL;vlrsKd ;rsm;ESihf Marxists vlrsKd ;wd@k . opPmazmufra_ =umifo h mjzpfa=umif; Tod@k ajym=um;cJyh gonf? 1923 ckEpS Ef 0kd ifbmv 8 &ufae@wiG [ f pfwvmonf jrLepfb, D mcef;r aqmifY jyefvnfppk nf;r_wpfcjk yKvky+f yD; awmfveS af &;udk xkwjf yefa=ujimcJh onf? aemufwae@wiG f Bavarian tpd;k &tm;tm%modr;f ,l&ef "Brownf xmifr#jzifh OD;aqmifvmcJah omfvnf; [pfw Shirts" ppfwyftiftm;ESpa vmtzrf;cH&+yD; Landsberg wGiaf xmifusco hJ nf? [pfwvmonf 5 ESpf axmif'%ftjypfp&D ifcsucf sccH &hJ aomfvnf; 9 vomaxmifusco hJ nf? axmifxYJ &Sad epOftwGi;f Mein Kampf pmtkyyf xrwGu J kd a&;om;cJ+h y;D 'kwd ,twGu J rkd l 1927 wGiyf EkH ydS jf zef@a0cJyh gonf? ol.pmtkyrf sm;udk 'kw, d urBm ppfpwifonft h csed t f xd tkyaf &aygi;f 5 oef;cef@a&mif;xkwEf ikd fco hJ nf? pmtkyx f w J iG f [pfwvmonf rdr. d Edik if aH &;tawG;tac: rsm; udk xnfo h iG ;f a&;om;xm;onf? *smrefvrl sKd ;rsm;udk (*smrefvrl sKd ;rsm;udk Aryan vlrsKd ;pkrsm;[kk rSm;,Gi;f pGmazmfjyxm;onf) tjcm;aomvlrsKd ;pkrsm; xufyrkd jkd rifh jrwfaumif;rGeo f nf[k ‚if;rSTod@k azmfjyoGm;ygonf? “u|ef awmfw@kd rsupf Ed iS , hf ae@rjrif&ao;aom xif&mS ;aomvl@,Ofaus;r_tm;vH;k / tEkynmrS xkwv f yk af omt&mrSeo f r#/ odyyH` nmESiphf ufrv _ ufry_ nmESihf qdik af om u|r;f usirf r_ eS o f r#onf Aryan vlrsKd ;wd@k . zefw;D wDxiG jf cif;rSw qifq h ufpyfjyD; jzpfay:vmcJjh cif;jzpfonf[ak jymqdck o hJ nf?” Mein Kampf

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20 &mpk . emrnf a usmf y k * ~ d K vf } uD ; rsm;

axmifrSv$wfvmonfESifhw+ydKifeuf [pfwvmonf tm%mudkt"
csKyfaESmifxm;&ma'orsm; 1939–1953 ckEpS 'f w k , d urBmppfrwdik rf EDS iS 'hf w k , d urBm ppftwGi;f emZD*smreDrsm;u *sL;vlrsKd ;rsm;udT k ppfo@kH yef;pcef;rsm;wGif zrf;qD;n‡i;f yef; ESyd pf ufco hJ nf?

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aqmufvu kd +f y;D rdr. d pnf;rsO;f Oya'opfrsm;tm; vdu k ef musio hf ;kH apcJo h nf? [pfwvm.tpGe;f a&muf Edik if jH cm;rlay:vpDrsm;a=umifh 1939 ckEpS w f iG f 'kwd ,urBmppf}uD;udk jzpfay:apawmhonf? vGecf o hJ nfph pfyrJG sm;wGif [pfwvm onf atmifjrifrr_ sm;&&Scd ahJ omfvnf; 1942 ckEpS w f iG f ppfyt JG ajctaeajymif; vJvmr_a=umifEh iS hf 1945 ckEpS w f iG f r[mrdwpf pfwyfrsm; bmvifuw kd u kd cf u kd f hJ nf? ppfyaJG wmfawmfrsm;rsm;wGif [pf &ef *smreDo@kd x;kd azgu0f ifa&mufEikd cf o wvm.toufu&kd ,l&eft}urd }f urd }f uKd ;yrf;cJ=h uaomfvnf; ratmifjrifchJ ay? ppf¶KHS ;awmhrnft h vm;tvmay:vmonft h wGuaf =umifEh iS hf rdr. d 'kAv kd f rSL;}u;D rS rdr. d trde@f uv kd nf; vGeq f efvmonft h cg 1945 ckEpS {f +yv D 30&uf ae@wiG f [pfwvmonfrrd u d , kd u f kd tqH;k pD&ifvu kd o f nf? [pfwvmESit hf wl ,if;.tcsed af wmfawmf=umwdww f w d yf ek ;f r,m;jzpfaeonfh tDAmb a&mif(ef) Eva Braun rSmvnf; olEiS w hf ygwnf;aoqH;k cJyh gonf?

