Emerging Challenges In Agrl Engg Paper 84 Focars Hyd

EMERGING CHALLENGES IN AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING Dr. Nawab Ali Deputy Director General (Engg.) Indian Council of Agricultural Research New Delhi – 110 012

•Introduction •Farm Mechanization •Post-Harvest Management •Energy and Power •Emerging Trends •Holistic Human Health •Recommendations

INTRODUCTION - 1 

Food

1025 Million Indian people



Water



Air

(17% of world population with 2.4% land & 4.3% water)

Agriculture

Food

Raw Food Materials Plant based : 650 Mt Animal based : 100 Mt



GOI is committed for HHF&NS through enhanced agricultural productivity, diversity and value addition, on sustainable basis.



ICAR/NARS is MANDATED FOR THIS.

INDIAN COUNCIL OF AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH (ICAR) • •

ICAR is an autonomous organisation under DARE, MOA, GOI ICAR is an apex body for coordinating, guiding and managing research in agriculture.

VARIOUS DIVISIONS: • • • • • • • • • • •

Crop Science Horticulture Animal Science Fishery Science NRM Agricultural Engineering Agricutural Education Agricultural Extension NAIP & PIM IPR & CDN DIPA & Library

• • • • • •

Secretary, DARE & DG, ICAR. AS/DARE & Secretary, ICAR AS & FA, ICAR Director, Personnel Director, Finance Director, DARE

AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING DIVISION

Purpose

• • •

Farm Mechanisation PHM & Value Addition Agricultural Energy and Power

Institutes

• • • • • •

CIAE, Bhopal CIPHET, Ludhiana IINRG, Ranchi CIRCOT, Mumbai NIRJAFT, Kolkata IASRI, New Delhi

AICRPs

• •

FIM, UAE, RES, ESA PHT, APA

Networks

• • •

Livestock feed from CR & BP PP of MAP Mechanisation of Hort. (Proposed)

SUN (Solar Energy)

•Natural & other Resources on the planet Earth

(Soil, water, climate, Biomaterial, Farmer, Finance)

•Technology

•Machinery •Management •Market

•Agricultural Production Yield, Crop Residue, Wastes (t/ha.l(Kg)/Animal) Commodity Specific

•Processing & Value Addition •Market

•Post Harvest Management (Commodity Specific)

•Product •Byproducts (Commodity Specific)

•Seed & Saplings

•Feed & Fodder •Fertilizers •Chemicals •Water •Cleaning •Grading •Conditioning •Packaging • Storage

• Consumption & Utilization • (Food, Feed, Fibre, Fuel, Fertilizer)

Fig-1: Flow Diagram of Agricultural Production to Consumption System

AUGMENTATION OF FOOD PRODUCTION IN INDIA THROUGH ENGINEERING INTERVENTIONS Augmentation of total food Activity/Intervention production, % •Farm Mechanization •Post-Harvest Management •Value Addition

10-15% 5-10% 25-400%

Present population and annual production of some of the farm power sources, implements and machines in India Implements/ machines

Annual sales

Tractor Power tiller Combines Irrigation pumps Power sprayer/duster Seed drills Threshers

2.75 lakhs 10000 600 7.00 lakhs 4.5 lakhs 2.5 lakhs 4.0 lakhs

Population in 2004-05, million

3.00 0.130 0.006 12.00 0.150 1.700 2.500

Projected numbers in 2025, million 8.00 0.25 0.10 20.00 1.50 2.50 15.00

Farm Mechanisation Facilitates • • • •

Timeliness of operations Saving in labour requirements Increase in land productivity/cropping intensity Reduction in human drudgery

Saved labour due to mechanisation can be used for • • • •

Processing of agricultural produces Marketing of fresh & processed products Manufacturing & sale of farm tools and equipments Other allied activities

All these lead to employment and income generation resulting into higher agricultural profitability

Level of Mechanisation in some of the agricultural operations in India

• • • • • •

Agricultural Operation

Level of Mechanisation (%)

Tillage Sowing Irrigation Plant Protection Threshing Harvesting

40 30 40 35 50 5

Status of some of the Farm Power and Machinery Industry in India Equipment manufacturers • • • • • • • • • • • •

Agricultural tractors Power tillers Irrigation pumps Agricultural tools and implements Combines Reapers Tractors parts and accessories of agricultural machinery Earth moving machinery and parts Diesel oil engines Rice processing machinery Diary and food industries Village craftsmen

No. of units 19 2 190 7000 15 45 550 180 200 300 500 1 million

Projected Scenario of Ergonomics & Safety in Agriculture for 2020  

  

By 2020, the population of agricultural workers will be about 258 million (about 40% of total workers in the country). Of these about 50% will be the male workers and 50% will be female workers. This will be due to migration of male workers to urban areas in non-agricultural sector. The number of tractors are expected to be more than 6 millions. The number of farm machines would be about 400 million. The number of hand tools and manually operated equipment would be about 800 million.

