European_statistics_handbook_2019.pdf

EUROPEAN STATISTICS HANDBOOK A collection of key production, import and export information, market trends and patterns of trade for Europe’s fresh fruit and vegetable business.

In cooperation with:

EUROPEAN STATISTICS HANDBOOK Contents

Weather trends and winds of change

02 EU-28

While it is certainly true that in the European fruit and vegetable market no year is the same, the past two years have been unusually distinctive. Following a small apple and pear harvest in 2017/18, which left more room for imports from the Southern Hemisphere during the first half of 2018, a super-harvest was expected for 2018/19. This did not transpire, however, because yields were ultimately limited by an unforeseen heatwave in central Europe.

04 Belgium 06 France 08 Germany 10 Greece 12 Italy 14 Netherlands 16 Poland 18 Scandinavia (DNK, FIN, SWE) 20 Spain 22 United Kingdom 24 Discount in Europe

In the meantime, a seemingly never-ending summer in northern and central Europe boosted demand for watermelons, but demand for classic fruits such as apples and bananas declined. Vegetable production, meanwhile, suffered particularly from the lack of rain. Mega-trends in consumer behaviour, such as convenience and ethical purchasing, look set to continue to be important; and the discussion about sustainable packaging for fresh fruit and vegetables will surely become even more influential. However, price still matters. For that reason, we have dedicated an extra chapter here to the role of discounters in Europe. Wherever you work in the fresh produce industry, the European Statistics Handbook provides valuable information that can help you make decisions in the most important European markets.

Liability The publisher affirms that it has used all reasonable care and attention in the preparation of this publication. Except in cases of gross negligence the publisher cannot be held responsible or made liable in any way for errors or omissions of any kind. © Copyright Messe Berlin GmbH 2019 All rights reserved. Unauthorised publication or reuse in any form whatsoever of all or part of the content of this publication is expressly forbidden without the prior written permission of the publisher. Printed in Germany

Wilfried Wollbold Global Brand Manager FRUIT LOGISTICA Messe Berlin GmbH

Publisher Messe Berlin GmbH Messedamm 22, 14055 Berlin [email protected] www.fruitlogistica.com

Dr. Hans-Christoph Behr Director – Horticulture and Consumer Research AMI AgrarmarktInformations-GmbH

Production AMI Agrarmarkt-Informations-GmbH Dreizehnmorgenweg 10, 53175 Bonn [email protected] www.AMI-informiert.de In cooperation with:

Area 4,381,300 km²

Population 512.6 m

GDP per Inhabitant 30,000 EUR

GDP Growth 2.4 per cent

CPI for Food (2015=100) 102.0

Unemployment 4.9 per cent

PRODUCTION VOLUME (‘000 tonnes)

STATISTICS HANDBOOK

FRESH FRUIT

02

FRUIT LOGISTICA 2019

03

Apples Oranges Easy Peelers Watermelons Peaches Pears Melons Table Grapes Nectarins Other TOTAL FRESH VEGETABLES 1)

Tomatoes Onions Carrots Head Cabbage Cucumbers Peppers Cauliflower Headed Lettuce Courgettes Other 2)

TOTAL

2015

2016

12,326 11,840 6,192 6,364 3,060 3,262 2,915 3,047 2,266 2,198 2,394 2,173 1,833 1,793 1,709 1,733 1,488 1,368 10,340 11,055 44,523 44,833

2017

2018p

9,251 12,556 6,208 6,400 2,925 3,220 3,219 3,190 2,907 2,645 2,239 2,327 1,791 1,840 1,640 1,660 1,457 1,369 11,575 11,693 43,212 46,900

2015

2016

2017

2018p

17,725 6,144 5,083 3,632 2,697 2,516 2,296 2,454 1,448 14,046 58,041

17,987 6,587 5,588 3,800 2,643 2,500 2,330 2,291 1,539 14,460 59,725

17,427 6,737 5,772 3,738 2,725 2,637 2,436 2,364 1,546 14,435 59,817

17,400 5,160 5,140 3,360 2,860 2,580 2,310 2,220 1,500 12,990 55,520

1) Excluding potatoes. 2) Including tomatoes for processing. Sources: AMI-informiert.de; Eurostat

However, their share of total fruit production is only 27 per cent and processing is comparatively less prominent. Other major fruits include oranges and easy peelers. Strawberries and other berries are being produced to an increasing extent, although despite being high in value their volumes are not big enough for a place among the top eight fruits. Despite its strong production potential, the EU also depends on imports of fruit and vegetables. Its trade balance is negative for both, although the deficit for fruit is much larger – this is because bananas and other tropical fruits are only produced in minor quantities in the EU. The vegetable trade is concentrated on product flows between the EU countries. Only around 13 per cent of vegetable imports come from third countries. The most important source of vegetables outside the EU is Morocco, followed by Israel and Egypt. Within the EU, Spain and the Netherlands are the main sources. Germany, France and the UK are the main importers. Only 13 per cent of EU production is exported to third countries. The share of third-country exports is high for onions: Russia has long been the most important export destination outside the EU, but this changed after the import ban in August 2014. Belarus, Senegal and Brazil were the most important third-country destinations recently, with mainly onions exported to the latter two. Fruit tends also to be traded mostly within the EU itself. However, the share of imports from third countries is significantly higher than it is for vegetables. In fact, around 40 per cent of fruit imports come from countries outside the EU – the main sources being Costa Rica, Colombia, Ecuador and South Africa. Within the EU, Spain, the Netherlands and Italy are the most important origins. Bananas lead in terms of import volume, followed by oranges and apples. Exports to countries outside the EU account for about 16 per cent of total export volumes. The main destinations for fruit from the EU are Germany, France and the UK. The most important third country is Belarus.

VOLUME (‘000 tonnes) FRESH FRUIT

Bananas Oranges Apples, fresh market Easy Peelers Watermelons Table Grapes Pineapples Lemons Pears Other

EUROPEAN UNION Europe’s climate is hugely varied, which means it can produce a wide range of products on a large scale, with the notable exception of tropical fruits. The continent’s largest vegetable producers are Spain and Italy, which together make up about 42 per cent of total European production, followed by Poland, the Netherlands and France. The majority of Poland’s production goes for processing. Tomatoes are the most important product in terms of production volume, followed by onions and carrots. Tomatoes account for around 31 per cent of European vegetable production, although most of this volume is used for processing. Spain and Italy are also the leading fruit-producing nations, followed by Poland, France and Greece. Apples are almost as dominant as tomatoes are for vegetables.

IMPORTS

TOTAL

2015

2016

2017

2018p

8,133 3,151 2,906 2,112 1,388 1,554 1,231 1,088 1,109 7,407 30,079

8,529 3,192 2,554 2,207 1,548 1,579 1,314 1,179 1,134 7,774 31,010

9,179 3,236 2,792 2,033 1,633 1,654 1,408 1,228 1,089 8,399 32,651

9,249 3,126 2,491 2,084 1,748 1,637 1,562 1,283 1,016 8,144 32,340

FRESH VEGETABLES 1)

Tomatoes Onions Peppers Lettuce Cucumbers Carrots Cauliflower Courgettes Mushrooms Other TOTAL

2015

2016

2017

2018p

3,183 1,419 1,352 1,305 1,306 1,095 531 389 435 3,330 14,345

3,098 1,568 1,369 1,328 1,322 1,148 524 457 427 3,566 14,807

3,043 1,477 1,391 1,326 1,332 1,102 568 446 426 3,630 14,741

3,048 1,532 1,451 1,324 1,299 1,135 556 452 416 3,571 14,784

EXPORTS VOLUME (‘000 tonnes)

TOP 8 VEGETABLE PRODUCERS 2017 (million tonnes) 13.3

Spain 10.7

Italy

Netherlands

5.3

France

5.2

2.6

Portugal

2.5

2017

2018p

2,919 2,753 3,700 2,074 11,223 22,669

3,249 2,666 3,490 1,879 11,710 22,994

3,143 2,639 2,470 1,867 11,156 21,275

Tomatoes Onions Lettuce Peppers Other TOTAL

TOP 5 FRESH FRUIT IMPORTS

+18 +12

Avocados

2016

2017

2018p

2,938 2,326 1,454 1,328 7,231 15,277

2,768 2,274 1,461 1,356 7,278 15,137

2,690 2,308 1,523 1,410 7,347 15,278

2016

2017

2018p

VALUE (million euros) +30

Kakis Blueberries

2015

3,024 2,124 1,420 1,309 6,888 14,765

TRADE BALANCE

VOLUME GROWTH (% p.a. 2008-2017)

FRESH FRUIT

Import Export TRADE BALANCE

2015

28,955 21,066 -7,889

31,379 33,483 34,656 22,419 23,478 23,550 -8,960 -10,005 -11,106

+10

Blackberries

+8

Limes

Fresh Fruit

2016

2,815 2,861 4,142 2,086 10,873 22,777

FRESH VEGETABLES

3.9

Germany United Kingdom

2015

Bananas Oranges Apples Easy Peelers Other TOTAL

5.7

Poland

FRESH FRUIT

+2

FRESH VEGETABLES

Import Export TRADE BALANCE

2015

2016

2017

2018p

15,738 14,555 -1,183

16,524 15,646 -878

17,303 15,969 -1,334

16,538 15,489 -1,049

Area 30,500 km²

Population 11.4 m

GDP per Inhabitant 38,700 EUR

CPI for Food (2015=100) 104.0

Unemployment 4.2 per cent

GDP Growth 1.7 per cent

PRODUCTION

STATISTICS HANDBOOK

VOLUME (‘000 tonnes)

04

FRUIT LOGISTICA 2019

05

FRESH FRUIT

2015

2016

2017

2018p

Pears Apples Strawberries Other

369 285 48 11 713

322 234 45 10 611

302 86 48 8 444

318 217 43 9 587

2015

2016

2017

2018p

253 130 63 43 40 25 17 13 15 1,029 1,628

260 96 93 41 39 27 24 15 14 1,113 1,722

256 114 93 41 37 28 26 15 2 1,165 1,777

258 120 82 40 36 29 25 15 10 1,100 1,715

TOTAL

While apple production is dominated by the varieties Jonagold and Jonagored, the main pear variety is Conference. Once exotic fruits are excluded, pears lead the Belgian fruit export trade. Because of the Russian embargo, new markets outside Europe have been opened: Conference pears are now exported to China, India, Brazil and Vietnam, for example. A large part of Belgium’s fruit and vegetable production is marketed through auctions known as Veilingen. According to the Association of Belgian Horticultural Cooperatives (VBT), its members’ turnover amounted to €944.1m in 2017 – with vegetables accounting for 63 per cent and fruit 37 per cent. Based on sales volume, tomatoes led the way ahead of pears and cucumbers. In terms of value, tomatoes, strawberries and pears were the top performers in recent years. Belgium is also the largest producer of frozen vegetables in Europe. In 2017, production once again rose to one million tonnes, accounting for a good quarter of total European production. Production is centred around south and west Flanders, and around 90 per cent of production is exported. Important destinations are neighbouring countries like France, Germany and the Netherlands; and recently 87 per cent of exports have ended up in EU markets. For third countries, the US and Australia received the largest quantities. In recent years, Belgium has imported about twice as much fruit as vegetables. In both cases, it is a net importer. It also imports typical vegetable crops like peas, beans and cauliflower from neighbouring countries for processing.

