Engleski Materijal.docx

PISMENI DEO ISPITA Provera gramatike (active/passive, present perfect/past simple, expressing future, direct questions, indirect questions) Provera stručnog vokabulara

Kako se gradi pasiv u engleskom jeziku? Pasiv se gradi od glagola to be (u vremenu u kom je glavni glagol u aktivnoj rečenici) i participa prošlog (past participle) glavnog glagola. Subjekat aktivne rečenice postaje agens (vršilac radnje) u pasivnoj, i često se izostavlja. Ukoliko se ne izostavlja, uvodi se predlogom by, i najčešće se nalazi na kraju pasivne rečenice. aktiv: My grandfather planted this tree. pasiv: This tree was planted by my grandfather. aktiv

pasiv

Present Simple

He delivers the letters.

The letters are delivered.

Present Continuous

He is delivering the letters.

The letters are being delivered.

Present Perfect

He has delivered the letters.

The letters have been delivered.

Past Simple

He delivered the letters.

The letters were delivered.

Past Continuous

He was delivering the letters.

The letters were being delivered.

Past Perfect

He had delivered the letters.

The letters had been delivered.

Future Simple

He will deliver the letters.

The letters will be delivered.

BE GOING TO

He is going to deliver the letters.

The letters are going to be delivered.

Modals

He can deliver the letters.

The letters can be delivered.

Infinitive

He has to deliver the letters.

The letters have to be delivered.

Kada se pasiv upotrebljava? Pasiv se upotrebljava:

1. kada je vršilac radnje nepoznat, nevažan ili očigledan iz konteksta: Jane was shot. (Ne zna se ko ju je upucao.)

This church was built in 1815. (Vršilac radnje nije bitan.) He has been arrested. (Vršilac radnje je očigledan.)

2. u cilju ljubaznijeg ili formalnijeg izražavanja: The car hasn’t been cleaned. (ljubaznije) (You haven’t cleaned the car. – manje ljubazno)

3. kada je radnja bitnija nego vršilac radnje, npr., u slučaju procesa, uputstava, događaja, izveštaja, naslova, novinskih članaka, i reklama: 30 people were killed in the earthquake.

4. kada se stavlja akcenat na vršioca radnje: The new library will be opened by the Queen.

Vršilac radnje Kada želimo da kažemo ko je vršilac radnje, koristimo predlog by i ime (by Peter), imenicu (by the teacher) ili zamenicu u objekatskom obliku (by him) na kraju rečenice. Vršilac radnje se spominje samo ukoliko je bitan za dati kontekst: Our house was designed by a famous architect. Vršilac radnje se izostavlja:

1. ukoliko je nepoznat Our car was stolen last night. (Ne znamo ko ga je ukrao.)

2. ukoliko nas ne zanima ko je vršilac radnje ili isti nije bitan He has been taken to hospital. (Ono što je bitno jeste sam događaj.)

3. ukoliko se može zaključiti iz konteksta ko je vršilac radnje The murderer was arrested last night. (Nije potrebno napomenuti da je uhapšen od strane policije.) 4. ukoliko je subjekat aktivne rečenice somebody, people, they, you, itd. Someone broke the window. → The window was broken. Iz aktiva u pasiv

Promena rečenice iz aktiva u pasiv: objekat aktivne rečenice postaje subjekat pasivne Agatha Christie wrote this book. → This book was written by Agatha Christie.  glagol prelazi iz aktivnog oblika u pasivni, dok glagolsko vreme ostaje nepromenjeno  subjekat aktivne rečenice postaje agens (vršilac radnje) u pasivnoj. Stavljamo ga na kraj rečenice, uz predlog by. 

