ONE:
ELECTROSTATICS
In This Chapter p Part 1: The Electric Charge • To define and explain the concept of charge and charge configurations and its properties • To utilize Coulomb’s Law to compute for the electric force
Part 2: The Electric Field • To define and explain the concept of electric field, it’s properties and Gauss’s Law • To compute for the electric field of different charge distributions.
Part 3: The Electric Potential • To define and explain the concept of electric potential and relate it to the electric field • To compute for the electric potential of different charge distributions
PART ONE: CHARGE PART ONE: CHARGE 1. Electric Charge El t i Ch 2. Conductors and
Insulators 3 The Charging 3. Process 4. Coulomb’s Law C l b’ L
The Electric Phenomenon y Electric interactions have
long been observed. y The history of electricity reaches back to the Ancient Greeks when attraction Greeks, when attraction and repulsion are observed when “rubbed amber” are placed near common l d materials. y Indeed, the word Indeed the word “electric” electric comes from the Greek word for amber “elektron” y We begin our examination of electricity with ELECTROSTATICS – the study of charges at rest
1. Electric Charge y Basic element of Electricity y An intrinsic property of the
fundamental particles that make up matter k tt y Two types*: y Positive Charge y Negative Charge N Named by B. Franklin d b B F kli
1 El t i Ch 1. Electric Charge: Atomic Model At i M d l y All matter consists of
atoms y Atoms are made of a nucleus (neutron and proton) and electron/(s) revolving around the nucleus. (Orbital Model) y Protons are positively charged and Neutrons are neutrally charged. y Electrons are negatively charged. charged
1. Electric Charge: Atomic Model Particle ELECTRON ‐ ELECTRON, e
Mass 31 kg 9.11 x 10 ‐31 k
Charge 19 C ‐ 1.6 x 10 6 ‐19
PROTON, p ,p
‐27 kg 1.67 x 10 7 g
+ 1.6 x 10‐19 C
NEUTRON
1.67 x 10‐27 kg
None
y **The electron is 2000 less massive as a proton The electron is 2000 less massive as a proton, yet yet
they possess the same amount of charge (though opposite in sign)
1. Electric Charge y All charges follow the
qualitative “fundamental qualitative fundamental law of electrostatics”:
+
+
y “ Like charges repel, unlike
‐
‐
+
‐
charges attract”
1. Electric Charge y This is how, the fundamental law of electrostatics was
observed:
1. Electric Charge y Electric Charges have two properties:
“Charge is Quantized” y
All observable charges in nature occur in discrete packets or in integral g p g amounts of the fundamental unit of charge e.
y
Any charge Q occurring in nature can be written Q = + Ne
“Charge is Conserved” y
When you effect a transfer of charge: If an electron goes from object A to object B, object A becomes positive and object B becomes negative. The g j ; , g net charge of the two objects remains constant; that is, charge is conserved.
y
Even in certain interactions, where charged particles are created and E i t i i t ti h h d ti l t d d annihilated, the amount of charges that are produced and destroyed is equal, so there is conservation.
1. Electric Charge: Physical Properties Unit • C Coulomb l b • abbr. C • Type: Derived
Deri ation Derivation • D Derived from i d f the concept of current f which is one of the 7 SI Fundamental Units
Value 19 C • e = 1.60 x 10 = 1 60 x 10‐19
Checkpoint 1.1 y A charge of magnitude 50 nC (1 nC
= 10‐9C) can be produced in the laboratory by simply rubbing two objects together. y How many electrons must be transferred to produce this charge? y
Hint: (Use Q=Ne)
y If you rub an inflated balloon
against your hair, the two materials attract each other, as shown in the Figure. Is the amount of charge present in the system of the balloon and your hair after rubbing (a) less than (a) less than, (b) the same as, Or (c) more than the amount of charge present before rubbing? t b f bbi ?
