Eppm Theory And Hiv Prevention

9 YEAR AIDS SURVIVOR AT GEORGE MASON UNIVERSITY

PHOTO: Virginia Nguyen STORY:

Christina Mennella . (April 30, 2007). Beating the Odds: Struggling With AIDS While Balancing School. Broadside, p. G12.

EPPM THEORY AND HIV PREVENTION BIS 490 HEALTH COMUNICATION PROJECT JACK TURNER, GEORGE MASON UNIVERSITY

COURSE WORK: HEALTH SCIENCES AND 

COURSE WORK:

COMMUNICATION

MENTORS:Dr. Nithya Muthuswamy

Accurate, Clear Communication about Health Issues Design Persuasive Health Messages Test Health Promotion on a Target Audience

Dr. Xiaoquan Zhoa READER :

Dr. Michael Hurley

STATISTICS: Dr. Michael Hurley Hillary Mcshea, TA

MAIN POINTS Background Undergraduate Perceptions about HIV / AIDS Promoting HIV / AIDS prevention The Extended Parallel Process Model (EPPM)

Project Description Health Communication Experiment Design Purpose Participants Procedure

Results of the Experiment Limitations and Implications

Undergraduate Perceptions about HIV / AIDS Eight studies,1995-2007 (Cambell & Babrow, 2004; Davis et al., 2007; Desiderado & Crawford, 1995; Gagnon & Gidon, 2000; Grello et al., 2006; Labrie et al., 2002; Lance, 1999; Rothman, 1999)

Statistics may be outdated (Hightow et al., 2005).

Promoting HIV / AIDS Prevention “Even with successful treatment, HIV is a debilitating and fatal disease.” (Masur, 2002, Yuan, L’Italien, Mukherjee, &Iloeje, 2006 )

Use condoms every time De Vincenzi, I. (1994 )

Witte’s Extended Parallel Process Model (EPPM)

Figure: Witte, K., (1992)

Witte, K. (. Putting the fear back in fear appeals. Communication Monographs 59, 1992.

MESSAGE

▬▬▬► MESSAGE PROCESSING

CAN I DEAL WITH IT? ▲ PERCEIVED EFFICACY

PERCEIVED THREAT

▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬►

COGNITIVE / ▬▬▬▬▬► ▬▬▬► LOGICAL

▬▬▬▬▬►

FEAR

▬▬▬►

OUTCOME

MESSAGE ACCEPTANCE

MESSAGE REJECTION

PROCESS

DANGER CONTROL PROCESS

FEAR CONTROL PROCESS

▼ CAN IT HURT ME?

Figure: Turner, J. (2008) PHOTOS: Googleimages.com

Purpose: Test an HIV / AIDS Fear Appeal Measure Undergraduates’ Response Six variables: Perceived severity and susceptibility Perceived response efficacy and self – efficacy Perceived fear Condom use intentions

Participants Procedure: Poster Design and Questionnaire

Participants

PHOTO: Googleimages.com

High Efficacy Poster MIRROR

YOUCANPREVENT HIV/AIDS CONDOMS: SIMPLE EASY ANDHIGHLY EFFECTIVE AGAINST HIV WHENUSEDFEM EV ERYTIME 1 ALE CONDOMS ALSO AVAILABLE. MALE CONDOMSHOWN ACCORDING TODE VINCENZI'SSTUDY, CONDOMSWERE 100%EFFECTIVE AGAINST HIVTRANSMISSIONFROMANINFECTEDPARTNER 1 1

20 MONTH STUDY, 124 COUPLES. DIVENZI STUDY,1994

TIPS FORTALKINGABOUTCONDOMS: DEALING WITHEMBARRASSMENT: IT HELPS TOKNOWWHERE TOBUYCONDOMS AND WHAT THEYARE LIKE TOHANDLE. BUYSOME WITHA FRIEND. MAKE IT A GAME. LAUGH START BYACKNOWLEDGING EMBARRASSMENT: "THIS IS DIFFICULT FOR ME TO TALK ABOUT, BUT I WANT TO BE PROTECTEDAGAINST SEXUALLY TRANSMITTEDDISEASES IF YOUR PARTNER SAYS:

YOUCANSAY:

" I don'tusecondoms" "I do.I wantus both to besafe.No glove,no "I don'thaveanycondoms." "Thedrugstoreis aroundthecorner." "I don'tknowhowto useone." I do.Letmeputitonfor you." "I can'tfeel anything.There's no sensitivity." "Therearenewdesigns thatprovidemoresensation. Wecan havefun tryingdifferentkinds. Besides,you'renotgoingto feel anything withoutacondom."