By ili with? Predlog by upotrebljavamo uz vršioca radnje: The door was opened by Mr Black. (Mr Black = vršilac radnje) Predlog with upotrebljavamo uz instrument, predmet ili materijal koji se koristi u okviru određene radnje:

The door was opened with a key. (a key = predmet koji je upotrebljen) The omelette was made with eggs, cheese and peppers. (eggs, cheese and peppers = materijal koji je upotrebljen)

Glagoli sa dva objekta Ukoliko glagol koji se javlja u rečenici ima dva objekta (npr., give somebody something), aktivnu rečenicu možemo promeniti u pasivnu na jedan od sledeća dva načina:  nepravi (indirektni) objekat postaje subjekat pasivne rečenice  pravi (direktni) objekat postaje subjekat pasivne rečenice Rick gave me (nepravi objekat) this book (pravi objekat). 1. I was given this book by Rick. 2. This book was given to me by Rick. Neki od glagola koji imaju dva objekta: give, tell, send, show, bring, write, offer, pay, itd. Ukoliko se nepravi objekat nalazi posle glagola u pasivnoj rečenici, ispred tog objekta stoji predlog to. The e-mail was sent to Richard. Ukoliko je nepravi objekat aktivne rečenice lična zamenica u objekatskom obliku, prilikom transformacije aktivne rečenice u pasivnu ova zamenicu prelazi u svoj subjektaski oblik. John gave her the flowers. → She was given the flowers.

Future

SIMPLE FUTURE TENSE FUNCTIONS OF THE SIMPLE FUTURE TENSE The simple future refers to a time later than now, and expresses facts or certainty. In this case there is no 'attitude'.

The simple future is used:

To predict a future event: It will rain tomorrow. With I or We, to express a spontaneous decision: I'll pay for the tickets by credit card. To express willingness: I'll do the washing-up.

He'll carry your bag for you. In the negative form, to express unwillingness: The baby won't eat his soup. I won't leave until I've seen the manager! With I in the interrogative form using "shall", to make an offer: Shall I open the window? With we in the interrogative form using "shall", to make a suggestion: Shall we go to the cinema tonight? With I in the interrogative form using "shall", to ask for advice or instructions: What shall I tell the boss about this money? With you, to give orders: You will do exactly as I say. With you in the interrogative form, to give an invitation: Will you come to the dance with me? Will you marry me? Note:In modern English will is preferred to shall. Shall is mainly used with I and we to make an offer or suggestion, or to ask for advice (see examples above). With the other persons (you, he, she, they) shall is only used in literary or poetic situations, e.g. "With rings on her fingers and bells on her toes, She shall have music wherever she goes."

FORMING THE SIMPLE FUTURE The simple future tense is composed of two parts: will / shall + the infinitive without to

Subject will

infinitive without to

Affirmative I

will

go

I

shall

go

Negative They

will not see

They

won't see

Interrogative Will

she

ask?

Interrogative negative Won't they

try?

CONTRACTIONS I will = I'll We will = we'll You will = you'll He will = he'll She will = she'll They will = they'll Will not = won't

The form "it will" is not normally shortened.

TO SEE: SIMPLE FUTURE TENSE Affirmative

Negative

Interrogative

Interrogative Negative

I will see

I won't see

Will I see?

Won't I see?

*I shall see

*Shall I see?

You will see

You won't see Will you see?

Won't you see?

He will see

He won't see

Will he see?

Won't he see?

We will see

We won't see Will we see?

Won't we see?

*We shall see They will see

*Shall we see? They won't see Will they see? Won't they see?

*Shall is dated, but it is still commonly used instead of "will" with the affirmative or interrogative forms of I and we in certain cases (see above).

PRESENT CONTINUOUS FOR FUTURE ARRANGEMENTS USING THE PRESENT CONTINUOUS TO TALK ABOUT THE FUTURE The present continuous is used to talk about arrangements for events at a time later than now. There is a suggestion that more than one person is aware of the event, and that some preparation has already happened. e.g.   

I'm meeting Jim at the airport = Jim and I have discussed this. I am leaving tomorrow. = I've already bought my train ticket. We're having a staff meeting next Monday = all members of staff have been told about it.

EXAMPLES    

Is she seeing him tomorrow? He isn't working next week. They aren't leaving until the end of next year. We are staying with friends when we get to Boston.

Note:In the first example, "seeing" is used in a continuous form because it means "meeting". BE CAREFUL! The simple present is used when a future event is part of a programme or time-table. Notice the difference between: a. We're having a staff meeting next Monday = just that once b. We have a staff meeting every Monday

SIMPLE PRESENT FOR FUTURE EVENTS

The simple present is used to make statements about events at a time later than now, when the statements are based on present facts, and when these facts are something fixed like a time-table, schedule, calendar.