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]]vlawG[mppfyGJawGudkpvkyfwmr[kwfbl;? tpdk;&awGuomjzpfw,f/}} “People do not make wars; governments do.”

]]olwdkUudktvif;a&mifjywmrjrifbl;qdk&iftyl½Sdw,fqdkwmcHpm;&atmifvkyfjyyg/}} “When you can’t make them see the light, make them feel the heat.”

]]oif½SmawGUwJhtaumif;qHk;vlawGeJUoifhudk0dkif;&Hxm;NyD;tmPmawGudk ay;a0umbmrS0ifa&mufpGufzufrIrvkyfygeJU/}} “Surround yourself with the best people you can find, delegate authority, and don’t interfere.”

a&mfe,f&D*if (1911-2004) e,f(vf)&D*if(Ronald Reagan)onf ±ky±f iS rf if;om;wpfa,mufjzpf+yD;u,f vDz;kd eD;,m;+rdK@0eftjzpfoufwrf; 2 ck wm0efxrf;aqmifc+hJ yD; tar&duefjynfaxmifp. k t a,muf 40 ajrmuforRwvnf;jzpfco hJ nf? orRw wpfa,muftaeESihf ol@upkd pfat;ppfy&JG yfpaJ polEiS hf tajctwifaqG;aEG;p&m±So d nfh pD;yGg;a&;qdik &f may:v pDcsrw S cf o hJ [ l k trsm;uowd&=uonf? a&mfe,f(vf)0Dvq f if&*D ifonf 1911 ckEpS af zaz:0g&v D 6 &ufae@wiG x f rfyu D kd (Tampico)/ atvDEKGd i;f (Illinois) jynfe,fwi G af rG;zGm;cJo h nf? ol.zciftrnf rSm *su&f *D ifEiS rhf cd iftrnfrmS e,fv&D *D if [kac:onf? a&mfe,f(vf)wGif eD;(vf)[kac:aom tpfu}kd uD;wpfa,muf±o dS nf? ol.rdbrsm;u ol@ukd “'wf(cs)f ” [kac:=uonf? tb,fah =umifq h akd omf ol@zcifuol@uykd yk 0k 0 'wf(cs)f trsKd ;om;ESiw hf al oma=umifh ol@ukd 'wf(cs)f [kcsppf Ed;k ac:=uonf? &D*ifro d m;pkrS aiGrsm;rsm;pm;pm;r±Sad oma=umifh Midwest a'owpfav#muf

a&mf

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20 &mpk . emrnf a usmf y k * ~ d v f } uD ; rsm;

