En 123
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Unit 6 Business and Pleasure Capital cities of Countries Country
Capital City
Continent
Austria Belgium Denmark England Germany Italy Egypt Ethiopia Iran Indonesia Kuwait Israel Philippines Singapore Mexico Cuba Panama Argentina Venezuela New Zealand Australia Tonga
Vienna Brussels Copenhagen London Berlin Rome Cairo Addis Ababa Teheran Jakarta Kuwait City Jerusalem Manila Singapore Mexico City Havana Panama City Buenos Aires Caracas Wellington Canberra Nuku’alofa
Europe Europe Europe Europe Europe Italy Africa Africa Asia Asia Asia Asia Asia Asia North America North America North America South America South America Australia Australia Australia
The Present Continuous Tense (The Present Progressive Tense) The Present Continuous is : am / is / are + doing / eating / running / writing etc. am / is / are = helping verbs doing / eating / running = the main verbs am / is / are + -ing = something is happening now I’m working She’s wearing a hat. They’re playing football. I’m watching television.
Part___________________________Now____________________________Future Spelling of –ing END OF VERB A consonant + -e smile write Rule 2: One Vowel + one consonant sit run Rule 3: Two vowels + one consonant read rain Rule 4: Two consonants stand push Rule 1:
-ING FORM drop the –e and add –ing smiling writing double the consonant and add –ing sitting running add –ing; do not double the consonant reading raining add –ing: do not double the consonant standing pushing
Exercises Complete the sentences. Use one of these verbs: build 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.
cook
go
have
stand
stay
swim
Please be quiet. I’m working. ‘Where’s John?’ ‘He’s in the kitchen. He ____________________.’ ‘You __________________ on m foot.’ ‘Oh, I’m sorry.’ Look! Somebody ___________________ in the river. We’re here on holiday. We _____________________ at the Central Hotel. ‘Where’s Ann?’ ‘She ____________________ a shower.’ They _________________ a new theatre in the city center at the moment. I __________________ now. Goodbye.
work
The Present Continuous : Question QUESTION Be + (a) Is (b)
Are
SHORT ANSWER + (LONG ANSWER)
Subject + -ing Mary sleeping you
Yes, she is. (She’s sleeping.) No, she’s not. (She’s not sleeping.) No, she isn’t. (She isn’t sleeping.) Yes, I am. (I’m watching TV.) No, I’m not. (I’m not watching TV.)
watching TV?
Q-Word + Be + Subject + -ing (c) Where is Mary sleeping? Why are you watching TV?
On the sofa. (She’s sleeping on the sofa.) Because I like this program. (I’m watching TV because I like this program.)
Exercises Write questions from these words. Use is or are and put the words in order. 1. (working / Paul / today?) Is Paul working today? 2. (what / doing / the children?) What are the children doing? 3. (you / listening / to me) ______________________________________ 4. (where / going / your friends?) ______________________________________ 5. (your parents / television / watching?) __________________________________ 6. (what / cooking / Ann?) ______________________________________ 7. (why / you / looking / at me?) ______________________________________ 8. (coming / the bus?) ______________________________________ Nonaction verbs not used in the Present Continuous (a) I’m hungry right now. I want an apple. (Incorrect: I am wanting an apple.) (b) I hear a siren. Do you hear it too? (Incorrect: I’m hearing a siren. Are you hearing it too?) Nonaction verbs want hear need see like smell love taste hate
Some verbs are NOT used in the present continuous. They are called “nonaction verbs.” In (a): Want is a nonaction verb. Want expresses a physical or Emotional need, not an action. In (b): Hear is a nonaction verb. Hear expresses a sensory experience, not an action. understand know believe think (meaning believe)
The Simple Present VS The Present Continuous Statements: (a) I sit in class every day. (b) I am sitting in class right now. (c) The teacher writes on the board on every day. (d) The teacher is writing on the board right now. Questions: (e) Do you sit in class every day? (f) Are you sitting in class right now? (g) Does the teacher write on the board every day? (f) Is the teacher writing on the board right now? Negatives: (i) I don’t sit in class every day. (j) I’m not sitting in class right now.
