Environment & Urban Development

Planning Students’ Convention 2008 Organizing Committee

Prof. Dr. Md. Ashraful Alam Mr. A.H.M Mehbub Anwar Mr.Md. Ashiq-ur-Rahman

Souvenir Committee Members: Faculties (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) (v) (vi) (vii)

Prof. Dr. Md. Ghulam Murtaza Prof. Dr. Md. Rezaul karim Prof. Akhter Hussain Chaudhury Prof. Dr. Md. Ashraful Alam Prof. Dr. Shamim Mahabubul Haque Mr. Md. Ahsanul Kabir Mr. A.H.M. Mehbub Anwar

Student Representatives (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) (v) (viii) (ix) (x) (xi) (xii) (xiii)

Riazuddin Kawsar Mahumud-uz-Zaman Tasfin Aziz Himel Salahuddin Ferdaus Saima Rahman Mostafizur Rahman Sujon A.N.M. Rashed Hasan Walliuzzaman Razib Dilara Mehrab Arif Chandra Salma Ahmed Punom Sadia Afrin

Cover design: Subrota Saha Published By Urban & Rural Planning Discipline

Bangladesh Institute of Planners 11th May, 2008

Printed at press name (………………………..)

– Chairman – Convener – Member

– Chairman – Member – Member – Member – Member – Member – Member

Editorial

Urban & Rural Planning Discipline of Khulna University and Bangladesh Institute of Planners (BIP) are very pleased to be able to publish the souvenir on the occasion of Planning Students’ Convention 2008. The main aim of the convention is to promote a platform for co-operation between the young students of Planning in Bangladesh, in a spirit of developing Bangladesh in a planned way. To achieve these the convention will thus provide activities to foster closer co-operation and better understanding among young students of urban planning of Bangladesh, particularly by encouraging the exchange of information; to stimulate mutual aid in the planning arenas for cultural, educational and social purposes; to encourage the exchange of ideas and opinions; to improve the relationships among young planning students of Bangladesh with differing educational institutions; to work together on issues affecting people and their environment. The theme of Planning Students’ Convention is “Environment & Urban Development” and most of the articles of this souvenir highlight the theme. As we wanted participation from everyone in planning profession and focus the works of URP of Bangladesh University Of Engineering And Technology, Jahangirnagar University And Khulna University, the souvenir is designed with 6 articles, of which 2 are from Bangladesh University Of Engineering And Technology, 2 from Jahangirnagar University and the rest 2 from Khulna University. The two articles of Bangladesh University Of Engineering And Technology cover two different issues. One emphasizes on “On site Slum Upgrading program” and the other on “Buriganga pollution”. The selected articles from Jahangirnagar University are based on Comprehensive development on Rangamati Pouroshava and Impact of Increasing Cars Ownership on Peak traffic Volume in Dhaka. The topics of the articles published from KHULNA UNIVERSITY students are – (i) Vulnerability of Bangladeshi Cities to Climate Change and Future Challenges for Urban Planning and Development and (ii) How Do Developing Countries Participate In Reducing The Vulnerabilities Of Climate Change: Status Of Cdm In Bangladesh. It was attempt to share the works and experiences of teachers, students and experts in planning profession. I sincerely believe and hope that there will be continued efforts for arranging planning students’ convention in future too. We would like to express my deep gratitude to Bangladesh Institute of Planners (BIP), KDA, CDA and other planning organizations for patronizing the program. Special thanks to the Head of the discipline Prof. Dr. Md. Ashraful Alam, A.H.M Mehbub Anwar - Convener of Planning Students’ Convention 2008, Ashiq-urRahman - Co-ordinator of planning Students’ Convention.

Last, but not the least, I would like to thank are also due to all the members of review committee and students’ representatives, whose co-operation have been very instrumental to standardize and enrich the publication. On behalf of the Publication committee Prof. Dr.Md. Ghulam Murtoza Chairman.

Background of Urban and Rural Planning Discipline, Khulna University.

Background

Khulna University is the first Public University acting as a powerful player in the economic and cultural life of the south-western region of Bangladesh. From the very inception of the academic program in 1991, Khulna University is free from session jam and all political unrests. Therefore, there prevails a congenial atmosphere for carrying out cultural activities by the students of the University with a focus on the uniqueness of south/western region of Bangladesh. South/western region of Bangladesh is affected by natural hazards, industrial lay off that are hindering the development process of the region. The young generations have to think about the causes and consequences of such events because they are the upcoming workforce of the nation who will lead the development process. The Discipline of Urban and Rural Planning (URP) of Khulna University (Home page: www.kuurp.ac.bd ) has endured last seventeen years and the graduates from this Discipline have a long story of success which has inspired the exiting batch of this Discipline. In every year teachers and students arrange Different types of programmes like seminar, convention, workshop and cultural activities in quest of roam new horizon which is a blend of education and co-educational activities. The undergraduate and graduate degree programmes of the Discipline aim to create planners with comprehensive knowledge in sectoral and spatial planning to shape, manage, direct and control development at local, regional and national levels. This is a multidisciplinary Discipline to produce skilled planners for the country imbued with the most up-to-date and modern planning techniques. The degree programs offered are Bachelor of Urban & Rural Planning (BURP) and Master of Urban & Rural Planning (MURP). Each course, irrespective of the credit hours attributed to the course is graded in a scale of 4. The major courses taught at undergraduate and graduate levels cover the following areas of knowledge: • Urban Planning and Development • Housing, Research methodology, Statistics • Rural Planning • Transportation Planning and Engineering • Disaster Studies • Environmental Studies • Natural Resources Management • Urban Economics • Urban Governance • Rural Planning and Development • Geographic Information System (GIS) • Remote sensing and aerial photo interpretation • Project Planning and Management • Legal Aspects • Urban Design & Conservation • Public and Local Government Finance

Environment and Urban Development

Major Professional Research Works Done in the Discipline • Environmental maps and workbook for Khulna city, Bangladesh • Environmental risk management action plan for Khulna city, Bangladesh • Socio-economic baseline study on the impact zone of the Sundarbans • Link Programmes with Foreign Institutes and Universities (ADPC, DFID) For publishing scholarly research works and writings on various fields of planning, development, urbanization and environment, Urban and Rural Planning Discipline (URPD) of Khulna University has been publishing PLAN PLUS since 2002 For introducing planning in a generalized view the students of Urban and Rural Planning Discipline (URPD) publishes yearly magazine “Nogor o Nagorik” The URP discipline has its alumni named KUPA (Khulna University Planners Alumni). This alumni is for those planners who have received their planning degree form Khulna University. Total Number of members is 251. Major activities of the Alumni • To arrange general meeting • To celebrate town planning day Urban & Rural Planning Discipline has earned good reputation for all its cocurricular activities along with the academic works. The continued efforts of teachers, graduates and students are always there to enhance the status of this discipline all over the world.

Planning Students’ Convention, 2008

Impact of Increasing Car Ownership on Peak Traffic Volume in Dhaka: A Case Study of Dhanmondi Residential Area

Impact of Increasing Car Ownership on Peak Traffic Volume in Dhaka: A Case Study of Dhanmondi Residential Area Afsana HaqueMd. Anwarul Kabir Depertment of Urban and Regional Planning, Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Dhaka.