2. Conductors and Insulators y Conductors y are materials, where electrons are free to move about the are materials where electrons are free to move about the entire material (ex. Cu and other metals) y Insulators y are materials, where electrons are bound to a nearby atom, rendering no motion (ex Wood and glass) rendering no motion (ex. Wood and glass) y Ion y An atom where electron/(s) is/are added or removed. An atom where electron/(s) is/are added or removed y
Normally, a conductor is electrically neutral due to a balance between N ll d i l i ll l d b l b positive and negative charges. So in order to create a net charge, free electrons are added or removed from the lattice. f
3. The Charging Process y A macroscopic object can be… Net Charge
Condition
Process
Electrically Neutral
If p = e‐
None
Positively Charged
If p > e‐
Remove electron
Negatively Charged g y g
If p p < e‐
Add electron
y Only electrons can be transferred due to the atomic y
structure, and the minimal amount of energy required. y Protons are bound by very “strong forces” so their y p removal is very hard to accomplish.
3. The Charging Process y The Electroscope y Is a device for detecting electric charges g y The Diverging Leaves: y Two gold Two gold “leaves” leaves diverge when a charge p is placed near or in contact with the bob. y The leaves return to
normal, when charges are no longer present in the bob
3. The Charging Process y There are two ways of
charging y By Conduction ‐ charging by contact y Implements an effective
transfer of electrons
y By Induction – y charging g g
without contact, only by placing objects close to each other y Implements only motion of
g charges within a material
y But, How do you produce
a NET charge first? NET h fi ? y RUB!!!
The Charging Process: By Conduction Case 1 ELECTRON FLOW
The Charging Process: By Conduction Case 2 ELECTRON FLOW
The Charging Process: By Induction Case 1
The Charging Process: By Induction Case 2 y Ground – A very large conductor that can supply an
g ( , unlimited amount of charge (such as the earth, extremely negatively charged)
Checkpoint 1.2 y Question1: y When a glass rod is rubbed by silk, which of the two materials acquire a net positive charge? i ii h y Answer 1: y Any of the two, as long as the other gets the opposite. We can A f th t l th th t th it W not know for certain which charge is which. We can only arbitrarily assign a charge y Question 2: y If you walk across a rug and scuff electrons from your feet, are If lk d ff l f f you negatively or positively charged? y Answer 2: y You are positively charge, since electrons were scuffed off/from your feet!
Quiz # 2 (1/4 sheet, 10 points) y Two identical spheres are charged by induction and
then separated; sphere 1 has charge Q and sphere 2 has charge −Q. A third identical sphere is initially uncharged If sphere 3 is touched to sphere 1 and uncharged. If sphere 3 is touched to sphere 1 and separated, then touched to sphere 2 and separated, what is the final charge on each of the three spheres? y‐ y‐ y (Answers Q1 = Q/2, Q2 = −Q/4, Q3 = −Q/4) (Answers Q1 Q/2, Q2 Q/4, Q3 Q/4)
4. Coulomb’s Law y Coulomb's law, developed in the
1780s by French physicist Charles Augustin de Coulomb. de Coulomb
y The magnitude of the electrostatic
fforce between two point charges is b t t i t h i directly proportional to the magnitudes of each charge and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between the charges.
y This has the same form as Newton’s
Third Law of Motion: y The electric force exerted by the two objects on one another have the same g pp magnitude but opposite in direction
4. Coulomb’s Law: Formula y Form: y |q1| and |q2| are the
magnitude of the charges y |r| is the distance between the charges
y kC is the electrostatic
constant
y ε0 is the permittivity of free
space
y Diagram for force notation
+
+
F21
4. Coulomb’ss Law: Law: 4. Coulomb Force exerted by a system of charges y If you need to find the net force exerted on a charge by a
group or system of forces, we need to implement vector addition! y Because forces are vectors, they superimpose! y So F1 = F12 + F13!
+ Q2 F12 Q1 -
F13
+ Q3
4. Coulomb’s Law: Implementation y The magnitude of the force is
y determined by Coulomb’s law. y The direction of the force is dictated by the fundamental law of electrostatics y If two or more charges are present, we use superposition ii principle to calculate the net force. force y By superposition, we use vector algebra for PHYS 13 vector algebra, for PHYS 13, we utilize unit vector notation.