VOLUME (‘000 tonnes) FRESH FRUIT

Exotics Citrus Apples Peaches Other

BELGIUM Although Belgium is only a small country in Europe in terms of area, it is an important hub for European imports and exports, thanks to the seaports in Antwerp and Bruges-Zeebrugge. It’s not simply Belgian pears that are shipped via the country; kiwifruit from New Zealand also arrive in Zeebrugge, while many exotic fruits enter exclusively through Belgium on their journey to destinations within Europe. Other arrivals, such as citrus or stonefruit, are destined for domestic consumption. The mainstays of Belgian fruit production are apples and pears. Cultivation of the latter has been extended at the expense of the former in recent years. Currently, pears are grown on 10,000ha and apples on approximately 6,000ha. Much of the fruit is produced in Flanders, in the region around Sint-Truiden (Limburg province), while most of the vegetables are grown in Flanders. Important growing regions can be found in Sint-Katelijne-Waver, Roeselare and Hoogstraaten. Tomatoes, leeks, carrots, salads and chicory are important crops produced in Belgium.

IMPORTS

TOTAL

Antwerpen

FRESH VEGETABLES

FLANDERS

Carrots/Turnips Onions/Shallots Green Beans Peas Tomatoes Cucumbers Cauliflower Other

Brussels

Liège WALLONIE

TOTAL

Tomatoes Leeks Carrots Lettuce Chicory Witlof Peppers Cucumbers Courgettes Celery Other 2) TOTAL

1) Excluding potatoes, open field and under glass. 2) Including products cultivated for processing.

2016

2017

2018p

1,705 267 131 65 249 2,417

1,816 254 152 66 257 2,545

1,720 250 140 63 260 2,433

2015

2016

2017

2018p

256 138 69 115 93 83 30 309 1,093

282 141 79 112 88 97 32 356 1,187

267 140 131 123 88 90 37 363 1,239

290 145 140 125 90 85 35 355 1,265

EXPORTS VOLUME (‘000 tonnes)

TOP 5 FROZEN VEGETABLE EXPORTS +6 +4

Germany

+4

United Kingdom +3

Italy France +0

+4

Total

2015

2016

2017

2018p

Exotics Pears Apples Strawberries Other

1,467 307 233 53 126 2,186

1,452 326 211 41 123 2,153

1,592 311 163 48 135 2,249

1,600 320 200 45 128 2,293

FRESH VEGETABLES

2015

2016

2017

2018p

Tomatoes Carrots/Turnips Leeks Cucumbers Onions/Shallots Peppers Celery Chicory Other

232 138 74 62 49 42 31 18 202 848

220 139 69 68 56 40 34 19 200 845

219 192 67 65 60 44 29 20 242 938

225 140 70 65 55 42 30 20 220 867

TOTAL

VOLUME GROWTH (% p.a. 2008-2017) Netherlands

FRESH FRUIT

TOTAL FRESH VEGETABLES 1)

2015

1,620 251 151 67 228 2,317

FRESH VEGETABLE EXPORTS 2017 BY DESTINATION (million euros)

TRADE BALANCE 270

France 196

Germany

182

Netherlands United Kingdom

Extra EU

FRESH FRUIT

Import Export TRADE BALANCE

50 112

Other EU

VALUE (million euros)

18

Sources: AMI-informiert.de; Eurostat; VLAM

FRESH VEGETABLES

Import Export TRADE BALANCE

2015

2016

2017

2018p

2,324 1,988 -336

2,521 2,007 -514

2,713 2,159 -554

2,800 2,200 -600

2015

2016

2017

2018p

827 802 -25

911 821 -90

895 828 -67

880 830 -50

Area 633,200 km²

Population 67.2 m

GDP per Inhabitant 34,200 EUR

FRANCE Like Europe itself, France’s size and varied climate enable it to produce a wide range of fruit and vegetables, with the addition of bananas and other exotic fruits from its overseas departments. But France imports a huge amount of fruits and vegetable as well, resulting in a negative trade balance. This deficit has in fact increased from year to year, with imports of both fruit and vegetables growing faster than exports. Exports of some products have been declining for years. The reason for this is that France is selling more on its domestic market. The long-term development of French fruit production shows a negative trend. Pear production in particular has decreased considerably since 2006, while production of apples and apricots was more or less

PRODUCTION VOLUME (‘000 tonnes)

STATISTICS HANDBOOK

FRESH FRUIT 1)

06

FRUIT LOGISTICA 2018

07

Apples Bananas Melons Plums 2) Apricots Pears Peaches Nectarines Kiwifruit Easy Peeler Other TOTAL FRESH VEGETABLES

Tomatoes Carrots Sweetcorn Green Beans Onions Cauliflower Lettuce Peas Chicory Leeks Other TOTAL

2015

2016

2017

2018p

1,674 283 278 165 157 155 120 97 67 29 488 3,513

1,515 291 252 216 116 138 113 94 65 40 514 3,354

1,424 184 280 211 157 133 122 100 58 42 519 3,229

1,477 250 245 170 134 134 108 92 60 40 510 3,220

2015

2016

2017

2018p

786 560 373 305 345 290 231 235 180 160 1,635 5,100

823 581 351 310 318 289 228 228 172 151 1,671 5,112

772 564 415 397 326 290 219 250 153 160 1,641 5,187

726 500 355 300 280 241 200 190 150 150 1,650 4,742

1) Including overseas departments. 2) Including greengages and mirabelles. 3) Including nectarines and clingstones. 4) Including broccoli. 5) Including red cabbage.

stable during that time. A decrease in fruit production during 2018 was mainly due to a smaller stone fruit harvest. The drought this summer also had a negative impact on the apple harvest. Although the apple crop was larger than in the previous year, it was still below average. Due to the cold and wet weather in February and March 2018, the harvest of stone fruit was smaller than normal. France is an important producer of apricots in Europe. The trade balance for apricots has been positive for many years. In 2017, exports reached 56,000 tonnes, whereas imports were just 20,800 tonnes. France is an important producer of prunes and plans to expand its production in the near future. Due to the negative weather impacts the plum crop 2018 was one of the smallest in the last years. French vegetable production is dominated by tomatoes, carrots and onions. These are mainly sold fresh, although an important part of the country’s vegetable production is sold for processing – including at least 90 per cent of all peas, green beans and sweetcorn. Cauliflower is an important vegetable for France’s domestic market and its exports, but during production peaks a large quantity ends up being processed – an important means of stabilising the fresh market. A long-term view suggests French vegetable production is decreasing and imports are increasing. Tomatoes are the most important veg export, but also the largest import. Carrots are second, even though France harvests carrots nearly all through the year (with a small gap from April to mid-May). Cauliflower and chicory are traditional French export items, helping it to defend its positive trade balance. French consumers mainly buy their fresh fruit and vegetables in big supermarkets (hypermarché). However, their share of the market (about one-third) has not grown in recent years, while discounters have cornered only a little more than 10 per cent. It is interesting to note the success of the so-called ‘green multiples’ format in France: these ‘grand surface frais’ stores only sell fresh produce and have stopped the sales decline among greengrocers.

CPI for Food (2015=100) 101.5

Unemployment 5.7 per cent

GDP Growth 2.2 per cent

Lille NORD Rouen Paris ÎLE-DEFRANCE Nantes

Strasbourg

Lyon

MEDITERRANE Marseille

Toulouse

2017

2018p

572 512 371 168 174 172 135 1,153 3,256

690 517 355 188 180 174 146 1,166 3,416

771 495 351 200 161 156 155 1,118 3,408

2015

2016

2017

2018p

544 143 145 130 129 75 711 1,877

541 152 153 143 151 78 728 1,945

507 149 155 136 138 77 708 1,869

503 154 150 140 139 73 715 1,875

FRESH FRUIT 5)

2015

2016

2017

2018p

Apples Bananas Oranges Melons Watermelons Others

610 287 47 48 19 341 1,352

565 255 46 44 20 299 1,228

524 251 46 43 27 332 1,224

438 243 39 38 34 230 1,023

2015

2016

2017

2018p

243 82 143 92 63 111 334 1,069

248 108 96 99 60 119 326 1,054

231 111 146 80 72 87 324 1,050

208 129 95 79 62 61 270 903

TOTAL

VOLUME (‘000 tonnes)

Nice

TOP 6 FRESH VEGETABLE EXPORTS VOLUME GROWTH (% p.a. 2008-2017) +25

White Cabbage 5)

TOTAL

+16

Spinach

+15

Mushrooms

FRESH VEGETABLES

Tomatoes Beans Cauliflower 4) Onions Peas Carrots Other

+11

Peas +8

Cucumbers

+7

Shallots

+4

TOTAL

FRESH FRUIT EXPORTS 2017 BY DESTINATION ('000 tonnes)

TRADE BALANCE

237

Spain

VALUE (million euros)

143

United Kingdom

FRESH FRUIT

132

Germany

Import Export

128

Belgium/Lux.

