Edoc.site_eduardo-espinoza-ecuaciones-diferenciales-solucion.pdf

  • Uploaded by: Miguel Angel Manrique
  • 0
  • 0
  • November 2019
  • PDF

This document was uploaded by user and they confirmed that they have the permission to share it. If you are author or own the copyright of this book, please report to us by using this DMCA report form. Report DMCA


Overview

Download & View Edoc.site_eduardo-espinoza-ecuaciones-diferenciales-solucion.pdf as PDF for free.

More details

  • Words: 86,334
  • Pages: 322
Solucionario primer capitulo

 

        1.

d 2 dt 2

d   dt c

R 4

0

5. 6.

dy

dx 2

dy  4 y    dx  

dy dx

Respuesta:

Es de 3º orden y 4º grado

Respuesta:

Es de 2º orden y 1º grado

Respuesta:

Es de 1º orden y 1º grado

Respuesta:

Es de 2º orden y 4º grado

Respuesta:

Es de 1º orden y 3º grado

Respuesta:

Es de 3º orden y 1º grado

2

D .Y 3  3 x2  1

7. x 4

Es de 2º orden y 1º grado

5

 dy3   dy 2  dx3   dx 2  y  0 2    2 d y dy dy   y0 3. .    dx 2 dx dx  4. y  y  cos x 2.

2

Respuesta:

dy

 x2

dx

2

dy

2

 y4

3 3

dx

3

8.

 d 2y  dy 2 dy   4 7  dx2   dx 2 dx    x y  cos x      

9. x y 3  y  4  y  0    10. cosx y  sen  x y 2

4

1

Por: CALIXTO CARMEN Y ARIAS RICALDI

Respuesta:Es de 2º orden y 3º grado

Respuesta:

Es de 2º orden y 3º grado

Respuesta:

Es de 2º orden y 2º grado

INGENIERÍA DE SISTEMAS

 

     Verificar que la función y  x x

dy dx

x

sen t

0

t



dt , satisface a la ecuación diferencial

 y  x sen x

 Sea yx y'

x

sen t

0

t





x

0

dt

sen t sen x  dt  x  t

x



sen t

x

0

sen x

dt

t

 x sent dt sen x x x sen t dt x sen x  0 t  0 t  

Entonces : xy '  x 

y



xy '  xy  x sen x Satisface a la ecuación diferencial



 xy '  xy  x sen x y  ex  Comprobar que la función dy dx

x



0

2

et dt  ce x , satisface a la ecuación diferencial

x  x2

ye

 Sea x

t2

 e dt  ce y '  e  e dt e .e y 'y e  e dt ce y  ex

x

0

x

x

t2

x

x2

ce x e x

0

x

x

t2

0

y ' y  e x  x

x

2

e x x



x

0

ex

2

e t dt



x

0

2

e t dt

ce x

2

e x x

ce x

2

 y ' y  e x  x

2

1

 Dada la función H a  

cos atdt , a  0, probar que H(a) satisface a la 1 t2 1 ecuación diferencialH '' a  H  ' a  H a  0



1

a



Por: CALIXTO CARMEN Y ARIAS RICALDI

INGENIERÍA DE SISTEMAS

 

cos atdt 1 t2 Cambio de variable. H a  



1

1

t  sen  dt  cos  d 1 cos a sen .cos d  1  1 cos a sen d    1  cos 1 H  a     sen a sen .sen d 1 1 H  a    cos a sen .sen2 d 1

H a

Entonces: 1 H  a  H a a

1

 1 cos

H a

Integrado por partes: 1 1 cos a sen cos2 d  u  cos  dv  costsen 



1

1 1



cosd 

cos a sen cosd2   

 (ii) en (i):   Reemplazando 1 H  a   H  a  H a 1

a

1 a

H  a   H a



sen d 

du

v



cos a sen cos 2 d  

 H  a



cossen  . asen 



sen ase n sen d  a

...(i )

 



sen a sen 



a 1 as sen en sen d

 1  



1 1 a 1 sen as en sen d  i ...( ) 1 a





1

1



asen . 1 sen2 d



a





1



sen as en  sen d 

1

a

1senas en 

sen d

1

a



0

0......qq.dd .