Percentage of share of different power sources Year

1971-72 1981-82 1991-92 2001-02 2005-06

Agricultural Draugh Worker t Animal 15.11 10.92 8.62 6.49 5.77

45.26 27.23 16.55 9.89 8.02

Tractor

Power Tiller

7.49 19.95 30.21 41.96 46.70

0.26 0.33 0.40 0.54 0.60

Diesel Engine 18.11 23.79 23.32 19.86 18.17

Electric Total Motor Power, kW/ha 13.77 17.78 20.90 21.26 20.73

0.295 0.471 0.759 1.231 1.502

Resource Conservation Equipment & Technology •Laser land leveler

•30-50% saving in water

•Rotavator •Zero till drill/minimum till drill/ multipurpose tool bar/ raised bed planter •Pressurized irrigation

•50% fuel saving & better quality seed bed •5-10% increase in yield and saving of Rs. 20003000/ha.

•Rotary power weeder •Vertical conveyor combine •Multi-crop thresher

•20-30% saving in time and labour

•20-30% saving in water

reaper/ •Timely harvesting, more yield

•50% saving in labour and time and 54% saving in cost of threshing •Recovers 50% straw and also 70-100 kg Straw combine grain/ha resulting into an average saving of Rs. 1250/ha. •Straw baler •Makes bales and checks environmental pollution •Straw cutter-cum-spreader •Cuts and spreads the straw evenly and helps in sowing by zero till drill. •Improved manual harvester for •No damage to fruit and higher capacity mango & kinnow

Laser Land Leveler

•30-50% saving in water and 5-10% higher yield •Cost is between 4-5 Lakhs. Becoming popular among small and medium Farmers on custom-hire basis

Zero Till Drill

Saves Rs. 2000-3000/ha on account of time and fuel

Impact of Zero till drill Adaption Potential

Benefits • 50 to 65% saving in time in land preparation and sowing. • 40-65% reduction in cost of operation • Saves Rs. 2000-3000/ha. • Yield increase by 5% • Saving in fuel by 30 %

•Total wheat area =26 Mha •If only 11Mha is sown by zero till, total saving expected is Rs.2200-3300 crore. •Average Field capacity is 3ha/day (sowing time=20 days) •Number of drills needed=1.8 lakhs •Funds needed = Rs. 360 crores •Saving in cost of production =Rs.2200 crores •Increase in wheat production= 2Mt.

Self propelled 8-row rice transplanter

Sprinkler irrigation to save water (20-30%)

Drip Irrigation to save water (30-35%)

Power Weeder to save time & labour (20-30%)

Combine harvesting is now most popular on custom-higher basis

FARMER Agricultural Produce

Storage, Processing & Trade

Self Consumption & Marketing Processing

Primary (No change in shape, size, form) ●Cleaning

●Conditioning ● Grading ● Packaging ● Storage

Secondary (Transformed into more convenient form to use) ●Paddy ●Oilseeds ● Wheat ● Goat ● Fibre

Rice Oil Flour Meat Fabric

Tertiary (Ready to Utilize/consume) ●Cooked Rice

●Bread & Biscuits ●Cooked Meat ● Ketch UP ● Garments

•Processed Products are Packaged, Transported, Stored and Retailed to the Consumers •At Every Stage of Processing Value is Added A generic flow diagram indicating the movement of agriculture from farmers to consumers

Share of Farmers in Consumer Price Basic Food Item

Value added products

Value added % of producer’s products price, share in consumer’s price Rs. per kg/ liter

Bengal Gram

Splits (dal)

40

56

Milk

Packaged milk

15

66

Milk

Tetra Packed having long shelf life

30

33

Tomatoes

Tomato ketchup

70

10

Tomatoes

Tetra Juice

packed

65

5-1-

Grapes

Tetra Juice

packed

65

5-10

Papayas/Guavas

Mixed fruit jelly

100

5-10

Advantages of Processing of Agricultural Produce in the Production Catchment

(About 70% Human population and most of the livestock are in Production Catchment)