TRADE BALANCE

113

Italy

104

Switzerland

Others

2016

599 492 352 150 175 166 117 1,100 3,151

EXPORTS

SUD-OUEST

Netherlands

2015

Bananas Oranges Clementines Watermelons Melons Peaches 3) Avocados Others

TOTAL

CENTRE-EST

Total

FRESH FRUIT

Tomatoes Sweet peppers Carrots Onions Courgettes Cucumbers Others

OUEST

Bordeaux

VOLUME (‘000 tonnes)

FRESH VEGETABLES

EST

BASSIN PARISIEN

IMPORTS

FRESH VEGETABLES

74 292

Sources: AMI-informiert.de; Agreste; Eurostat; Businessfrance/Agrotech

Import Export TRADE BALANCE

2015

2016

2017

2018p

3,179 1,369 -1,810

3,511 1,325 -2,186

3,732 1,348 -2,384

3,795 1,192 -2,603

2015

2016

2017

2018p

2,010 1,027 -983

2,121 1,065 -1,056

2,188 1,070 -1,118

1,981 886 -1,095

Area 357,300 km²

Population 82.8 m

GDP per Inhabitant 39,600 EUR

GERMANY

SCHLESWIGHOLSTEIN

Production of fruit and vegetables in Germany is limited to a certain extent by climate. Although some new greenhouses have been built in recent years, the country continues to rely heavily on imported produce. Where vegetables are grown, they tend to be the classic field products such as carrots, onions or cabbage, plus of course asparagus (mainly white) remains a special feature of Germany’s vegetable industry, with almost a quarter of total outdoor vegetable production area dedicated to the crop. Despite a short season of only around three months, and relatively low yields, asparagus makes up a good 3 per cent of the country’s vegetable output. In total, around 3.5m tonnes of vegetables are harvested outdoors in Germany, equal to just under 6 per cent of European production. For asparagus, howev-

PRODUCTION VOLUME (‘000 tonnes)

STATISTICS HANDBOOK

FRESH FRUIT 1)

08

FRUIT LOGISTICA 2019

09

Apples Strawberries Plums Pears Sweet Cherries Sour Cherries Blueberries Currants Mirabelle Plums Other TOTAL FRESH VEGETABLES 2) 3)

Carrots Onions White Cabbage Gerkins Asparagus Iceberg Lettuce Red Cabbage Cauliflower Spring Onions Other TOTAL

CPI for Food (2015=100) 102.1

Unemployment 2.6 per cent

GDP Growth 2.2 per cent

2015

2016

2017

2018p

974 173 47 43 31 17 12 14 5 12 1,327

1,033 143 38 35 29 16 11 14 4 11 1,334

597 135 24 23 17 8 14 12 3 14 847

1,089 144 61 47 41 19 16 15 6 9 1,447

2015

2016

2017

2018p

527 455 404 190 114 130 107 105 98 1,114 3,245

642 523 431 207 120 121 119 93 94 1,166 3,516

734 541 479 192 131 136 146 98 92 1,221 3,770

520 520 360 190 130 122 90 90 90 1,288 3,400

1) Including open field and protected production. 2) Excluding potatoes. 3) Only open field production. Sources: AMI-informiert.de; Eurostat; Stat. Bundesamt

er, the country’s share is 40 per cent, making it by far the most important producer in Europe and among the leaders worldwide. Germany does still import a significant amount of fresh asparagus, but the marketing window has become smaller and smaller in recent years. Fruit production in Germany amounts to around 1.3m tonnes in a normal year. However, 2017 was an exceptional year. Massive frosts in April hit the fruit blossom at a delicate stage and nearly halved the apple harvest, which makes up about 75 per cent of the country’s entire fruit output. The dry and warm weather in 2018 led to a much larger fruit harvest. In volume terms, strawberries are Germany’s second most-important fruit – in recent years, open-field cultivation has been reduced and protected production increased to safeguard supply – with plums, pears and cherries following in terms of importance. Germany’s berry production is growing, but recent growth in the category has been driven mainly by imports. Only blueberry production shows a clear upward trend. Germany relies heavily on fresh fruit and vegetable imports. All exotic fruits, citrus, melons and grapes, as well as large volumes of stonefruit, have to be imported. Vegetable imports consist predominantly of vegetables like tomatoes, peppers and aubergines, but outside the German growing season a large range of salads and other outdoor vegetables are imported. Germany is about 38 per cent self-sufficient on vegetables, but only about 15 per cent on fruit. Fruit imports were at a record high in 2017, but a slight was expected for 2018. Vegetable imports reached their record level in 2016 and decreased slightly in the last two years. Some products are also exported, but the trade balance is definitely negative in both cases. More than half of all fresh fruit and vegetables are bought in discount stores in Germany. Traditional outlets such as greengrocers, street markets and producers account for only 10 per cent of the purchased volume. For some products like asparagus or strawberries, however, direct sales from producers are very important.

MECKLENBURGWESTERN

Hamburg Bremen LOWER SAXONY

Berlin BRANDENBURG

Hannover SAXONYANHALT

NORTH RHINEWESTPHALIA

THURINGIA

HESSE

SAXONY

Frankfurt

RHINELANDPALATINATE

Nuremberg

SAARLAND Stuttgart

BAVARIA

BADENWÜRTTEMBERG

VOLUME (‘000 tonnes) FRESH FRUIT

2015

2016

2017

2018p

Bananas Apples Watermelons Oranges Easy Peelers Table Grapes Pears Pineapples Nectarines Other

1,399 549 368 487 402 338 168 144 187 1,301 5,332

1,403 520 401 490 414 330 169 170 172 1,332 5,387

1,418 629 412 462 380 338 170 148 183 1,449 5,589

1,257 582 498 480 365 304 165 163 148 1,371 5,333

2015

2016

2017

2018p

757 520 398 327 265 235 79 91 74 569 3,316

743 467 392 317 254 248 89 97 65 621 3,292

734 483 395 305 240 227 89 98 80 620 3,271

727 473 400 287 231 222 97 87 77 589 3,190

FRESH FRUIT

2015

2016

2017

2018p

Bananas Apples Oranges Table Grapes Other

381 111 36 29 223 781

358 82 32 28 215 715

343 90 28 33 200 694

238 49 31 28 211 557

TOTAL FRESH VEGETABLES

Dresden

Cologne

IMPORTS

Tomatoes Cucumbers/Gherkins Pepper Lettuce Carrots Onions Courgettes Mushrooms Cauliflower Other TOTAL

EXPORTS

Munich

VOLUME (‘000 tonnes)

TOP 5 PRODUCTION OF FRESH VEGETABLES VOLUME GROWTH (% p.a. 2008-2017) +9

Pumpkins Romain Lettuce

+7

TOTAL

Arugula

+7

FRESH VEGETABLES

2015

2016

2017

2018p

Onions Lettuce White Cabbage Cucumbers/Gherkins Other

101 48 75 48 223 494

87 40 39 39 223 427

73 43 43 35 235 429

65 45 44 25 221 400

Spring Onions

+5

Radish

+5

Fresh Vegetables

+1

TOTAL

TOP 8 FRUIT AND VEGETABLES 2017

TRADE BALANCE

HOUSEHOLD PURCHASES (kg)

VALUE (million euros) 18.5

Appels

17.2

Bananas 11.1

Tomatoes 8.9

Carrots

8.6

Oranges Cucumbers

7.5

FRESH FRUIT

Import Export TRADE BALANCE FRESH VEGETABLES

Onions

6.7

Import Export

Easy Peelers

6.5

TRADE BALANCE

2015

2016

2017

2018p

5,303 801 -4,502

5,695 797 -4,898

6,045 786 -5,259

6,277 722 -5,555

2015

2016

2017

2018p

4,188 394 -3,794

4,301 364 -3,937

4,550 374 -4,176

4,331 361 -3,970

Area 132,000 km²

Population 10.7 m

GDP per Inhabitant 16,700 EUR

CPI for Food (2015=100) 101.2

Unemployment 12.8 per cent

GDP Growth 1.5 per cent

PRODUCTION VOLUME (‘000 tonnes)

STATISTICS HANDBOOK

FRESH FRUIT

10

FRUIT LOGISTICA 2019

11

Oranges Watermelons Table Grapes Apples Peaches 1) Kiwifruit Easy Peelers Nectarines Apricots Other TOTAL FRESH VEGETABLES

Tomatoes 1) Onions Peppers Cucumbers Cabbage Courgettes Lettuce Green Beans Cauliflower, Broccoli Other TOTAL

2015

2016

2017

2018p

881 586 253 242 162 199 167 82 31 259 2,862

877 628 315 259 175 180 176 87 55 299 3,051

960 647 310 231 203 220 174 97 90 256 3,188

866 650 320 286 244 220 175 116 80 243 3,200

2015

2016

2017

2018p

578 233 154 115 123 75 70 60 66 361 1,835

564 207 137 107 88 76 69 67 60 403 1,778

540 207 155 107 79 77 64 60 51 388 1,729

540 210 150 110 80 75 65 65 55 350 1,700

1) Excluding products grown for processing. Sources: AMI-informiert.de; CSO; Europech; Eurostat; WAPA

of the greenhouse area used for vegetables is occupied by high tunnels. Other important open-field crops are onions and leafy vegetables. Fruit production in Greece has remained stable or even increased slightly after 2007. Citrus is the most important sector, but there is more focus on oranges compared with other Mediterranean suppliers, with only limited production of lemons and easy peelers. Melons in Greece are mainly watermelons. They are produced and consumed in huge amounts; they are also the most important export item, in volume terms. The hot summer of 2018 in central Europe has promoted watermelon exports. Stonefruit is another important category, production of which is situated mainly in Macedonia. While clingstone peach production for processing is fluctuating a lot and decreasing, production of peaches and apricots for the fresh market is stable and nectarine production is rising. All of the country’s stonefruit products, including cherries, are exported in major quantities. Although its main competitors in the Mediterranean region had a smaller stonefruit crop in 2018, Greece could not increase its exports. Cherries suffered most from heavy rainfall in June. Grapes are also a major export crop, where production has shifted to seedless varieties. Kiwifruit is the star among Greek fruit exports; in Autumn 2018 exports started only slowly, since Southern Hemisphere imports were still present in the European Markets. Greek exporters have tried in recent years to diversify the destinations of their exports. The fruit exporters have been more successful than the vegetable exporters, with 23 per cent of all fruit exports destined for countries outside the EU. Egypt, Turkey, Jordan and Saudi Arabia have more than doubled their fruit imports from Greece since 2013, but in 2017 and 2018 this trend did not continue; instead, the EU’s share of exports increased again. Exports of fresh vegetables are increasingly heading for countries like Bulgaria and Romania, with shipments to Germany down slightly. The latter’s demand for imported white asparagus has fallen to such an extent that it has all but disappeared from German supermarket shelves, although Greek cucumbers have retained a stable market share in the south.