wGiftvkyfrsm;±Smvkyf&if; &D*ifrSmvnf; wpfjznf;jznf;}uD;xGm;vm+yD; aemufq;kH atvDEKGd if;'pfpefwiG f tajccHaexdik =f ucsed w f iG f 'wf(cs)f uav;rSm touf 12 ESpyf if±adS o;onf? a&mfe,f(vf)ud, k w f ikd x f akd e&mwGif ausmif; +yD;+yD;txufwef;ausmif;udk tm;upm;bufwiG f xl;c|eo f El iS hf (extracurrkd g&±Scd o hJ nf? -icular honors) wd@k uy txufwef;ausmif;+yD;onfhaemuf &D*ifonf c&pfawmf.aemufawmf om;rsm; (Disciples of Christ) OD;aqmifaomtl&u D maumvdyf (Eureka h nf? TwGi&f *D ifonf ausmif; College) wGif ynmqufvufoif=um;cJo om;acgif;aqmifwpfOD;tjzpf ta±G;cs,fcH&onf? a&mfe,f(vf)trSwf aumif;aumif;r&aomfvnf; 1932 ckEpS w f iG f aumvdyaf usmif;udk vlra_ &; ESiphf ;D yGg;a&;'Du&Drsm;&±Scd o hJ nf? 1932 ckEpS f “Depression” [kac:aompD;yGg;a&;uyfqu kd af oma=umifh vlrsm; tvky±f mS &ef tcuftcJawG@&avonf? od@k aomf &D*ifutm;rav#myh t J m; }udK;rmefwuf}udK;pm;cJo h nf? olae&mwumod@k omG ;I tvkyaf v#mufchJ aomfvnf; b,fae&mrSmrSr&acs? od@k aomfaemufq;kH wGif WOC a&'D,t kd oHvi$ Xhf meY owif;a=ujimoltjzpftvky&f cJo h nf? olonf =unfnKd av;pm;zG,af umif;+yD; pum;ajymcsKd omaoma=umifh Des Moines wGi±f dS aom WHO [kac:aomXge}uD;qDo@kd &mxl;wd;k jr‡ijhf cif;cH&onf? 'uf(pf) rGKd i;f eufwiG f &D*ifu tm;upm;owif;a=ujim+y;D a'ocHwuUov kd af usmif; . abmvH;k yGrJ sm;ESi&hf pfuvDz;D vf (Wrigley Field) rScsu D m*dck yf(bf) (Chicago f =ujimcJo h nf? olu owif;a=ujim&m Cubs) toif;ponfw@kd twGua wGiaf tmifjrifr&_ ±So d jzifh olvcaumif;aumif;&+y;D emrnfausm=f um;vmcJh onf? &D*ifonf 1937 ckEpS w f iG f avmh(pf)tde*f s,v f pf+rdK@±dS a[mvD;0k'Yf rif;om; -113-

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jzpf&ef &nf±, G cf sujf zifch &D;xGucf o hJ nf? &D*ifu toHprf;oyf/ o±kyaf qmifjy oprf;oyfr_ wpfc+k y;D wpfcv k yk +f y;D onfah emuf ol@u0kd g;emb&m;om;pwl', D kd (Warner Brothers Studios) rSo@l uu kd ek u f sp&dwef nf;aom “B” twef;pm; ±ky±f iS w f iG o f ±kyaf qmif&efzw d af c:onf? olu“WB”.urf;vSr;f r_uv kd ufcH +y;D xdEk pS w f iG x f w k v f yk af om “Love is in the Air” ±ky±f iS x f rJ o S ±kyaf qmifciG &hf cJo h nf? a[mvD;0k'w f iG f ESpEf pS t f wGi;f ±ky±f iS u f m;wpfq,fih g;um;±du k cf &hJ onf? 'uf(pf)rGKd if;eufwiG f emrnfausm=f um;vmonfomru &D*ifuem rnf}uD;oxuf}uD;vm+yD; ydI k aumif;aom±ky±f iS w f iG f o±kyaf qmifciG &hf cJh onf? ol. emrnft}uD;qH;k ±ky±f iS u f m;ESpu f m;rS abmvH;k orm;a*sm(h ±S)f upf(yf)(George Gipp) tjzpf Knute Rockne/ All America ESihf King’s Row qdo k nf±yk ±f iS u f m;wGif tu,f'rD&ravmufjzpfco hJ nf? 'kw, d urBmppft wGi;f &D*ifu yxrOD;qH;k ±kyaf &mtoHygjrif&onf±h yk ±f iS w f iG f o±kyaf qmifciG &hf cJ+h yD; Ak;H }uJav,mOfarmif;orm;rsm; oifwef;ay;&eftwGujf zpfonf? ol. ±kyjf rifo=H um;±ky±f iS u f m;aygi;f 50 ausmu f ±kd u kd cf o hJ nf? 1940 ckEpS w f iG f &D*ifu tu,f'rDrif;orD;*sed ;f a0;rif; (Jane Wyman) ESihf vufxyfco hJ nf? ,if;wd@k vufxyf+yD;aemuf armf&if;ESirhf u kd u f ,f(vf)qdk onfo h m;orD;ESpaf ,mufxeG ;f um;cJo h nf? (wwd,uav;rSm rlvraph apm arG;ojzifah rG;+y;D uwnf;uyif aoqH;k cJo h nf?) olw@kd ±pS Ef pS t f =umtwl aecJ=h u+y;D 1948 ckEpS w f iG u f mG ±Si;f jywfpcJ o hJ nf? xd@k aemuf 1952 ckEpS w f iG ef ef pD'g;Apf (Nancy Davis) qdo k nfrh if;orD;ESiv hf ufxyfcyhJ gonf? xd@k twl a&mf(ef) (Ron) ESizhf ufx&D±mS qdo k nfu h av;ESpaf ,muf&±Scd o hJ nf? &D*ifu eefpED iS t hf oufxufq;kH aygi;f oif;aexdik =f uonf? 1940 ckEpS Ef iS hf 1950 twGi;f &D*ifu tar&dutwGi;f ±Su d eG jf rLepf0g'rD sm;ESihf a[mvD;0k't f wGi;f 0ifa&mufpu G zf ufx;kd azmuforl sm;[k xif&aomol rsm;udk &J0phH mG qef@usiaf jymcJ&h if; Edik if aH &;avmuxJ pwif0ifa&mufvmcJh -114-