Abstract There are no rules and regulations regarding entrance of private car in Dhaka, the capital city of Bangladesh. Any body who has money can purchase a car and start riding taking just a license. As a result, every day there are new cars entering in the city street making huge jam and increasing sufferings for the mass people. And everyday citizens of Dhaka are loosing 3-4 hours of our valuable time causing thousands of corers of taka every year.According to urban planners, there should have at least 25% area for roads in a city, and there is only 6-7% area for roads in Dhaka city. And authorities have limited initiative to expand capacity of road of a city for a population of 15 to 18 million. But every year, more than 10 thousand new cars entering in the city street. With the axiom that the tonnage on city road, especially an industrial city grows twice as fast as the economy, the traffic growth has ranged at least 10 percent in each of the past 10 years. The total number of vehicles on the city road is about 7.5 lakh, at least five times the number it was in 1990. This study aims to assess the additional trip impact on existing traffic volume through forecast the additional car ownership in Dhanmondi residential area (Road 27 to Road 32).

1. Introduction

In a rapidly developing economic environment with rising income, escalating motorization, and growing urbanization, it is natural to increase car ownership and usage. Car ownership is one of the most important factors affecting the individual mobility, especially number of trips, trip lengths and the modal choice. From different research, car ownership depends on several individual and household factors, like income, household size, number of children, number of working family members, social status and age of family members. Also the residential car parking availability, car price, registration cost, monthly car usage cost, car ownership cost, individual accessibility index, network accessibility, zonal accessibility index, public transport supply and land use affect the car ownership. Rapid urbanization also causes economic growth. That is why it is natural to raise people consumption capacity of people for positive attitudes of car ownership factors, the car ownership is increasing day by day which creates an adverse impact on the existing traffic volume

Environment and Urban development

1.1 Objective The objective of the study is to investigate the existing traffic volume at different important node of the study area, identify the additional number of car that will add in future to the existing volume through increase of car ownership and develop a model to forecast the additional car ownership in future by analyzing the factor influencing car ownership. At last the paper makes a general comparison between present and forecasted trip volume. 1.2 Methodology The whole study was conducted, based on primary data. The study area was cordoned and volume of traffic was counted at each entry point for investigating the existing traffic volume. The study area contains 12 important nodes in which four nodes are generated low intensity of traffic. During pick hour of a day there is found less weighted traffic flow. So these nodes were excluded from survey. A checklist was used for tally of traffic volume and observation method was applied at different peak hour of the day (such representative hours as-8 am to 10am, 1pm to 3pm and 5pm to 7pm, at 15 minutes interval) and traffic volume was counted for one hour. Socio-economic information as well as information about the factor influencing car ownership was identified through questionnaire survey to forecast the additional car ownership in future. The reference period for the survey was 15-30th October, 2007. Data was edited, coded and computerized. Analysis was mostly done electronically by using SPSS, some tables were done manually. For analysis the following formulas were used: 1.2.1 Regression Analysis To forecast additional number of car, multiple regression models has done considering number of car as a dependent variable and five in dependent variables: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11.

Household income (Tk monthly) Household expenditure pattern Car price ( including vat ) Monthly car usage cost First registration cost Residential car parking availability Number of trip per day Distance of trip Purpose of trip Social status Individual accessibility benefit

Planning students’ convention, 2008

Impact of Increasing Car Ownership on Peak Traffic Volume in Dhaka: A Case Study of Dhanmondi Residential Area

12. Quality of public transport Among these entire factors or variables household expenditure pattern, first registration cost, residential car parking availability, distance of trip, purpose of trip shows no correlation with the no of car ownership. So remain factors or variables are considered for regression analysis. We know from multiple regression models,

Y= β0 + β1 x1 + β2 x2 + β3 x3 + β4 x 4+ β5 x5 + β6 x6 + β7 x7 +……………………( 1) To forecast the growth rate of Where, car ownership this method was Y = Number of car owned by applied. household r = (P2/P1)n/2-1 Β0 = Constant X1 = Household income (Tk Where, P1 = P2 = Number of car of two monthly) years X2 = Social status X 3 = Car price (including vat) n = Number of years apart r = Rate of yearly growth of car X 4 = Monthly car usage cost X 5 = Number of trip per day ownership X 6 = Individual accessibility Pf = Pp (1+ r) n Where, benefit Pf = Number of car for forecasted X 7 = Quality of public transport Geometric Progression Method year Pp = Number of car for base year 1.2.2 Salient Feature of Study area Dhanmondi Residential Area is an important place of attraction in Dhaka for commercial and educational purpose. Every day a huge number of both internal and external trips are generated here among which car is the most dominant mode for these trip and it shares a major portion of total traffic volume although it consists a less PCU (only 1.0). Dhanmondi Road 27 to Road 32) was chosen as study area because it covers two major traffic roads: Road no.27 and Mirpur Road.

Environment and Urban development

Fig 1: Dhanmondi Residential Area

Some common feature of the study area: • No of households: 1050 (approximately). • Car ownership: 76 % of the residents has own car, 24 % residents has no. • Trip type: Among total trip external 87% and internal 13% • Distribution of number of trip: 50 % of the household generate 3-4 trips per day,34% of the household generate trips 1-2 and 16% of them generate more than 5 trips per day. • Trip purpose: work purposes (42 %), trips for educational purposes (26 %), visit friends or relatives (6 %), shopping purposes (14 %), recreational purposes (4 %) and other purposes are (8 %). • Used mode: car is used as the mode of transport for 67% trip, Rickshaw for 10%, Bus 11%, Taxi and CNG for 8% and others 4%. • Average trip per car: 3.64 trip/ day

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Intersectio Intersectio Planning students’ convention, 2008

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Impact of Increasing Car Ownership on Peak Traffic Volume in Dhaka: A Case Study of Dhanmondi Residential Area

Fig 2: Indicating important intersections within study area

1.2.3 Data presentation and Analysis This section presents the detailed systematic analysis of all data assembled to point out the present traffic condition of the study area. Traffic conditions were analyzed in terms of traffic volume. Thus analysis of the present traffic condition of the road network of the study area will help to determine the impact of the future additional trip by forecasted future car ownership of the area.

Table 1: Average Traffic volume at different node (peak hour)

Node Intersection 1 Intersection 2 Intersection 3 Intersection 4 Intersection 5 Intersection 6 Intersection 7 Intersection 8 Total

Existing traffic volume (%) 17.08 15.99 7.09 12.99 15.9 14.79 13.9 2.23

Grand total ( vehicle /hr) 6371 5964 2649 4849 5931 5520 5186 833 37303

Car/hr

% of Car

3476 3316 788 1851 3330 3069 2832 409 19071

54.55 55.59 29.76 38.18 56.15 55.59 54.62 60.95 51.35

Source: Field survey, 2007

2. Forecasted Future Traffic Demand

76% of the household have their own car and tendency of car ownership is increasing day by day for different factors relevant to it. If this continues, the additional car will cause great difficulties in smooth traffic generation of the study area because the capacity of different road is limited. By using equation (1), the average no of existing car per household = 1.149 Study area contains approximately 1050 households (source: primary survey). So the existing total no of car of the area = 1050*1.149 = 1206 (approx.)

Environment and Urban development

3. Calculation of Forecasted Additional car for the study area

Considering the situation that, no new site is developed within the study area. All trips presently attracted to or produced from the study area are related to the land-use developments that already exist. Using equation (1), we can forecast the number of additional car the residents will contain in future. Considering quality of public transport, social status, no of trip per day and Individual accessibility benefit as constant variable and household income (Tk monthly), car price (including vat) and monthly car usage cost as changing variable the forecasted no of car per household will be, After 5 years = 1.558 Considering annual growth rate of GDP 5.7%, annual increase of car price ( including tax) 5% and car maintenance cost 5%. So the forecasted total number of car of the area after 5 years = 1050*1.558 = 1636 (approx.) So annual growth rate of number of car r =0.063 After 10 years, forecasted total number of car = 2220 (approx.) After 15 years, forecasted total number of car = 3013 (approx.) 3500 3000 2500 2000 1500 1000 500 0 Present

af ter 5 years (2012)

Total No of car

Af ter 10 Af ter 15 years (2017) years (2022)

Total No of additional car

Fig 3: Representing total number of forecasted car and additional car

So the forecasted no of additional trip for the study area, After five years, 2012 = 430*3.64 = 1565 (approx.) After 10 years, 2017 = 584*3.64 = 2126 (approx.) After 15 years, 2022 = 811*3.64 = 2952 (approx.) Distribution of additional forecasted trip

Planning students’ convention, 2008

Impact of Increasing Car Ownership on Peak Traffic Volume in Dhaka: A Case Study of Dhanmondi Residential Area

If these entire forecasted trips tend to generate during peak hour the traffic volume at different node will be unmanageable which will increase traffic congestion at a high rate.