VOLUME (‘000 tonnes) FRESH FRUIT

2015

2016

2017

2018p

139 21 7 20 44 231

152 17 8 20 38 235

180 24 10 13 49 276

195 20 12 10 58 295

2015

2016

2017

2018p

12 10 7 47 76

18 11 7 29 65

17 10 8 34 69

30 8 8 36 82

FRESH FRUIT

2015

2016

2017

2018p

Watermelons Oranges Kiwifruit Peaches Table Grapes Apples Nectarines Strawberries Apricots Cherries Pears Other

170 129 101 84 80 90 64 20 10 25 5 337 1,115

178 117 132 100 79 85 69 23 16 16 5 397 1,217

173 167 130 116 90 70 71 26 25 16 7 307 1,198

183 182 140 95 65 65 65 27 24 17 6 371 1,240

2015

2016

2017

2018p

35 36 19 26 116

40 41 21 43 145

34 37 19 36 126

40 38 19 43 140

FRESH FRUIT

2015

2016

2017

2018p

Import Export TRADE BALANCE

178 677 499

179 759 580

207 738 531

215 780 565

FRESH VEGETABLES

2015

2016

2017

2018p

66 95 29

62 117 55

68 108 40

75 105 30

Bananas Lemons Pineapples Apples Other

GREECE Greece enjoys a special relationship with many countries in the surrounding region, partly because of the high direct investment of Greek companies in those neighbouring countries, and partly because of the region’s importance as a market for Greek exports. Fruit production is more important than vegetable production and Fruit production is also more export oriented. Greek vegetable production has declined over the last decade, although this was mostly due to a decrease in tomato production for processing. Most of the fruit vegetables, like tomatoes, cucumbers, courgettes and peppers, are grown under protection. Crete is Greece’s leading region for greenhouse production, followed by the Peloponnese, Macedonia, Thessaly, Central Greece, Epirus and the Aegean Islands. A significant proportion

IMPORTS

TOTAL

Thessalonica

FRESH VEGETABLES

VOREIA ELLADA

Tomatoes 1) Onions Mushrooms Other

Larissa

TOTAL

KENTRIKI ELLADA Athens

EXPORTS

PELEPONNESE

VOLUME (‘000 tonnes)

NISI AIGAIOU/ KRITI

CRETE

FRESH FRUIT EXPORTS 2017 BY DESTINATION ('000 tonnes) 173

Romania

TOTAL

149

Bulgaria

133

Germany

FRESH VEGETABLES

79

Poland

74

Italy

301

Other EU Serbia

62

TOTAL 228

Other Extra EU

FRESH VEGETABLE EXPORTS 2017 BY DESTINATION ('000 tonnes)

15

Germany 11

United Kingdom

8

Italy

7 20

Other EU Extra EU

11

TRADE BALANCE VALUE (million euros)

54

Bulgaria

Romania

Cucumbers Tomatoes Peppers Other

Import Export TRADE BALANCE

Area 302,100 km²

Population 60.5 m

GDP per Inhabitant 28,500 EUR

ITALY Italy, alongside Spain, is a hugely important producer and exporter of fresh fruit and vegetables in Europe. With a highly diverse climate stretching along the Italian Peninsula, the country has a wide product range: in addition to traditional fruits grown in temperate zones – apples and pears, for example – Italy is known as a key producer of stonefruit, citrus and exotics such as figs and kiwifruit. In several fruit and vegetable categories – pears, nectarines, apricots, kiwifruit, table grapes, tomatoes and aubergines – Italy is in fact Europe’s largest producer. In recent years, the country produced up to 10m tonnes of fruit and around 7m tonnes of vegetables. One third of the fruit and 12 per cent of the vegetables are exported each year, heading mainly to Germany, France and Austria. Around 15 per cent goes to countries outside the EU.

PRODUCTION VOLUME (‘000 tonnes)

STATISTICS HANDBOOK

12

FRUIT LOGISTICA 2019

13

Apples Oranges Table Grapes Pears Melons Nectarines Peaches 2) Easy Peelers Kiwifruit Others TOTAL

2015

2016

2017

2018p

2,280 2,272 1,704 1,668 1,592 1,536 1,045 997 926 764 681 738 595 632 606 736 657 688 589 536 588 752 698 650 575 452 369 1,685 1,704 1,754 10,448 10,056 10,009

2,200 1,782 933 741 610 580 498 486 435 1,710 9,975

FRESH VEGETABLES 1)

2015

2016

2017

2018p

Tomatoes 2) Fennel Carrots Courgettes Lettuce Onions Cauliflower/Broccoli Artichokes Aubergines Sweet Peppers Others

1,045 524 513 494 477 372 400 349 300 380 1,876 6,730

979 505 531 554 475 451 388 366 318 271 1,989 6,827

940 511 487 541 466 410 372 388 286 250 1,960 6,611

850 505 499 490 420 413 360 357 290 225 1,940 6,350

TOTAL

1) Excluding potatoes. 2) Excluding products grown for processing. Sources: AMI-informiert.de; CSO; Eurostat; ISTAT

On the other hand, Italy is also an important fruit and vegetable importer. Fruit imports are predominantly tropical products such as bananas, pineapples or citrus, supplied mainly by Costa Rica, Spain and Colombia. Despite its large domestic production, Italy also imports a lot of tomatoes, as well as salad vegetables and potatoes. France, Spain and Germany dominate in this area. In the last ten years, the importance of domestic berry production has increased. Some of these berries are also grown for export. As a result, relative growth in blackberry and blueberry exports is very high compared with other products, even if the volumes themselves remain modest. Processing plays an important role in Italy’s vegetable business, especially for tomatoes. In 2018 the country was the second-largest tomato processor worldwide; in addition to its sizeable fresh market, it produced another 4.7m tonnes of the product for processing in 2018. Having reached their lowest level in 2013, purchases of fruit and vegetable in Italy have apparently increased year by year, and this trend is expected to continue – by the end of October 2018, fruit and vegetable sales were around 3 per cent higher than in the previous year. In 2017, each household purchased an average of 182kg of fruit and 150kg of vegetables. The value of both reached €555. Apples, oranges and bananas are the three most commonly purchased fruits; tomatoes, salads and courgettes are the top three in vegetables. In recent years, supermarkets and discounters have gained increasing importance: 61 per cent of fresh fruit and vegetables were bought in supermarkets in Italy in 2017, up from 51 per cent in 2007. Compared with Germany, discounters play a minor role with a share of 16 per cent, and traditional shopping centres such as farmer’s markets (13 per cent) and greengrocers (22 per cent) remain more important. In southern regions and on the islands, the importance of these outlets is especially high.

IMPORTS VOLUME (‘000 tonnes) FRESH FRUIT

2015

2016

2017

2018p

679 139 217 115 752 1,902

712 141 137 104 722 1,816

775 164 232 122 744 2,037

800 182 159 117 743 2,001

FRESH VEGETABLES 1)

2015

2016

2017

2018p

Tomatoes 2) Lettuce Sweet Peppers Others

144 105 76 323 647

118 106 71 302 597

132 113 74 326 646

128 120 84 320 652

Bananas Pineapples Oranges Lemons Others

NORTH-EAST Milan

FRESH FRUIT

CPI for Food (2015=100) 101.3

Unemployment 6.4 per cent

GDP Growth 1.6 per cent

Venice

NORTH-WEST

Turin Genoa

TOTAL

Florence CENTRO

TOTAL

Rome

EXPORTS

Bari

Naples

VOLUME (‘000 tonnes)

SOUTH

SARDINIA

FRESH FRUIT

Cagliari

Palermo SICILY

VOLUME GROWTH (% p.a. 2008-2017) +17 +16

Blueberries +10

Apricots

+9

Melons +6

Raspberries

Fresh Fruit

+3

BY DESTINATION ('000 tonnes, 2017) 1,158

Germany

Austria Poland Spain United Kingdom

364

2018p

976 502 322 138 223 111 94 47 56 525 2,977

570 520 272 196 156 141 71 45 31 525 2,514

FRESH VEGETABLES 1)

2015

2016

2017

2018p

Lettuce Cauliflower/Broccoli Carrots Tomatoes Kohlrabi/Kale Beetroot Fennel Onions Courgettes Others

184 67 74 103 54 54 57 41 29 150 813

200 90 98 105 66 60 62 45 34 170 930

191 83 76 67 66 60 50 43 28 161 827

203 92 79 72 67 57 54 36 24 171 856

TRADE BALANCE VALUE (million euros) FRESH FRUIT

2015

2016

2017

2018p

1,659 2,808 1,149

1,625 2,898 1,273

1,780 3,074 1,294

1,779 2,966 1,187

FRESH VEGETABLES

2015

2016

2017

2018p

Import Export

671 1,148 477

614 1,230 616

688 1,250 562

620 1,237 617

215

Import Export

200

TRADE BALANCE

181 142 976

Other EU Extra EU

2017

TOTAL

FRESH FRUIT AND VEGETABLE EXPORTS

France

2016

1,010 474 413 150 253 152 88 46 59 416 3,060

TOTAL

TOP 5 FRESH FRUIT EXPORTS Blackberries

2015

1,104 462 349 148 269 120 79 41 47 334 2,952

Apples Table Grapes Kiwifruit Pears Peaches/Nectarines Oranges Easy Peelers Lemons Plums Others

567

TRADE BALANCE

Area 41,500 km²

Population 17.1 m

GDP per Inhabitant 43,000 EUR

CPI for Food (2015=100) 101.4

Unemployment 3.4 per cent

GDP Growth 2.9 per cent

NETHERLANDS The Netherlands might be among the EU’s smaller countries, but its long coastline on the North Sea mean it punches above its weight as an important trading hub for fruit imports and exports. Its production might be relatively modest, but it exported a huge amount of fresh fruit in 2017, second only to Spain among EU countries. At the same time, a lot of fruit reaches Europe from overseas via Dutch ports. Bananas are the leading fruit import in volume terms, as well as the most important fruit export. Oranges, table grapes, pineapples and avocados make up the top five imports, while the other leading exports are pears, pineapples, table grapes and oranges. Less than 10 per cent of all Dutch fruit exports are produced in the country itself. Around 85 per cent of domestic production is pears and apples, and like many other European countries the Netherlands saw its out-

PRODUCTION VOLUME (‘000 tonnes) FRESH FRUIT

2015

2016

2017

2018p

Pears Apples Strawberries Other Berries Other

349 336 58 17 20 780

374 317 61 18 16 786

330 227 66 17 19 659

398 259 68 17 18 760

STATISTICS HANDBOOK

TOTAL

14

FRUIT LOGISTICA 2019

15

FRESH VEGETABLES

Tomatoes Onions Carrots Cucumbers Peppers Mushrooms White Cabbage Celery Leeks Iceberg Lettuce Aubergines Chicory Spinach Brussel Sprouts Other TOTAL

2015

2016

2017

2018p

890 1,504 563 405 360 310 142 71 86 90 53 52 47 60 424 5,057

900 1,449 601 370 365 300 129 75 82 89 54 49 45 47 412 4,967

910 1,780 611 400 370 300 138 101 104 84 53 55 60 53 467 5,486

905 811 490 395 365 300 125 90 85 80 52 52 50 48 452 4,300

1) Including re-exports. 2) Excluding nuts.

put limited in 2017 before recovering in 2018. Open-field production of strawberries has diminished slightly in recent years, while protected crop volumes have grown. The country’s main fruit exports are pears, apples and strawberries, but with a rather limited export basket the trade balance for fresh fruit was negative for a long time. In 2016 and 2017 the trade balance was positive but that was expected to change back in 2018. The situation in the Dutch vegetable market is different. With imports limited and production and exports of fresh vegetables high, the trade balance is obviously positive. Onions are the largest in terms of production and export volumes (the Netherlands is the secondlargest exporter worldwide), with both cultivated area and export sales showing an upward trend. Due to the dry summer of 2018, onion production nearly halved and prices were at a record high by the end of the year. Export destinations are widespread, with a focus on Senegal and other African countries. In addition to its huge onion production, the Netherlands is an important producer of glasshouse vegetables. This industry is dominated by tomatoes, production of which has been stable recently with a tendency towards more Roma-type varieties on the vine and snack tomatoes. The use of artificial light is gaining importance when it comes to growing premium tomatoes in winter. Planted area for cucumbers has decreased in the last few years, but there is a growing trend in the production of sweet peppers. Germany is the main export destination for Dutch vegetables – about 46 per cent of all tomato exports went to Germany in 2017 – followed by the UK. For cucumbers, Germany has an even stronger share of 63 per cent. Traditionally, cabbage and carrots were important Dutch exports, normally heading for Germany and eastern Europe. But with increasing production in those countries and greater investment in storage capacity, these export trades are becoming more limited.

