European Exploration And Colonization
This document was uploaded by user and they confirmed that they have the permission to share it. If you are author or own the copyright of this book, please report to us by using this DMCA report form. Report DMCA
Overview
Download & View European Exploration And Colonization as PDF for free.
More details
- Words: 1,267
- Pages: 47
Use the chart below to record the names of early explorers under the country they represent. Also, for each explorer, write their primary discovery. Spain :: Spain
European European Nations Nations And And Their Their Explorers Explorers Portugal: Portugal:
England: England:
A Map of the Known World, pre pre‐‐ 1492
Motives for European Exploration
1. Crusades Æ by-pass intermediaries to get to Asia. 2. Renaissance Æ curiosity about other lands and peoples. 3. Reformation Æ refugees & missionaries. 4. Monarchs seeking new sources of revenue. 5. Technological advances. 6. Fame and fortune.
Timeline of Exploration Year and Event
Year and Event
Year and Event
Year and Event
Year and Event
Year and Event
Year and Event
Overseas Exploration and Conquest • Political centralization in Spain, France, and England helps explain their expansion. • Portugal led the expansion, seeking to Christianize Muslims, import gold from West Africa, find an overseas route to India to obtain Indian spices, and contact the mythical Christian ruler of Ethiopia, Prester John. • Beginning in 1415 the Portuguese sent their ships further down the west coast of Africa until they rounded the Cape of Good Hope and reached India in 1497–1499. • The Portuguese reached Brazil in 1500. • The Portuguese fought Muslim rulers to control the Indian Ocean and won.
Technological Stimuli to Exploration • With the development of large cannon and their placement on heavy-hulled sailing vessels, Europeans had a naval weapon without parallel. • Advances in navigation, such as the compass and the astrolabe, helped navigation.
New Maritime Technologies Better Maps
Hartman Astrolabe (1532) Mariner’s Compass
Sextant
New Weapons Technology
The Explorers’ Motives • Overpopulation did not motivate the explorers; Europe wasn’t overpopulated at the time. • The Crusading drive was one force behind exploration. • So too was a shortage of opportunity in Spain for small-time nobles and merchants. • Government sponsorship encouraged the voyages. • Renaissance curiosity was a motive. • Mostly, though, the explorers wished to get rich, in part through the spice trade.
Prince Henry, the Navigator
School for Navigation, 1419
Museum of Navigation in Lisbon
Portuguese Maritime Empire 1. Exploring the west coast of Africa. 2. Bartolomeo Dias, 1487. 3. Vasco da Gama, 1498. Calicut. 4. Admiral Alfonso de Albuquerque (Goa, 1510; Malacca, 1511).
Zheng He ’s Voyages He’s Voyages
In 1498, Da Gama reached Calcutta, China’s favorite port!
The Problem of Christopher Columbus • Columbus was an extremely religious man. • Columbus was very knowledgeable about the sea. • Columbus aimed to find a direct sea route to Asia. • Columbus described the Caribbean as a Garden of Eden. • When he settled the Caribbean islands and enslaved their inhabitants, he was acting as “a man of his times.”
Christopher Columbus [1451 ‐1506] [1451‐1506]
Columbus Columbus’’ Four Voyages
Later Explorers • News of Columbus’s voyage quickly spread throughout Europe. • The search for precious metals determined the direction of Spanish exploration and expansion. • In 1519 Ferdinand Magellan, working for Spain, rounded Cape Horn and entered the Pacific Ocean, eventually circumnavigating the globe. • From 1519–1522 Hernando Cortés sailed from Hispaniola to Mexico and crushed the Aztec Empire of central Mexico. • Francisco Pizarro conquered the Inca Empire of the Andes between 1531 and 1536. • Although wealth flowed into Lisbon and Seville, in the end Flemish towns became the bankers of Europe.
Other Voyages of Exploration
Ferdinand Magellan & the First Circumnavigation of the World: Early 16cc
Atlantic Explorations
Looking for “El Dorado”
The First Spanish Conquests: The Aztecs
vs.