4. Coulomb’s Law: Example y Consider three point charges
located at the corners of a right triangle as shown in the g , q1 = q q3 = 5.0 μC, 5 μ , Figure, where q q2 =2.0 μC, and a = 0.10 m. Find the resultant force exerted on q d 3. y Ans: F3 = (‐1.1i + 7.9j) N
Calculate the net force on q3 q1
5 μC, (0m, 0.6m)
‐2 μC 2 μC, (0.8m, 0m) (0 8m 0m) q3
q2
‐5 μC, (0m, ‐0.6m)
4. Coulomb’s Law: Example y Two identical small charged
p g spheres, each having a mass of 3.0 x 10‐2 kg, hang in equilibrium as shown the in Fi Figure. The length of each Th l th f h string is 0.15 m, and the angle θ is 5.0 is 5 0°. Find the Find the magnitude of the charge on p each sphere. The distance between the charged spheres is 0.026m y Ans: |q| =4.4 x 10‐8 C
PART TWO: FIELD PART TWO: FIELD 5. Electric Field 6. Electric Field Lines 7. Motion of Charges M ti f Ch
in E‐Fields 8. Electric Field of Ch Charge Distributions 9. Gauss’s Law
How do we know? y How do we immediately
know that there is a force acting on an object?
y When we see a change in its
state of motion!
y Now, most of the time, we N f h i
intuitively think of force as a “contact” interaction between two objects.
y In electrostatics however, I l t t ti h
there are times that there is no contact but still there is acceleration! l i !
The Fundamental Law of Electrostatics y So how is it possible… “Like charges repel,
unlike charges attract! unlike charges attract!” y That even without contact there are forces contact, there are forces y Repulsion and attraction between the two masses, can easily be observed evident by the repulsive through a visual change and attractive nature of in the distance between interaction? two particles! y This is due to the concept y of ELECTRIC FIELDS! Even without contact!
5. Electric Fields y Are said to exist in
regions surrounding a charged object ( (source charge)! h ) y When another
g charge (test charge) enters this region, this test charge experiences h a force!
Force
5. Electric Field y The Electric Field
vector E, at a point in space is defined as the ratio of the electric force experience by a test charge to the magnitude of the test charge!
E => Vector Field
Travels at the speed of light
Acts on tests not on its own source
Does not actually D ll require test g charges to compute E
Computing for the Electric Field y This version will only work on point
charges and systems of point charges!
y When the force and test
charge values are given: h l
y When only the source
charge value is given: y *The unit of E is N/C!
6. Electric Field Lines y We can visually represent
electric fields as field lines. y Caution: Electric Field lines
are just imaginary – a mere representation of the i f h electric vector field! y We note that the electric
field lines indicate the fi ld li i di t th direction to which the force will be exerted by a positive test charge!
How to Draw Electric Field Lines?
1
• Begin/End • Symmetry
2
3
• Number • Density
• When Far • Star‐ Crossed
Try drawing electric field lines on the following charge configurations: q ‐5q
+4q
‐3q q
q
2q
7. Motion of Charges in Electric Fields y When a test charge
ventures in an electric field, it experiences a force q0E!
y It will accelerate
following Newton’s Second Law with
An electron is projected into a uniform horizontal electric field (E = 1000 N/C, i) with a horizontal velocity (v ( 0= 2 x 106 m/s, i) in the direction of the field. How far ) does the electron travel before it is brought momentarily to rest?
2‐D Motion in Fields y An electron enters a region of
y 1. Acceleration in the field. y 2. The kind of motion Th ki d f i
experienced by the electron in the field. the field y 3. The range of the electron in the field!
‐ H = 1 10 m
uniform electric field of E = 200 j N/C and zero‐g, with an initial velocity of 3 x 106 i m/s. F From a height of 10m from the h i ht f f th ground. Find the following:
Find the RANGE
Quiz # 3 (1/2 sheet, 10 points) y Suppose a charged volleyball (Q = ‐16C, m = 4kg) was 2 m/s at an angle of y 3 / g launched with a velocity of 3 x 10 30o with respect with the horizontal.