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onf? 1940 ckEpS w f iG f ol@ukd ±ky±f iS o f ±kyaf qmiftzG@J tpnf;.OuUXtjzpf a±G;cs,jf cif;cH&cJo h nf? Ttcsed t f wGi;f &D*ifuvnf; rdr. d ygwu D kd 'Dru kd &ufuae&Dywfbvpfuefo@kd ajymif;cJo h nf? &D*ifu 1966 ckEpS w f iG f u,fvzD ;kd eD;,m;+rKd @awmf0eftjzpf 0ifa&muf,OS +f yKd if ta±G;cHc+hJ yD; ol.+ydKifbufzufba&mif; (Pat Brown) udt k Edik &f ±Scd o hJ nf? +rKd @awmf0efwpfa,muftaeESihf tpd;k &.toH;k p&dwEf iS t hf cGeaf umufjcif;wd@k tay: jzwfawmufjcif;wd@k ukd }udK;pm;vkyaf vonf? 1969 ckEpS w f iG f Edik if t H apmifw h yfom;rsm;udk umvDz;kd eD;,m;wuUov kd . f Berkeley Campus od@k oGm;+yD; trsKd ;om;O,smOftay: qlyq l ENjyaeaomausmif;om;rsm;udk &yf wef@&efapv$wcf o hJ nf? qlyq l ENjyaeaom ausmif;om;rsm;udk tapmifw h yf ut=urf;enf;oH;k I ESrd Ef iS ;f cJo h nft h wGuf ausmif;om;rsm;'g%&f m&+y;D wpf a,muftoufq;kH ±_;H cJo h nf? TonfrmS &D*if. ESpEf pS o f ufwrf;twGi;f vkycf o hJ nfh qd;k ±Gm;onf[q k &kd rnfh vkyif ef;wpfcq k pkd &mom±So d nf? 1976 ckEpS w f iG &f *D ifu orRwwpfa,muftjzpf ta±G;cH&efq;kH jzwfonf? olonf vuf±o dS rRwuJ&,f(vf)azg(h 'f) (Gerald Ford) udk &Dywfbvpfuef twGi;f rSped af c:cJ+h yD; aemufq;kH olut±H;_ ESi&hf ifqikd cf &hJ onf? 1980 ckEpS w f iG f wpfzefjyefvm+yD; vpfb&,f&Dywfbvpfuefa*smh(±Sf)bk(±Sf)ESifh,SOf+ydKifcJh onf? xd@k aemuf a*sm(h ±S)f bk(±S)f udt k Edik &f +y;D ,if;udk 'kw, d orRwtaeESiahf e &may;cJo h nf? ,if;wd@k EpS af ,mufrS orRwm*sirf u D mwm (Jimmy Carter) (,cifuazg'h u f kd 1976 ckEpS w f iG af tmifEikd o f )l udt k Edik &f ±S&d ef}udK;pm;av onf? 1981 ckEpS t f oufajcmufq,fu;kd ESpt f ±G,w f iG f &D*ifuo kd rRwtjzpf a±G;cs,w f ifajr‡mufc+hJ yD; tar&duefordik ;f wGif touft}uD;qH;k orRwjzpfchJ onf? &D*iforRwpjzpfjzpfjcif; ol@u*kd |e[ f ifv h D (John Hinckley) qdo k u l 1981 -115-