Groningen NOORD

VOLUME (‘000 tonnes) FRESH FRUIT 2)

2015

2016

2017

2018p

Bananas Oranges Table Grapes Avocados Pineapples Apples Other

741 522 353 187 267 236 1,509 3,815

875 573 353 247 290 249 1,717 4,304

980 585 381 267 286 253 1,810 4,562

1,127 591 393 359 340 327 1,895 5,032

FRESH VEGETABLES

2015

2016

2017

2018p

Onions Tomatoes Cucumbers Peppers Other

132 184 101 91 479 987

218 222 118 92 604 1,254

219 221 119 92 660 1,311

263 234 123 96 700 1,416

TOTAL

Amsterdam OOST

WEST

IMPORTS

Den Haag Nimwegen

TOTAL

Rotterdam

EXPORTS

Eindhoven

VOLUME (‘000 tonnes)

ZUID

FRESH FRUIT 2)

TOP 6 PRODUCTION OF FRESH VEGETABLES VOLUME GROWTH (% p.a. 2008-2017)

in Total 1) Dutch origin only Pears Apples Strawberries Other TOTAL

Lettuce

+8

FRESH VEGETABLES

Red Beetroot

+8

in Total 1) Dutch origin only Onions Tomatoes Peppers Cucumbers Carrots Cabbage Other

+6

Spinach +5

Celery root Asparagus

+4

Courgettes

+4

Fresh Vegetables

+2

FRESH FRUIT AND VEGETABLE EXPORTS BY DESTINATION ('000 tonnes, 2017)

Senegal

115

France

108

Italy

97

Schweden

96

Other EU Extra EU

2017

2018p

3,789

4,068

171 68 32 3 274

186 56 30 3 275

171 58 32 3 264

170 70 31 4 275

2015

2016

2017

2018p

4,378

4,875

4,919

5,145

1,046 772 307 295 65 114 225 2,824

1,052 755 307 254 52 99 224 2,743

1,137 749 315 284 75 100 246 2,906

1,205 752 315 282 95 93 283 3,025

VALUE (million euros)

427

United Kingdom

2016

3,529

TRADE BALANCE

851

Germany

TOTAL

2015

2,892

FRESH FRUIT 2)

Import Export 1) TRADE BALANCE FRESH VEGETABLES

354 1,123

Sources: AMI-informiert.de; CBS; Eurostat; KCB/GroentenFruitHuis

Import Export 1) TRADE BALANCE

2015

2016

2017

2018p

4,251 4,056 -195

5,020 5,082 62

5,450 5,478 28

5,955 5,906 -49

2015

2016

2017

2018p

1,194 4,538 3,344

1,543 5,163 3,620

1,663 5,280 3,617

1,580 5,331 3,751

Area 312,700 km²

Population 38.0 m

GDP per Inhabitant 12,200 EUR

GDP Growth 4.8 per cent

CPI for Food (2015=100) 101.4

Unemployment 3.0 per cent

POLAND Every fourth apple produced in the EU comes from Poland, a statistic that puts it ahead of Italy and France as Europe’s top apple-producing country. It also occupies a leading position for other fruit and vegetable crops like sour cherries, carrots and cabbage, and just outranks the Netherlands on mushrooms. But processing plays a major role in Poland’s fruit and vegetable sector, as does the notable wild production of items like Chanterelle mushrooms and blueberries. Apples account for 79 per cent of total Polish fruit production, with the largest concentration of orchards found in Grójec, around 40km south of Warsaw. Its main varieties are Idared, Shampion, Golden Delicious and Gala. Until Russia banned EU fruit imports in 2014, it was traditionally the main consumer of Polish apples,

PRODUCTION VOLUME (‘000 tonnes)

STATISTICS HANDBOOK

FRESH FRUIT 2)

16

FRUIT LOGISTICA 2019

17

Apples Strawberries Sour Cherries Currants Raspberries Plums Pears Aronia Sweet Cherries Other TOTAL FRESH VEGETABLES 3)

Tomatoes Cabbage Carrots Onions Cucumbers Mushrooms Beetroot Cauliflower Other TOTAL

2015

2016

2017

2018p

3,146 205 174 154 78 91 66 43 46 46 4,049

3,604 197 195 166 129 110 82 49 54 58 4,644

2,441 178 72 129 105 58 55 49 20 44 3,151

3,600 185 180 150 110 95 75 49 45 56 4,545

2015

2016

2017

2018p

790 875 678 548 487 315 297 195 925 5,110

867 1,018 822 651 529 320 341 240 1,142 5,930

898 1,011 827 667 544 325 336 238 1,184 6,030

926 910 820 650 556 330 320 230 1,188 5,930

1) Including re-export. 2) Including fruits for processing. 3) Excluding potatoes, open-field and under glass. 4) Including vegetable juice and nectar. Sources: AMI-informiert.de; Eurostat; GUS; IERiGZ

Gdansk taking half of its neighbour’s exports. With the market’s closure, the flow of exports changed PÓLNOCNY dramatically, for example bringing European and Arab countries suddenly into focus. In 2018/19, large stocks in the east of Europe are causing concern. Polish apples are present in PÓLNOCNOalmost all EU markets and are exerting presZACHODNI Warsaw sure on prices. Poznan For vegetables, Poland’s output is very much CENTRALNY focused on cabbage, carrots, onions and beetroot, Lublin Lódz vegetables that are very often used in traditional eastern European cuisine. In terms of exports, however, mushrooms are number one: most are Wroclaw exported to Western Europe, including speciality WSCHODNI POLUDNIOWOitems like oyster mushrooms and shiitake. For cabZACHODNI bage, on the other hand, the main destinations are Kraków countries in south-east and eastern Europe, often those POLUDNIOWO with historical connections to Poland. While Poland is a net importer of fruit, for vegetables it is usually a net exporter. However, imports have recently outstripped exports due to smaller harvests. Fruit imports consist mainly of items that cannot be grown in Poland, such as bananas, citrus and exotic fruits. PROCESSED FRUIT PRODUCTION Behind Belgium, Poland is the second-largest (‘000 tonnes, 2017) producer of frozen vegetables in Europe. According to the Institute of Agricultural and Food Economics, its 1,800 Juice, Nectar 4) production amounted to 750,000 tonnes in 2017, just over 360 Frozen Fruit half of all processed vegetables. The canned vegetable and tomato processing industries are also important. For 270 Concentrate 4) fruit, one of Poland’s strengths is the production of juice, 117 Fruit Jam nectar and fruit juice drinks. Poland is also the world’s leading producer of blackcurrants, which are also used 163 Other for juice. 2,710 Total Another mainstay is the production of frozen fruit and juice concentrate. In these two cases, Poland occupies a leading position in Europe. Apples especially PROCESSED FRUIT PRODUCTION are used to make juice and concentrate. For frozen fruit, VOLUME GROWTH (% p.a. 2008-2017) strawberries, sour cherries and raspberries are the biggest items. +3 Frozen Fruit

IMPORTS VOLUME (‘000 tonnes) FRESH FRUIT

2015

2016

2017

2018p

Bananas Oranges Easy Peelers Watermelons Table Grapes Other

380 170 163 123 114 509 1,459

403 168 172 134 111 516 1,504

486 161 157 142 122 616 1,684

490 160 160 136 120 609 1,675

FRESH VEGETABLES

2015

2016

2017

2018p

Tomatoes Peppers Cucumbers Onions Other

144 53 56 73 212 538

146 53 55 60 235 549

142 60 58 49 238 547

144 63 58 54 264 583

2015

2016

2017

2018p

946 29 18 17 7 13 6 140 1,176

1,092 50 19 15 9 9 7 165 1,366

991 42 10 9 3 2 1 180 1,238

900 38 18 16 10 9 4 180 1,175

2015

2016

2017

2018p

212 122 98 65 31 28 15 110 681

226 126 98 37 23 28 20 142 700

226 129 84 50 33 24 19 134 699

228 126 85 44 30 24 20 131 688

TOTAL

TOTAL

EXPORTS VOLUME (‘000 tonnes) FRESH FRUIT

Apples Pears Raspberries Strawberries Plums Sour Cherries Sweet Cherries Other 1) TOTAL FRESH VEGETABLES

Mushrooms Onions Tomatoes Cabbage Carrots Cauliflower Peppers Other TOTAL

TRADE BALANCE VALUE (million euros) FRESH FRUIT

2015

2016

2017

2018p

1,283 592 -691

1,492 602 -890

1,450 630 -820

Other

+3

Import Export

Concentrate 4)

+3

TRADE BALANCE

1,217 567 -650

FRESH VEGETABLES

2015

2016

2017

2018p

Import Export

488 568 80

519 590 71

592 582 -10

603 575 -28

+2

Total Juice, Nectar

+1

4)