EXAMPLES     

The plane arrives at 18.00 tomorrow. She has a yoga class tomorrow morning. The restaurant opens at 19.30 tonight. Next Thursday at 14.00 there is an English exam. The plane leaves in ten minutes.

FUTURE WITH "GOING" FORM When we use going in a phrase to talk about the future, the form is composed of three elements: the verb to be conjugated to match the subject + going + the infinitive of the main verb

Subject

+ to be (conjugated)

+ going

+ inf

She

is

going

to le

I

am

going

to sta

Affirmative He

is

going

to jog.

is not

going

to jog.

Negative He

Interrogative

Is

he

going

to jog?

he

going

to jog?

Negative Interrogative Isn't

FUNCTION The use of going to refer to future events suggests a very strong association with the present. The time is not important, it is later than now, but the attitude is that the event depends on something in the present situation that we know about. Going is mainly used to refer to our plans and intentions or to make predictions based on present evidence. In everyday speech, going to is often shortened to gonna, especially in American English, but it is never written that way.

USING "GOING" FOR PLANS AND INTENTIONS

EXAMPLES     

Is Freddy going to buy a new car soon? Are John and Pam going to visit Milan when they are in Italy? I think Nigel and Mary are going to have a party next week. We are going to have dinner together tomorrow. Aren't you going to stay at the library until your report is finished?

USING "GOING" FOR PREDICTIONS

EXAMPLES     

He's going to be a brilliant politician. I'm going to have a hard time falling asleep. You're going to be sorry you said that. Is it going to rain this afternoon? Aren't they going to come to the party?

Direct And Indirect Questions In English

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WHAT ARE INDIRECT QUESTIONS?

Direct questions are the “normal” questions that we can ask friends, family members, and people who we know well. You can form direct questions using the QUASM model that we learned last lesson. Example of a direct question: “Where’s the bathroom?” Indirect questions are a little more formal and polite. We use them when talking to a person we don’t know very well, or in professional situations, and their form is a little different. Example of an indirect question: “Could you tell me where the bathroom is?”

PHRASES FOR INDIRECT QUESTIONS       

Could you tell me… Do you know… I was wondering… Do you have any idea… I’d like to know… Would it be possible… Is there any chance…

DIRECT AND INDIRECT QUESTIONS IN ENGLISH: EXAMPLES Direct: Where is Market Street? Indirect: Could you tell me where Market Street is? In indirect questions with is/are, the verb (is) comes after the subject (Market Street). Direct What time does the bank open? Indirect: Do you know what time the bank opens?

In indirect questions, we don’t use the auxiliary verbs do/does/did. Also, you can see that the verb is “open” in the direct question, and “opens” in the indirect question. Direct: Why did you move to Europe? Indirect: I was wondering why you moved to Europe. Again, there is no auxiliary verb did in the indirect question. In fact, this indirect question isn’t even a question – it’s more of a statement that invites the other person to give more information. Direct: How has he managed to get in shape so quickly? Indirect: Do you have any idea how he’s managed to get in shape so quickly? The auxiliary verbs have and has can be used in both the direct and indirect questions – but in the direct question, “has” comes before the subject (he), and in the indirect question, “has” comes after the subject. Direct: How much does this motorcycle cost? Indirect: I’d like to know how much this motorcycle costs. To form the indirect question, remove does and change “cost” to “costs.” Direct: Can you finish the project by tomorrow? Indirect: Would it be possible for you to finish the project by tomorrow? For direct questions with can, we can use the phrase “would it be possible…” to make it indirect. Direct: Can we change the meeting to Thursday? Indirect: Is there any chance we could change the meeting to Thursday? “Is there any chance…” is another option for forming indirect questions with can.