* The Simple Present expresses habits or usual activities, as in (a), (c), and (e). * The Present Continuous expresses actions that are happening right now, while the speaker is speaking, as in (b), (d), and (f).
* The Simple Present uses do and does as helping verbs in question. * The Present Continuous use am, is, and are in questions.
* The Simple Present uses do and does as helping verbs in negatives. * The Present Continuous uses am, is, and are in negatives.
(k) The teacher doesn’t write on the board every day. (l) The teacher isn’t writing on the board right now. Shopping Bad service Look at what the customer says in the conversation and circle the correct form of the verbs in italics. Customer Assistant Customer Assistant Customer Assistant Customer Assistant Customer
: : : : : : : : :
Assistant Customer Assistant Customer Assistant
: : : :
Good morning. Yeah, What do you want. I look for / I’m looking for a wetsuit. Well, you’re in the wrong shop. But it says / it’s saying in the window that you sell wetsuits. Yeah, well that’s because the Manager’s an idiot. Oh … I see. Well, do you sell / are you selling surfboards? No, of course not. What? Do you joke? / Are you joking? This shop is Surfer’s Paradise, right? And you’re telling me that you don’t sell / aren’t selling surfboards. Yeah. I see, I’m seeing. Well, where can I buy a surfboard? I’ve no idea. Right. Well, thank you very much. Goodbye. Yeah. And don’t come back.
Better Services Now the customer is in the same situation but he is talking to a more polite shop assistant. Fill the gaps in the conversation above with these sentences. Yes, I’m afraid that sign’s a mistake. Goodbye. Have a nice day. No, I’m afraid we don’t I’m sorry, but we don’t sell wetsuits. Why don’t you try the shop across the road? Hello. Can I help you? Yes, I know it’s crazy, but we’re having problems with our supplier. Customer Assistant Customer Assistant Customer Assistant Customer Assistant Customer
: : : : : : : : :
Assistant Customer Assistant Customer Assistant
: : : :
Shopping Phrases Assistant : Customer : Assistant : Customer : Assistant : Customer : Assistant : Customer Assistant Customer Assistant Customer Assistant
: : : : : :
Good morning. ______________________________________________ I’m looking for a wetsuit. ______________________________________________ But it says in the window that you sell wetsuits. ______________________________________________ Oh … I see. Well, do you sell surfboards? ______________________________________________ What? Are you joking? This shop is Surfer’s Paradise, right? And you’re telling me that you aren’t selling surfboards. ______________________________________________ I see. Well, where can I buy a surfboard? ______________________________________________ Right. Well, thank you very much. Goodbye. ______________________________________________
Hi! Can I help you? Hello. I’m looking for a wetsuit. Do you sell them? Of course we do. Hey, this is a surf shop! Great! How about these? Oh, yeah! I like this one … and this one. Can I try them on? Sure. The changing room’s just through there … So, what do You think? Great! Can I have this one, please? Sure. That one’s $150. Is that OK? Yeah. Can I pay by credit card? No problem. Oh … and can I have a receipt? Sure … Just sign there.
You want to check the size.
_________________________________
You make your decision.
_________________________________
You don’t have any cash.
_________________________________
You want a record of the price.