 Verificar que la función y  arcsen xy , satisface a la ecuación diferencial xy ' y  y ' 1  x 2 y 2

 Sea y  arcsen  xy  y' 

xy ' y 1  x2 y 2

 y ' 1 x2 y2 xy ' y xy ' y  y ' 1  x 2 y 2

 xy ' y  y ' 1  x 2 y 2

Por: CALIXTO CARMEN Y ARIAS RICALDI

INGENIERÍA DE SISTEMAS

 



x

 Comprobar que la funciónx  y sen t 2 dt , satisface a la ecuación diferencial 0

y  xy ' y 2 sen x 2



Derivando: x 1  y sent 2 dt  y sen x 2 0

y  xy  y 2 sen x 2 Satisface a la ecuación diferencial 

 y  c1e x  c2 e 2 x

 Comprobar que la funcióny  C1 x  C2 x

x

sen t

0

t



dt , satisface a la ecuación

diferencialx sen x. y '' x cos x. y ' y cos x  0

 Sea y  C1 x  C2 x



x

sen t

0

t x sen t

y ' C1 y ''  C2

C2

x sen t sen x  t dt  C2 x x  C1 C2 0 t dt C2 sen x



0

sen x

dt

 C2 cos x

x

 sen x C cos x  2  x   x sen t x sen t   x cos x C1 C2 0 dt  C2 sen x  C1 x C2 x 0 dt t t   x sen x. y '' x cos.'x y  y cos x  0 Si satisface a la ecuacion diferencial  x sen x. y '' x cos  x. y ' y cos x

xsen x  C2

 x sen x. y '' x cos x. y ' y cos x  0

x

 Sea h x por

ez

   dzz x ,    0, e f x   x 1

hallar los valores de “a” tal que la función f definida

ah x

satisface

 x  y' 1  x 3e

x 2 y '' 3x

2

2x

dy

a

la

ecuación

diferencial

0

 Derivando:

Por: CALIXTO CARMEN Y ARIAS RICALDI

INGENIERÍA DE SISTEMAS

 

y y 

ah x e 

x ae x x

3

ah x e 

.e ahx  

 x  ee.  y  a 

x2

...(i)

 ae x   eahx . e x . x xae3e  3 ahx2 x  

ah x 

x

  eahx x  a  e x. x 

. 

x6

. 2  2 xe ahx

x4

  ....(ii )

3x  x 2

Multiplicando a i

    3x  x y 3 x ae x.e 3  xxe ah x

x

2

ahx 

2

Multiplicando (x2) a (ii)  eex ahx ae e 2ahxx aee  3ahx x ee x2 y  a  2    2  x   x  x  2x Multiplicando 1  x  3e a y :



1 x



3e 2x y 

ah x

e a

xahx

2

x

x



e

ah x





x

ah x e 

3eah2x x e



x

Sumando los nuevos valores: 3ae2e x ahx ae e 2 2ahxx aee   3ahx aexe ahx e ex    2  2 2 x

x

x

ahx

x

3

2x

0

x

3a 2 ae 2 xa 3  a 3e x 0 x

x

x



3a 2 ae 2 xa 3     a 3e x 0 x

x

x

 Verificar x  y  ln y , satisface a la ecuación diferencial yy '' y '3  y '2  0

 Sea y

 x  ln y

y'

y y 1

y' y ''  y  1



2 3

2

 y   y   y  12   y 1    y  1 yy '' y '3  y '2  0  yy '' y '3  y '2  0 yy ''  y '3 y '2



yy '