Fernando Cortez
Montezuma II
The Economic Effects of Spain’s Discoveries in the New World • During the 1500s and 1600s there was a huge influx of precious metals into Spain from its American colonies. • Population increase in Spain and the establishment of new colonies created greater demand for goods in Spain. The economy could not meet the demands. Together with the influx of specie, this led to inflation. • Inflation caused the Spanish government to go bankrupt several times. • Payment of Spanish armies in bullion created inflation throughout Europe, which greatly hurt nobles on fixed incomes.
The Death of Montezuma II
Mexico Surrenders to Cortez
The First Spanish Conquests: The Incas
vs.
Francisco Pizarro
Atahualpa
Slaves Working in a Brazilian Sugar Mill
Administration of the Spanish Empire in the New World 1. Encomienda or forced labor. 2. Council of the Indies. Viceroy. New Spain and Peru.
The Columbian Exchange • The most important changes brought by the Columbian voyages may have been biosocial in nature. • Flora, fauna, and diseases traveled in both directions across the Atlantic. • New World foods became Old World staples. • Domestic animals were brought to the New World. • European diseases ravaged Amerindian populations. • Sailors and settlers brought syphilis back with them to Europe.
Impact of European Expansion 1. Native populations ravaged by disease. 2. Influx of gold, and especially silver, into Europe created an inflationary economic climate. [“Price Revolution”] 3. New products introduced across the continents [“Columbian Exchange”]. 4. Deepened colonial rivalries.
The “Columbian Exchange” The “Columbian Exchange”
Squash
Avocado
Peppers
Sweet Potatoes
Turkey
Pumpkin
Tobacco
Quinine
Cocoa
Pineapple
Cassava
POTATO
Peanut
TOMATO
Vanilla
MAIZE
Syphilis
Trinkets
Liquor
GUNS
Olive
COFFEE BEAN
Banana
Rice
Onion
Turnip
Honeybee
Barley
Grape
Peach
SUGAR CANE
Oats
Citrus Fruits
Pear
Wheat
HORSE
Cattle
Sheep
Pigs
Smallpox
Flu
Typhus
Measles
Malaria
Diptheria
Whooping Cough
Cycle of Conquest & Colonization Conq
dores
si on ar
ie s
Official European Colony
uista
Perm anen t Sett lers
M is
Explorers
Treasures from the Americas!
Trans ‐Atlantic Slave Trade Trans‐Atlantic Slave Trade
The Slave Trade 1. Existed in Africa before the coming of the Europeans. 2. Portuguese replaced European slaves with Africans. Sugar cane & sugar plantations. First boatload of African slaves brought by the Spanish in 1518. 275,000 enslaved Africans exported to other countries.
3. Between 16c & 19c, about 10 million Africans shipped to the Americas.
European Slavery and the Origins of American Racism • Before the 1400s virtually all slaves in Europe were white. • The Ottoman conquest of Constantinople cut off slaves from the Black Sea region. • With Portuguese voyages to West Africa and the occupation of the Canary and Madeira islands, slavery hooked up with sugar culture. • Native Americans did not survive long under conditions of slavery and forced labor. • The Spaniards brought in enslaved Africans as substitutes. • Modern racism against blacks had its origins in medieval Christian theology and to a lesser extent, medieval Arab views of the peoples of sub-Saharan Africa.
Slave Ship
“Middle Passage”
““Coffin” Coffin” Position Below Deck
African Captives Thrown Overboard
Sharks followed the slave ships!
European Empires in the Americas
The Influence of the Colonial Catholic Church
Guadalajara Cathedral
Spanish Mission
Our Lady of Guadalupe
The Treaty of Tordesillas, 1494 & The Treaty of Tordesillas, 1494 & The Pope ’s Line of Demarcation The Pope’s Line of Demarcation
Father Bartolome de Las Casas Father Bartolome de Las Casas
New Laws Æ 1542
New Colonial Rivals 1. Portugal lacked the numbers and wealth to dominate trade in the Indian Ocean. 2. Spain in Asia Æ consolidated its holdings in the Philippines. 3. First English expedition to the Indies in 1591. Surat in NW India in 1608. 4. Dutch arrive in India in 1595.