Fig.3: Shows existing and forecasted additional traffic flow at different node

Conclusion

The study was conducted to forecast the additional car ownership and the impact of additional trip generates from these additional cars on existing traffic condition. The present traffic condition during the peak hours of the day shows massive traffic congestion at different intersection. Traffic flow is not only large number during peak hours but also during the off-peak hours. So when the additional cars will involve, additional trip from these car will create more traffic congestion in the Study area. This study covers only Dhanmondi residential area (Road 27 to Road 32). Such investigation may be made in other important place of attraction to identify the additional car ownership impact on the surrounding traffic condition. If this growth rate of car ownership continues it will be very difficult to provide compatible traffic supply (such as: traffic management, infrastructure, etc). So affordable public transport with adequate facility and good quality must be introduced and discourage more dependency on private car for a congestion free Dhaka.

References •

BBS (1991) Population Census; community series Dhaka District (Dhaka: Reproduction, Documentation and Publishing Wing, BBS)

Environment and Urban development

• • • •

Kadiyali, L.R. (2004), Traffic Engineering and Transport Planning, Khanna Publishers, Delhi. Kothari C.R. (2005), Research Methodology: Methods & Techniques, New Age International (P) Limited, Publishers, New Delhi. Sing Gurucharan, (2001), Highway Engineering, Standard Publishers Distributors, Nai Sarak, Delhi. Wright, P. H., and Ashford, N. J., (1989) Transportation engineering planning and design, 3rd Ed., Wiley, New York.

Planning students’ convention, 2008

Buriganga Pollution: Reasons & Prospect

Buriganga Pollution: Reasons & Prospects Avit Kumar Bhowmik Urban & Regional Planning Discipline, Bangladesh University of Engineering & Technology

Abstract The paper represents the extensive study that has been undertaken as the part of study under the Course ‘Arch 233: Landscape Planning Studio’ on March 2007, at Level-02 Term-02 as a part of graduation by the students of the department of Urban & Regional Planning, BUET. The core study was about the Environment & Ecology of the Keraniganj Upazilla, Dhaka and the main objective was to investigate the existing scenario and to propose a sustainable Landscape Plan for Keraniganj to attain an environment friendly and ecologically harmonious situation in future. At the time of investigating the existing threat to the ecology and environment of Keraniganj, the water bodies of this agricultural based area was explored and apparently the pollution of water was ascertained and as the major reason of this pollution the shocking pollution of the water of the Buriganga River came into focus. Since, the canals of Keraniganj Upazilla are connected with Buriganga, the canals are getting polluted too. To comprehend the existing scenario of pollution of Buriganga detail investigation was undertaken from secondary sources as well as from field survey. This paper is the presentation of the alarming pollution and contamination created by the river Buriganga as well as the major sources of pollution. It is apparent that the major source of pollution of Buriganga is the Tannery Industry in Hazaribagh, when at the same time several dying industries at the river bank as well as the medical and dispensary wastes and solid wastes also produce irreversible hazards to Buriganga and surrounding environment. The pollution by the Tanneries and health hazards provided by them has also ben investigated. Several government decisions has been made to revive the tolerant condition of Buriganga among which the Tannery Shifting to Savar area and subsidies to the toxic industries for establishing Effluent Treatment Plant (ETP) can be mentioned but none of these projects have been implemented yet

1. Introduction

The Buriganga River "Old Ganges" is the main river flowing beside Dhaka city, capital of Bangladesh. Because of the tanneries in the riverbank of Buriganga and for using the river as dumping ground for the liquid and solid wastes, the river is now under threat of extinction. The pollution because of the Tanneries and health hazards provided by them should be controlled immediately to save Buriganga.

Environment and Urban Development

2. History of Buriganga

In the distant past, a course of the Ganges river used to reach the Bay of Bengal through the Dhaleshwari river. This course gradually shifted and ultimately lost its link with the main channel of the Ganges and was renamed as the Buriganga. It is said that the water levels during high and low tides in this river astonished the Mughals.The water tables even is very astonishing due to pollution of polythenes deposited beneath water. The materials from breaking of buildings of the river banks also add hazardous substances in the river. The course of the Padma has changed considerably during the period 1600 to 2000 AD. It is difficult to trace accurately the various channels through which it has flowed. The probability is that it flowed past Rampur Boalia, through Chalan Beel, the Dhaleshwari and Buriganga rivers, past Dhaka into the Meghna estuary. In the 18th century, the lower course of the river flowed further south. About the middle of the 19th century the main volume of the channel flowed through this southern channel which came to be known as Kirtinasa. Gradually the Padma adopted its present course.

3. Economic significance of Buriganga

The Buriganga is economically very important to Dhaka. Launches and Country Boats provide connection to the other parts of Bangladesh, a largely riverine country. Due to siltation, large steamers can no longer go through the river channel in the dry season. In 1989, a bridge (the Bangladesh-China Friendship Bridge) was built over the river for vehicles and pedestrians. In 2001, a second bridge over the river was built at Babubazar for vehicles and pedestrians.

4. The Real Scenario of Pollution in Buriganga

If dissolved oxygen in water lessen below 6, it will be impossible for the aquatic animals and plants to survive. The study in the last January shows that at 4 among the total 9 points in Buringa, the value of dissolved oxygen is 0 and at the rest 5, the average value of dissolved oxygen is 1.8. The Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) also reflects the pollution rate of water. The capability of water to destroy germs in it signifies the value of the BOD. The lower the value of the BOD in water, the lower will be the pollution rate in it. The tolerance limit of BOD in water is 2-6. But the study by BUET Civil Department in January, 2007 shows that the BOD in Buriganga at Hazaribag area is 28.

Planning Students’ Convention, 2008

Buriganga Pollution: Reasons & Prospect

The electric conductivity of the water of Buriganga is also higher than the tolerance limit that represents the presence of solid particles in water with high concentration. If the value of pH of water is greater than 7, it represents the basic characteristics of water which is harmful for skin. The average value of pH of Buriganga is 12.The value of dissolved chloride is also higher than the tolerance limit in Buriganga.

Figure 01: Discharge of oil Connected Canals polluting Buriganga

Figure 02: Pollution by mixing of solid waste Figure 03:

5. Reasons behind Pollution

According to the experts, major reason of the pollution in Buriganga is the Hazaribag Tanary. The Tannery is 46 years old but no treatment plant has been introduced yet to neutralize the noxious materials it produces. That’s why it continuously pollutes the water of Buriganga. The industrial and the seepage wastes of riverside Textile Mills, Dying and other industries and Dhaka-Demra-Naraynganj Industrial Zone also pollutes river. The industries of Kamrangir Char area dump their wastes in Buriganga. Dhaka WASA is in lack of sufficient recycling plants and dump seepage wastes in river. More than 5 thousand tons of solid wastes are produced daily from domestic uses in Dhaka City and 63% of them are dumped in the river. As a result, Buriganga is now in serious trouble as well as the surrounding environment.