y Find the volleyball’s “Maximum Height”,
If the planet’s gravity field intensity is g = ‐9.8 m/s2 j, and the planet’s electric field is E = 1.5 N/C j d th l t’ l t i fi ld i E N/C j Hint: Accelerations are vectors, they add up! Hint: Accelerations are vectors they add up! ‐ Ans: 712.03 m ns: 7 .03 m
8. Electric Field Due to Charge Distributions y Two Kinds of Charge Distributions: y Discrete 1. Electric Dipole 2. Systems of Point Charges y g yC Continuous ti 1. Linear: Line and Ring Charges 2. Surface: Disk and Plane Charges 33. Volume: Spheres and Cylinders p y
a. Electric Dipole y Electric dipoles are
systems composed of two equal and opposite charges q, separated by g q, p y a small distance L. y Electric dipole moment, p describes the strength and es e g a d orientation of electric p dipoles. y p, points from the negative charge to the positive charge
Example: Electric Dipole A molecule of water vapor causes an electric field in the surrounding space as if it were an electric dipole Its surrounding space as if it were an electric dipole. Its dipole moment has a magnitude p = 6.2 x 10‐30 C•m. Wh t i th What is the magnitude of the electric field at a distance it d f th l t i fi ld t di t z = 1.1 nm from the molecule on its dipole axis? y Ans: p Ans: p = 8.4 x 10 8.4 x 107 N/C
b. System of Point Charges y Just as Forces are vectors,
Fields are also vectors hence they also follow the superposition principle, ie y The net field at a certain
point is just the vector sum of the individual contribution of each p point charges g
Example/Assignment: System of Point Charges y Find the electric field
caused by an electric quadrupole (group of point charges), as p g ), shown in the figure to g p the right at point B.
B = (2m, 4m)
(‐2m, 0)
y q = 2.5 nC q = 2 5 nC y Ans. A y (0.5 i + 0.09 j) N/C
‐q
(2m, 0)
2q
‐q
For Continuous Charge Distributions y Just like mass corresponds to its effect in density,
charge can be found to exist in three spatial forms, charge can be found to exist in three spatial forms with corresponding densities: Name
Symbol
SI Unit
Charge C a ge
q
C
Linear charge density
λ
C/m
Surface charge density
σ
C/m2
V l Volume charge density h d i
ρ
C/m3 C/
c Linear Charges: Lines and Rings c. Linear Charges: Lines and Rings y We have three types of linear charges: y is the distance from center L is the length of the line charge
z is the distance from the center of the ring R is the radius of the ring
y Each of the field equations are obtained through
rigorous mathematical analysis
Example: Lines and Rings y 1. A rod 14.0 cm long has a uniform linear charge density of
λ=‐24μC/m. Determine the magnitude and direction of the 4μ g electric field along the axis of the rod at a point 36.0 cm from its center.
y 2. Suppose the rod is extended to infinite length, calculate
the magnitude and direction of the electric field at a point h i d d di i f h l i fi ld i 36.0 cm directly above any point along the line. y (ASSIGNMENT # 2) 3. Suppose the rod in the example # 1
iis curled into a circle, with center on the origin, find the l d i t i l ith t th i i fi d th electric field along the central axis of the rod, 36.0 cm above the center. above the center
d. Surface Charges: Disks and Plane y We only consider circular disks and its infinite
extension: the infinite plane R is the radius of the disk Z is the distance from the center of the disk
Field is measured normal to the plane l h l
Example: Disks and Planes y 1. A uniformly charged disk of radius 35.0 cm carries
charge with a density of 7.90 x 10 charge with a density of 7 90 x 10‐9 C/m2. Calculate the Calculate the electric field on the axis of the disk at (a) 5.00 cm, (b) 10 0 cm (c) 50 0 cm and (d) 200 cm from the center of 10.0 cm, (c) 50.0 cm, and (d) 200 cm from the center of the disk. Compare the results. y 2. Suppose the charged disk is extended to infinite pp g
radius. Calculate the electric field on the axis of the ( )5 ,( ) ,( )5 , ( ) disk at (a) 5.00 cm, (b) 10.0 cm, (c) 50.0 cm, and (d) 200 cm from the center of the disk. Compare the results.
9. Gauss’ Law y In our discussion of Gauss’s Law we explore:
The Electric Flux 2. Gauss’s Law Statement 3 Primitive Use of Gauss 3. Primitive Use of Gauss’s Law s Law 4. Advance Use of Gauss’s Law 1.
e. f.