_________________________________
Unit 7 Technology The events in the history of business. 1. The first TV advert was on July 1, 1941. 2. The first phone call was on March 10, 1875. 3. The first passenger flight was on January 1, 1914. 4. The first tourist in space was in April 2001. 5. The first e-mail was in 1971. Months January February March April May June
July August September October November December
Dates Us English (month before day) 3 / 10 / 1875 the tenth of March eighteen seventy-five
British English 3 / 10 / 1875 the third of October seventy-five
2 / 5 /2001 the fifty of February two thousand and one
2 / 5 / 2001 the second of May two thousand and one
Past Simple Tense Using be : Past time Present Time Past Time (a) I am in class today. (b) I was in class yesterday. (b) Alice is at the library today. (d) Alice was at the library yesterday. (c) My friends are at home today. (f) My friends were at home yesterday. Simple Past tense of be I Singular Plural she I was we were he + was you were (one person) you were (more than one person) it she was they were he was we it was you + were they Past of be : Negative (a) (b) (c) (d)
I was not in class yesterday. I wasn’t in class yesterday. They were not at home last night. They weren’t at home last night.
Negative contractions: was + not = wasn’t Were + not = weren’t I we she + wasn’t you + weren’t he they it
Exercise Study the time expressions. Then complete the sentences. Use wasn’t or weren’t. Use a past time expressions. Present Past today yesterday this morning yesterday morning this afternoon yesterday afternoon tonight last night this week last week 1. Ken is here today, but ______________________________________ 2. I’m at home tonight, but ____________________________________ 3. Olga is bus today, but ______________________________________ 4. We’re in class this morning, but ______________________________ 5. Tom is at the library, but ____________________________________ 6. It’s cold this week, but ______________________________________ 7. Alex and Rita are at work this morning, but _____________________ 8. Mr. and Mrs. Jones are at home tonight, but _____________________ 9. You’re in class today, but ___________________________________ 10. Dr. Ruckman is in her office this afternoon, but __________________ Past of Be : Questions Yes / No Questions (a) Were you in class yester day? (be) + (subject) (b) Was Carlos in home last night? (be) + (subject)
Short Answer + (long answer) Yes, I was. (I was in class yesterday.) No, I wasn’t. (I wasn’t in class yesterday.) Yes, he was. (He was at home last night.) No, he wasn’t. (He wasn’t at home last night.)
Exercise Make questions and give short answers. 1. (you / at home / last night) A: ___________________________________________________________ B: ___________________________________________________________ 2. (Mr. Yamamoto / absent from class / yesterday) A: ___________________________________________________________ B: ___________________________________________________________ 3. (Alex and Sue / at home / last night) A: ___________________________________________________________ B: ___________________________________________________________ 4. (you / nervous / the first day of class) A: ___________________________________________________________ B: ___________________________________________________________ 5. (Ahmed / at the library / last night) A: ___________________________________________________________ B: ___________________________________________________________
The Simple Past Tense: Using –ed Simple Present: (a) I walk to school Simple Past: (b) I walked to school
every day. yesterday.
Simple Present: Simple Past:
every day. yesterday.
(c) Ann walks to school (d) Ann walked to school
Verb + -ed = the simple past tense I you she he it we they
+ walked (verb + -ed)
Exercise Complete the sentences. Use the words in the list; use the Simple Present or the Simple Past. ask cook dream erase
rain shave smile stay
wait walk watch work
1. It often rains in the morning. It rained yesterday. 2. I __________________ to school every morning. I ___________________ to school yesterday morning. 3. Sue often __________________ questions. She __________________ a question in class yesterday. 4. I __________________ a movie on television last night. I usually _____________ TV in the evening because I want to improve m English. 5. Mike __________________ his own dinner yesterday evening. He __________________ his own dinner every evening. 6. I usually __________________ home at bight because I have to study. I __________________ home last night. 7. I have a job at the library. I __________________ at the library every evening. I __________________ there yesterday evening. 8. When I am asleep, I often __________________. I __________________ about my family last night.
Past time words: yesterday, last, and ago Yesterday (a) Bob was here … yesterday. yesterday morning. yesterday afternoon. yesterday evening.
Last (b) Sue was here … last night. last week. last month. last year. last spring. last summer. last fall. last winter.