Por: CALIXTO CARMEN Y ARIAS RICALDI

INGENIERÍA DE SISTEMAS

 

sen atdt , a  0, probar que H(a) satisface a la 1 t2 1 ecuación diferencialH '' a  H  ' a  H a  0

 Dada la función H a  



1

1

a

 Derivando: 1 sen atdt H a  1 1 t2  Cambio de variable: t sen 

dt



1



1

   1

H a



sen a sen  .cos d 

cos

 cos  d

 1 sen a sen  d

1

  1 cos a sen .sen d 1 H  a     sen a sen .sen2 . d 1 H a

Entonces:



H  a

1  H a

a Integrado por partes:



1

1



1

  1 sen

H a



1

cos as en sen  d.  a



du  sen d.   cos asen 

dv sen a sen  cos d . 

1

1

1



sen a sen  cos2 d 

u  cos 





a sen . 1 sen2 . d

 

sen a sen

v





a sen  sen  cos 

d .

cos d 2    0  0  

H  a

1  H  a H a

H  a

1  H  a  H a  0....qq.dd .

a Respuesta:



a 1 cos as en sen  d .  ii ....( ) 1 a

Reemplazando (i) en (i):







1

1

a

sen  sen  1acos



1

d

.

a

a

1  H  a  H  a  H a  0 a

 Si x t   t t  s et  s e s ds, calcular el valor dex '' t  2x' t  x t 0



 Derivando:  t t x t  t.t e  et

x t   0

Por: CALIXTO CARMEN Y ARIAS RICALDI

INGENIERÍA DE SISTEMAS

....(i )

 

t

  2 x t x t 0

x t

 t s s e  e s .ds

t

 x t  2x t x t

 Probar que la función y 



2

1 k

x

 k  R t senh

x  t dt ,

0

satisface a la ecuación

diferencialy '' k y  R x



 y  c1e x  c2 e 2 x

 Probar que la función y  C1 x  C2 x



 x 1 y

diferencialx 2 y '' x 2

x y'

2

et

x

t



dt , x  0 satisface a la ecuación

0



 2 et

y   c1  c2 



x

t

.dt 

x.e x  x

 ...(i)

  ex x   e  ...(ii)  x  Multiplicando porx 2  x a (i ) : y   c2  

  x2  x y  c1 x 2 x c2 x 2 x 

2

et

x

t



dt

x2

 

x ex 

2) a (ii): Multiplicando por (x 2 x 2 x   x y   c2  xe  x e 

También: x 2 y   x 2 x y



 x 1 y

0.....qq.dd .





 x 2 y  x2 x y x 1 y 0  Dada la función y  C1 ln x  C2 x x 2 ln 2 x. y '' x ln x,'y



e

x

lnx 1 y 0

dt ,1x  , satisface a la ecuación diferencial

ln t

 y 

c1 x

 e dt 1   c2  x x  ...(i )  n t  n x      

Por: CALIXTO CARMEN Y ARIAS RICALDI

INGENIERÍA DE SISTEMAS

 

  n x  1 x      c1 1  x    ...(ii ) y  2 c2   2 x n x  n tx    





Multiplicando: x n x a (i)

 yxn x

 

c1n x c2 x n x

e

dt

x

n t



 

x2  e

1 x 2  c nx 1 cx nx2 También: n x  1y  c n





1



x

dt n t e

Sumando: x 2 n 2 x.y  x nxy    nx  1 y

dt

 2c2  x 2 nx x 2  c2 x x nt

 No se cumple la igualdad de la ecuación diferencial  No satisface a la ecuación diferencial x

 Demostrar que la función  x   x 1e

   3x



u

x

1

x 2 ' x 

diferencialx 2 '' x

 0 u 1e du para , x  0, satisface a la ecuación

x e2 x  x  0

 x

 x

x u e du 1 .

u e1 du . u.

u

.

 x12 e .e  0    x 12 e  1 1   x  . x   e x . x x

x0

x

x

x

 ex  1  1 e x e x  x    . x  2 . x 2  x x x x x x 2   x    x xe x  x  e x xe x 1 x  0 No satisface a la ecuación diferencial

 No satisface a la ecuación diferencial  Dada la función y ln y  x 

1  ln y  y '' y '2  2.xy e

x



x

0

2

e t dt ,

satisface a la ecuación diferencial

2

 y n y  y  1  e x y  n y  y

2

2 1  y  y  2 xe x

y

y 1  ny  y  y 

2

2

 2 xy.e x .....qq.dd .