Finding the field of Volume Charge Distributions: i di h fi ld f l Ch Di ib i Solid Spheres and; Spherical Shells
55. Gauss’s Law and Conductors
9.1 Gauss’ Law: Electric Flux y Electric Flux is a
quantity that q y measures the amount of field lines crossing an imaginary surface! y Operationally, the
flux is just the dot product of the p electric field to the surface area vector.
ΦE E
A
• Electric Flux • Unit: Nm2/C
• Electric Field • N/C
• Area vector, m2 • Magnitude: Area of surface • Direction: perpendicularly away from surface
9 1 Gauss’ Law: Electric Flux 9.1 Gauss Law: Electric Flux y If the electric field in a
region has a magnitude of 2.0x103 N/C directed to ards the right as sho n towards the right as shown in the figure, what is the value of the electric flux passing through a g rectangular Gaussian surface of cross sectional area 0.0314 m2? y If the surface is inclined
with an angle of 50 i h l f o with i h respect to the horizontal, find the electric flux!
9.1 Gauss’ Law: Flux through Cubes y An imaginary cube (side length
of 3m) is exposed to an electric field of E = 2i – 4j + k (N/C). Find the electric flux through each side of the cube. y Assume that one of the vertices
is fixed at the origin!
Imaginary i cubical surface E, drawn only a handful just for pictorial representation
9.1 Gauss’ Law: Notes on Flux When E and A are perpendicular, no E passes through the th h th surface, hence no flux. 2. When E enters a surface, E and A are parallel, we have a ll l h negative flux 3 When E leaves a 3. surface, E and A are anti‐parallel, we h ii have a positive flux 1.
E A
A E
A E
9.2 Gauss’ Law: Statement y The net flux through any
Gaussian surface equals the charge enclosed over permittivity of free permittivity of free‐space space (ε0) Validity • Gauss’s Law is valid for any kind of charge distribution • But it is best used for charge configurations with hi‐degree of symmetry
Use • To find the charge that g causes a certain field • To find E, if you know the charge distributions
9.3 Gauss’ Law: Primitive Use y In the primitive use, we h
utilize the relation: y Example: p • Four closed surfaces, S1
g 4, g through S4, together with the charges ‐2Q , +Q , and ‐Q are sketched. • (The colored lines are the intersections of the surfaces with the page.) • Find the electric flux through each surface.
9.4 Gauss’ Law: Advanced Use y In Advanced Use: we
utilize completely the whole definition and high‐ h l d fi iti d hi h degree of symmetry Gaussian Surfaces:
y Gaussian Surfaces: y Any hypothetical closed surface y Can be any shape, but the C b h b t th most useful ones are those that mimics the shape and symmetry of the problem f h bl at hand.
9.4 Gauss’ Law: Point Charge and Line Charges y See step by step
how we apply Gauss’ Law for Point and Line Ch Charges: 1. Choose Gaussian Surface 2. Draw field lines, and vector A 3. Apply relation 4 Obtain E 4. Obtain E
A
E
A A
9.4 Gauss’ Law: Infinite Line Charge 1. Choose Gaussian Surface 2. Draw field D fi ld lines, and vector A A 3. Apply pp y relation 4. Obtain E
y
e. Outside: Solid Spheres y For solid spheres,
the electric field relation varies from inside and outside the sphere Gaussian surface (radius r)
Solid Sphere (radius R)
id S lid S h e. Inside Solid Spheres y For solid spheres,
the electric field relation varies from inside and outside the sphere
Gaussian surface G i f (radius r)
Solid Sphere (radius R)
f. Spherical Shells y Inside the shell, the field
is zero why? is zero, why? Gaussian surface (radius r)
y Outside the shell, the O t id th h ll th
field is:
Spherical Shell(radius R) Sh ll( di R)
9.4 Examples for Gauss’s Law y 1. A solid sphere (R = 10 cm) carries a uniform charge
density of ρ =2.8 μC/m =2 8 μC/m3, calculate the electric field at calculate the electric field at the following r: 5 cm, 12 cm, 100 cm from the center of the sphere. the sphere y 2. A spherical shell of charge (R = 10 cm) carries a
uniform charge density of σ g y = ‐5nC/m2, calculate the electric field at the following r: 5cm, 12 cm, 100cm from the center of the shell.