Fresh, Nutritive and low cost edible Products for Human Consumption

Better Human HEALTH

Crop Residue & Byproducts for low-cost Livestock feed resulting into Higher Productivity of milk, egg, meat & fish

Better Animal HEALTH

Agricultural and livestock wastes for manure and/ or soil amendment & fuel

Better Soil HEALTH

Positive Attributed of Processing Agricultural Produce in the Production Catchment

Paddy- rice System

PHT FOR EMPLOYMENT AND INCOME GENERATION-1 Fullfat soyflour  One of the simplest soybased food products to be used in combination with cereals and pulses.  10% addition of soyflour is recommended to start with and can be increased upto 20%.  Preparation and use of recipes from soycereal/pulse blended flour does not demand any change in the traditional food habits.  Contains 40% protein and 20% oil besides carbohydrates, minerals and vitamins.  Production of medium fat soyflour involves expelling of about 70% oil from the beans. It, therefore, contains less fat (4-6%) and more protein (45-50%). It can be used in food products in the same manner as that of the fullfat soyflour.

PHT FOR EMPLOYMENT AND INCOME GENERATION-2

Soyfortified biscuits  Made by adding 12-15% soyflour to refined wheat flour and other ingredients.  About 1.8 kg biscuits can be prepared form one kg refined flour and other ingredients in suitable proportions.  Protein content of soyfortified biscuits is 11-12% against 7-8% in commercially available equivalent product.  Soyfortified muffins, bread and buns can also be prepared. These bakery products have a great potential for combating protein calorie malnutrition at low cost.  Process for making soyfortified biscuits has been standardized for adoption at home and industry levels. It consists of creaming, mixing, sheeting, cutting and baking.

PHT FOR EMPLOYMENT AND INCOME GENERATION-3 Soypaneer (TOFU) Soymilk is a water extract of soybean and it is the base material for making soypaneer, soy-yogurt and other dairy analogs. One kilogram of dry soybean yields 6-8 litres of milk. Special features of soymilk are low cost, good nutrition and suitability of lactose intolerant people. Soymilk contains about 90% water, 2.5% fat and 3.5 protein, and other nutrients. Soypaneer, popularly known as TOFU in the orient is a coagulated and pressed soy-protein. At 72% moisture, it contains about 14% protein and 9% fat. The production cost of soypaneer is Rs. 20-25/kg. Soypaneer is used in vegetable curry, paneer pakoda and paneer -paratha. Soyyogurt is a cultured dairy analog produced by fermenting soymilk. It is nutritious and easily digestible food.

Cottage Scale Soy Milk and Paneer Plant at CIAE, Bhopal

Training of potential entrepreneurs in soymilk, soypaneer and soybased other dairy analogs

SUGARCANE (280 Mt)  Conventional Products

Sugar Jaggery and Khandsari  Product Diversification

Solid jaggery (cube or bricks) Liquid jaggery Granular jaggery Jaggery chocolate

Sugarcane based diversified products for small and micro enterprises in rural sector.

Some Women friendly Post Harvest Tools and Machines - 1

Groundnut decorticator

Some Women friendly Post Harvest Tools and Machines-2

Hanging type grain cleaner

Dal mill

Flour sifter

AGRO PROCESSING CENTRE (CONCEPT)

The concept of processing and value addition to agricultural produce in the production catchment experimented by AICRP on PHT in the form of APC, has been a success and it has shown that with an investment of Rs. 90,000’ employment for 2-3 persons and a profit of Rs. 3000/month can be generated. At high investment level of Rs. 4-5 lakhs, 5-7 persons could be employed and a profit of Rs. 90,000/year can be obtained. Such APCs have generated significant work in rural sector.