Ago (c) Tom was here … five minutes ago. two hours ago. three days ago. a (one) week ago. six months ago. a (one) year ago.
last Monday. last Tuesday. last Wednesday. etc. Spelling of –ed verbs Rule 1: Rule 2: Rule 3: Rule 4: Rule 5: Rule 6:
End of verb End of verb: A consonant + -e smile erase One vowel + one consonant stop rub Two vowels + one consonant rain need Tow consonants count help Consonant + -y study carry Vowel + -y play enjoy
-ed form Add –d smiled erased Double the consonant, add –ed stopped rubbed Add –ed; do not double the consonant rained needed Add –ed; do not double the consonant counted helped Change –y to –i, and –ed studied carried Add –ed; do not change –y to –i played enjoyed
The Simple Past: irregular verbs Some verbs do not have –ed forms. The past form is irregular. Present Past come – came (a) I come to class every day. do – did (b) I come to class yesterday. eat – ate get – got (c) I do m homework every day. go – went (d) I did m homework yesterday. have – had put – put (e) Ann eats breakfast ever morning. see – saw (f) Ann ate breakfast yesterday morning. sit – sat sleep – slept stand – stood write – wrote Exercise Complete the sentences. Use the words in parentheses. Use Simple Present, Present conversation, or Simple Past. Pay attention to spelling and pronunciation. 1. I (get) _________________ up at eight o’clock yesterday morning. 2. Mary (talk) _________________ to John on the phone last night. 3. Mary (talk) _________________ to John on the phone right now. 4. Mary (talk) _________________ to John on the phone every day. 5. Jim and I (eat) _________________ lunch at the cafeteria two hours ago. 6. We (eat) _________________ lunch at the cafeteria very day. 7. I (go) _________________ to bed earl last night. 8. M roommate (study) _________________ Spanish last year. 9. Sue (write) _________________ a letter to her parents yesterday. 10. Sue (write) _________________ a letter to her parents every week. Computer words. Four group of computer words. 1. Equipment : screen, modem, keyboard, mouse 2. The internet : web, data, surf, homepage, net 3. Problems : virus, crash 4. System : apply, windows
Capital City
Continent
Austria Belgium Denmark England Germany Italy Egypt Ethiopia Iran Indonesia Kuwait Israel Philippines Singapore Mexico Cuba Panama Argentina Venezuela New Zealand Australia Tonga
Vienna Brussels Copenhagen London Berlin Rome Cairo Addis Ababa Teheran Jakarta Kuwait City Jerusalem Manila Singapore Mexico City Havana Panama City Buenos Aires Caracas Wellington Canberra Nuku’alofa
Europe Europe Europe Europe Europe Italy Africa Africa Asia Asia Asia Asia Asia Asia North America North America North America South America South America Australia Australia Australia
The Present Continuous Tense (The Present Progressive Tense) The Present Continuous is : am / is / are + doing / eating / running / writing etc. am / is / are = helping verbs doing / eating / running = the main verbs am / is / are + -ing = something is happening now I’m working She’s wearing a hat. They’re playing football. I’m watching television.
Part___________________________Now____________________________Future Spelling of –ing END OF VERB A consonant + -e smile write Rule 2: One Vowel + one consonant sit run Rule 3: Two vowels + one consonant read rain Rule 4: Two consonants stand push Rule 1:
-ING FORM drop the –e and add –ing smiling writing double the consonant and add –ing sitting running add –ing; do not double the consonant reading raining add –ing: do not double the consonant standing pushing
Exercises Complete the sentences. Use one of these verbs: build 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.
cook
go
have
stand
stay
swim
Please be quiet. I’m working. ‘Where’s John?’ ‘He’s in the kitchen. He ____________________.’ ‘You __________________ on m foot.’ ‘Oh, I’m sorry.’ Look! Somebody ___________________ in the river. We’re here on holiday. We _____________________ at the Central Hotel. ‘Where’s Ann?’ ‘She ____________________ a shower.’ They _________________ a new theatre in the city center at the moment. I __________________ now. Goodbye.
work
The Present Continuous : Question QUESTION Be + (a) Is (b)
Are
SHORT ANSWER + (LONG ANSWER)
Subject + -ing Mary sleeping you
Yes, she is. (She’s sleeping.) No, she’s not. (She’s not sleeping.) No, she isn’t. (She isn’t sleeping.) Yes, I am. (I’m watching TV.) No, I’m not. (I’m not watching TV.)
watching TV?