95G ’L dC d t 9.5 Gauss’ Law and Conductors y Conductors have free charges that
are able to move around the conductor.
y If there is an electric field inside
, the conductor, there will be a net force on this charges causing a momentary electric current.
y However, unless there is a source of
energy to maintain this current, the charges will merely redistribute h ill l di ib itself to nullify the field created inside the conductor
y This is known as Electrostatic
E ilib i Equilibrium! !
9.5 Gauss’ Law and Conductors y A conductor in Electrostatic
Equilibrium has the following properties:
y 1. The electric field is zero
everywhere inside the conductor. y 2. Any net charge on the 2 Any net charge on the conductor resides entirely on its surface. y 3. The electric field just outside the conductor is perpendicular to its surface and has a magnitude σ/ε0, where σ is the surface charge density at that point. density at that point
Which of the following should you use as refuge during a thunderstorm? a. b. c. d.
Underneath a tree Open field L Lowest place in town l i Inside a car
PART THREE: POTENTIAL PART THREE: POTENTIAL 10 Electric Potential and 10.
Potential Difference 11 Potential of Charge 11. Distributions 12 Calculating E from V 12. and vice‐versa 13 Equipotential Surfaces 13.
From Physics 3:
graviity
10. Electric Potential 10 Electric Potential y Suppose you lift a book of mass m
to a height h… g y What is the work you have done?
y What is the work done by the
g gravity field? y y Wg= ‐mgh
Appllied force
y WAF = mgh
h
10. Electric Potential 10 Electric Potential U = mgh
From Physics 3: y Suppose you lift a book of mass
grravity
m to a height h…
y How does the potential energy
g change as the book is lifted?
y It increases
h
y How does the potential energy
change as the book is lowered to the ground? h d?
y It decreases
U Z U = Zero
10. Electric Potential y As we all know,
g y gravity is a conservative force, and that is why th i t ti l there is a potential energy associated with it! y We can generally
say that
y ΔU = ‐W
What does ΔU= ‐W mean? • It means that as the potential energy increases, the work that must be done is negative or ti against the field!
10. Electric Potential 10 Electric Potential Now for the analogy: y Suppose we place a test charge
in a certain field in a certain field… y It will possess potential energy
because of its position in the field. y The ratio of the potential
energy to the test charge is known as Electric Potential, V ,
+
E
10. General Expression for V 10 General Expression for V Electric Potential y Potential Energy‐Work
Relation y E‐force from E‐field E force from E field y Electric Work El t i W k y V from Electric Potential f l l
Equation Set
10. Electric Potential V y Therefore, the Electric
Potential is: Unit • • • •
Volts After A. Volta 1 V = 1 J/C 1 V = 1 Nm/C
Defined • Defined as the energy stored by d b a test charge since it is in a field.
Properties • Scalar Quantity • V is the scalar property of the field
To Calculate • No need the value of the test charge f h h to calculate value since we only need to know the magnitude of the field and point of measurement
10. Electric Potential and the Electric Field y Since electric field
g lines emerge from positive charges and end on negative charges h
ELECTRIC FIELD High V
Low V
+q0 y Electric field lines l i fi ld li
point to a place of lower potential y Confirm with C fi ith
Fundamental Law of Electrostatics
As a positive charge moves in the di direction of the field, its potential i f h fi ld i i l decreases, the electric force is directed to the right As a positive charge moves against the field its potential increases the field, its potential increases, the electric force is directed to the right
10. Electric Potential Checkpoint y Suppose we have a
negative test charge smiley.
B
y Find the change in g
A
potential and the direction of the force d ect o o t e o ce in the following scenarios
C
ELECTRIC FIELD High V g
Low V
10. Potential Difference y The potential difference ΔV
is the difference of potential between two t ti l b t t points A and B in an Electric Field!
9Checkpoint 9In figure, points A and B are in an electric g ,p field. 9 IIs the potential difference V th t ti l diff VB – VA, positive, negative, or zero? 9 Suppose a negative charge is placed at A and then moved to B, the change in potential is: positive, negative or zero? t ti l i iti ti ?
