English Fundamental By Djray

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Fundamentals Of English Grammar By DjRay DLanguage STUDIO Langkawi www.dlanguagestudio.com

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Fundamentals of English (pg1) Asas Bahasa Inggeris 1.1

Basic Structure of a sentence :

•

When we speak or write, each sentence should be based on the following structure

Subject Eg : • •

I

Verb study

Object in Langkawi

SUBJECT must always match with the VERB (ie Singular Subject with Singular Verb or Plural Subject with Plural Verb) VERB must always match with Time, which determines PRESENT, PAST or FUTURE

1.2 What is SUBJECT ? • • • •

Subject is either a Noun or Pronoun Subject Noun - Singular Alex, My brother, Mr John Subject Pronoun - Singular He, She, It Subject Pronoun - Plural They, You, We, I

Fundamentals of English (pg2) Asas Bahasa Inggeris 1.3

What is Object ?

•

Object consists of nouns, object pronouns (eg him), verb infinitives, adjectives, adverbs, time etc.. It is not always important to determine Singular or Plural noun in Object area, except for sentences using There is, There are etc..

1.4

What is VERB ?

• • •

There are 3 types of Verbs in English, ie Simple Verb, Continuous Verb and Perfect Verb Among the 3 verbs, only Simple verb has a Past Tense form, eg take – took, see – saw The diagram below shows how each type of verb must be arranged

Subject

simple verb

Object

Subject

is / are / am / was / were

Continuous Verb

Object

I am seeing

Subject

have / has

Perfect Verb

Object

I have seen

I see

Construct a Sentence Present Actions Subject

Simple verb

Object

Subject

am / is / are

Continuous Verb

Object

I am seeing

Subject

am / is / are

preposition / adjectives / noun

Object

I am here I am happy I am Adam

I see

Construct a Question Present Actions W

do does

Subject

Simple verb

Object

Do you see?

Subject

Continuous Verb

Object

W

am is are

Are you seeing them?

am is are

Subject

Preposition Adjectives Noun

Object

Are you there? Are you happy? Are you Adam?

W

W = What, Where, Why, Who, When, How, How many etc..

which, whose

Construct a Sentence Past Actions Subject

Simple verb

Subject

was / were

Subject

have has

Subject

was were

I saw

Object Continuous Verb

Object

I was seeing

Perfect Verb

Object

I have seen

Object

I was here I was happy I was a baby

preposition adjectives noun

Construct a Question Past Actions W W W W

Did

Subject

Simple verb

Object

Did you see?

Was Were

Subject

Continuous Verb

Object

Were you seeing them?

have has

Subject

Perfect Verb

Object

Have you seen?

Was Were

Subject

Object

Were you there? Were you happy? Were you a nurse?

Preposition Adjectives Noun

W = What, Where, Why, Who, When, How, How many

which, whose

Construct a Sentence Future Actions Subject

will

Simple verb

Object

I will see

Subject

will be

Continuous Verb

Object

I will be seeing

Subject

am, is , are

going to

Object

I am going to see

Subject

will be

preposition adjectives noun

Object

I will be there I will be happy I will be a nurse

Simple verb

Construct a Question Future Actions W W W W

will

Subject

Simple verb

Object

will you see?

will

Subject

be

Continuous Verb

Object

will you be seeing them?

am, is are

Subject

going to

simple verb

Object

are you going to see?

will

Subject

be Preposition Adjectives Noun

Object

W = What, Where, Why, Who, When, How, How many

will you be there? will you be happy? will you be a nurse?

which, whose

About Subject Subject is a noun which starts a sentence. A noun becomes a subject when we have to determine whether it is singular or plural Subject adalah katanama yang memulakan ayat. Katanama menjadi subject apabila kita perlu mengetahui samada ia singular atau plural Singularity and Plurality are shown below : Singular office room friend guest

: pejabat : bilik : kawan : tetamu

Plural offices rooms friends guests

: pejabat-pejabat : bilik-bilik : kawan-kawan : tetamu-tetamu

About Articles The, This, That, These, Those • •

The position of articles in Bahasa Malaysia is opposite to English Kedudukan artikel di dalam B. Malaysia dan English adalah bertentangan

• •

Usually, ‘the’ in the last noun is naturally used Biasanya, ‘the’ digunakan pada noun yang terakhir sekiranya tiada artikel lain yang digunakan

• • • •

Singular Noun

Plural Noun

the office the room this guest that guest

the offices the rooms these guests those guests

pejabat itu bilik itu tetamu ini tetamu itu

pejabat-pejabat itu bilik-bilik itu tetamu-tetamu ini tetamu-tetamu itu

Adverbs of Quantity Penjodoh Bilangan The position of adverbs of quantity in Bahasa Malaysia is similar to English Kedudukan kuantiti di dalam B.Malaysian adalah sama dengan English • • • • • • • • • • • • •