Por: CALIXTO CARMEN Y ARIAS RICALDI

INGENIERÍA DE SISTEMAS

 

 y 1  n y  y   y   2 xy.e x 2

2





k

 Demostrar que la función y  x  x 2  1 , satisface a la ecuación diferencial

1  x y xy k 2

2

0

y

 y

 

x

k 1

 .1 212 1    1   1 .    1  

x2  1

k x

x

y  k x

x2

k 1

2

x2

x

x

2

ky

y 

x2  1

  kyx  y 

2

1k 2 x   y  2 x2  1  2 x 1

1





 Probar quela función x (t)definida por: x t   ecuación diferencial tx

 x3t

 

1 1 t2





2

dx

1

 x 0

2

 t2 

2

, satisface a la

0

 Sea x t  

x t  ' 

dx

1

 x 0

2

 t2 

2

1

1  t 

2 2



1 t4

 1 1 1 dx    4  30 2 2 2 2   t  t1 tx t       

txt'  xt 3 

1 t 1 t2

tx ' t

 1 No  satisface al ae cuación diferencial  1  t 

 3x t 

2

1 2

1

2 2

2 2

      

Por: CALIXTO CARMEN Y ARIAS RICALDI

INGENIERÍA DE SISTEMAS

 

 Demostrar que la funciónf (a, b)  2

 f a3 b 2

diferencial3ab



  ax3 bx 2

0

f f b  212 b a

e

dx, satisface a la ecuación



  y



 Probar que 

2 0

x

1



cos(mx nsen  ) cos n d  , satisface a la ecuación diferencial

y  m 22n x 2 n 2 y  0

 Sea yx



y' 



y' 



1



2 0



2 0

cos(mx n sen ) cos n  d

 1 1 1   cos(mx n sen ) cos n  d  x  cos(mx n sen90) cos9n 0  cos(mx n sen0) cos0n   2    0 1



2 0

cos(mx n sen ) cos n  d  x

y ''  1

1    1 m 2 n 2 x 2 n2  x 02 cos(mx n sen ) cos n  d   

y y  m 2 n 2 x 2 n 2

No satisface a la ecuación diferencial 

y  m 22n x 2 n 2 y

  Probar que y  dy2 dx 2





asenz b cosz

0

xz

dz , satisface a la ecuación diferencial

a b

y  x x

2

 Sea y





0

asenz b cosz dz x z

y'  0 y ''  0

Por: CALIXTO CARMEN Y ARIAS RICALDI

INGENIERÍA DE SISTEMAS

 

d 2y dx

2

d2y dx 2

 asenz b zcos

 y  0

xz



dz

 y No satisface a la ecuacón diferencial  

     

 Verificar que las funciones y1  x , y2 

1 x

, x  0 , satisface a la ecuación

diferencial2 x 2 y  3 xy  y  0

 Sea y1  y1 ' 

x

1

2 x 1 y1 ''   3 4x 2

x 2 y '' 3 xy ' y x 2 y '' 5'xy



1   1   3  5x    2 x  4x 2 

x2 

x

 y  0 No satisfacea la ecuación diferencial        

 Verificar que las funcionesy1  x 2 , y2 

ln x x2

, x  0 , satisfacen a la ecuación

diferencial x 2 y  5 xy  4 y  0

 Sea

 x2 y1 '  2 x y1 ''  2 y1

2

2

2

x y   5 xy   4 y 2 x  5 x 2 x  4 x x 2 y   5 xy  4 y  0 No satisface a la ecuación diferencial 