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ckEpS rf wfv 30 &ufae@wiG af oewfEiS yhf pfco hJ nf? xl;jcm;onft h csurf mS [ifh vDonf &D*ifuEdik if aH &;t&ypfcwfjcif;r[kwb f J i,f±, G af om±ky±f iS rf if;o rD;a*sm'Dz@kd 'pf wm (Jodie Foster) oabmusatmifomjzpfa=umif;ajzmifh csuaf y;cJo h nf? TuJo h @kd &*D ifu ta&;ay:cGpJ w d rf c_ , H +l yD;aemufvyk if ef;cGif od@k jyefvnf0ifa&mufco hJ nf? xd@k aemuf wpfEpS w f nf;twGi;f =o*kwv f rSm yif &Duifonfav,mOftoGm;tvmxde;f csKyfa&;ar#mpf iftvkyo f rm;rsm; 13˜000 ausmu f ol@trde@f uekd m;rcHyJ qENjycJah oma=umifh tvkyrf x S w k yf pf vdkufonf? &D*if.t"duay:vpDrmS z,f'&,ftpd;k &.t±G,t f pm;ESiw hf m0ef0wW&m;udk av#mch s&efEiS hf ol.pD;yGg;a&;ay:vpDjzpfaom “Reaganomics*” ay:vpDrpS ;D yGg; a&;qdik &f mu|r;f usio f t l momvmzm (Arthur Laffer) . Supply–side oD td&k aD y:wGit f ajccHxm;ygonf? 1990 ckEpS &f yD wfbvpfuef.ygwt D wGi;f ,SO+f yKd irf w _ iG f bk(±S)f u,if;.oDt&kd u D kd voodoo economice* [kac:onf?t b,fah =umifq h akd omf tjcm;olrsm;uJo h @kd ol,=kH unfonft h csurf mS Tay: vpDonfwu,fv h ufawG@wiG f toH;k csEikd rf nfr[kw[ f I l yif? ,ae@p;D yGg; a&;u|r;f usio f rl sm;ubk(±S)f .tjriftay: oabmwlnrD ±_ =dS uonf? *&D*ifaemrpf (Reaganomics) qdo k nfph um;vH;k rSm (Reagon &D*ifEiS hf economic–pD;

yGg;a&;) [lIjzpf+yD; ,ciftar&dueforRwa&me,f(vf)&D*ifrS xkwaf z:cJo h nfph ;D yGg;a&; rl0g'jzpfonf? &D*ifp;D yGg;a&; rl0g'.t"dutcsuaf v;ckrmS – • tpd;k &.jrifr h m;vmaomtoH;k p&dwu f akd v#mch sjcif; • 0ifaiGtay:tcGea f umufa=u;rsm;av#mch s&ef • pD;yGg;a&;tay:xm;±Sx d m;aomtpd;k &.pnf;rsO;f pnf;urf;rsm;av#mch s&ef • aiGa=u;odyo f nf;r_uakd v#mch s&eftwGuaf iGxw k af 0r_ux kd ed ;f csKyf&ef Voodoo Economic onf&* D ifaemrpf.tjcm;emrnfwpfcjk zpf+yD; xdpk ;D yGg;a&;rl0g 'udrk }udKufaomolrsm;u Al'l (Voodoo) pD;yGg;a&;pepf[ak c:=uonf? Voodoo rSm atmufvrf;ynm[kt"dyg` ,&f onf?