Singular Noun a guest seorang tetamu many guests one guest satu tetamu a few guests a litte sugar sedikit gula a lot of people a satu or se_____ many a child seorang budak many a little sedikit a lot of a car sebuah kereta plenty a bottle of sebotol several an egg sebiji telur a pencil sebatang pensil a knife sebilah pisau a packet sepaket a cup of coffee secawan kopi

Plural Noun ramai tetamu beberapa tetamu ramai orang banyak (for non-human) ramai (for human) banyak/ramai banyak/ramai beberapa

Personal Pronoun Gantinama diri Personal Pronouns (subject) I You He She We They It

Saya Awak Dia Dia Kita / kami Mereka Ia

Personal Pronouns (object) me you him her us them it

saya awak dia / nya dia / nya kita / kami mereka ia / nya

Possessive Pronouns Gantinama kepunyaan Singular Possession

Plural Possession

my car your house his house her house our house their house its kitten

my cars your houses his houses her houses our houses their houses its kittens

kereta saya rumah awak rumahnya / dia rumahnya / dia rumah kita rumah mereka anaknya

kereta-kereta saya rumah-rumah awak rumah-rumahnya / dia rumah-rumahnya / dia rumah-rumah kita rumah-rumah mereka anak-anaknya

The position of possessive pronoun in B.Malaysia is opposite in English Kedudukan gantinama kepunyaan adalah bertentangan dengan English

Preposition Kata arah at on in under beside here there and

di di atas di dalam with di bawahnear di sebelah di sini di sana dan

at to dengan dekat nearby from far

pada (used to indicate time) ke

dekat dengan dari jauh

Note : In English, we use verb to be such as ‘is, am, are.. etc’ to explain a location of a noun. In Bahasa Malaysia, we can omit ‘to be’ for this purpose, or use ‘berada’ instead Di dalam English, penggunaan ‘verb to be : is, are, am..’ adalah perlu apabila subject bertemu dengan kata arah Eg : Saya di sini or Saya berada di sini

I am here

Days of the week Days of the week

Examples:

Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday Sunday

What day is today? Hari ini hari apa? Today is Monday Hari ini Hari Isnin / Hari ini Isnin

Hari Isnin Hari Selasa Hari Rabu Hari Khamis Hari Jumaat Hari Sabtu Hari Ahad

Note : ‘is’ is not translated

Month of the Year January February March April May June July August September October November December

Januari Februari Mac April Mei Jun Julai Ogos September Oktober November Disember

Month = Bulan In English we say : What month is it? In BM, it is asked this way : What month is this month? Bulan ini bulan apa? This month is June Bulan ini Bulan June Note : ‘is’ is not translated

Present Time Now Everyday Always Usually Sometimes Seldom Once in a while Often

Present & Past Sekarang dan Selepas Past Time

sekarang setiap hari / hari-hari selalu biasanya kadang-kadang jarang-jarang sesekali kerap/selalu

Just nowtadi Yesterday This morning Last Night Last week This afternoon Last time Last month

_____

semalam pagi tadi malam tadi minggu lepas tengahari tadi dulu bulan lepas

In Bahasa Malaysia, the word ‘sudah/telah’ or ‘time’ is used to indicate a past action. ‘Sudah/telah’ is used with verbs only. Eg : I ate already Eg : I ate just now

Saya sudah makan Saya makan tadi or Saya sudah makan tadi

Future Belum berlaku / Akan datang Future Time Tomorrow Next week Next month Next time Later

esok minggu hadapan bulan hadapan lain kali sebentar lagi

Note Pagi Tengah hari Petang Malam

is used from 12.01am – 11.59am is used from 12.00n – 2.00pm is used from 2.01pm – 7.00pm is used from 7.00pm – 12.00m

Interrogatives Kata tanya What? Where? Why? When? Who? How?

Apa? Di mana? Kenapa? Bila? Siapa? Bagaimana?

What car? Kereta apa? Which car? Kereta mana? Whose car? Kereta siapa? How many? Berapa? How much? Berapa? How many cars? Berapa buah kereta?

How to indicate ‘The Hours’ Cara mengguna Masa •

What time is it now?

• •

It is 1 o’clock (pm) It is 7.30 in the morning

•

It is 3.10 in the afternoon

•

It is 8.12 in the evening

•

It is 8.15 in the evening

Sekarang pukul berapa? / Sekarang sudah pukul berapa? Pukul satu tengahari Pukul tujuh tiga puluh minit pagi / Pukul tujuh setengah pagi Pukul tiga sepuluh minit petang (considered evening) Pukul lapan dua belas minit malam ( considered night) Pukul lapan lima belas minit malam / Pukul lapan suku malam

Conjunction Kata hubung Beginning or middle of a sentence

usually middle of sentence

and and then when while mean while even though but before after before that after that if how what where when when

whereas which who that

dan selepas itu semasa semasa sementara itu walaupun tetapi / tapi sebelum selepas sebelum itu selepas itu sekiranya / kalau bagaimana apa yang dimana bila (indicating time) apabila (not indicating time)

di mana yang yang yang

Note : • Most conjunctions are used to join sentences. • Some can be used at the beginning or in the middle of a sentence, but some can only be used in the middle.

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