6. Hazaribagh Tannery

Tanneries are the oldest industries in Bangladesh of which 95 percent are concentrated mainly in Hazaribagh area of Dhaka city (Alam, 1996). It is also a potentially rich manufacturing sector in terms of both financial return and social benefits (Rahman, 1997). Manufacturing includes those activities by which man changes the form of nature of raw materials (Miller, 1982). The first tannery industry in Dhaka was established a century ago. Chrome and bark tanning was practiced successfully, but the factory could not survive for long. A fresh move for the establishment of tanneries was made after the partition of the Indian subcontinent. Some large plots were

Environment and Urban Development

made available to entrepreneurs in 1956. Initially about 20 tanneries were established, which have now grown to 196.2. The following statistics reflect current levels of activity: Table 1: Information about tanneries Total number of tanneries established Operating for the whole year Ceased operation due to Government ban on wet Operating only a few months of the year (after Eid-

196 53 47 96

Source: Bangladesh Leather, 2004.

Most of the tanneries were built on land either purchased or acquired by inheritance, mortgage and temporary lease or rented on a monthly basis. The land covered by these industrial enterprises ranges in size from small (around 29 decimal), through medium (around 48 decimal) to large (around 98 decimal). Apart from the tanneries there are two paint factories, plus 70 manually operated glue factories and one mechanized glue factory in the industrial area. The Hazaribagh tannery complex and other industries, primarily the glue and paint industries located in the same general area, have affected water and air quality in a large poorly drained area locked behind a 9 meters high flood control embankment constructed in 1989-1990 in south-west Dhaka City. Up until the time of embankment construction, the contaminants were washed to the Buriganga River by annual flooding. At present, the existing sewage outfalls, the sewage lift operations consisting of 16 pumps and local residential drains are not adequate to properly and efficiently remove all the waste products generated by the factories and population of the affected area. This is partly a maintenance problem but an environmental problem was created by the discharging of wastewater with excessively high solids content and a dangerous level of chromium among other heavy metals and toxic materials.

7. The Toxic Chemicals used in the Tanneries of Hazaribagh

Hazaribagh, an area of 25 hector located on the southern periphery of Dhaka City, is the nerve center of the entire leather industry of Bangladesh. There are 17 tanneries owned by Bangladesh Tanneries Corporation and 131 tanneries owned by private enterprises. About 53 tanneries are operating round the year. Nearly 10,000 people rely directly on the tanneries for their source of income. These tanneries use two types of tanning processes are used in manufacturing:Chrome Tanneries: using Planning Students’ Convention, 2008

Buriganga Pollution: Reasons & Prospect

chromium sulphate, CaO, Na2S, NH4Cl, Oropan bate, NaCl, H2SO4, chromosal B, soda to produce blue leather.Combined Chrome and Vegetable Tannery: using NaCl, CaO, NH4Cl, Bate powder, H2SO4, chromosal B, Soda ash , preventol, hydrobisulphide to produce soft blue leather. For dying, Nigrosine, violet, COD oil, TRC oil, Pigme-t, black, glycerine is used. For polishing slug, Casin, Ammonia liquid, Nirtobenzine, Formaldehide, Soliside are used to produce finished leather. Daily discharge of wastes from these tanneries is about 18000 liters of liquid wastes, 115 tones of solid wastes during peak time and 75 tones during offpeak time. In summer when the rate of decomposition of the waste is higher, serious air pollution is caused in the whole of Hazaribagh area by producing intolerable, obnoxious odor. Tannery wastes include liquid arsenic, soft sodium sulfate, lime, ammonium sulfate, chromium sulfate and colored pigments. Especially hexavalent chromium is carcinogenic. The hides absorb only 30% of the chromium while the remaining 70% is discharged into as effluent. The maximum concentration of chromium in the Buriganga River is about 4 mg per liter. Liquid wastes are mostly dumped into the river Buriganga while part of these wastes is trapped inside the Dhaka Flood Control Embankment. Solid wastes from fleshing and shaving are dumped on the streets or in and around garbage bins when available. Currently, local shoemakers use about 90% of the finished trimming wastes. Fifty percent of the tanneries reuse part of the solid waste. Health impact from disposal of wastes from the tanneries are either death or increased probabilities of death and sufferings by illness including skin diseases, fevers, headaches, respiratory diseases etc. It has been found that on average the incidence of illness among the people living in Hazaribagh is 16% higher than the people living in the control area. Cost of human health impact from the tanneries varies from $26 to $150 per annum per person. Two options have been proposed to address the pollution caused by the tanneries in Hazaribagh. One is to relocate the entire industry from Dhaka to Savar. Another is to provide a suitable treatment plant for pollution reduction of tannery waste before final disposal. Stabilization ponds (lagoons) are widely used method of waste treatment in hot and tropical climates. It is difficult to bear the cost individually. However, if it is shared by the proportion of production of all the tanneries, it may become cost-effective (Islam Faisal, Rumi Shammin, Juhaina Junaid).

8. Tanneries Discharge 21,600 Square Meters of Liquid Wastes Daily

Tanneries in the city's Hazaribagh area discharge some 21,600 square meters of liquid wastes everyday. "These harmful wastes, including chromium, lead, sulphur, ammonium, salt and other materials, are

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severely polluting the capital city and the river Buriganga," State Minister for Environment and Forest Jafrul Islam Chowdhury said this while he was Pollutant

Sources

Health effects

visiting the Hazaribagh industrial area yesterday(UNB, November 2003).

9. Pollution

The major pollution aspects of Hazaribagh are tannery wastewater, solid wastes, sludge, bad odor, narrow zigzag roads and lanes/bilanes, unplanned drainage system, over flow of drains, stack of garbage from tannery and municipal by the side of road, transportation of raw and semi processed hides, unplanned construction of residential buildings, slum dwellings, densely populated area etc. It is to be noted that a total of about more than 15 thousand cubic meter liquid tannery waste is discharged everyday from the Hazaribagh area (Ahmed, 2005). At present wastes can’t be discharged into the River Buriganga due to obstruction created by Dhaka flood control embankment. As a result it seeps through the embankment and wastes accumulate in the low land lying between Hazaribagh and Dhaka embankment (western by pass). This causes inconvenience for the local community and passer by. The pollution rate is most terrible in the North Gajmahal and Sonatangor in the study area. The condition of Moneshwor West, Gajmahal and Hazaribagh Road are better than the previous two. But the pollution rate is not severe in Jigatola, Moneshwor East, Tallabagh, Ganaktuli Lane and Jigatola Govt. Quarter as like the other zones of the study area. Common pollutants released from the tanneries with their proper sources and associated health effects are illustrated below by a table

Table 2: Common pollutants, their sources and associated health effects on human Planning Students’ Convention, 2008

Buriganga Pollution: Reasons & Prospect

1. Salt, Dust, Hair, Soot

Fleshing, Dehairing, Soaking, Washing process.

Can cause cancer, aggravates respiratory and heart diseases, is toxic at high level causes coughing, irritates throat and causes chest discomfort.

2. Hydrogen Sulfide (H2S)

Decomposition wastes, Liming, Pickling.

Has pleasant odor, nausea, irritates and throat, if toxic at high level.

3. Chromium (Cr)

Chrome tanning.

Mainly effect on skin and respiratory system, including mucous membrane irritation, sensitization, erosion, dermatitis and chrome ulceration, can also cause cancer.

4. Ammonia

Mainly deliming, Bating.

Inflame upper respiratory passages.

5. Sulfuric Acid

Pickling process, Chrome tanning.

Aggravates respiratory diseases, impairs breathing, irritates eyes and respiratory tract.