"I wouldn'tgiveyou adisease. Don'tyou trustme?" "Either oneof us could havean STDand notknowit. I'mtrusting you to careaboutour health." THESE TIPSCANHELPYOUPLANYOUR TALKABOUT CONDOMS.MAKE IT CLEAR THAT YOUWON'T HAVE SEXUAL INTERCOURSE WITH FOR MORE INFOABOUT USINGCONDOMS ANDTALKINGABOUT CONDOMS: USE SEARCHTERM"TALKINGABOUT C

Poster Design: Turner, J. (2008)

High Threat Poster MIRROR

CRYPTOCOCCOSIS / AIDS

WASTING SYNDROME /AIDS

THIS COULDHAPPENTOYOU: MAYBE IT’S HAPPENING ALREADY

YOUCANBE INFECTEDWITHHIV, THE VIRUS THAT CAUSES AIDS,

ANDNOT HAVE SYMPTOMS 1 ONE MILLIONAMERICANS HAVE HIV. 250,000OFTHEMDONOTKNOWIT1 TOYOUNGTODIE FROMAIDS? THINKAGAIN: COLLEGE-AGE DEATHSFROMAIDS INTHE U.S. INONE YEAR: 1,3862 COLLEGE-AGE HIVINFECTIONSINTHE U.S. INONE YEAR: 3, 8762 HIV IS TRANSMITTEDPRIMARILY BY UNPROTECTED SEXUAL INTERCOURSE (NOT USING A CONDOM).1 HIV: HUMANIMMUNODEFICIENCYVIRUS. HIV CAUSES AIDS1 AIDS: ACQUIREDIMMUNODEFIENCY SYNDROME, A DISEASE THAT DESTROYS THE IMMUNE SYSTEM.1

AIDS IS A DEBILITATING, FATAL DISEASE 1 1

Poster Design: Turner, J. (2008)

National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases ,2007 2 Center for Disease Control, Basic Statistics, 2005

Low Threat Poster Mirror

Medical Research

New Quick Test Devices

LOWHIVINFECTIONRATE INCOLLEGE STUDENTS REPORTEDBYTHE NEWENGLANDJ OURNAL OF MEDICINE ANDAMERICANJ OURNAL OF EPIDEMIOLOGY 1 COLLEGE STUDENTSARE SEVENTIMESLESSLIKELYTOBE INFECTED THANTHE REST OF THE U.S. POPULATION, ACCORDINGTOTHE NATIONAL HEALTHANDNUTRITIONEXAMINATION STUDY2 HIV: HUMANIMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS. HIVCAUSES AIDS3 AIDS: ACQUIREDIMMUNODEFIENCY SYNDROME3

COLLEGE STUDENTS USE CONDOMS FREQUENTLY, ACCORDING TOGAGNONANDGIDONSTUDY CONDOMS ARE HIGHLYEFFECTIVE AGAINST HIV INFECTION, WHENUSEDPROPERLYANDEVERYTIME, ACCORDING TODEVINCENZI RESEARCH. 5 FOR MORE INFORMATIONONHEALTHY LIVING, CONTACT OR VISIT GEORGE MASON'S STUDENT HEALTHSERVICES, SUB I, ROOM214 1

Gayle, H.D., (1990). The NewEngland Journal of Medicine Kotloff, K.L, . (1991). American J ournal of Epidemiology 2 National Health and Nutrition Examination Study, 2002 3 National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases ,2007 4

Gagnon and Gidon 2000 De Vincenzi Study,1994

5

Poster Design: Turner, J. (2008)

Fear Appeal MIRROR MIRROR

CRYPTOCOCCOSIS / AIDS

YOUCANPREVENT HIV/AIDS CONDOMS: SIMPLE EASY ANDHIGHLY EFFECTIVE AGAINST HIV WHENUSEDFEM EV ERYTIME 1 ALE CONDOMS ALSO AVAILABLE. MALE CONDOMSHOWN ACCORDINGTODE VINCENZI'SSTUDY, CONDOMSWERE 100%EFFECTIVE AGAINST HIVTRANSMISSIONFROMANINFECTEDPARTNER 1 1

20 MONTH STUDY, 124 COUPLES. DIVENZI STUDY,1994

TIPSFORTALKINGABOUTCONDOMS: DEALING WITHEMBARRASSMENT: IT HELPS TO KNOWWHERE TO BUYCONDOMS AND WHAT THEYARE LIKE TOHANDLE. BUYSOME WITHA FRIEND. MAKE IT A GAME. LAUGH START BYACKNOWLEDGING EMBARRASSMENT: "THIS IS DIFFICULT FOR ME TO TALK ABOUT, BUT I WANT TO BE PROTECTEDAGAINST SEXUALLY TRANSMITTEDDISEASES IF YOUR PARTNER SAYS:

YOUCANSAY:

" I don'tusecondoms" "I do.I wantus both to besafe.No glove,no "I don'thaveanycondoms." "Thedrugstoreis aroundthecorner." "I don'tknowhowto useone." I do.Letmeputiton for you." "I can'tfeel anything.There's no sensitivity." "Therearenewdesigns thatprovidemoresensation. Wecan havefun tryingdifferentkinds. Besides, you'renotgoingto feel anything withoutacondom."