New Colonial Rivals
New Patterns of World Trade
European European Nations Nations And And Their Their Explorers Explorers Portugal: Portugal:
England: England:
A Map of the Known World, pre pre‐‐ 1492
Motives for European Exploration
1. Crusades Æ by-pass intermediaries to get to Asia. 2. Renaissance Æ curiosity about other lands and peoples. 3. Reformation Æ refugees & missionaries. 4. Monarchs seeking new sources of revenue. 5. Technological advances. 6. Fame and fortune.
Timeline of Exploration Year and Event
Year and Event
Year and Event
Year and Event
Year and Event
Year and Event
Year and Event
Overseas Exploration and Conquest • Political centralization in Spain, France, and England helps explain their expansion. • Portugal led the expansion, seeking to Christianize Muslims, import gold from West Africa, find an overseas route to India to obtain Indian spices, and contact the mythical Christian ruler of Ethiopia, Prester John. • Beginning in 1415 the Portuguese sent their ships further down the west coast of Africa until they rounded the Cape of Good Hope and reached India in 1497–1499. • The Portuguese reached Brazil in 1500. • The Portuguese fought Muslim rulers to control the Indian Ocean and won.
Technological Stimuli to Exploration • With the development of large cannon and their placement on heavy-hulled sailing vessels, Europeans had a naval weapon without parallel. • Advances in navigation, such as the compass and the astrolabe, helped navigation.
New Maritime Technologies Better Maps
Hartman Astrolabe (1532) Mariner’s Compass
Sextant
New Weapons Technology
The Explorers’ Motives • Overpopulation did not motivate the explorers; Europe wasn’t overpopulated at the time. • The Crusading drive was one force behind exploration. • So too was a shortage of opportunity in Spain for small-time nobles and merchants. • Government sponsorship encouraged the voyages. • Renaissance curiosity was a motive. • Mostly, though, the explorers wished to get rich, in part through the spice trade.
Prince Henry, the Navigator
School for Navigation, 1419
Museum of Navigation in Lisbon
Portuguese Maritime Empire 1. Exploring the west coast of Africa. 2. Bartolomeo Dias, 1487. 3. Vasco da Gama, 1498. Calicut. 4. Admiral Alfonso de Albuquerque (Goa, 1510; Malacca, 1511).
Zheng He ’s Voyages He’s Voyages
In 1498, Da Gama reached Calcutta, China’s favorite port!
The Problem of Christopher Columbus • Columbus was an extremely religious man. • Columbus was very knowledgeable about the sea. • Columbus aimed to find a direct sea route to Asia. • Columbus described the Caribbean as a Garden of Eden. • When he settled the Caribbean islands and enslaved their inhabitants, he was acting as “a man of his times.”
Christopher Columbus [1451 ‐1506] [1451‐1506]
Columbus Columbus’’ Four Voyages
Later Explorers • News of Columbus’s voyage quickly spread throughout Europe. • The search for precious metals determined the direction of Spanish exploration and expansion. • In 1519 Ferdinand Magellan, working for Spain, rounded Cape Horn and entered the Pacific Ocean, eventually circumnavigating the globe. • From 1519–1522 Hernando Cortés sailed from Hispaniola to Mexico and crushed the Aztec Empire of central Mexico. • Francisco Pizarro conquered the Inca Empire of the Andes between 1531 and 1536. • Although wealth flowed into Lisbon and Seville, in the end Flemish towns became the bankers of Europe.
Other Voyages of Exploration
Ferdinand Magellan & the First Circumnavigation of the World: Early 16cc
Atlantic Explorations
Looking for “El Dorado”
The First Spanish Conquests: The Aztecs
vs.
Fernando Cortez
Montezuma II
The Economic Effects of Spain’s Discoveries in the New World • During the 1500s and 1600s there was a huge influx of precious metals into Spain from its American colonies. • Population increase in Spain and the establishment of new colonies created greater demand for goods in Spain. The economy could not meet the demands. Together with the influx of specie, this led to inflation. • Inflation caused the Spanish government to go bankrupt several times. • Payment of Spanish armies in bullion created inflation throughout Europe, which greatly hurt nobles on fixed incomes.