Ariganahalli APC, Kolar District, Karnataka • A cluster of 8 villages • Indira Gandhi SHG • NARS, IG-SHG & IFFCO as promoters • A shed of 7mx5m • Open space 7mx4m • Ragi, Pulses and Paddy (20,000t) • Employment for 05 persons • Self consumption and markets • Investment about 5 lakhs

COTTON- Production to Utilization System Present Scenario (A) Total Biomass production

4t/ha • Lint –0.5t • Seed-1.5t • Stalk-2.0t (B) Economic Value • 2t seed cotton@ Rs. 20/kg= 40,000

• 2t stalk @ Rs. 500/t = Rs. 1000

Total = Rs. 41000/ha

Potential to be realised through PCS Research (A) Processing and Value Addition • 0.5t lint @Rs. 40/kg = Rs. 20,000 • 525 kg hull @Rs. 5/kg = Rs. 2625 • 320kg Oil @ Rs. 45/kg = Rs. 14,400 • 655 kg cotton-meal @Rs. 10/kg = Rs. 6550 • 2t cotton stalk yielding 1600 kg particle board @ Rs. 20/kg = Rs, 32,000 • 75 kg linters @ Rs. 16/kg = Rs. 1200 Total = Rs. 76,755/ha

AGRICULTURAL ENERGY AND POWER •

• • • •

Life is energy Energy comes from food Food comes from agriculture Agriculture depends on solar energy Solar Energy is natural & renewable

Energy is capacity for activity (Physiological and Mechanical) Survival, convenience and comfort of human beings depend on how best the Solar Energy is captured, transformed and utilized.

SOLAR ENERGY & AGRICULTURE •Solar radiation •Photosynthesis •Primary agricultural produces •Processed agricultural products •Food & Feed for humans & animals Human & animal are used as Animate Sources of power for agriculture

Percent contribution of different power sources in Indian Agriculture (2005-06)

•Agricultural worker •Draught animals •Tractor •Power tiller •Diesel engine •Electric motors

6 8 47 01 18 20

Total power = 1.5 kw./ha

Tractor density in some of the states of India States

• • • • • • • • •

Punjab Haryana Uttar Pradesh Tamil Nadu Gujarat Rajasthan West Bengal Orissa

All India

Number of tractors per 1000 ha 71.4 60.1 28.0 12.3 12.3 9.8 1.5 1.3 13

Remarks

Tractor density in India Highest in Punjab: 72 Lowest in Orissa : 01 All India : 13

Farm power availability and average productivity of Foodgrains in some of the states of India in 2000-01 Name of the State

Farm Power Food grain Availability, productivity, kW/ha kg/ha

Punjab Haryana Uttar Pradesh Andhra Pradesh Bihar Madhya Pradesh Orissa Chhattisgarh

3.50 2.25 1.75 1.60 0.80 0.80 0.60 0.60

4032 3088 2105 1995 1622 907 799 799

All India

1.35

1723

Energy Issues Involved in Agriculture-1 Source of Energy Draught Animal Power

Issues Involved • Enhancement of DAP utilization efficiency through appropriate harnesses and matching equipment for different breeds

(Draughtability, matching equipment and work rest cycle) • Expanding the annual use of DAP through haulage (carting) and rotary mode of operation for agro-processing and electricity generation (Rotary mode of operation)

• One pair DAP based optimum farm size and other annual usage for economic viability (DAP based optimum farm size)

Energy Issues Involved in Agriculture-2 Source of Energy Renewable Energy Sources

Issues involved •Crop residue based decentralized power generation through gasification (flue gases) or anaerobic decomposition (biogas) or fermentation (fuel alcohol). System and gadgets need to be developed tested and upgraded to a pilot plant of an appropriate size. Performance evaluated and management package developed. (Biomass based DPG using thermal or bio-conversion route) •Promotion of biomass based improved cook stove, solar cooker and biogas & SPV appliances in rural sector. (RES based gadgets and appliances) •Bio-fuel from Jatropha and Karanj for tractor and diesel pump sets. (Bio-fuel/diesel)

Energy Issues Involved in Agriculture-3 Source of Energy Conventional Energy Sources (Petroleum)

Issues involved •Development and promotion of energy conservation technology and maximization of energy use efficiency (Energy saving technology)

Role of RES and GOI Programme •RES is inexhaustible and Environment friendly.

District Advisory Committee on renewable energy has been constituted (532/605). •Energy consumption as an Indicator for Growth & Progress •Electricity consumption per capita in India is 36 kW/h ______________________________________________________ •RES like sun, wind, water and biomass are being used from very beginning of human life on the planet earth. It is needed to be modernized and strengthened.

