Fall Review Part B

fall review part b Short Answer 1. List three athletic events that use the SI system of measurement. 2. How is the International System of Units commonly abbreviated?

Figure 1-3 3. Use the graph in Figure 1-3 to find the temperature, in Celsius, that will dissolve 300 g of sugar in 100 g of water. 4. What type of graph is shown in Figure 1-3? 5. Use the graph in Figure 1-3 to find the temperature, in kelvins, that will dissolve 400 g of sugar in 100 g of water. 6.Arrange each of the following in order from largest to smallest. 1. centimeter 2. kilometers 3. meters 4. micrometers 5. millimeters 7. Two cars start at the same point and drive in a straight line for 5 km. At the end of the drive their distances are the same but their displacements are different. Explain. 8. An inline skater is skating around a parking lot. Can she have constant speed and a changing velocity? Changing speed and constant velocity? Explain your answers. 9. Two cars are traveling along the same road at the same speed but at different velocities. Explain. 10. A car is driving down a road. Is it possible for its position to be changing and its acceleration to be zero? Is it possible for its velocity to be changing and its acceleration to be zero? 11. Describe how both velocity and acceleration are rates of change. 12. A car has an acceleration of –5 m/s2. Describe the car’s motion.

13. What is necessary for an object to accelerate? 14. If two equal forces act on an object in opposite directions, what is the net force? What is the acceleration? 15. Can an object be in motion if the net force acting on it is zero? Explain. 16. State Newton’s first law of motion. 17. If you are running and you stub your toe, you fall forward. Explain. 18. Why is it necessary to wear a seat belt to hold you in place if you are riding in a car that stops suddenly? Object

Mass

Velocity

1

10 kg

25 m/s

A.

25 m/s

300 kg × m/s

2

B.

3 4

25 kg

Momentum

300 kg × m/s

C.

D.

25 m/s

300 kg × m/s

Table 3-1 19. Which object in Table 3-1 has the greatest momentum? 20. Which object in Table 3-1 has the least momentum? 21. In Table 3-1, how does the momentum of object 2 compare with the momentum of object 3? 22. In Table 3-1, why is object 2's momentum greater than object 1's momentum? 23. In Table 3-1, what factor causes object 4 to have a greater momentum than object 3? 24. Sally sits on a rock. Her weight is an action force. Describe its reaction force. 25. A bowling ball loses momentum of 0.5 kg × m/s when it hits some pins. How much momentum did the pins gain? 26. A book and a piece of paper, the same size, fall at different rates. How can you change the shape of the paper so it will fall at nearly the same rate as the book? Explain your answer. 27. Two objects that have the same mass are dropped from a tall building. One object is larger and flatter than the other. Explain why the larger, flatter object hits the ground last. 28. Sally throws a ball horizontally from the top of a tall building at the same time that Pete drops a ball from the top of the same building. Which ball will hit the ground first? Explain your answer. 29. Explain how mass and weight are different from each other. 30. Why is your weight less on the Moon than on Earth, but your mass is the same? 31. Explain the action-reaction forces of a rocket in space. 32. What is weight? 33. Explain what effect terminal velocity and air resistance have on a sky diver when he opens his parachute.

34. A bowling ball hits some pins. Explain what happens to the momentum of the ball and the momentum of the pins. 35. The space shuttle moves into a higher orbit farther from Earth. Explain what happens to the gravitational force on the shuttle.

Figure 4-1 36. Which ball in Figure 4-1 has the greatest potential energy? 37. Which ball in Figure 4-1 has the least potential energy? 38. A dump truck, a sports car, and a bicycle are traveling at the same velocity. Compare their kinetic energies. 39. An inventor claims to have built a machine that can produce 120 J of work with an input of 110 J. Would you believe the inventor's claim? Why or why not? 40. Explain why adding oil to the moving parts of a machine can increase its efficiency. 41. Gears are modified wheel-and-axle machines. Explain how to calculate the mechanical advantage of a pair of gears. 42. Sally and Pete do the same amount of work. Sally does the work in 2.3 hours and Pete does it in 2.5 hours. Who is more powerful? Explain. 43. Why is actual mechanical advantage less than ideal mechanical advantage? 44. What is the unit of efficiency?

Figure 11-1 45. In Figure 11-1, identify the following structures: ______wavelength ______crest ______amplitude 46. How is the amplitude of a compressional wave determined? 47. You are shaking the end of a rope to make a wave. You start shaking the rope the same distance, but more rapidly. What happens to the frequency and wavelength?

48. You shake the end of a rope to make a wave. You start shaking the rope a greater distance but at the same speed. How are the wavelength, frequency, amplitude, and speed affected? 49. You drop a stone into a pond. Ripples move away from the point where the stone entered the water. As the ripples move out, they become smaller and smaller. Explain what is happening in terms of energy. 50. Explain what it means for a wave to have a frequency of one hertz. 51. A hiker shouts toward a cliff and hears an echo. Explain how the echo occurred. 52. Compare and contrast refraction and diffraction. 53. A standing wave shows both constructive and destructive interference. Explain. Problem 54. A small stone dropped into a graduated cylinder causes the water level in the cylinder to rise from 18 mL to 22 mL. What is the volume of the stone? 55. What is the density of the acid in a car battery if 200 mL of the acid has a mass of 240 g? 56. A high speed train travels with an average speed of 227 km/h. The train travels for 2 h. How far does the train travel? 57. Find the acceleration of a car that goes from 32 m/s to 96 m/s in 8.0 s. 58. A 10-kg wagon has a speed of 25 m/s. What is its momentum? 59. Calculate the force on an object that has a mass of 12 kg and an acceleration of 4 m/s2. 60. An 18-kg bicycle carrying a 62-kg girl is traveling at a speed of 7 m/s. What is the kinetic energy of the girl and bicycle? 61. A 20-kg bicycle carrying a 50-kg girl is traveling at a speed of 8 m/s. What is the kinetic energy of the girl and bicycle? 62. A 70-kg boy is sitting 3 m from the ground in a tree. What is his gravitational potential energy? 63. A 90-kg ceiling light is suspended 4 m above the floor. What is its gravitational potential energy?