"I wouldn'tgiveyou adisease. Don't you trustme?" "Either oneof us could havean STDand not knowit. I'mtrusting you to careaboutour health." THESE TIPSCANHELPYOUPLANYOUR TALKABOUT CONDOMS.MAKE IT CLEAR THAT YOUWON'T HAVE SEXUAL INTERCOURSE WITH FOR MORE INFOABOUT USING CONDOMS ANDTALKING ABOUT CONDOMS: USE SEARCHTERM"TALKING ABOUT C

High Efficacy

WASTING SYNDROME /AIDS

THIS COULDHAPPENTOYOU: MAYBE IT’S HAPPENING ALREADY YOUCANBE INFECTEDWITHHIV, THE VIRUS THAT CAUSES AIDS,

ANDNOT HAVE SYMPTOMS 1 ONE MILLIONAMERICANS HAVE HIV. 250,000OF THEMDONOT KNOWIT1 TOYOUNGTODIE FROMAIDS? THINKAGAIN: COLLEGE-AGE DEATHS FROMAIDS INTHE U.S. INONE YEAR: 1,3862 COLLEGE-AGE HIVINFECTIONSINTHE U.S. INONE YEAR: 3, 8762 HIV IS TRANSMITTEDPRIMARILYBY UNPROTECTED SEXUAL INTERCOURSE (NOT USING A CONDOM).1 HIV: HUMANIMMUNODEFICIENCYVIRUS. HIV CAUSES AIDS1 AIDS: ACQUIREDIMMUNODEFIENCYSYNDROME, A DISEASE THAT DESTROYS THE IMMUNE SYSTEM.1

AIDS IS A DEBILITATING, FATAL DISEASE 1 1

National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases ,2007 2 Center for Disease Control, Basic Statistics, 2005

High Threat

Sample EPPM Questions Perceived Severity of Threat I think AIDS is a fatal disease.   Perceived Response Efficacy I am protected against HIV infection if I use a condom during sex 1 Strongly Disagree Muthuswamy, N. (2006); Witte, K., Meyer, A., & Martell, A. (2001).

2 Disagree

3 Neutral

 

4 Agree

5 Strongly Agree

Results of the Experiment No Statistically Significant Difference Six variables Means and Differences

Gender and HIV Susceptibility Significant difference P<.011

Sample Statistic: Means High Threat / High Efficacy

Low Threat / Low Efficacy 5.00

Response Efficacy

Severity 4.39

4.50

4.3

4.1

4.00

Fear

Median Scoress

3.50 3.00

Self-efficacy

4.22

3.95

Condom Intentions 3.7

3.31

3.65 3.6

2.9

2.50 2.00

Susceptibility 2.15 2.1

1.50 1.00 0.50 0.00 1

CHART: Turner, J. (2008)

Six Variables

Implications Posters alone may have little effect Gender and perceived susceptibility Females are at much higher risk (National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases [NIAID],

Longer duration HIV / AIDS programs Posters can play an important role GMU sample compared to others High perception of the severity of HIV / AIDS Partners and sexual activity

2006).

Limitations Expected low fear / low concern population Convenience sample Short duration exposure Male to female ratio

CDC REPORT AUGUST 2008

Hall, H.I. et al. (2008)

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REFERENCES Grello, C., Welsh, ED., & Harper, M. (2006). No strings attached: The nature of casual sex in college students. The Journal of Sex Research 43.3, 255-267. Hall, H.I. et al. (2008). Estimation of HIV incidence in the United States. Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA) 300.5, 520-529. Hightow, L.B., Macdonald, P.D., Pilcher, C.D., Kaplan, A.H., Foust, E., & Nguyen, T.Q., et al. (2005). The unexpected movement of HIV epidemic in the Southeastern United States. Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome 38.5, 531-537. Kotloff, K.L., Tacket, C.O., Clemens, J.D., Wasserman, S.S., Cowan, J.E., & Bridwell, M.W., et al. (1991). Assessment of the prevalence and risk factors for human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection among college students using three survey methods. American Journal of Epidemiology 133. 1, 2-8. Lance, Larry (2001). HIV/AIDS perceptions and knowledge heterosexual college students within the context of sexual activity: suggestions for the future. College Student Journal 35, 401-409. Masur,H. (2002). Acquired immunodeficency syndrome in the intensive care unit: Will human immunodefiency virus-related admissions continue to decline? American Journal of Respiratory Critical Care. 166, 258-261. Mennella, C. (April 30, 2007). Beating the odds: Struggling with AIDS while balancing school. Broadside, p. G12.

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