      

Por: CALIXTO CARMEN Y ARIAS RICALDI

INGENIERÍA DE SISTEMAS

 

 Demostrar que la función y diferencial  1  x

 y  1

2





2 0





log sen2  x 2 cos 2  d , satisface a la ecuación

x 1 x y y  log    2 

 Sea 

y





log sen2  x 2 cos 2  d

2

  0

2

y '  ln sen  90

   ln x

y '  ln 1 y ''  



x cos90 



ln sen 0 x 2 cos 0

2

2 x

2 2 1x    1 x ln 1 ln x 2   x     y  02 log sen2  x 2 cos 2  d    x  1 2 1 x y  1 x y y  log  2  No satisface a la ecuación diferencial  

1 x y  1 xy  y 2





qx cos

 Dada la funciónu  e 2

diferencialx

d u du dx 2



dx





A B  xlog sen

0

d 2

  satisface a la ecuación

 q 2 xu  0

 

 Demuestre que la función y



e  xz dz

 1  z  0

2 n 1

, satisface ala ecuación diferencial

xy   2 ny   xy  1

   Si H  t 

  x2

 e  cos tx 0

dx , para todo, probarque H t

1  H  t 0 2



Por: CALIXTO CARMEN Y ARIAS RICALDI

INGENIERÍA DE SISTEMAS

 

Sea 

  0 e cos  tx dx  H t '  e cos   1 H t ''  e cos  e sen 1 H  t  H  t  0 Si satisface a la ecuacion diferencial 2 H t

x2

2

 Si Gt  

  x 2  t  e dx x  0





, probar que :G t

G2t 

0

 Gt

G t

2 t    x   e dx x  0

2

 

2 t    x  x   

2

 e  0

Gt 

dxt x .2   x x2

2 t    x    x

  2 xte2 0

2

dx

0

.

Respuesta: No se cumple la igualdad de la ecuación diferencial

 Verificar si la función y  c1e barcs enx  c2 e barcs enx es la solución de la ecuación diferencial 1  x 2 y xy b 2 y





0

 y  c1e barcsenx y 

bc1

 c2e

 barcsen x

bc

1  x2

.ebarcsenx 

2

1  x2

b

 c1.ebarcsenx  c2e  1 x  b 2 x   barcsenx   y  c1.e c 2e 2 1  x2  y 

 barc sen x

.e

barc sen x

2

y    xy 

b2

1  x  2

  

barcsen x

bbc e 

 1 x 2 

1

. barcsenx bce 1 x2

  1 x 2   barcsen x

2

y

Respuesta: 1  x 2 y  x x 3 y  b 2 y

   

 

0

No se cumple la ecuación diferencial

 Verificar que  y

2

3

2  1 y  es la solución diferencial de las circunferencias

de radio r = 1

Por: CALIXTO CARMEN Y ARIAS RICALDI

INGENIERÍA DE SISTEMAS

 

  2



2

 Demostrar que :y  e x (c1  c2 e x dx) es la solución de la ecuación diferencial y   2 xy   2 y  0  2



2



y  e x c1  c2 e  x dx 2





2



y   2 xe x c1  c2 e  x dx y   2 xy  c2

 y

 e

x2

.c2e x

2

2 y 2 xy

Respuesta: y   2 xy   2 y  0....qq.dd .

 Probar que la funcióny t  y t  y t

t

 t s  sen

f s ds es una solución en I de

0

 f t que satisfacey 0  y 0  0 , donde f es una función continúa

sobre el intervalo I, el cual contiene cero.

 t

  0 sen  t s

y t

t s ds

Según la regla de Leibnitz: F  y

   Df x y dx, f h y y h y h y

Dy

g y

y

,f g y  y g y 

t

 0 D sen  t s f s ds  sen  t  t f t y  t   cos   t s f s ds y t  0 cos t 0 y t

t

t

t

,

  

sen t 0 f 0 0 s f s ds

Recordemos: f t t 0

 f o  y 0  y

0 0

Respuesta: y t  y t  f t ....qq.dd .