YES/NO DIRECT QUESTIONS –> “IF” IN INDIRECT QUESTIONS If the direct question is a “yes or no” question (it has no question word such as what, who, when, where, why, or how), then the indirect question will have if. Direct: Does Tom like Italian food? Indirect: Do you know if Tom likes Italian food? Direct: Are your parents joining us for dinner? Indirect: Could you tell me if your parents are joining us for dinner? Direct: Do they speak English? Indirect: I was wondering if they speak English. Direct: Has Barbara ever studied abroad? Indirect: Do you have any idea if Barbara’s ever studied abroad? Direct: Do you plan on traveling this summer? Indirect: I’d like to know if you plan on traveling this summer. Present perfect/past simple

Use In British English, the use of Simple Past and Present Perfect is quite strict. As soon as a time expression in the past is given, you have to use Simple Past. If there are no

signal words, you must decide if we just talk about an action in the past or if its consequence in the present is important. Note that the following explanations and exercises refer to British English only. In American English, you can normally use Simple Past instead of Present Perfect. We cannot accept this in our exercises, however, as this would lead to confusions amongst those who have to learn the differences. Certain time in the past or just / already / yet? Do you want to express that an action happened at a certain time in the past (even if it was just a few seconds ago) or that an action has just / already / not yet happened? Simple Past

Present Perfect Simple

certain time in the past

just / already / not yet Example:

Example:

I phoned Mary 2 minutes ago.

I have just phoned Mary.

Certain event in the past or how often so far? Do you want to express when a certain action took place or whether / how often an action has happened till now? Simple Past

Present Perfect Simple

certain event in the past

whether / how often till now Example:

He went to Canada last summer.

Example: Have you ever been to Canada? / I have been to Canada twice.

Emphasis on action or result? Do you just want to express what happened in the past? Or do you want to emphasise the result (a past action's consequence in the present)? Simple Past

Present Perfect Simple

Emphasis on action

Emphasis on result Example:

Example:

I bought a new bike. (just telling

I have bought a new bike. (With this sentence I actually

what I did in the past.)

want to express that I have a new bike now.)

Signal Words Simple Past

Present Perfect Simple



yesterday



just



... ago



already



in 1990



up to now



the other day



until now / till now



last ...



ever



(not) yet



so far



lately / recently

Indirect direct questions

Indirect Questions (Download this explanation in PDF here.) Have a look at this conversation. Me: Excuse me. Could you tell me where the nearest station is? Person in the street: Certainly. It's along that road on the right. Me: Thank you. And do you know if there's a supermarket near here? Person in the street: Yes, there's one next to the station. Me: Thank you very much for your help. I use indirect questions when I'm asking for help in the street, because they are very polite. Indirect questions start with a phrase like 'could you tell me...' or 'do you know...'. For example: Direct question: Where is the bank? Indirect question: Could you tell me where the bank is?

Notice that in the indirect question I put the verb ('is') after the subject ('the bank'), in the same way as I do with a normal positive sentence ('the bank is over there'), but in the direct question I put the verb 'is' before the subject 'the bank'. This is called inversion, and it is used to make direct questions in many verb tenses in English, but we don't use inversion in indirect questions. This is very similar to the grammar of reported questions. However, we use indirect questions in a different way from reported questions. Indirect questions are a way of being polite. They are very, very common in English, especially when you're talking to someone you don't know. 'Yes / No' Questions To make an indirect 'yes / no' question, we use 'if' and the word order of a normal positive sentence. This is the same as for reported 'yes / no' questions. On the other hand, we don't usually need to 'backshift' (change the tense of the verb) as we do with reported questions. Of course, most tenses make questions by using 'inversion' (changing the word order). To change from a direct 'yes / no' question with inversion to an indirect question, you add 'if' and change the word order back to a normal positive sentence. You don't need to use inversion. 'Yes / no' questions for tenses with inversion: Verb Tense

Direct Question

Indirect Question

Present simple with 'be'

Is he Spanish?

Can you tell me if he is Spanish?

Present continuous

Is the restaurant closing now?

Can you tell me if the restaurant is closing now?

Past simple with Was he late for the meeting? 'be'

Can you tell me if he was late for the meeting?

Past continuous

Were you watching TV at 3pm?

Can you tell me if you were watching TV at 3pm?

