Exaflood - Krems, Austria - 09.05.08 - By Bret Swanson

The Exaflood 18 10 talk.the.future.08

September.5.6 | Campus Krems | Austria

Bret Swanson Center for Global Innovation The Progress & Freedom Foundation | pff.org [email protected]

Home of Innovation

Internet’s Three Phases • Phase One – Arpanet in 1969 • Phase Two – Net comes to the masses in 1995 via email and World Wide Web

• Phase Three – Broadband means “the

network is the computer” . . . Video ushers in the Exaflood

Prefixes 3 10

kilo = 6 mega = 10 9 giga = 10 12 tera = 10 15 peta = 10 18 exa = 10 21 zetta = 10

What is an exabyte? • Vienna University Library holds about 2.5 million big books

• Each book is about 1 megabyte • Vienna University Library is thus 2.5 terabytes

• One exabyte is 400,000 Vienna University Libraries

YouTube – 50 petabytes per month as of mid-2007 – 600 petabytes per year – ~7% of U.S. Internet traffic – all original broadcast and cable TV and radio content adds up to ~100 petabytes per year – YouTube streams that much data in 2 months – YouTube receives 13 hours of video every minute = 18,720 hours of new video each day – a HI-DEF YouTube would mean 12 exabytes per year, or equal to the entire U.S. Internet of 2007 – YouTube and competitors still in their infancy

Video conferencing –MSN Messenger Video Calling in mid-2007 generated 4 petabytes per month = to the entire Net in 1997 –Cisco’s new Telepresence requires 15 Mbps symmetrical bandwidth –A one-hour conference call = 13.5 gigabytes –Just 75 of these calls would equal the entire Internet of 1990 –30 exabytes of telephone traffic each year –move to video-phones would mean 400 exabytes – at least – in the U.S., or 10x the size of the existing world Internet

Home video / motion pictures – 10 exabytes of home video each year – conversion to HD would mean 100 exabytes per year, or 3x today’s annual world Internet traffic – one HD movie is ~10 GB – Amazon, Netflix, Blockbuster, Apple all in the movie download business – So are cable companies and telcos, CinemaNow, MovieLink, etc. – With HD, NetFlix today would ship 5.8 exabytes of DVDs each year – American HD movie downloads could generate 100 exabytes per year, or 3x today’s world Internet

High Definition = 6x Standard Definition

IPTV – Telcos and possibly cablecos moving to IPTV – Remains to be seen just what portion of content will actually traverse the Net – Regardless, last mile bandwidth must expand 10-100x to meet new IPTV challenges – Joost and competitors deliver free TV over the Net – 350 megabytes per hour – Mike Volpi of Cisco is CEO – Single-cast and multi-cast generates many times the traffic of broadcast – NBC streamed 50 million of its TV shows in October 2007 – NBC Universal and News Corp. launched premium Hulu with their considerable TV and film resources

3D / Home theater – Today’s HD video requires between 8 and 18 Mbps, depending on the codec – Next generation 3D video will require between 50 and 100 Mbps – HP Labs’ “IMAX at Home” – 4,096 x 2,304 pixels or 16 x 9 ft. image – 250 GB for two-hour movie (uncompressed) – Ultra High Def (UHDTV) – circa 2016 – 7,680 x 4,320 33 megapixels @ 60 fps, or 16-32x the pixels/sec of HDTV Uncompressed two-hour movie ~ 25 terabytes MPEG4 two-hour movie ~ 360 gigabytes – So all the HD numbers get multiplied by another 10x, which is 100x more than standard def video – 100 exabytes of HD video becomes a zettabyte of 3D

Online games / Virtual Worlds – Graphics chips from Nvidia and ATI make 3D gaming and virtual worlds a possibility for first time – Otoy / LightStage makes possible real-time 3D rendering and mass- and peer-to-peer distribution of rich video – One massively parallel game with 1 million players could generate 100 PB per month – more than an exabyte a year – or one-tenth today’s U.S. Internet

Cinema 2.0 • AMD / ATI promote interactive cinema •

Ruby / AMD Unprocessed • •

http://www.youtube.com/user/AMDUnprocessed http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Wi5s4yP1Kpg

• call it Wiki-cinema

• Intel Larrabee •

“many core” “visual computing” •

• •

http://www.intel.com/pressroom/archive/releases/20080804fact.htm

Tukwila 4-core (now) Dunnington 6-core (this fall)

40 hours vs. Right Now

photorealistic 3D ... rendered in real-time http://www.amd.com/us-en/assets/content_type/DigitalMedia/AMD_Ruby_S04.swf

LightStage •

Real-life image capture and rendering for real-time 3D photorealistic virtual worlds

Imaging – Mobile phone cameras 1 billion mobile phones sold each year beginning 2006 400 million camera phones sold in 2006 700+ million camera phones sold by 2009 – Personal Cameras 100 million compact digital cameras sold by 2009 6 million high-resolution DSLR cameras sold by 2009 – Surveillance / Medical / Automobile / PCs A dozen cameras on each city block or building entrance? A dozen digital cameras in every automobile? A camera in every PC: 100 million per year

Mobile revolution – 3 billion mobile phone users / 1 billion PC users – 1.6 billion 3G mobile subscribers by 2012 – iPhones, Treos, Blackberries are not phones or PDAs – They are teleputers – mobile computers – Google saw huge traffic spike from iPhones on Christmas Day 2007 – Mobile Internet is now real – Amazon Kindle – We can now consume and produce rich content anywhere, anytime, not just at our desktop or laptop – More people connected more of the time – New data traffic patterns