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orRw&D*ifrq J , G pf Ofu tpd;k &.toH;k tpGu J kd av#mch srnf[ak jymcJah omf vnf; wu,fwiG rf u l muG,af &;buftoH;k p&dwrf sm;udk wd;k jr‡iahf y;cJo h nf? &D*ifonf a':vmoef;aygif;rsm;pGmudkppfwyf/ vufeufypPnf;ud&d,m (±d;k ±d;k jzpfap/ t%kjrLvufeuf)/ enf;pepfrsm;ESio hf ak woejyKr_rsm;twGuf toH;k jyKcJo h nf? ol.pDru H ed ;f rsm;jzpfaom SDI od@k r[kwf pwm;0g; (Star H ed ;f twGuf ukeu f sp&dww f pfcw k nf;rSm a':vmukaËukËm ($ Wars) pDru f cdS ahJ omfvnf; aemufq;kH TpDru H ed ;f rSmwjznf;jznf;ysupf ;D 1 trillion) ausm± oGm;cJo h nf? &D*ifu Tod@k jyKvky&f jcif;rSm 1940 ckEpS t f v,fyikd ;f u tar&d uESiphf pfat;ppfyq JG ifEcJG o hJ nfh qdAk , D ufjynfaxmifp. k tar&dueftay:xd;k ppfqifvmEdik zf , G &f mtajctae±Sad oma=umifjh zpfonf? TuJo h @dk ppfa&; ppf &mjyifqifrr_ sm;vkyaf eapumrl qdAk , D ufacgi;f aqmifraD c;(vf)udAk macsm(h Af) .pGr;f aqmifra_ =umifh tar&duESiq hf Akd , D ufjynfaxmifpt k =um; qufqH a&;wd;k jri‡ v hf mcJo h nf? udAk macsm(h Af)ESi&hf *D ifw@kd pmcsKyrf sm;pGmudk vufrw S af &; xd;k cJ+h yD; &D*if.'kw, d oufwrf;wGif Edik if EH pS Ef ikd if pH vH;k rS t%kjrLvufeuf xkwaf 0r_uakd v#mch sc=hJ uonf? qdAk , D ufEiS q hf ufqaH &;aumif;rGev f maomfvnf; &D*ifu urBmwpfvm$ ;±Sd uGejf rLepfrsm;udk qufvufwu kd cf u kd cf o hJ nf? 1982 ckEpS t f wGi;f tar&duef wd@k ru S &ife'g (Grenada) Edik if o H @kd usK;ausm0f ifa&mufjcif;tcGiahf y;cJ+h y;D uGe*f &ufuol@ukd Tvky&f yfw&m;r0if[o k wday;cJo h nfw h ikd f eDu&muGg (Nicar-agua) wGif±Sdaomqef@usifr_rsm;udkaxmufcHcJhonf? olorRwjzpfonfh oufwrf;wGif tar&durS,if;.+ird ;f pm;wyfw@kd ukd vufbEGeo f @kd y@kd aqmif+y;D t=urf;zuform;rsm;udak xmufco H nfv h pfAsm;Edik if u H Akd ;kH }uJco hJ nf? 1984 ckEpS w f iG f wdik ;f oljynfom;rsm;u &D*ifut kd rd jf zLawmfwiG f aemufouf wrf;wpfct k vkyv f yk &f efa±G;cs,cf o hJ nf? &D*ifrrd . d +ydKifbufa0gvw f mrGef -117-

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a';vfut kd jywftowftEdik &f ±Scd o hJ nf? &D*if.'kw, d oufwrf;wGif tcuf tcJrsm;ESijhf ynfEh u S af e+y;D ,if;udt k &D efrsm;xHo@kd vufeufa&mif;cs+y;D eDu&m uGg±dS uGejf rLepfqef@usio f nft h zG@J rsm;tm; axmufyjhH cif;qdo k nfh pGypf cJG suf a=umifh Iran–countra t±_yt f axG;tay: pHpk rf;axmufvrS ;f r_u&kd ifqikd af e& ygonf? &D*ifonf rdr. d oufwrf;jynf+h yD;aemuf 1989 ckEpS w f iG f a*sm(h ±S)f bk(±S)f udk orRwtjzpf a±G;cs,w f ifajr‡mufco hJ nf? xd@k aemufou l ol.avmhpt f ed ;f *s,v f pf/ b,f(vf)tJwiG ±f adS om tdrt f opfwiG o f mG ;Iaexdik cf o hJ nf? 1992 ckEpS w f iG o f u l Iran–Contra t±SKyftaxG;ta=umif; odyo f r#ajym jyrnf[k uwday;cJo h nf? od@k aomf pHpk rf;axmufvrS ;f olrsm;u ol.xGuf qdck surf sm;ud±k yk o f rd ;f cJo h nf? tb,fah =umifq h akd omf &D*ifwiG tfww d Yf jzpf ay:onft h &mrsm;udk jyefIaumif;aumif;rGerf eG o f wdr&awmhaoma=umifh od±dS onft h wGujf zpfonf? r=umcif q&m0efuol@tm; (Alzheimer’s) a&m*guckd pH m;ae&onft h wGuf ,if;.rSwOf m%fukd xdcu kd af ponf[q k kd onf? &D*ifonfvrl sm;a±SY› 1994 ckEpS rf pS Iaysmufu, G o f mG ;+yD; ol.ZeD; onfeef pDEiS t hf oufxufq;kH aexdik o f mG ;cJo h nf? &D*ifonfb,f(vf)tJ/ umvDz;kd eD;,m;±Sad etdrYf ZGev f 5 &ufae@ 2004 ckEpS Yf uG,v f eG o f mG ;cJh onf?