6. Arsine (Arsenic)

Tanning process.

Breakdown red cells in blood, damage kidneys, causes jaundice.

7. Nitrogen Oxides

Tanning, Polishing, Finishing.

Aggravates respiratory and heart diseases, irritates lungs, injures respiratory systems.

8. Nitric Acid

-Do-

Same as Nitrogen oxides.

Source: 1. Miller (1982), 2. WHO (1972), 3. Encyclopedia of Ecology, Environment Pollution Control.

For this toxic discharge of tannery industries different components of environment such as soil, air, water are being contaminated. But the contamination level is not equal in all the surrounding zones.

10. Health Hazards

A house-to-house survey was made of 200 randomly selected households

Environment and Urban Development

to determine the types and numbers of health problems that exist in the Hazaribagh area at present. The present illness and disease levels were

compared with previous periods. The survey revealed that a number of health problems were particularly prevalent. These include diseases that may or may not be related to the tannery waste disposal problem although the tannery industry is highly suspect. The diseases are listed in the order of the highest number of households affected in the sample group, during the preceding ten years. Public health concerns in this area are serious. Levels of various diseases are high compared to other parts of Dhaka City. This study concludes that the toxic discharge from factories in Hazaribagh had worsened the quality of life in the area and may have a serious affect on public health, although that affect has not been pinpointed. Although many toxic chemicals are used in the tannery, paint and glue factories operating in this area, one of the most serious threats is related to high chromium levels in tannery effluent which far exceed the maximum pollutant levels allowable for chromium as determined by environmental protection agencies in Asia (see table XXXVIII.2). Therefore, the chromium issue was focused on in this study.

Table3: Percentage of households suffering from various diseases Disease Abdominal discomfort Fever Conjunctivitis Scabies and skin ulcers Diarrhoeal diseases Dermatitis Asthma Respiratory/lung diseases Other

Per cent of Households 100 90 80 75 57 32 19 15 100

Source : Field Survey, 2007

The area does not have a functioning sewage disposal system or an operating sewage treatment plant. The local sewage lift operation had ceased due to technical problems at the time the Bangladesh survey was made. Its present status is unknown. Roadside drains and waterways as well as factory ponds, low-lying swampy land and stagnant ponds next to Planning Students’ Convention, 2008

Buriganga Pollution: Reasons & Prospect

the embankment were all seriously contaminated at the time the Bangladesh report was submitted to the United Nations. Channels and drains are frequently plugged resulting in the spillage of contaminated water into nearby residential areas and the flooding of low-lying land with sewage.

11. Proposals 11.1 Protection from the pollution of Buriganga

The revival of Buriganga is not so easy. There is no effective manual process to purify the water, it’s a natural process. We have to take some vital steps so that no more toxic materials can be added to the water. For that reason: ¾ Each and every industry on the bank of Buriganga or the industries which use the river for their sewerage purpose must be provided with Effluent Treatment Plan(ETP) and relocation should be undertaken if necessary. ¾ To protect the connected Khals of Keraniganj, Water Treatment Plant Should be introduced at each connection point of the khals and Buriganga River.

11.2

Steps Taken by Government

11.2.1Relocation of the Hazaribag tanary ‰ In 1993-1993 GOB has taken decision to relocate it a suitable position. The Hazaribagh Tannery Relocation Project (HTRP) worth over Tk 1.75 billion is likely to be completed by the end of this year. ‰ The HTRP was undertaken by the Industries Ministry in 2003 to save the capital city and the Buriganga River from toxic pollution. ‰ The government is bearing the entire cost of the project from its own coffer while Bangladesh Small and Cottage Industries Corporation (BSCIC) is implementing this project at Kantiboilapur, Chandranarayanpur and Charnarayanpur in Savar . ‰ Sources said the project was made following the guideline prepared and submitted by experts of the United Nations Industrial Development Organisation (UNIDO) in 1996. ‰ Under the project, all tannery industries will be relocated to Savar from the city's Hazaribagh area and waste treatment plants will be set up to save the environment from further pollution.

Environment and Urban Development

There is a plan to import water from the river Jamuna to increase the flow of water in the surrounding rivers in Dhaka City. The projected cost is tk850 crore. In 2005, plan of plantation by the riverside was taken by government. In 2004, Dhaka WASA undertook the project of repairing 150km seepage line. In 2005, a project of modernizing & increasing the capacity of the Pagla Recycling Plant with sanction of 250km new seepage line was undertaken. Under the project of North Dhaka Expansion, project of sanction of three new recycler plants with adequate sewerage line was undertaken. Dhaka City Corporation will implement the project of sanctioning 4 new “Garbage Dumping Yards” and the cost will be tk 510 crore. As the tanary will be transferred at the northwest part of keraniganj, a integrated buffer of a khal and forest will be produced to protect the entire settlement and agricultural field.

12. Savar Tannery Complex to be Ready by This Year

The Hazaribagh Tannery Relocation Project (HTRP) worth over Tk 1.75 billion is likely to be completed by the end of this year. The HTRP was undertaken by the Industries Ministry in 2003 to save the capital city and the Buriganga River from toxic pollution. The government is bearing the entire cost of the project from its own coffer while Bangladesh Small and Cottage Industries Corporation (BSCIC) is implementing this project at Kantiboilapur, Chandranarayanpur and Charnarayanpur in Savar. "We have already completed 70 per cent work of the project. After the completion of the earth filling work within a couple of months, we will start installing water and power lines", said a BSCIC official. To implement the project, the BSCIC acquired 200 acres of land in Savar and started development of the land at the beginning of this year. Of the total amount, Tk 1.0 billion was earmarked for development of land and other facilities for the tannery industries, while Tk 700 million for setting up the waste treatment plants and other works. "The project has been undertaken at the directive of the Prime Minister, who expressed her concern on different occasions over the adverse impact of tannery industries, which are increasingly polluting the river Buriganga and the Planning Students’ Convention, 2008

Buriganga Pollution: Reasons & Prospect

urban environment," said the official. Hazaribagh is home to almost 200 tanneries, which produce several thousand tonnes of toxic wastes and industrial effluents daily, causing environmental pollution and exposing the city population to great public health risks. While taking to the FE the BSCIC official said a total of 195 industrial plots will be developed on 145 acres of land and the remaining 55 acres will be used for construction of roads, BSCIC offices, hospital, and mosque. BSCIC will develop four types of industrial plots -- A, B, C and S. Under 'A' category, some 26 plots will be developed with each having 80,000 square feet each at a cost of Tk 7,144,000. There will be some 39 'B' category plots having 40,000 square feet each at Tk 3,572,000. Under 'C' category, some 114 industrial plots will be developed, 20,000 square feet each at a cost of Tk 1,780,000. Once the project is completed, it will have a production capacity of 74,000 tonnes of leather goods annually. Sources said the project was made following the guideline prepared and submitted by experts of the United Nations Industrial Development Organisation (UNIDO) in 1996. Under the project, all tannery industries will be relocated to Savar from the city's Hazaribagh area and waste treatment plants will be set up to save the environment from further pollution. A three-member UNIDO team visited Bangladesh in November 1996, to see the overall situation of industrial waste treatment and management. They visited Hazaribagh tannery industries, the Buriganga River and exchanged views with the people concerned, including government officials about the possible solution to the problem. In its report, the UNIDO suggested the government to take up a plan for pollution control and treatment of tannery effluents at Hazaribagh. Other UNIDO suggestions included installation of Chromium Recovery and Reuse Unit (CRRU) at each tannery and setting up of a Central Effluent Treatment Plant (CETP) (The Financial Express, May 28, 2005)

. 13. Further Scope of the Study The study has some further scopes for future studies: 9 9 9

The impact of relocation of the Hazaribag Tanneries to Savar area on Buringa. The reviving process of Buriganga. Improving the water quality of Buriganga.