Fruit Jam

-2

TRADE BALANCE

Area 819,900 km²

Population 21.4 m

NORDIC COUNTRIES

GDP per Inhabitant 46,000 EUR

GDP Growth 2.4 per cent

CPI for Food (2015=100) 101.8

Unemployment 4.9 per cent Oulu

DENMARK, FINLAND, SWEDEN Umeá

The climate in Sweden, Finland and Denmark precludes these countries from producing a lot of fruit and vegetables, so with their high consumer purchasing power they are particularly popular export destinations. That’s especially true in Finland, where the domestic growing season is short due to the cold winters. Although Sweden and Denmark benefit from the warming Gulf Stream in winter, their summer months are only moderately warm. Thus, the three Nordic countries produce a combined vegetable volume of under 950,000 tonnes, equal to only 1.5 per cent of total European production. The region’s most significant vegetable crops are carrots, onions and cabbage, all grown in open field, and tomatoes, which are the leading crop under greenhouse cultivation. Of the three countries, Sweden has retained its position as the largest vegetable producer

PRODUCTION VOLUME (‘000 tonnes)

STATISTICS HANDBOOK

FRESH FRUIT

18

FRUIT LOGISTICA 2019

19

Denmark – Apples – Pears – Strawberries 2) Finland – Strawberries 2)) – Apples Sweden – Apples – Strawberries 2) TOTAL FRESH VEGETABLES 1)

Denmark – Carrots – Onions – White Cabbage Finland – Carrots – Tomatoes Sweden – Carrots – Onions TOTAL

2015

2016

2017

2018p

62.8 28.5 7.8 6.5 23.1 14.4 6.0 45.6 25.4 17.1 131.5

51.6 23.0 5.5 7.9 21.5 12.0 6.4 45.2 26.8 15.3 118.3

40.2 18.5 4.5 6.7 24.1 13.9 6.8 41.6 22.1 15.7 105.9

53.3 25.0 7.3 7.0 24.0 12.5 6.5 45.5 25.0 16.0 122.8

2015

2016

2017

2018p

316.2 102.5 54.7 22.4 250.1 63.9 38.9 380.6 115.6 64.6 946.9

315.0 117.6 62.0 23.8 262.5 73.0 40.6 372.4 111.6 59.4 949.9

333.0 115.8 61.9 27.6 254.2 62.5 39.4 341.6 109.1 53.0 928.8

298.0 110.0 49.0 23.5 235.0 56.3 40.0 322.0 98.5 45.0 855.0

1) Excluding potatoes. 2) Including greenhouse production. Sources: AMI-informiert.de; Eurostat; national statistics

in recent years, but since 2012 Denmark’s own vegetable production has shown an upward trend, mainly due to Kuopio increased volumes of onions and carrots. In particular, it has been producing more snack and organic carrots for the European market. Tampere At around 120,000 tonnes, the three Nordic countries’ fruit production is much lower than their vegetable Helsinki Turku output. While apples and strawberries are the most important fruits produced, low domestic production means the countries rely heavily on imports and only Uppsala export very small quantities of fruit, as is also the case Stockholm for vegetables. Their self-sufficiency is only around 9 per cent for fruit, compared with around 62 per cent for vegetables. The foreign trade balance is very negative for both fruit and vegetables. Göteborg Overall, the trio imports about 660,000 tonnes of Jönköping fresh vegetables per year, with a slight upward Alborg trend. The leading imports are tomatoes, salads Arhus and cucumbers, with volumes offset by exports Kopenhagen of around 90,000 tonnes. Sweden imports the Malmö Odense largest volume and has the highest domestic consumption of the three. However, it also has the largest population. Its per-capita vegetable consumpFRUIT AND VEGETABLE IMPORTS 2017 tion is around 50kg, compared with 70kg in Finland BY NORDIC COUNTRIES *) (‘000 tonnes) and 78kg in Denmark. The latter is the leading exporter of vegetables, with carrots accounting for more than 410 Bananas half of the export volume. In recent years, carrot exports 174 Apples have risen sharply. 150 Oranges With a total of around 1.37m tonnes, fruit imports 142 Tomatoes are significantly higher than vegetable imports. By far 119 Easy Peelers the biggest imported product are bananas, followed by 78 Watermelons apples for the fresh market and oranges. In the long 69 Cucumbers term, white currants, raspberries and blackberries are among the most important imports, buoyed by growth 54 Table Grapes *) Denmark, Finland, Sweden. in the Scandinavian berry market. Imports were offset by exports of just over 80,000 tonnes in recent years. TOP 5 FRUIT AND VEGETABLE IMPORTS The last two years showed an increase in fruit exports. VOLUME GROWTH *) (% p.a. 2008-2017) Domestic per-capita fruit consumption is more similar across the three countries than it is for vegetables. In White Currants +38 Sweden, it stands at around 70kg, in Denmark 68kg and +30 Kakis in Finland almost 64kg. +29

Sweet Cherries

VOLUME (‘000 tonnes) FRESH FRUIT

Denmark – Bananas – Oranges – Apples Finland – Bananas – Apples Sweden – Bananas – Oranges TOTAL

2017

2018p

379.6 367.8 370.5 87.6 80.3 82.7 42.5 42.4 37.3 56.8 49.2 48.6 316.4 331.1 329.1 101.9 110.5 114.0 47.3 44.4 43.8 686.8 691.1 702.8 208.8 201.9 213.6 92.7 92.2 84.7 1,382.8 1,390.0 1,402.4

2015

385.5 96.8 57.8 51.0 322.5 111.7 36.4 663.4 197.6 70.3 1,371.4

FRESH VEGETABLES

Denmark – Tomatoes – Cucumbers – Lettuce Finland – Lettuce – Tomatoes Sweden – Tomatoes – Cucumbers TOTAL

2016

2015

2016

2017

2018p

199.2 36.1 21.9 27.7 122.3 23.9 28.1 342.4 89.6 35.0 663.9

183.1 34.9 21.3 22.6 126.6 25.8 27 351.2 93.1 37.0 660.9

189.1 33.7 21.4 23.3 125.5 26 24.8 347.6 83.3 37.4 662.2

207.6 37.1 26.3 24.2 136.8 26.5 26.4 351.4 88.2 33.1 695.8

EXPORTS VOLUME (‘000 tonnes) FRESH FRUIT

2015

2016

2017

2018p

Denmark – Bananas – Apples Finland Sweden

33.5 8.6 4.0 4.3 48.8 86.6

34.3 7.1 4.6 10.1 45.2 89.6

37.7 9.8 4.3 9.2 47.4 94.3

45.9 8.8 8.4 6.7 56.4 109.0

FRESH VEGETABLES

2015

2016

2017

2018p

Denmark – Carrots – Onions Finland Sweden

60.0 29.1 12.0 0.3 15.4 75.7

57.5 31.0 11.4 0.2 21.9 79.6

54.6 33.6 6.0 0.6 19.7 74.9

52.6 26.6 8.2 0.8 19.1 72.5

TOTAL

TOTAL

TRADE BALANCE VALUE (million euros) FRESH FRUIT

2015

2016

2017

2018p

1,484 111 -1,373

1,524 117 -1,408

1,580 121 -1,459

1,722 128 -1,594

FRESH VEGETABLES

2015

2016

2017

2018p

Import Export

961 89 -873

977 96 -881

1,025 113 -911

1,084 132 -953

Import Export TRADE BALANCE

+28

Pumpkins

+27

Black Currants Fresh Fruit and Vegetables

IMPORTS

+1

*) Denmark, Finland, Sweden.

TRADE BALANCE

Area 506,000 km²

Population 46.7 m

GDP per Inhabitant 25,100 EUR

GDP Growth 3.0 per cent

CPI for Food (2015=100) 101.7

Unemployment 11.2 per cent

SPAIN Spain is still by far the largest producer of fruit and vegetables in Europe. With a broad range of climates, Spain produces a wide range of fruit and vegetables from almost all climate zones. Its export-oriented production is concentrated in the eastern and southern parts of the country bordering the Mediterranean Sea. Spain is also Europe’s leading exporter of fresh fruit and vegetables, as well as one of its most dynamic. In the last decade, its fruit and vegetable exports grew by an annual average of 4 per cent, with vegetables slightly outperforming fruit. Growth rates were especially high for berries, watermelons and kiwifruit. Persimmons, known locally as kaki, were also a great success, but figures are only available for the last six years. Spain has also performed well exporting stonefruit: its success

PRODUCTION VOLUME (‘000 tonnes)

STATISTICS HANDBOOK

FRESH FRUIT

20

FRUIT LOGISTICA 2019

21

Oranges Easy Peelers Watermelons Lemons Melons Peaches 1) Nectarines Apples Strawberries Other TOTAL FRESH VEGETABLES 2)

Tomatoes 1) Onions Peppers 1) Lettuce Cucumbers Courgettes Broccoli Carrots Green Beans Other TOTAL

2015

2016

2017

2018p

3,087 1,992 1,040 776 692 566 556 482 399 3,306 12,896

3,655 2,343 1,092 996 650 570 535 495 378 2,977 10,714

3,369 1,996 1,115 928 611 709 693 480 360 3,705 10,261

3,717 2,400 1,099 1,092 680 623 582 473 345 3,350 11,011

2015

2016

2017

2018p

2,125 1,108 1,040 927 705 543 452 411 180 1,800 9,291

2,428 1,450 1,075 930 631 582 479 401 182 1,831 9,989

2,113 1,303 1,151 890 611 592 525 388 165 1,909 9,647

2,300 1,431 1,170 843 690 587 520 374 157 1,946 10,018

1) Excluding products grown for processing. 2) Excluding potatoes. Sources: AMI-informiert.de; DGA; Eurostat; Fepex; Mapama; WAPA