Q-Word + Be + Subject + -ing (c) Where is Mary sleeping? Why are you watching TV?
On the sofa. (She’s sleeping on the sofa.) Because I like this program. (I’m watching TV because I like this program.)
Exercises Write questions from these words. Use is or are and put the words in order. 1. (working / Paul / today?) Is Paul working today? 2. (what / doing / the children?) What are the children doing? 3. (you / listening / to me) ______________________________________ 4. (where / going / your friends?) ______________________________________ 5. (your parents / television / watching?) __________________________________ 6. (what / cooking / Ann?) ______________________________________ 7. (why / you / looking / at me?) ______________________________________ 8. (coming / the bus?) ______________________________________ Nonaction verbs not used in the Present Continuous (a) I’m hungry right now. I want an apple. (Incorrect: I am wanting an apple.) (b) I hear a siren. Do you hear it too? (Incorrect: I’m hearing a siren. Are you hearing it too?) Nonaction verbs want hear need see like smell love taste hate
Some verbs are NOT used in the present continuous. They are called “nonaction verbs.” In (a): Want is a nonaction verb. Want expresses a physical or Emotional need, not an action. In (b): Hear is a nonaction verb. Hear expresses a sensory experience, not an action. understand know believe think (meaning believe)
The Simple Present VS The Present Continuous Statements: (a) I sit in class every day. (b) I am sitting in class right now. (c) The teacher writes on the board on every day. (d) The teacher is writing on the board right now. Questions: (e) Do you sit in class every day? (f) Are you sitting in class right now? (g) Does the teacher write on the board every day? (f) Is the teacher writing on the board right now? Negatives: (i) I don’t sit in class every day. (j) I’m not sitting in class right now.
* The Simple Present expresses habits or usual activities, as in (a), (c), and (e). * The Present Continuous expresses actions that are happening right now, while the speaker is speaking, as in (b), (d), and (f).
* The Simple Present uses do and does as helping verbs in question. * The Present Continuous use am, is, and are in questions.
* The Simple Present uses do and does as helping verbs in negatives. * The Present Continuous uses am, is, and are in negatives.
(k) The teacher doesn’t write on the board every day. (l) The teacher isn’t writing on the board right now. Shopping Bad service Look at what the customer says in the conversation and circle the correct form of the verbs in italics. Customer Assistant Customer Assistant Customer Assistant Customer Assistant Customer
: : : : : : : : :
Assistant Customer Assistant Customer Assistant
: : : :
Good morning. Yeah, What do you want. I look for / I’m looking for a wetsuit. Well, you’re in the wrong shop. But it says / it’s saying in the window that you sell wetsuits. Yeah, well that’s because the Manager’s an idiot. Oh … I see. Well, do you sell / are you selling surfboards? No, of course not. What? Do you joke? / Are you joking? This shop is Surfer’s Paradise, right? And you’re telling me that you don’t sell / aren’t selling surfboards. Yeah. I see, I’m seeing. Well, where can I buy a surfboard? I’ve no idea. Right. Well, thank you very much. Goodbye. Yeah. And don’t come back.