Mobile Health • Phone is most personal device • BAN – Body Area Network • Remote diagnostics, monitoring, presence, reminders, family updates

• ECG, apnea, coumadin • Replace many large devices with small

sensors, phone, and cloud – “diagnostics as a service”

RFID – We will tag every item everywhere – How many hundreds of billions of items? No one knows. – How much information will these tags collect? How will we transmit and store this information? – John Chambers says by 2000 we had connected 100 million devices – By 2010 we will connect 14 billion devices to the Net

IPv6 – IPv4 is 32-bit 4 billion unique addresses Network Address Translation Payload up to 64 KB – IPv6 is 128-bit 3.4 x 1038 unique addresses or 340 billion billion billion billion Payload up to 4 GB “jumbograms” – Every person, device, product, object, place, and virtual space can have thousands of addresses – Connect everything to the Net

All things digital annual worldwide digital information created, captured, and replicated (though not necessarily stored or transmitted)

• 161 exabytes in 2006 • 988 exabytes in 2010 (est.) source: “The Expanding Digital Universe.” IDC. March 2007.

Beyond Moore’s Law 3D Chips – the ultimate “system on several chips” – chip stacking with deep vias and a million contacts per sq. cm. eliminates the bottleneck of pins – staying “on-chip” boosts memory bandwidth by several orders of magnitude Integrated optical devices – implantation of thousands of lasers and photodetectors in silicon – direct optical bandwidth from chip to chip and across the Net Neuromorphic Analog – biological basis for more powerful and ubiquitous sensors that feed ever more information back into the network Hard Disk Miracle…. – 2x Moore’s law – $500 bought 100 megabytes in 1991…today $178 buys a terabyte drive… disk storage has thus advanced by a factor of 10,000+ in 17 years – Continues with new Hybrid Disk storage, Ovonic Memory, and “Racetrack Memory”…

LAN’s End Trusted Computing – Eliminates firewalled LANs and infuriating virus software and passwords – Allows all local traffic, storage, and apps seamlessly to flood the Internet Dark Web – John Chambers of Cisco writes that unconnected, firewalled, quarantined data of the Dark Web could be 500 times the size of the existing Internet Network Computing / Web Services – Googleplex paradigm of centralized computing – applications move from the PC to “the cloud” – Hosted real-time applications will require robust connections of 25 Mbps+

LAN’s End Peer to Peer –File sharing – music, tv, home videos, podcasts –Some have claimed BitTorrent accounts for one-third of Internet traffic. This estimate is too high, but BitTorrent and its competitors are a major factor. –Applications like Microsoft’s Photosynth, which reach out, gather, and synthesize data and content from across the Web Remote Backup –2 billion PCs –50 GB per PC (in the near future) –100 exabytes

2008

• Internet . . . • U.S. traffic ~ 20 exabytes • World traffic ~ 60 exabytes • Digital storage . . . 1 terabyte = $177.99 • iPod memory . . . 4 GB = $25 • Biology . . . $0.001 per DNA base pair • China . . . GDP ~ $3.6 trillion • World economy . . . GWP ~ $55 trillion

1992

• Internet . . . • U.S. traffic ~ 48 terabytes • World traffic ~ 48 terabytes • Digital storage . . . 1 terabyte ~ $5,000,000 • “iPod memory” . . . 4 GB ~ $500,000 • Biology . . . $10 per DNA base pair • China . . . GDP ~ $328 billion . . . like Greece or Denmark today

• World economy . . . GWP = $20.4 trillion . . . like US+Germany+Japan today

2018 • Internet . . . • U.S. Net ~ 3 zettabytes • World Net ~ 10 zettabytes • Digital storage . . . 10 petabytes ~ $177.99 • iPod memory . . . 85 years’ worth of video • Biology . . . $0.000001 per DNA base pair • China . . . GDP ~ $9.4 trillion • World economy . . . GWP ~ $80 trillion

2024 • Internet . . . real-time photorealistic 3D holographic virtual worlds

• Digital storage . . . All TV and radio on your laptop

• Biology . . . One genome for $100 + a full MRI body-scan for free!

• China . . . GDP ~ $16 trillion • World economy . . . GWP ~ $100 trillion

1989 •

the “most powerful computer ever!”

• • •

20 MHz

•

“monitor and mouse not included”

2 MB RAM for “only” $8499.00 ($15,000 in 2008 dollars, or €10.000)

Adding up the bytes Summing these trends, circa 2015 in the U.S., we project

Movie downloads and P2P………………..….100 exabytes Video calling and virtual windows…………...400 exabytes “Cloud computing” and remote backup……....50 exabytes Net video, gaming, and virtual worlds……......200 exabytes Non-Internet “IPTV”……………………….100+ exabytes Business IP traffic…………………………….100 exabytes Other (phone, Web, e-mail, photos, music)…....50 exabytes Total…………………………1,000 exabytes = 1 zettabyte

Zettabyte by 2015?

How big? • In 2015, the U.S. and Europe therefore

could each transmit the equivalent of 12 Vienna University Libraries every second for the entire year.

Zettaflood, anyone?

21 10 see “Estimating the Exaflood” and other Center for Global Innovation publications at www.pff.org/cgi/publications.html