Oviedo NOROESTE with peaches (rising 8 per cent per annum) is mainly due to growing exports of flat varieties, Bilbao which have gained a significant market share in central Europe. Valladolid The highest relative growth rates in vegetable NORESTE exports are found in some minor items like spinach or leeks, but the highest absolute growth rates can be Zaragoza Barcelona observed in fruit vegetables like peppers, cucumbers ESTE Madrid and courgettes and in leafy salads and brassicas. CENTRO Exports of the latter were mainly broccoli, while iceberg lettuce is still the most exported salad vegetable crop; growth in this category was due to the Valencia Palma success of other articles like baby leaf or romaine hearts. Even exports of traditional items like the typical, large-sized Spanish onions grew by almost 14,000 tonnes per year in the period from Sevilla SUR 2008 to 2017. In 2018, exports of fresh fruit have decreased accordMálaga ing to preliminary data. A smaller harvest of peaches and nectarines was partly responsible, while a rather cool spring led to limited availability of strawberries and early melons. The hot and long summer in central Europe prompted record exports of watermelons, howTOP 5 FRESH VEGETABLE EXPORTS ever. Exports of fresh vegetables increased after a dip in VOLUME GROWTH (‘000 tonnes p.a. 2008-2017) 2017, which was caused by low temperatures. Pepper and cucumber exports will probably reach record levels. Pepper +38 Spanish exports go mostly to other EU countries, +26 Lettuce with only 7 per cent sent to third countries. Germany +24 Cucumbers (26 per cent) is the most important destination, fol+21 Brassicas lowed by France (18 per cent), the UK (12 per cent), the Netherlands (8 per cent, often re-exported) and Italy +14 Garlic (6 per cent). Spanish imports, meanwhile, are growing but still +186 Fresh Vegetables of limited importance compared with exports. Offering high per-capita consumption, the domestic market is also an interesting destination for Spanish producers. FRUIT AND VEGETABLE EXPORTS 2017 Compared with Germany, private households in Spain BY DESTINATION (‘000 tonnes) buy double the quantity of fresh fruit and vegetables. 3,220 Germany According to panel data published by the Spanish Agricultural Ministry, Spanish households are buying 2,181 France slightly less fresh fruit, while quantities of fresh vegeta1,474 United Kingdom bles and potatoes remain constant. About 25 per cent of 988 Netherlands the budget for fresh fruit and vegetables is still spent at 781 Italy traditional shops, mainly greengrocers. These outlets are 580 Poland more important for fruit than for vegetables. 2,288

Other EU

Extra EU

816

IMPORTS VOLUME (‘000 tonnes) FRESH FRUIT

2015

2016

2017

2018p

228 148 203 133 681 1,393

285 162 223 164 779 1,613

307 217 192 174 816 1,706

365 175 155 155 940 1,790

FRESH VEGETABLES 1)

2015

2016

2017

2018p

Beans Tomatoes 1) Onions Other

109 85 41 197 432

138 92 71 203 504

121 99 54 307 581

140 90 85 285 600

Bananas Kiwifruit Apples Oranges Other TOTAL

TOTAL

EXPORTS VOLUME (‘000 tonnes) FRESH FRUIT

2015

2016

2017

2018p

Oranges Easy Peelers Watermelons Lemons Melons Peaches Nectarines Strawberries Kaki Other

1,891 1,566 655 639 435 379 470 283 185 1,081 7,584

1,556 1,464 719 545 444 407 419 311 193 1,141 7,199

1,604 1,356 739 689 441 454 469 304 215 1,202 7,473

1,540 1,370 847 595 410 385 375 280 200 1,103 7,105

2015

2016

2017

2018p

950 724 672 625 450 276 354 159 149 560 4,919

908 743 701 632 464 327 357 153 163 615 5,063

810 762 689 627 447 320 337 144 166 547 4,849

830 830 755 650 490 370 330 160 150 560 5,125

TOTAL FRESH VEGETABLES 1)

Tomatoes Lettuce Peppers Cucumbers Brassicas Courgettes Onions Aubergines Garlic Other TOTAL

TRADE BALANCE VALUE (million euros) FRESH FRUIT

Import Export TRADE BALANCE FRESH VEGETABLES 2)

Import Export TRADE BALANCE

2015

2016

2017

2018p

1,336 7,063 5,727

1,576 7,340 5,764

1,740 7,437 5,697

1,910 7,700 5,790

2015

2016

2017

2018p

473 4,746 4,273

520 5,092 4,572

565 5,174 4,609

580 5,070 4,490

GDP per Inhabitant 35,300 EUR

Area 248,500 km²

Population 66.2 m

CPI for Food (2015=100) 103.4

Unemployment 3.0 per cent

GDP Growth 1.7 per cent

PRODUCTION

STATISTICS HANDBOOK

VOLUME (‘000 tonnes)

22

FRUIT LOGISTICA 2019

23

FRESH FRUIT 1)

2015

2016

2017

2018p

Apples Strawberries Pears Raspberries Blackcurrants Plums Cherries Other Soft Fruit Other TOTAL

243 115 25 17 15 11 5 9 4 444

244 120 27 16 12 9 2 8 5 443

206 128 25 17 14 8 6 11 4 419

220 125 21 16 14 8 5 10 5 424

FRESH VEGETABLES 2)

2015

2016

2017

2018p

731 492 230 157 122 104 91 84 54 51 283 2,399

746 432 232 157 93 88 82 81 53 51 264 2,279

866 454 224 129 99 90 90 90 53 51 268 2,414

700 332 210 140 90 90 85 80 50 50 223 2,050

Carrots Onions Cabbage Peas 1) Lettuce Turnips and Swedes Cauliflower Parsnips Celery Brussel Sprouts Other TOTAL

1) Including products grown for processing. 2) Excluding potatoes. Sources: AMI-informiert.de; Defra; Eurostat

most part is now essentially protected cultivation under plastic tunnels. Overall growth in Glasshouse fruit (140ha in 2006, 217ha in 2017) has outpaced glasshouse vegetables (700ha in 2006, 850ha in 2017). The 2018 season was characterised by below-average temperatures in February and March and very high rainfall in March, April and May, making it difficult to plant field crops in time. In June and July there was practically no recorded rain, and precipitation in August was still below average. Southern parts of the UK, along with Belgium and southern Netherlands, were among Europe’s driest regions in the hot summer of 2018. Frequent irrigation could not safeguard all crops, with high temperatures promoting plant diseases and stress to field crops. This resulted in below-average yields across the board. Due to its relatively small domestic production, the UK is one of Europe’s largest importers of fresh fruit and vegetables, ranking second in the EU for both. Twothirds of its fresh vegetables come from Spain and the Netherlands, with only 12 per cent from third countries. Last year’s small domestic crop was compensated in part by more imports from those two sources. By contrast, almost two-thirds of its fruit come from third countries – in addition to the traditional banana suppliers of south and central America, South Africa (9 per cent) plays a prominent role. The most important EU source is Spain (16 per cent). As imports have climbed year on year, the UK’s self-sufficiency rate for fruit has fallen to 16 per cent, while for vegetables it is higher at 53 per cent. The degree of self-sufficiency in 2018 is likely to be even lower. Brexit is a point of constant discussion in the UK and on the Continent. But, since the exact new rules of trade after March 2019 are still not known, the effects remain difficult to predict. Massive changes of trade flows are unlikely, but bureaucratic obstacles may turn out to be a real problem. The UK’s fresh fruit and vegetable exports are minor, although in the past five years re-exports of items including bananas and oranges have risen. In 2017, UK household spending on fresh fruit and vegetables (including fresh-cut, excluding potatoes) was the second highest in the EU at €13.2bn, just behind Germany (€14.8bn).

SCOTLAND

Glasgow NORTHERN IRELAND Belfast

VOLUME (‘000 tonnes) FRESH FRUIT

2015

2016

2017

2018p

1,152 413 269 307 286 258 144 137 150 588 3,705

1,211 382 301 317 292 275 148 148 146 647 3,867

1,235 525 306 289 287 271 168 154 133 643 4,013

1,210 520 320 300 290 270 165 160 140 705 4,080

2015

2016

2017

2018p

402 391 183 207 153 161 125 49 584 2,256

402 395 208 221 167 154 123 73 625 2,369

399 343 197 193 160 137 126 39 595 2,189

405 390 205 200 165 155 125 40 695 2,380

2015

2016

2017

2018p

32 29 20 49 130

55 30 17 41 142

59 31 26 61 177

60 35 20 65 180

2015

2016

2017

2018p

38 9 10 96 153

21 7 10 117 155

23 8 6 93 130

20 7 6 87 120

Bananas Apples Melons Easy Peelers Oranges Table Grapes Pineapples Lemons, Limes Pears Other

UNITED KINGDOM Domestic fruit and vegetable production in the UK is relative small, although it is the EU’s eighth-largest producer of vegetables. After a low around 2005, its vegetable production area has recovered to around 125,000ha, of which 35,000ha are used to grow peas for processing. An additional 33,500ha are peas harvested dry, which are usually not counted as vegetable area. Protected veg production is insignificant, at just 850ha. In terms of EU fruit production, the UK sits in twelfth place. Production of apples and pears appears small, with the notable point that the country grows a high proportion of ‘culinary apples’ (essentially Bramley), which are not consumed raw. The soft fruit sector, in the meantime, is developing very dynamically. Since 2000, its production has more than doubled, and for the

IMPORTS

TOTAL

NORTH EAST Newcastle

NORTH WEST

Manchester

FRESH VEGETABLES

YORKSHIRE AND Leeds THE HUMBER

Nottingham MIDLANDS EAST OF ENGLAND

WALES Birmingham Cardiff

Tomatoes Onions Peppers Lettuce, all Cucumbers Cauliflower/Broccoli Mushrooms Celery Other TOTAL

London SOUTH WEST Plymouth

EXPORTS

SOUTH EAST

VOLUME (‘000 tonnes) FRESH FRUIT

TOP 5 FRESH FRUIT IMPORTS VOLUME GROWTH (% p.a. 2008-2017) +14

Avocados +13

Blueberries +8

Figs +6

Melons

Fresh Fruit

+2

VOLUME GROWTH (% p.a. 2008-2017)

+6

Garlic

+6

Sweetcorn

TRADE BALANCE VALUE (million euros)

+7

Peppers

FRESH FRUIT

Import Export TRADE BALANCE

2015

2016

2017

2018p

4,257 136 -4,122

4,391 139 -4,252

4,474 178 -4,296

4,520 181 -4,339

+5

Eggplants

Fresh Vegetables

FRESH VEGETABLES

TOTAL

TOP 5 FRESH VEGETABLE IMPORTS

Asparagus

TOTAL

Carrots and Turnips Cauliflower/Broccoli Onions Other

+5

Lemons, Limes

Bananas Oranges Apples Other

+4

+2

FRESH VEGETABLES

Import Export TRADE BALANCE

2015

2016

2017

2018p

2,866 132 -2,734

2,776 131 -2,645

2,767 127 -2,640

2,825 124 -2,701

DISCOUNT RETAILING IN EUROPE

STATISTICS HANDBOOK

While it is by no means clear if the world’s first discount store was in Germany, the country can certainly claim to have achieved the greatest economic success in discount retailing – something that holds true in their home market as well as in neighbouring European countries. In 1962, the Albrecht brothers opened their first Aldi supermarket, in Essen, featuring a characteristically limited number of products, self service directly from pallets or cartons, and constantly low prices – the latter made possible by extremely efficient logistics along the whole supply chain. Until the early 1990s, Aldi’s cash registers did not have scanners, apparently because they were too slow. Every cashier knew the price of the 600 articles by heart. In the sixties and seventies, discounters did not sell any fresh produce at all. Only in the early eighties did the first fruit and vegetables appear, starting with bananas and cucumbers. Nowadays most discounters even manage to overtrade in fresh produce. In countries where discounters had a high market share, like Austria and Germany, the high turnover rate was an advantage when it came to produce. Since there were no coldstorage facilities in these countries’ supermarkets, the quality of produce sold through discounters was sometimes better, although that advantage disappeared when the conventional chains began investing in such technology.