14. Conclusion

Environment and Urban Development

The pollution rate in Buriganga is such an alarming phenomenon it’s now become a threat to the survival of Dhaka City. Proper Steps should be taken immediately to salt away Buringanga as well as its surrounding for the sustainable development of Dhaka.

Planning Students’ Convention, 2008

Comprehensive Development Plan (CDP): A Field Study on Rangamati Pourashava

Comprehensive Development Plan (CDP): A Field Study on Rangamati Pourashava Md. Maksudur Rahman, Rifat Tabassum, Md. Mostak Ahmed, Md. Mehedi Hasan, Sania Sifat Miti, Shamima Aktar Depertment of Urban and Regional Planning, Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Dhaka-1342.

Abstract The CDP is a mid-term plan in five sectors i.e. social, economic, physical, environment and institution. CDP is not the usual type of planning which have been practiced many years such as Structure Plan, Detail Area Plan, Master Plan etc. Rangamati is a hilly area and there are numerous obstacles for development such as conflict between tribal and non tribal groups, low income, inadequate physical infrastructure, environmental pollution and degradation, lack of coordination among agencies etc. All these problems are taken into account while preparing this CDP. The issues and concerns, potential of development and constraints of development of this area are described considering the geographical location and topographical condition of surrounding area. Some programs and project are considered to solve the emerging problems of this area. This is hoped that proposed CDP will contribute as a starting development plan for further practice in different urban areas.

1. Introduction

Many municipalities and City Corporations have taken many types of plan like master plan, strategic plan, structure plan, etc. These plans require long time to be implemented. Moreover, those plans normally focus on some issues separately. As the growth of city areas of Bangladesh is more fast and dynamic in nature, the validity and reliability of those plans more or less lose after 10 to 15 years. The concept of Comprehensive Development Plan (CDP) is new in Bangladesh and the practice of it has not initiated yet. CDP considers all aspects of development such as social, economic, physical, environment and institutional. However, CDP is a mid-term (3-5 years) strategy and can easily cope with the changes of various sectors (Rahman, 2005). In the socioeconomic and political context of Bangladesh, CDP can be an appropriate planning concept for effective development. In this context the planning team formulates a CDP for Rangamati Municipality. The following policies and principles govern this Comprehensive Development Plan of Rangamati Pourashava: Sustainable Development, Local Agenda 21, Bangladesh Millennium Development Goals (BMDGs) 2015, Tourism for Poverty Reduction National Agricultural Policy 1999, Social Safety Net Programmes, National Strategy for accelerated poverty Reduction. Section 127 of the

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Pourashava Ordinance, 1977 mandated the Pourashavas to prepare and implement development plans for such period and in such manner as may be specified. Rangamati Pourashava Office shall integrate and coordinate all sectoral plans and studies undertaken by the different functional groups or agencies. They shall also formulate integrated economics, social, physical, and other development plans and policies. Regional analysis process aims to do a comprehensive assessment of the region. Several methods and tools were applied in the analysis process, such as—Internal Analysis Matrix, Relation Map, Problem Tree, and Potential Matrix (SPRING Planners, 2004). 1.1. Study Area Fig-1: Rangamati Pourashava, From Chittagong a 77 km road Chittagong amidst green fields and winding hills surrounding Rangamati municipality, the headquarter of Rangamati Hill District which is a wonderful repository of scenic splendours with flora and fauna of varied descriptions. The township is located on the western bank of the Kaptai lake. Rangamati is a favourite holiday resort because of its beautiful landscape, scenic beauty, lake, colourful tribes (Chakma, Marma etc.), its flora and fauna, tribal museum, hanging bridge, homespun textile products, ivory jewellery and the tribal men and Source: Rangamati Pourashava, Rangamati, 2007. women who fashion them. For tourists the attractions of Rangamati are numerous, tribal life, fishing, speed boat cruising, water skiing, hiking, bathing or merely enjoying nature as it is (Banglapedia, 2004).Rangamati district is administered by the Chittagong Hill Tracts Manual 1900. Though this manual is not yet been repealed but massive changes and reconstruction in the administrative frame work has been done to meet the need of the time. Local Government Council was established by the Act of 19 in 1989, by which 22 Government departments were transferred to them. For the special situation armed forces was deployed here from 1976. They are working here to maintain security in this region. Rangamati municipality consists of 9 wards and 35 mahallas. The area of the town is 64.75 sq km. The town has a population of 74108; male 57.68%, female 42.32%; Muslim 37.80%, Hindu 12.27%, Buddhist 49.25%, and others 0.68%. Density of population is 1008 per sq km. Literacy rate among the town people is 60.8% (Banglapedia, 2004). Planning Students’ Convention, 2008

Comprehensive Development Plan (CDP): A Field Study on Rangamati Pourashava

1.2. Methodology In order to facilitate a cohesive and coordinated process, a common procedure has been adopted by all sectoral groups in the formulation of the CDP (SPRING Planners, 2004). A workshop was conducted on July, 2007 at Rangamati D.C. office where attendants of various group expressed their views about the problems and potentials of this Pourashava. At each stage of the planning process the entire team convened to track the progress of all groups and to ensure consistency across each segment of the comprehensive plan. Interest Groups Analysis: The tool of internal analysis was used to analyze the interest groups of the municipality. The criteria for selection of the interest groups were quantity or significant number in the municipality, resource contribution, degree of contribution or threat to regional development, vulnerability, and existing development policies. The interest, conflict, problems and potentials of various interest groups were identified. Implication of each interest group was recognized that were further considered in formulating development programs (SPRING Planners, 2004). Problem Analysis: An important step in the analysis phase of the CDP formulation involves the identification of significant problems in the municipality and determination of their interrelationships (SPRING Planners, 2004). Potential Analysis: Potential Matrix was developed to derive the suitable potentials that must be utilized properly to attain the desired development goal (SPRING Planners, 2004).

2. Social Development Plan

According to the 1995 United Nations' World Summit for Social Development, "the ultimate goal of social development is to improve and enhance the quality of life of all people." Social development, deals with translations of the statistical number of the population into social indicators as ratio of social service infrastructure, provider to the population and the generated rates or trends (population growth rate). From the data generated from demographic profile, social problems are identified, potential resources are determined and strategies are developed (SPRING Planners, 2004). Social development indicators are: i) Education indicators; ii) Health indicators; and iii) Protection and Safety indicators. Literacy rate, formal education performance rate, Student enrollment, the ratio of teachers to the school-age population. The ratio of the hospital beds and health facilities to the population, the ratio of doctor to household. Ratio of the existing facilities to the population, ratio of to the human resource to the population. 2.1. Goals, objectives and policy strategies To Promote an integrated social development by promoting democracy, human dignity, social justice, solidarity and to empower local human resources

Environment and Urban Development

by improving access to development opportunities, providing minimum basic needs and enhancing delivery of social basic services in order to alleviate poverty and promote the equitable distribution of income and greater access to resources through equity and equality of opportunity and balance of rights for all people (both tribal and non-tribal). To achieve the social development goals the objectives were fixed as (i) Strengthen a comprehensive development program in health and social welfare, sports and recreation, crime prevention, culture and arts, safety and protection; (ii) Provide sufficient social services and reduce pressure on social services and access of all people to quality social services and provide efficient co-ordination among different social organizations and local administration in order to improve institutional support in social services; (iii) Reduce the dropout rate in schools and provision of training programs; and (iv) Mitigate the conflicts between tribal non-tribal people and control population growth. Movement towards these goals should be guided by the principles of equity, access, participation and cohesion. To fulfill the goals and objectives the major development programs that have been taken in this comprehensive development plan are: i) Social Development Programs; ii) Education Development Program; iii) Comprehensive Training and Scholarship Program; iv) Comprehensive Health Program; v) Comprehensive social Welfare Program; and v) Sports and Recreation Development Program. Among the mentioned programmes, two prioritized programmes are: i) Integrated Community Health Services Program; and ii) Comprehensive social Welfare Program.