11. V of Charge Distributions y In this section we will consider the calculation of the
following charge distributions: y Discrete Charges y Point Charge g y System of Point Charges y Continuous Charge Distributions y Lines and Rings y Disks and Planes i k d l y Sphere
11a: V of Discrete Charges Single Point Charge
q
System of Point Charges q1
r P
r2
r1
q3
P
q2
r3
*this is known as the Coulomb Potential
y Notes: 1 1. We implement sign rules for charges here since V is a scalar 2.
quantity We only need to know field/potential point P and its distance r from the charge to compute for V
11a: Discrete Charges Example y 1. What is the electric potential at a distance r =
0.529x10 0 529x10‐10 m from a proton? (This is the average distance between a proton an electron in a H atom) y What is the potential energy of the electron and the Wh t i th t ti l f th l t d th proton at this separation? y 2. Four (‐1C) charges are arranged in each corner of a 2. Four ( 1C) charges are arranged in each corner of a
square of side 1m. Find the potential at the center of the square.
11b: V of Lines and Rings 11b: V of Lines and Rings Infinite Lines y The potential V is given by:
Infinite Rings y The potential V is given by:
y Note that V = 0 at a. N h V y Note that R is radius, x is
r
di distance from the center of t f th t f the ring
x R
11b: Example for V of Lines and Rings y 1. Compute the potential at a perpendicular distance
(r = 20.5 cm) from an infinite line (λ=26.3 nC/m) if (r = 20 5 cm) from an infinite line (λ=26 3 nC/m) if the potential is found to be zero at a= 10.5cm from the line. line y 2. Calculate the potential due to a ring (total charge
0.5mC, radius 20cm) at a point 25cm from the center p of the ring.
11 V f Di k d Pl 11c: V of Disks and Planes Disks Di k
Infinite Plane I fi i Pl
y The potential V is given by: g
y The potential V is given by:
y Note that R is the radius, x is
y Note that Vo is the potential
the distance from the center of the disk.
x R
of the disk, |x| is the absolute di t f th l distance from the plane.
|x|
11c: V of Disks and Planes y 1. Calculate the potential of a disk at 36 cm from the
center of the disk if the disk carries (σ=‐7 μC/m2) and has a radius of 5cm. y 2. An infinite plane of charge has a surface charge
density of 3.5μC/m2. How far apart are the “equipotential” surfaces whose potential differ by q p p y 100V? Note: Equipotential means “the same” potential.
11d: V of Spherical Shells 11d: V of Spherical Shells Inside the Shell y The potential V inside the
shell is constant and is given by:
Outside the Shell y The potential V outside the
shell varies with the distance r from the center.
y R is the radius of the shell. R is the radius of the shell
R
r
11d: Example for V of Spherical Shells y Unlike the Electric Field E, V is continuous over a
g p y region of space. This is illustrated in the discontinuity in the electric field fluxing through an infinite plane. y The continuity of V is illustrated here”
Calculate the potential due to a spherical shell of charge of radius 10 cm and carrying a total charge of 50 μC at f di d i t t l h f C t the following points: a) 0cm ) b) b) 5 cm c) 9 cm ) d) d) 11 cm e) 15 cm f) 50 cm
12. Calculating E from V and vice‐versa y Let us remind ourselves with
E can be found from a change in potential
V can be found by summing changes in E
y Now, for the zeroes: f h y If E is zero, what is V? Constant! , y If V is zero, what is E? ZERO!
13. Equipotential Lines and Surfaces y Equipotential Line y are lines drawn in an electric field such that that all the points on the line are at the same potential. y Equipotential Surface y is a surface, all points of which are at the same potential.
13. Equipotential Lines and Surfaces y Equipotential Lines and Surfaces are always
perpendicular to the electric field lines!
13. Equipotential Lines and Surfaces y Movement along an Equipotential line requires no
work because such movement is always perpendicular to the electric field.
13. Metals and the Equipotential y How much work would it
take to drag over the g surface of a conducting metal, a positive charge q from Point A to Point B? y Answer is NONE! y Because metals are
equipotential volumes and they have equipotential surfaces See Gauss’s Law surfaces. See Gauss s Law for explanation!