  

t  s  1 f s  ds es la solución dey  t  f t 0 n  1! 1 y  0  0 dondef es continúasobre un intervaloI n

 Demostrar quey t  

   y 0

y 0

...

t

n

n

con que

contiene al cero.



Por: CALIXTO CARMEN Y ARIAS RICALDI

INGENIERÍA DE SISTEMAS

 

1 ts    0  n  1 ! f s ds    t s fs1 . ttdsft  t   . f y  t    D  0 n  1!  n  1!  2 n 1t s  f s f s ts  . y  t    0 1 n 2 ! n  y t   y t  y 0  y 0 f 0 0 n

t

y t

n

t

t

n

  0 1.  0 n  1! n



0

n 1

t

Respuesta: n y   t  f t ...qq.dd .

 Comprobar quey  2



0

x

2 dy e  s ds  c es la solución de dx



e x x

 y2



x

0

2

e  x ds  c

2 dy 1  0  2.e  x . dx 2 x Respuesta.

dy dx



e x

0

2

....qq.dd .

x

Por: CALIXTO CARMEN Y ARIAS RICALDI

INGENIERÍA DE SISTEMAS

 

       Encontrar la ecuación diferencial cuya solución general es la familia de circunferencias( x  a)2 ( y b) 2 arbitrarias.

r 2 , en el plano xy, siendo a, b y r constantes

 2

EC . circunferencia: (x  h) +(y Dx : 2(x  )h 2( y  )k y' =0

2

2

 k) =r

Dx2 : 1+y' 2+yy''

 ky'' 0 1+y'2 +yy'' k= y'' 2 Dx : 0=(2y'y''+y'y''+yy''')y''  y '''(1+y' 2 +yy'') ''(1  y' ' ) 3y ''2 ' y0 2 y   y '''(1  y '2 ) 3 y ''2 y ' 0  Hallar la ecuación diferencial correspondiente a la cisoides  y2 

x3 ax

 y2



a x

1 

x3 ax



x3 y2

despejamosa

derivamos

3x 2 y 2  2 x 3 yy ' y4

 2'x3 y  y( y 2  3x 2 )  2'x3 y  y( y 2  3x 2 )  Hallar la ecuación dife rencial correspondiente a las rectas con pendiente y la intercepción con el eje x iguales.



Por: CALIXTO CARMEN Y ARIAS RICALDI

INGENIERÍA DE SISTEMAS

 

EC . recta: y=mx+b dado que x=m donde la pendiente: y'=m=x. se observa que para: y=0 x=y'  b= x 2 'y 2  y  mx  b  y  y ' x  y '2

 y '2  xy ' y r cuyas pen diente y sus  Hallar la ecuación diferencial de la familia de ectas intercepciones con el eje y son iguales.

 EC . recta: y=mx+b dado que y=m donde la pendiente: y'=m=y. se observa que para: x=0  b =y .  y  mx  b  y' y'x y  ydy ( x 1)dy 0  ydy  ( x  1) dy  6

 Hallar la ecuación diferencial de la familia de rectas cuya suma lagebraica de las intercepciones con los ejes coordenados es igual a k.

 EC. recta y  mx  b ...................................(a) se : sabe ' que y

m del: enunciado . x y k

para A( ,x0):

 b   y ' x. para B( ,y0):

b y  remplazando en (a ) : y R  y ' x  y  y

y ' x .  yR  y'( k remplazando y R en (b ) :

y R).......( b)