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]]bmvdkU'Dudkvm&wmvJ/ igwdkU&JhNrdKUzNzdKz&Juarmufurjzpf&wmrif;wdkUaMumifhyJ/}} "Why are you here? My city is in chaos because of you."

wifhum;vlom; (1989) wifu h m;vlom; (Tank Man) odŒk r [kwt f rnfrodawmfveS af &;orm; ud=k um;zl;ygovm;? 1989 ckEpS Zf eG v f 5 &ufae@w, D merif&ifjyifqENjyyGYJ ol uwifu h m;rsm;a±Sw › iG &f yfIqENjyae pOfo@l uu kd ifr&mrsm;/ AG'D , D w kd yd af cGrsm;jzif±h u kd u f ;l xm;+y;D owif;Xgersm;wGif jyocJo h jzifh ol@uu kd rBmw0Sr;f vH;k u od±I dS emrnfausm=f um;vmcJo h nf? wifu h m;vlom;

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awGuo kd wfjzwfjcif;u&yf=uyg?” wpfcsKd @uvJ “xGuo f mG ;yg” [kom±d;k ±d;k a&;xm;onf? AG'D , D x kd w J iG f ol@&v hJ w l pfcsKd @u ol@uv kd t l yk x f w J iG q f aJG c:oGm; +yD; wifhum;rsm;onfvnf; a±S›udkqufvufxGufoGm;=uonfudkawG@& onf? ol.v_y±f mS ;r_rmS tcsed w f t kd wGi;f r#omjzpfaomfjim;vnf; rnfonfb h m ompum;ajymaomolrqd/k rnfonft h ouft±G,rf qd/k pmrzwfwwf aomolrsm;ESihf armfpw D ;kH ta=umif;wpfcgrrS =um;zl;olrsm;yifv#if wifu h m; vlom;.vky&f yfuekd m;vnf=uonf? wef;pD&yfaeaomwifu h m;rsm;a±Sw › iG f vlwpfa,muf&yfaeonfo h wif;yHo k nf nwGi;f csi;f rSmyif urBmtES@H ±o dS wif;=unfo h rl sm;xJa&muf±o dS mG ;onf? owif;pm&maygi;f rsm;pGmwGif xko d wif;udk owif;pmESio hf wif;pmr*~Zif;wd@k .acgi;f }uD;ydik ;f owif;wGif ygvm onfuakd wG@&rnf? xd@k twlurBmt&yf&yf±dS owif;Xgersm;wGiv f nf; xdo k l ta=umif;toHvi$ x hf m;onfuakd wG@&rnf? xdo k @l "gwyf u kH kd ±du k u f ;l aom "gwyf o kH rm;wpfO;D onf,if;yHu k kd Life Magazine . “urBmudak jymif;vJ aom"gwyf t kH yHk 100” xJwiG af z: jyxm;onfuakd wG@&rnf? 1998 ckEpS {f +yDvwGif tar&duEdik if rH x S w k af 0aom “Time Magazine” rStrnfrod aomawmfveS af &;orm;udk 20 &mpktwGi;f vlrsm;tay:v$r;f rd;k r_±adS omvl 100 a,mufxrJ S wpfa,muftjzpfa±G;cs,x f m;onfuakd wG@&rnf?

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