Wind Mill for Water Lifting and Solar Energy for Crop Drying

Biogas run Water Pump

Solar/Sun Drying and Marketing of Agricultural Produce

Renewable Energy Technology and Gadgets for Rural Sector For Domestic Application •Biogas Plant •Biomass Cook Stove •Solar Cooker •Solar Water Heater •Solar Dryer

Biogas Plant

For Agro-industrial Application •Solar Photovoltaic Pump •Solar Tunnel Dryer •Biomass gasifier •Biogas slurry as manure

Solar Cooker

Photovoltaic Pump

Priorities in Agricultural Engineering • • • • • • • • • • •

Land leveling using laser guided technology for precision control Minimum tillage and raised bed farming Precision sowing, planting, fertilizer and pesticide application Mechanical weed control and mulching Mechanization of hill agriculture, horticulture, and commercial crops Efficient use of various sources of energy and minimizing drudgery involved in farming On-farm primary processing and model agro-processing centers in production catchment Standardization and establishment of testing and evaluation facilities and referral laboratories Training and entrepreneurship development using IT R&D and TOT in public-private partnership mode Industrial liasoning and commercialization of technology

INTEGRATED AND MULTI DISCIPLINARY APPROACH TO PCS RESEARCH (For an Identified Production Catchment) Scientific Group

Activity

• Natural Resources

•Farm development, SS&LUP

•Crops, Horticulture, Animals, Poultry and Fishery

•Development and identification of suitable variety/species/breed and appropriate package of practices

•Engineering

•Land Leveling, tillage, sowing & planting, animal structure, fish pond and hatchery, irrigation/drainage, plant ad livestock protection and harvesting

•Post-Harvest Management

•P.H. Conservation, Value Addition, Crop residue & byproduct utilization, packaging and storage

•Home Science, Economics & •Food & Fibre utilization, Consumer feed back, costExtension benefits studies, marketing,coordination among all stakeholders (scientist, industry, farmers, bank, developmental agencies, impact assessment and TD

PADDY-RICE SYSTEM-1 (For an Identified Production Catchment) Situation/Activity

Scientific inputs from CRRI, PD-Rice, IARI, CIPHET, SAUs, CIs, etc.

•Upland/low land, coarse/fine, scented/ non-scented

•Suitable variety and production practices

•Production and Protection

•Standard agronomic and PP Practices

•Harvesting

•Harvesting at physiological maturity (5-10% additional yield & better quality rice)

•Milling

•Modern rice milling practices and byproducts utilization (Rs. 50,000 additional revenue)

•Marketing

•Domestic and export

crores

SUGGESTIONS •ICAR Commodity Institutes/NRCs having multi-disciplinary team may go for PCS Research for higher productivity and profitability. •In case of paucity of scientist/engineer of particular discipline, collaboration with ICAR Institutes, SAUs/CIs where such scientists/expertise are available may be done. •Network Projects on PCS Research for socially and economically important commodities such as coarse cereals and millets, M&A Plants, Livestock feed from organic wastes and byproducts, biofuel, etc. may be taken up.

HOLISTIC HUMAN HEALTH •HHH Comprises of physical, • mental, emotional, social and spiritual healths.

Balanced diet, good hygiene, daily exercise, required sleep and discipline for HHH.

FOOD & MEDICINE Food is no longer merely an energy and nutrient supplier; but a disease –preventing and even a disease-curing agent. The border between food and medicine is obscure. •Designer Foods •Functional Foods •Dietary Supplements (Nutraceuticals)

Food

No Claim

Medicine

Health Claim

Drug Claim

Definition and Regulatory Status of Health Foods

CEREALS

Full fat soy flour

Soy-paneer

Okara based soy gulabjamun

Soy-rasogulla

Full-fat soyflour

Soy yogurt

Soy-yogurt

Soy shrikhand

Soy-nuts

Soy-shrikhand

Soy biscuits

Soy-biscuits

Soy-muffins

Soy-muffins

Soy amrakhand

Soy-amrakhand

FRUITS, VEGETABLES & FISH

RECOMMENDATIONS-1 



Appropriate mechanization of agriculture using energy and cost efficient farm machines, preferably on custom-hire basis. Use of renewable energy based gadgets and appliances in rural sector

RECOMMENDATIONS-2 

Establish and operate agro-processing centers in the production catchment to minimize losses and transform the raw food materials into palatable and nutritive edible products at an affordable price by one and all.



Make better use of crop residues and process by-products and wastes in eco-friendly and economically rewarding mode.



Meet hygiene and quality standard specified for domestic and export markets for fresh and processed products.

Knowledge and resource conservation based agriculture using appropriate tools and machines would lead to happiness and prosperity

Thank You