Better Services Now the customer is in the same situation but he is talking to a more polite shop assistant. Fill the gaps in the conversation above with these sentences. Yes, I’m afraid that sign’s a mistake. Goodbye. Have a nice day. No, I’m afraid we don’t I’m sorry, but we don’t sell wetsuits. Why don’t you try the shop across the road? Hello. Can I help you? Yes, I know it’s crazy, but we’re having problems with our supplier. Customer Assistant Customer Assistant Customer Assistant Customer Assistant Customer
: : : : : : : : :
Assistant Customer Assistant Customer Assistant
: : : :
Shopping Phrases Assistant : Customer : Assistant : Customer : Assistant : Customer : Assistant : Customer Assistant Customer Assistant Customer Assistant
: : : : : :
Good morning. ______________________________________________ I’m looking for a wetsuit. ______________________________________________ But it says in the window that you sell wetsuits. ______________________________________________ Oh … I see. Well, do you sell surfboards? ______________________________________________ What? Are you joking? This shop is Surfer’s Paradise, right? And you’re telling me that you aren’t selling surfboards. ______________________________________________ I see. Well, where can I buy a surfboard? ______________________________________________ Right. Well, thank you very much. Goodbye. ______________________________________________
Hi! Can I help you? Hello. I’m looking for a wetsuit. Do you sell them? Of course we do. Hey, this is a surf shop! Great! How about these? Oh, yeah! I like this one … and this one. Can I try them on? Sure. The changing room’s just through there … So, what do You think? Great! Can I have this one, please? Sure. That one’s $150. Is that OK? Yeah. Can I pay by credit card? No problem. Oh … and can I have a receipt? Sure … Just sign there.
You want to check the size.
_________________________________
You make your decision.
_________________________________
You don’t have any cash.
_________________________________
You want a record of the price.
_________________________________
Unit 7 Technology The events in the history of business. 1. The first TV advert was on July 1, 1941. 2. The first phone call was on March 10, 1875. 3. The first passenger flight was on January 1, 1914. 4. The first tourist in space was in April 2001. 5. The first e-mail was in 1971. Months January February March April May June
July August September October November December
Dates Us English (month before day) 3 / 10 / 1875 the tenth of March eighteen seventy-five
British English 3 / 10 / 1875 the third of October seventy-five
2 / 5 /2001 the fifty of February two thousand and one
2 / 5 / 2001 the second of May two thousand and one
Past Simple Tense Using be : Past time Present Time Past Time (a) I am in class today. (b) I was in class yesterday. (b) Alice is at the library today. (d) Alice was at the library yesterday. (c) My friends are at home today. (f) My friends were at home yesterday. Simple Past tense of be I Singular Plural she I was we were he + was you were (one person) you were (more than one person) it she was they were he was we it was you + were they Past of be : Negative (a) (b) (c) (d)
I was not in class yesterday. I wasn’t in class yesterday. They were not at home last night. They weren’t at home last night.
Negative contractions: was + not = wasn’t Were + not = weren’t I we she + wasn’t you + weren’t he they it
Exercise Study the time expressions. Then complete the sentences. Use wasn’t or weren’t. Use a past time expressions. Present Past today yesterday this morning yesterday morning this afternoon yesterday afternoon tonight last night this week last week 1. Ken is here today, but ______________________________________ 2. I’m at home tonight, but ____________________________________ 3. Olga is bus today, but ______________________________________ 4. We’re in class this morning, but ______________________________ 5. Tom is at the library, but ____________________________________ 6. It’s cold this week, but ______________________________________ 7. Alex and Rita are at work this morning, but _____________________ 8. Mr. and Mrs. Jones are at home tonight, but _____________________ 9. You’re in class today, but ___________________________________ 10. Dr. Ruckman is in her office this afternoon, but __________________ Past of Be : Questions Yes / No Questions (a) Were you in class yester day? (be) + (subject) (b) Was Carlos in home last night? (be) + (subject)
Short Answer + (long answer) Yes, I was. (I was in class yesterday.) No, I wasn’t. (I wasn’t in class yesterday.) Yes, he was. (He was at home last night.) No, he wasn’t. (He wasn’t at home last night.)