TOP 10 DISCOUNTERS IN EUROPE NET TURNOVER (billion euros 2017) 80.5

Lidl 61.9

Aldi Pyaterochka

17.8

(X5 Retail Group)

Edeka

24

15.8

(Netto MD and other)

Penny

13.2

(Rewe Group)

25

Biedronka

Rema 1000

FRUIT LOGISTICA 2019

12.5

(Jerónimo Martins)

(Reitangruppen)

Salling Group

7.3

(Dansk Supermarked)

5.6

Eurospin

5.6

Dia Market

4.6

91

With a turnover of €81bn in 2017 (according to LZ Retailytics), Lidl is Europe’s leading discounter. That’s because, despite being number two in its home market Germany, it invested earlier and faster than the country’s biggest discounter Aldi in other European countries. Still far ahead of their competitors, the two companies remain undisputed leaders at the top of Europe’s discount ranking. Aldi’s European turnover is estimated at €62bn. Which means it’s only from third place down that the rankings tend to change: Russian retailer X5 Retail Group (Pyaterochka) recently overtook Edeka Group’s discount banners (mainly Netto Marken Discount), pushing it into fourth place. While the leading German discounters already have a strong foothold and high share in western European markets – the UK being a notable exception – but the Russian newcomer (estimated turnover €18bn) has almost unlimited opportunities to expand in the east. Number five in the European ranking is Penny, the discount division of German supermarket chain Rewe. Number six is Poland’s Biedronka, a subsidiary of Portuguese retailer Jerónimo Martins. Places seven and eight are occupied by Scandinavian companies Rema 100 and Dansk Supermarked (with its main format Netto). Southern European companies Eurospin (Italy) and Dia Market (Spain) respectively make up the last two places in the top ten. The level and development of discount market share in fast-moving consumer goods (FMCG) varies greatly from country to country. The highest market share in Europe, with more than 60 per cent of expenditure on FMCG, is in Norway, but within the EU the leaders are Denmark and Germany. In the UK and France, which are at the lower end of the FMCG ranking, the trends are completely different. Discounting in the UK is still growing rapidly, but the market share of discounters in France has decreased slightly in the last two years. Some eastern European countries like Croatia and Bulgaria

SHARE OF DISCOUNTERS EXPENDITURES FOR FMCG 1) (% 2017) 41

Denmark

39

Germany 31

Poland 27

Austria 23

Ireland Belgium

22

Hungary

22 20

Czech Republic Italy

18

Sweden

18 14

Greece

13

Portugal

12

Croatia

10

United Kigdom France Source: LZ Retailytics

1) Fast-moving consumer goods. Sources: AMI-informiert.de; Europanel; GfK; KantarWorldpanel

10 7

Bulgaria Spain

5

are also at the lower end of the scale. Spain, meanwhile, was the country with the lowest discount share of FMCG in the EU in 2017, albeit growing rapidly; Spanish consumers still buy a lot of produce at street markets or at traditional shops, something that is also true to a lesser degree in Italy. In most countries for which we have data, discounters are overtrading in freshproduce, Italy being the only exception. Many discounters use fresh fruit and vegetables to attract customers into their stores, and because perishable products have to be bought more frequently than other foods, the fruit and vegetable department is strategically important. What’s more, discounters’ share of fresh fruit and vegetable spending has grown ever since the category was introduced, but this growth differs according to segment and country. In Germany in 1986, just five years after discounters started selling produce, the percentage of leafy vegetables sold there was already 14 per cent. Six years later, in 1992, that figure was 24 per cent; in 2017, it reached 52 per cent. In the past four years, volume growth in leafy vegetables has stopped, but expenditures have kept rising – partly due to a real price increase but mainly thanks to shoppers trading up. The comparatively cheap iceberg lettuce, for example, accounted for 37 per cent of category spending at discount in 2012, but only 31 per cent in 2017. At the same time, high-priced items like rocket and lambs lettuce increased their share – a trend seen not only in the discount sphere but also other trade channels including supermarkets. Discounters are growing fastest in the UK. Although the German chains have been active there for a long time, they only really began to take off 15 years ago. For a very long time, conventional wisdom suggested a pronounced class consciousness would stop British consumers buying from discount stores. But with new product ranges and a refreshed image – focused on Continued on page 26

DISCOUNT TRADING RELATIVE COMPARED TO FMCG 1) (% 2017) 191

Spain 126

United Kingdom

113

Germany

113

Austria

109

France Belgium Italy

99 91

>100 represents an overtrade of discounts in fresh fruit and vegetables against FMCG.

DISCOUNT SHARE OF FRESH FRUIT

Continued from page 25

(% 2017 ) SHARE OF VALUE

DISCOUNT RETAILING IN EUROPE smart, rather than stingy, shoppers – sales started to grow. Fresh produce has played an important role in this success story: Aldi and Lidl recently overtraded in several categories including potatoes, soft fruit, citrus, fresh-cut salads and leafy vegetables. France is a noteworthy exception. There, discount’s share of fresh fruit and vegetable sales peaked around 2010 at around 11 per cent. Supermarkets specialising in fruit and vegetables have emerged as strong competition to both the hypermarkets and the discounters. By

FRESH FRUIT

STATISTICS HANDBOOK

SHARE OF DISCOUNT (%)

26

FRUIT LOGISTICA 2019

27

TOTAL EXPENDITURE

2015

2016

2017

Germany Austria Belgium Italy France Spain

43.5 31.4 19.0 13.3 11.5 9.1

44.4 31.9 19.3 14.2 10.9 9.9

44.8 31.4 19.7 14.9 11.1 10.3

TOTAL QUANTITY

2015

2016

2017

Germany Austria Belgium Italy France Spain

50.5 38.0 22.4 13.9 13.2 10.4

51.2 38.4 22.4 14.8 12.4 11.3

51.9 37.4 22.1 15.3 12.9 11.6

FRESH VEGETABLES SHARE OF DISCOUNT (%) TOTAL EXPENDITURE

2015

2016

2017

Germany Austria Belgium Italy France Spain

41.4 29.6 22.5 15.6 11.5 9.3

42.0 29.5 22.5 16.5 10.9 9.9

43.1 29.6 23.4 17.1 11.1 10.2

TOTAL QUANTITY

2015

2016

2017

Germany Austria Belgium Italy France Spain

51.0 41.7 25.9 19.8 13.9 10.3

51.0 41.1 25.9 20.8 13.2 10.8

51.8 41.0 26.2 21.3 13.4 10.9

1) Fast Moving Consumer Goods. Sources: AMI-informiert.de; Europanel; GfK; KantarWorldpanel

presenting a huge range of fresh produce at competitive prices, these formats have attracted consumers and kept a lid on the discounters’ market share. When it comes to product mix, the difference between discounters and supermarkets is not as pronounced as one might think. Even rather sensitive segments, like fresh-cut salads, are well represented in discount stores. In Germany, the UK and Spain, they are even overtraded by discounters, and even in France fresh-cut salad sales are trading at 70 per cent relative to the fruit and vegetable category. Organic produce is present too, with discounters overtrading in major organic lines such as bananas and carrots, although a limited portfolio of products means this does not hold true for the whole organic category. Bananas generate the biggest discount sales, something that’s also true in southern Europe. In the vegetable segment, carrots, tomatoes and cucumbers have a high discount share. The same could be said of potatoes if the organised retail sector were taken into account. But in countries like Germany or Austria, direct sales from producer to consumer still command a certain importance, lowering the market share of discounters and supermarkets. It is difficult to calculate the real difference in terms of consumer prices between discounters and supermarkets, because each trade channel’s specifications are usually slightly different. Discounters benefit from a relative price advantage, and the perceived difference

Apples Bananas Oranges Pears Watermelons SHARE OF QUANTITY

Apples Bananas Oranges Pears Watermelons

SHARE OF DISCOUNT IN TOTAL EXPENDITURE FOR FRESH FRUIT AND VEGETABLES (%) 2017 Germany 2012

42

Austria Belgium Italy

8

United Kingdom

8

All other sources

1.3

Germany

7

17 16

21

Discount

16

10 11

52

2017

50

2012 38 37

Austria

1.0 0.9

28

10

1.2 1.1

24 22

Belgium 2012

2013

2014

2015

2016

2017

Germany

Italy

Spain

47.1 56.6 53.6 52.0 53.4

16.1 21.5 12.9 14.6 15.2

12.2 19.1 7.7 11.6 12.1

Germany

Italy

Spain

Carrots Leafy vegetables Onions Potatoes Tomatoes

48.9 42.9 43.5 36.1 50.7

. 17.7 . 21.0 19.4

14.2 10.3 11.2 10.7 10.3

Germany

Italy

Spain

57.4 52.2 54.2 44.8 56.8

22.6 14.3 21.3 21.6 18.9

18.8 10.0 12.9 12.2 11.2

2018p Spain

11 8 10

Carrots Leafy vegetables Onions Potatoes Tomatoes

44

31

IN TOTAL QUANTITY BOUGHT FOR FRESH FRUIT AND VEGETABLES (%)

1.4

10.4 16.0 6.9 9.9 9.9

SHARE OF VALUE

SHARE OF QUANTITY

SHARE OF DISCOUNT

1.5

Spain

15.1 19.5 12.6 14.3 14.8

(% 2017 )

Spain

GERMANY (euros/kg)

Italy

41.8 50.4 44.9 46.8 47.3

DISCOUNT SHARE OF FRESH VEGETABLES

France

CONSUMER PRICE FOR BANANAS

Germany

is higher in an undersupplied market where average prices are high than it is in an oversupplied market with depressed prices. Consequently, in Germany the discounters have gained more market share during years when prices were higher. Preliminary data for 2018 show an increase of discount market share in fresh vegetables and a decrease in fresh fruit. In Italy and Spain, discount share has reportedly grown again in the first half of 2018. However, low prices alone are no longer a guarantee of success. One leading discounter was forced to learn this lesson the hard way, because a lack of innovation drove away the next generation of young consumers. Ranges have to be monitored and renewed constantly. The number of fresh produce lines has grown quickly in the last few years, but of course this growth has its limits, because the advantage of efficient logistics depends on a limited number of lines. In the end, a discount store still has to offer low prices.

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