The Death of Montezuma II
Mexico Surrenders to Cortez
The First Spanish Conquests: The Incas
vs.
Francisco Pizarro
Atahualpa
Slaves Working in a Brazilian Sugar Mill
Administration of the Spanish Empire in the New World 1. Encomienda or forced labor. 2. Council of the Indies. Viceroy. New Spain and Peru.
The Columbian Exchange • The most important changes brought by the Columbian voyages may have been biosocial in nature. • Flora, fauna, and diseases traveled in both directions across the Atlantic. • New World foods became Old World staples. • Domestic animals were brought to the New World. • European diseases ravaged Amerindian populations. • Sailors and settlers brought syphilis back with them to Europe.
Impact of European Expansion 1. Native populations ravaged by disease. 2. Influx of gold, and especially silver, into Europe created an inflationary economic climate. [“Price Revolution”] 3. New products introduced across the continents [“Columbian Exchange”]. 4. Deepened colonial rivalries.
The “Columbian Exchange” The “Columbian Exchange”
Squash
Avocado
Peppers
Sweet Potatoes
Turkey
Pumpkin
Tobacco
Quinine
Cocoa
Pineapple
Cassava
POTATO
Peanut
TOMATO
Vanilla
MAIZE
Syphilis
Trinkets
Liquor
GUNS
Olive
COFFEE BEAN
Banana
Rice
Onion
Turnip
Honeybee
Barley
Grape
Peach
SUGAR CANE
Oats
Citrus Fruits
Pear
Wheat
HORSE
Cattle
Sheep
Pigs
Smallpox
Flu
Typhus
Measles
Malaria
Diptheria
Whooping Cough
Cycle of Conquest & Colonization Conq
dores
si on ar
ie s
Official European Colony
uista
Perm anen t Sett lers
M is
Explorers
Treasures from the Americas!
Trans ‐Atlantic Slave Trade Trans‐Atlantic Slave Trade
The Slave Trade 1. Existed in Africa before the coming of the Europeans. 2. Portuguese replaced European slaves with Africans. Sugar cane & sugar plantations. First boatload of African slaves brought by the Spanish in 1518. 275,000 enslaved Africans exported to other countries.
3. Between 16c & 19c, about 10 million Africans shipped to the Americas.
European Slavery and the Origins of American Racism • Before the 1400s virtually all slaves in Europe were white. • The Ottoman conquest of Constantinople cut off slaves from the Black Sea region. • With Portuguese voyages to West Africa and the occupation of the Canary and Madeira islands, slavery hooked up with sugar culture. • Native Americans did not survive long under conditions of slavery and forced labor. • The Spaniards brought in enslaved Africans as substitutes. • Modern racism against blacks had its origins in medieval Christian theology and to a lesser extent, medieval Arab views of the peoples of sub-Saharan Africa.
Slave Ship
“Middle Passage”
““Coffin” Coffin” Position Below Deck
African Captives Thrown Overboard
Sharks followed the slave ships!
European Empires in the Americas
The Influence of the Colonial Catholic Church
Guadalajara Cathedral
Spanish Mission
Our Lady of Guadalupe
The Treaty of Tordesillas, 1494 & The Treaty of Tordesillas, 1494 & The Pope ’s Line of Demarcation The Pope’s Line of Demarcation
Father Bartolome de Las Casas Father Bartolome de Las Casas
New Laws Æ 1542
New Colonial Rivals 1. Portugal lacked the numbers and wealth to dominate trade in the Indian Ocean. 2. Spain in Asia Æ consolidated its holdings in the Philippines. 3. First English expedition to the Indies in 1591. Surat in NW India in 1608. 4. Dutch arrive in India in 1595.
New Colonial Rivals
New Patterns of World Trade
Related Documents
European Exploration And Colonization
December 2019 39
European Colonization
June 2020 26
European Exploration
June 2020 14
European Exploration
June 2020 10
European Colonization Essay
October 2019 28