Figure 5-2 64. Find the ideal mechanical advantage of the second-class lever shown in Figure 5-2. 65. What would be the ideal mechanical advantage of the lever in Figure 5-2 if the fulcrum were moved 2 m to the right?

Figure 5-3 66. In Figure 5-3A, what is the ideal mechanical advantage of the inclined plane? 67. In Figure 5-3A, what is the weight of the block? 68. In Figure 5-3A, what is the amount of work required to move the block along the total length of the inclined plane? 69. If the weight of the block in Figure 5-3A were doubled, how much work would be required to move the block along the total length of the inclined plane? 70. If the efficiency of the fixed pulley in Figure 5-3B were 100 percent, how much force would be required in using the pulley to lift the block off the ground? 71. Calculate the ideal mechanical advantage of a lever that is 6 m long and that has 4.5 m effort arm. 72. A 24 cm long screwdriver is used as a lever to open a can of paint. If the fulcrum is 0.5 cm away from the end of the screwdriver, what is the screwdriver's ideal mechanical advantage? 73. Make a sketch of a possible block-and-tackle arrangement that has a mechanical advantage of 4. 74. Speed can be determined by dividing the distance traveled by the time. The water waves in a lake travel 4.4 m in 2.0 s. What is the speed of the waves? 75. An ocean wave has a frequency of 2.0 Hz with a wavelength of 10 m. What is the velocity of the wave? Completion Complete each sentence or statement. 76. The speed and direction with which an object moves is its ____________________. 77. The distance an object travels per unit of time is ____________________. 78. The slope of the distance-time graph gives the ____________________. 79. Acceleration occurs when an object changes its ____________________ or ____________________ or both. 80. An object changing its speed from 10 m/s to 3 m/s is undergoing ____________________ acceleration. 81. As a car slows down approaching a red traffic light its ____________________ is negative.

82. When calculating acceleration, to find the change in velocity, you subtract the ____________________ velocity from the ____________________ velocity. 83. If the forces acting on an object at rest are ____________________, the object will remain at rest. 84. At the same speed, a bowling ball is harder to stop than a soccer ball because the bowling ball has greater ____________________. 85. According to Newton's second law of motion, a larger force acting on an object causes a greater ____________________ of the object. 86. ____________________ friction is the friction between two surfaces that are not moving past each other. 87. A car slides on ice because it doesn't have enough ____________________ friction. 88. Action-reaction forces always act on ____________________ objects. 89. If an object has energy, this means that the object has the ability to cause ____________________. 90. If you double the velocity of an object, you increase its kinetic energy by a factor of ____________________. 91. Stored energy is called ____________________ energy. 92. A fire warms you by transferring ____________________ energy. 93. On a swing your potential and kinetic energies change, but your ____________________ energy does not. 94. According to the law of conservation of energy, energy can change ____________________, but it cannot be created or destroyed under ordinary conditions. 95. When you move your hand or foot, your body has converted potential energy into ____________________ energy. 96. You can determine how much energy various foods can give you by checking their ____________________ content. 97. Work, like energy, is measured in ____________________. 98. When a machine is used to perform a task, work output is always ____________________ than work input. 99. To calculate mechanical advantage, you divide the ____________________ force by the effort force. 100. Unlike a fixed pulley, a movable pulley ____________________ the effort force. 101. Doorknobs and faucet handles are examples of a simple machine called a ____________________. 102. ____________________ is a measure of how much of the work put into a machine is changed to useful work put out by the machine. 103. Liquids and gases are different from solids because they ____________________. 104. Good ____________________ do not allow heat to move easily through them. 105. All heating systems must have a source of ____________________ in order to produce heat. 106. ____________________ is the total energy of the molecules in a material. 107. Specific heat is the amount of ____________________ required to raise the temperature of 1 kg of a material 1 K.

Figure 6-1 108. In Figure 6-1, thermal energy is transferred to the sunbather in room B primarily by ____________________. 109. In Figure 6-1, most of the heat provided by the fireplace in room C goes up the chimney and is therefore transferred by ____________________. 110. In Figure 6-1, the thermal energy of the iron in room D is transferred to the clothes by ____________________. 111. In Figure 6-1, room A, the heat from the pot on the stove moves to the pot's handle by ____________________. 112. Repeating disturbances that transfer energy through matter or space are ____________________. 113. Light is one type of wave that can travel through empty space to transfer ____________________. 114. The two types of mechanical waves are ____________________ and ____________________. 115. When you shake the end of a rope up and down, you create a ____________________ wave. 116. ____________________ waves can travel through Earth and along Earth's surface. 117. In a compressional wave, the area where the particles are farthest apart is a ____________________. 118. The compressions in a compressional wave correspond to the ____________________ of a transverse wave. 119. If the frequency of a water wave changes, its ____________________ must also change. 120. The symbol λ (lambda) stands for the ____________________. 121. A line perpendicular to a reflecting surface is called the ____________________. 122. Refraction and ____________________ both involve the bending of waves. 123. Constructive interference occurs when the trough of one wave passes through the ____________________ of another wave. 124. To cause resonance in an object, a wave must vibrate at the ____________________ of the object.