3. Economic Development Plan

3.1. Economic issues and concern This part shall be concerned with the productive activities that will increase the income base of the people and the sustainable improvement of economic opportunities available of Rangamati Pourashava. The sector plan shall tackle issues pertaining to employment generation and food production. Food production shall be tackled in two ways – both by increasing the ability of the area to produce its own food and by increasing the power of the people to purchase their food requirements (SPRING Planners, 2004). 3.1.1. Agriculture Agriculture is one of the significant sources of employment for Rangamati Pourashava. Almost 4.5% of the total labor force of the Pourashava is engaged in agriculture related activities (BBS, 2001). Agriculture includes the rice production, livestock and poultry production and fishery production. The amount of unproductive land in this area is too much (about 97%). The provision of horticulture is high as there is a scarcity of plain agricultural land. But the farmers are not getting the expected market price of their product due to underdeveloped transport and communication system and middle men. The Planning Students’ Convention, 2008

Comprehensive Development Plan (CDP): A Field Study on Rangamati Pourashava

control of army over the area also hinders the agricultural development. The Pourashava having hilly landscape has a greater potentiality to produce fruits and other cash crop which will eventually give feedback to local economy and employment generation. As large amounts of grazing fields are available in this area, there is a huge potentiality of livestock development. Fishing is one of the major activities in Rangamati. It is surrounded by Kaptai Lake. Total area of Kaptai Reservoir is 68,000 hector (ADB, 2001). Data from ADB 2001 and BBS 2005 reveals that in the year 2009-2010 a total of 5640 metric ton fish would be produced from kaptai lake excluding the local consumption. Taking tk 80 per kg of fish as an average price, the total annual turn over of Kaptai Lake fisheries resources is about tk 1.2 billion. 3.1.2. Business enterprises Small and Medium Enterprises has a great potentiality in Rangamati Pourashava, however, the key constraints to SME growth are lack of entrepreneurial motivation, lack of infrastructural facilities, and inaccessibility to the markets of the other regions, unfavorable business environment, and lack of capital assistance for start-up business. About 14.25% of working class population engages in entrepreneurial activities (BBS, 2005). There are 2618 enterprises/shops operating in Rangamati Pourashava. However, 6.28% are engaged in industry sub-sectors such as: processing and production. Retail and trade are predominant with 87.96 % (ADB, 2001). Hence, priority should be given to the manufacturing, processing and production sectors, which contribute to industrial growth in Rangamati Pourashava. 3.1.3. Tourism Rangamati should be a popular tourist spot of Bangladesh due to its scenic beauty and cultural ethnicity. But in the conflict period this area was devoid of tourist mainly because of safety problem. After the Peace Treaty, it is expected a tourist boom in this area. So it is high time to make a comprehensive development plan for tourism sector development Tourists can play a vital part in regional economy by injecting money flow.

3.2. Goals, objectives and policy strategies

The economic sector of Rangamati Pourashava for the next three years shall be geared towards competitive, progressive and environment-friendly agro-based and eco-tourism activities. The major goals of Comprehensive Development Plan of Rangamati Pourashava are as follows: i) Encourage an integrated and sustainable agriculture; ii) Create a favorable economic environment to attract more investment; iii) Strengthen intra and inter regional trade linkage; iv) Develop awareness of wise-management of natural resources; and v) Develop tourism potentials and services. To achieve these goals the objectives are: i) Improve productivity and profitability of farmers; ii) Provide the livestock farmers accessibility to services and support; iii) Meet the food requirements of the

Environment and Urban Development

locality as far as possible; iv) Promote the growth of commercial activities; v) Encourage entrepreneurial skills and enhance business knowledge; vi) Provide employment opportunities through expansion of economic activities; and vii) Enhance tourism attractiveness of the area and be established as a tourism destination. To fulfill the goals and objectives the major development programs that has been taken in this comprehensive development plan are as follows, i)Rice Production Enhancement Program; ii) Diversification of Agriculture Products Program; iii) Training program for Added value for Agro-product; iv) Livestock and Poultry Enhancement Program; v) Fisheries Enhancement Program; vi) Institutional and Financial Support Programs; vii) Enterprise Development Program; viii) Market Information and Product Marketing Support Programs; ix) Eco-tourism Development Program.

4. Physical Development Plan

As Rangamati Pourashava is situated on the hilly area, the existing geographical, climate and natural situation of this area are taken into account in finding the potentials of the physical infrastructure sectors. The road pattern of this Pourashava is undulated and curved. Different types of distributor and collector road from different spots are linked with this road. Road networks are playing dual role, as road and drainage system. Maximum available vehicle runs on this road is Auto-rickshaw (LGED, 2007).The municipality is served by piped water systems, tube-well and ring-well, which provide water supply to households, industries, commercial users, etc. The core area has the facility of piped water system and the fringe area is provided with ring well (LGED, 2007). Department of Public Health Engineering (DPHE) is a potential water service institution for the region to promote, develop, finance and supervise water supply and distribution system and thereby enhance potable water supply distribution to households. Power Development Board (PDB) is the responsible authority related in connection and distribution of electricity in this area. Daily demand of electricity in this area is 96.5 kwh. Communication facilities are in bad condition in this area. There are sufficient social infrastructures but they are in deteriorating condition (Rangamati Pourashava, 2007). 4.1. Physical development constraints Without removing the constraints the achievement of proper and sustainable development is impossible. These include management related constraints, transportation related constraints (e.g. Bad road condition, poor transport service), water supply related constraints (e.g. poor maintenance and insufficient water distribution system, poor drainage), power related constraints (e.g. high cost of electricity and high number of households without power, unreliable power supply), poor quality/maintenance of social infrastructures, inadequate communication system, and scattered houses. Planning Students’ Convention, 2008

Comprehensive Development Plan (CDP): A Field Study on Rangamati Pourashava

4.2. Goals, objectives and policy strategies The goal of the CDP is to improve basic infrastructure to pace agriculture and tourism industry and provide basic services to the citizen of this Pourashava. The provision of basic infrastructure should be implemented to promote a more spatial balanced development within the Pourashava. The following objectives are set to achieve the goal: i) Upgrade the transport system of the Pourashava; ii) Improve water distribution and supply system for drinking; ii) Provide reliable, affordable and stable power supply; iii) Upgrade the communication system; and iv) Improve the structural quality of basic social infrastructures. The strategies need to be implemented for achieving the goals and objectives areimprove transportation facilities/ services, promote private sector participation, enhance the development of water sources, Provide infrastructure support for the expansion of water supply network, and modernize systems and facilities. Facilitate the issuance of necessary permits to telecommunication network to operate in the locality, Expand the coverage of communication facilities, regularly upgrade the communication facilities to keep abreast with technological advancements. Enhance involvement of the private sector in the construction, ownership, rehabilitation, maintenance and operation of energy facilities, regular monitoring of the power supply line. Enhance involvement of the private sector in the construction, ownership, rehabilitation, maintenance and operation of energy facilities, regular monitoring of the power supply line. The sectoral programs needed for the achievement of objectives areTransportation Program, under this program Road Maintenance Project, Road Improvement Project, Promoting Public Transport Service Project will be taken. There is also need to improve communication facilities. For the establishment of network under Communication Program, Responsibilities should be given to private phone companies like Grameen Phone, Orascom ltd. etc. Besides these, Solid Waste and Sewerage Program, Social Infrastructure Program will also be taken. On the basis of the criteria, the three prioritized programs are: Transportation program, Power Supply program, and Water supply and drainage program.