Present perfect

Has Lucy been to Mexico?

Can you tell me if Lucy has been to Mexico?

Present perfect continuous

Has she been living here long?

Can you tell me if she has been living here long?

Past perfect

Had she found this job when she moved here?

Can you tell me if she had found this job when she moved here?

Past perfect continuous

Had she been living here long Can you tell me if she had been when she met you? living here long when she met you?

Future simple with 'will'

Will she start her new job next week?

Can you tell me if she will start her new job next week?

Future simple with 'going to'

Is it going to rain later?

Can you tell me if it is going to rain later?

Future continuous

Will Lisa be meeting the boss later?

Can you tell me if Lisa will be meeting the boss later?

Future perfect

Will he have finished the report by tonight?

Can you tell me if he will have finished the report by tonight?

Future perfect continuous

Will he have been studying Can you tell me if he will have been French for twenty years when studying French for twenty years he retires? when he retires?

Modal verbs

Should we start now?

Can you tell me if we should start now?

'Yes / no' questions with tenses that use 'do / does / did': Sometimes you want to make an indirect question using the present simple of any verb except 'be' or the past simple of any verb except 'be'. These tense make direct questions by using 'do / does / did'. When we want to make indirect 'yes / no' questions using these tenses, we need 'if' and we don't need 'do / does / did'. Verb Tense

Direct Question

Indirect Question

Present simple with any verb except 'be'

Does David live in London?

Can you tell me if David lives in London?

Past simple with any verb except 'be'

Did Amanda call John yesterday?

Can you tell me if Amanda called John yesterday?

'Wh' Questions In the same way as with reported 'wh' questions, we use the question word and the word order of a normal positive sentence to make indirect 'wh' questions. We don't need to use inversion. Again, we also don't usually need to 'backshift' (change the tense of the verb) as we do with reported questions. To change a direct question to an indirect question for tenses that make questions using inversion, you just add 'if' and change the word order back to a normal positive sentence. 'Wh' questions for tenses with inversion: Verb Tense

Direct Question

Indirect Question

Present simple with 'be'

Why is he unhappy?

Can you tell me why he is unhappy?

Present continuous

When is the restaurant closing?

Can you tell me when the restaurant is closing?

Past simple with 'be'

Why was he late for the meeting?

Can you tell me why he was late for the meeting?

Past continuous

What were you doing at 3pm?

Can you tell me what you were doing at 3pm?

Present perfect

Where has Lucy been?

Can you tell me where Lucy has been?

Present perfect continuous

How long has she been living here?

Can you tell me how long she has been living here?

Past perfect

Why had she quit her job before she moved here?

Can you tell me why she had quit her job before she moved here?

Past perfect continuous

How long had she been living Can you tell me how long she had here when she met you? been living here when she met you?

Future simple with 'will'

When will she start her new job?

Can you tell me when she will start her new job?

Future simple with 'going to'

When is it going to rain?

Can you tell me when it is going to rain?

Future continuous

What time will Lisa be meeting the boss?

Can you tell me what time Lisa will be meeting the boss?

Future perfect

When will he have finished the report?

Can you tell me when he will have finished the report?

Future perfect continuous

How long will he have been studying French when he retires?

Can you tell me how long he will have been studying French when he retires?

Modal verbs

What should we do now?

Can you tell me what we should do now?

'Wh' questions for tenses with 'do / does / did': Sometimes you want to make an indirect 'wh' question using the present simple of any verb except 'be' or the past simple of any verb except 'be'. Usually these tenses make questions by using 'do / does / did'. However, when we want to make indirect 'wh' questions using these tenses, we don't need 'do / does / did'. Instead, we use a question word and then normal positive sentence word order.

Verb Tense

Direct Question

Indirect Question

Present simple with any verb except 'be'

Where does David live?

Can you tell me where David lives?

Past simple with any verb except 'be'

Why did Amanda call John yesterday?

Can you tell me why Amanda called John yesterday?

Common Problems It can be difficult to remember to put the verb after the subject, especially when the indirect question is in the present simple tense of 'be'. For example, we need to say: Could you tell me where the station is? NOT: Could you tell me where is the station?