Exercise Make questions and give short answers. 1. (you / at home / last night) A: ___________________________________________________________ B: ___________________________________________________________ 2. (Mr. Yamamoto / absent from class / yesterday) A: ___________________________________________________________ B: ___________________________________________________________ 3. (Alex and Sue / at home / last night) A: ___________________________________________________________ B: ___________________________________________________________ 4. (you / nervous / the first day of class) A: ___________________________________________________________ B: ___________________________________________________________ 5. (Ahmed / at the library / last night) A: ___________________________________________________________ B: ___________________________________________________________
The Simple Past Tense: Using –ed Simple Present: (a) I walk to school Simple Past: (b) I walked to school
every day. yesterday.
Simple Present: Simple Past:
every day. yesterday.
(c) Ann walks to school (d) Ann walked to school
Verb + -ed = the simple past tense I you she he it we they
+ walked (verb + -ed)
Exercise Complete the sentences. Use the words in the list; use the Simple Present or the Simple Past. ask cook dream erase
rain shave smile stay
wait walk watch work
1. It often rains in the morning. It rained yesterday. 2. I __________________ to school every morning. I ___________________ to school yesterday morning. 3. Sue often __________________ questions. She __________________ a question in class yesterday. 4. I __________________ a movie on television last night. I usually _____________ TV in the evening because I want to improve m English. 5. Mike __________________ his own dinner yesterday evening. He __________________ his own dinner every evening. 6. I usually __________________ home at bight because I have to study. I __________________ home last night. 7. I have a job at the library. I __________________ at the library every evening. I __________________ there yesterday evening. 8. When I am asleep, I often __________________. I __________________ about my family last night.
Past time words: yesterday, last, and ago Yesterday (a) Bob was here … yesterday. yesterday morning. yesterday afternoon. yesterday evening.
Last (b) Sue was here … last night. last week. last month. last year. last spring. last summer. last fall. last winter.
Ago (c) Tom was here … five minutes ago. two hours ago. three days ago. a (one) week ago. six months ago. a (one) year ago.
last Monday. last Tuesday. last Wednesday. etc. Spelling of –ed verbs Rule 1: Rule 2: Rule 3: Rule 4: Rule 5: Rule 6:
End of verb End of verb: A consonant + -e smile erase One vowel + one consonant stop rub Two vowels + one consonant rain need Tow consonants count help Consonant + -y study carry Vowel + -y play enjoy
-ed form Add –d smiled erased Double the consonant, add –ed stopped rubbed Add –ed; do not double the consonant rained needed Add –ed; do not double the consonant counted helped Change –y to –i, and –ed studied carried Add –ed; do not change –y to –i played enjoyed
The Simple Past: irregular verbs Some verbs do not have –ed forms. The past form is irregular. Present Past come – came (a) I come to class every day. do – did (b) I come to class yesterday. eat – ate get – got (c) I do m homework every day. go – went (d) I did m homework yesterday. have – had put – put (e) Ann eats breakfast ever morning. see – saw (f) Ann ate breakfast yesterday morning. sit – sat sleep – slept stand – stood write – wrote Exercise Complete the sentences. Use the words in parentheses. Use Simple Present, Present conversation, or Simple Past. Pay attention to spelling and pronunciation. 1. I (get) _________________ up at eight o’clock yesterday morning. 2. Mary (talk) _________________ to John on the phone last night. 3. Mary (talk) _________________ to John on the phone right now. 4. Mary (talk) _________________ to John on the phone every day. 5. Jim and I (eat) _________________ lunch at the cafeteria two hours ago. 6. We (eat) _________________ lunch at the cafeteria very day. 7. I (go) _________________ to bed earl last night. 8. M roommate (study) _________________ Spanish last year. 9. Sue (write) _________________ a letter to her parents yesterday. 10. Sue (write) _________________ a letter to her parents every week. Computer words. Four group of computer words. 1. Equipment : screen, modem, keyboard, mouse 2. The internet : web, data, surf, homepage, net 3. Problems : virus, crash 4. System : apply, windows