5. Environmental Management Plan

Natural resources (soil, timber, oil, minerals, and other goods taken more or less from the earth) are natural capital converted to commodity inputs to infrastructural capital processes. The dependency on nature is the main cause for the reduction of the natural resources of Rangamati as well as Bangladesh. Continuous increasing dependency on natural resources and the misuse of resources should be stopped. As incentive, an Environmental Management Plan for Rangamati is tried to create in this CDP to manage the existing natural resources and for its further development. Rangamati has a great potential in the field of land, inland water and forest resources, environment friendly

Environment and Urban Development

tourism, hill based agricultural activities, presence of government organization, presence of non-government organization, law enforcement etc. and it’s problem includes absence of sewerage system, water pollution, scattered & jam-packed settlement, hill cutting, lack of awareness, unplanned infrastructure, lack of initiatives of municipality, insufficient solid waste management, unplanned tourism, water logging, resettlement of unauthorized dwellings, improper drainage system etc. For the Environmental Management Plan, four determined development goals are: i) a clean and sound environment that raises the quality of life; ii) better environmental management for sustainable development; iii) an environment that is suitable for eco-tourism and iv) Enhanced participation of local stakeholders. The identified objectives to fulfill these goals are: i) Protect the remaining forest stands; ii) Reforest denuded areas; iii) Ensure quality and desirable water level in Kaptai Lake; iv) Develop an effective and efficient sewerage system and Improve participation of local citizens, civil society, and private sectors in addressing environmental problems and their probable solutions. To achieve the goals and objectives referred programs and their sub programs are: i) Reforestation/tree plantation program; ii)Protection of the existing forest; iii) Community-based forest management (CBFM) programs; iv) Community-based lake management program; v) Sewerage system establishment and management program; vi) Extension of solid waste management; vii) Education & training program; and viii) Public awareness program. The implementing agencies of these programs are: Forest Department, Municipality, NGOs’ and Community. Based on some pre-defined criteria, three programs are prioritized and ranked hierarchically as: i) Sewerage system establishment and management program; ii) Community-Based Lake Management Program; and iii) Public awareness Program. The continuity and coordination of all these programs are essential in the protection and conservation of the natural resources of the Rangamati Municipality.

6. Institutional Development Plan Institutional development means the strong hierarchy of financing and budgeting system, appropriate allocation of public welfare expenditure by the authority (SPRING Planners, 2004). So, the institutional development of Rangamati Pourashava is presented here by the tax system. 6.1. Institutional issues and concerns 6.1.1. Main feature of tax system of Rangamati There is a duel tax system existing in Rangamati Pourashava. Mainly the development of Rangamati takes place by Pourashava. Several institutes include for development and these are Public Health Engineering Department, Bazaar Fund or Committee, Local Government Units, Power Development Planning Students’ Convention, 2008

Comprehensive Development Plan (CDP): A Field Study on Rangamati Pourashava

Department and Chittagong Hill Tracts Development Board. But Pourashava and Bazaar Fund is the major institution to collect Tax. There is lack of coordination in duel tax system. 6.1.2. Pourashava Pourashava is the authority to develop the city by the collection of tax, different fees and revenue income of various local sources. But the Government allotment in annual sectoral development plays the main role for development. Different international organization as UNDP, ADP works for development by the Pourashava of Rangamati. Pourashava collects Tax from the sectors of Preservation, Lighting, Cinema, Construction, Road and water transport, Housing, Business, Export and import goods carrying vehicle, Waste disposal, Picnic transport etc. 6.1.3. Bazaar fund Before the starting of Pourashava activities, Bazaar Fund conducted the activities of city development and fill up the citizen requirements. At present it provides facility for require by land settlement. The Main resources of the fund are the proceeds of all revenues from land leased to shop-keepers others within the area of a bazaar, the income from hats and bazaars under the control of the fund, rest-house fees, boat taxes, floating trader’s tax, Grazing tax, miscellaneous receipts pertaining to the fund. 6.2. Goals, objectives and policy strategies The goal is to provide an efficient administration, which is transparent, dedicated, promises good governance, with clear coordinating mechanism as instrument for delivering basic needs and quality services, with a mandate of promoting the economic viability of the Pourashava taking into consideration the traditional culture of the people and the environmental sustainability. The identified objectives to fulfill these goals are: i) Reduce excessive dependence on IRA (Internal Revenue Allotment); ii) Ensure effective participation of private investors; iii) Increase efficiency of local revenue and mobilize revenue sources; iv) Assess existing taxation sources and formulate effective tax collection measures; v) Increase Local government personnel efficiency through capacity building measures; vi) Create self-employment opportunity to absorb growing job demand; and vii) Ensure effective participation of Local government with NGOs, POs and civil society towards attaining development goals of the Pourashava. Based on some pre-defined criteria, five programs are prioritized and ranked hierarchically. These programs can be implemented within the first three years of the planning period; i) Awareness program on self employment activities to specific target groups; ii) Program for regular updating database; iii) Entrepreneurship development program and management development program; iv) Program on Monitoring and Evaluation for efficient implementation of programs and projects; and v) Program on Research and Development.

Environment and Urban Development

7. Summary & Conclusion

Social development, deals with translations of the statistical number of the population into social indicators as ratio of social service infrastructure, provider to the population and the generated rates or trends. Economic development plan concerned with the productive activities that will increase the income base of the people of Rangamati Pourashava. Physical development plan the CDP is to improve basic infrastructure to pace agriculture and tourism industry and provide basic services to the citizen of this Pourashava. The dependency on nature is the main cause for the reduction of the natural resources of Rangamati as well as Bangladesh. Institution is to provide an efficient administration, which is transparent, dedicated, promises good governance, with clear coordinating mechanism as instrument for delivering basic needs and quality services. The prioritized programs for each sector of this comprehensive development plan identified for each sector are vital to the realization of sectoral and overall goals. Time and resource limitations might constrain their execution during program implementation. There are various sectors or interest groups exist within the region. All these sectors have different kind of relationship with other sectors. All sectors have their own sets of problems, interests and potentials (SPRING Planners, 2004). Therefore, this is not the end of the planning process, as it is a continuous cycle of planning, implementation, monitoring and evaluation.

References Asian Development Bank, 2001, Technical Assistant Report: Chittagong Hill Tract Development, Asian Development Bank, Bangladesh. Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics (2001). Statistical Year Book of Bangladesh 2001. Banglapedia. (2004). National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh, Multimedia version, First edition. Dhaka: Asiatic Socieity of Bangladesh. LGED (local government and engineering department), 2007. Rangamati Pourashava Rangamati. Rahman, M.S.U. (2005). The SPRING Approach for Regional Development Planning and Management, Jahangirnagar Planning Review, Jahangirnagar University, Vol.3, pp.61-76. SPRING Planners. (2004). Siquijor Provincial Comprehensive Development Plan (CDP) 2005-2007. Phillipines: Provincial Government of Siquijor, Siquijor Province. The Pourashava Ordinance.1977. Ordinance no. 16 of 1977, Ministry of Law, Justice and Parliamentary Affairs, Government of Bangladesh. UN, 1992, Agenda 21: Report of the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development, UN, Rio de Janeiro, 3-14 June 1992. Planning Students’ Convention, 2008

Comprehensive Development Plan (CDP): A Field Study on Rangamati Pourashava