'  y x y y' k ( y' x y)  (' xy)(1 y ') y' ky 0



 y ')  ky ' 0  ( xy ' y)(1

Por: CALIXTO CARMEN Y ARIAS RICALDI

INGENIERÍA DE SISTEMAS

 

 y2   Hallar la ecuación diferencial correspondiente a las estrofoides

x 2 (a  x ) ax

 y2



x 2 (a  x )

ax ay 2 xy 2 x a 2x 2

2

3

despejandoa



3 2

a (y x3 )x 2 xy  x  xy a 2 derivando y  x2

(3 x 2  y 2 2 xyy')(y 2  x 2 ) 2(  x 3 xy 2 )(')yy 2 2 y x  (x 4 4x 2 y 2 y 4 ) dx  4 x3 ydy 0 0

x

 ( x 4  4 x 2y 2 y 4 )dx 4 x3 ydy 0  Encontrar la ecuación diferencial cuya solución general es la familia de circunferencias ( x  a)2 ( y b)2 b constantes.

r 2 , de radios fijos r en el plano xy siendo a y



2

2

2

EC. circunferencia: (x  h) +(y  k) =r y  k  r 2  (x  h 2 ) derivando y'

( x  h )  derivando r 2  (x h 2 )

Por: CALIXTO CARMEN Y ARIAS RICALDI

INGENIERÍA DE SISTEMAS

 

( x  h) 2 r 2  (x h 2 ) y ''  multiplicando (x por h) 2 2 r  (x  h) ( x h)  ( x  h )3 y ' y '3   y ''  2 2 2 2 3/ 2 xh r  (x  h ) r  (x  h)

r

2

 (x  h 2 )







 (x  h) y ''  y '(1  y '2 )...............................................(1)  por otro lado : (x  h) 2 +(y  k ) 2 =r 2 derivando h 2(x  )+2(y  k)y'=0 derivando (y )y''= y'  2 1................................................(2)  k Elevando (1) y (2) al cuadrado y sumando se tiene:

(x  h) +(yk y ) y 2

2

''2  '2 (1  y '2 ) 2  (1  y '2 ) 2

yr 2 ''2 y (1  y'2 ) 2 (1  '2 )

 (1  y '2 )3  r 22y ''  (1  y '2 )3  r 22y ''  Encontrar laecuación diferencial cuya solución gener al es dada:

 y  x 2  C1e x  C2 e 2 x  Sea

 x 2  C1e x  C2 e 2 x y '  2 x  C1e x  2C2 e 2 x y ''  2  C1e x  4C2 e 2 x

y

2 C1e x 4C 2 e2 x 2 x C1e x 2C2 e 2 x 2 x 2 C1e x C2 e 2 x 

y '' y ' 2y

 2C1e x 2C 2 e2 x 2 x 2 x 2 2C1e x 2C 2 e 2 x y '' y' 2y 2 1 x x 2 

y y '' y ' 22



 y '' y' 2y 2 1 x x 2  y  C x  C e 1



x

2



Por: CALIXTO CARMEN Y ARIAS RICALDI

INGENIERÍA DE SISTEMAS

 

Sea

 C1 x  C2 e  x y '  C1 x  C2 e  x y ''  C1 x  C2 e  x x 1 y '' xy' y  x 1 C1 x  C2ex  x C1 x C2e x y

x  1 y''  xy'

C1 x C 2 e  x

0

y

  x  1 y'' xy' y 0  y  x  C1e  x  C2 e 3 x  Sea y  x  C1e  x

 C 2 e 3 x y '  1  C1e  3C2 e 3 x y ''  C1e  x  9C2 e 3 x x

 C2e 3 x y '' 4y ' 3 y  C1e  x 9







4 1 C1e x  3C2e

 C1e  x 9 C2e 3 x 4  C1e y '' 4 y' 3 y  3 x 4 y '' 4y ' 3 y

x

 12 C2 e



3x 3x

3 x C1e 3 x 3C1e

x

x

C2 e

3C2 e

3x 3x

 y '' 4 y' 3 y  3 x 4  y  C1e 2 x cos 3 x  C2 e 2 x sen 3 x  Sea y  C1e 2 x cos 3 x  C2 e 2 x sen 3 x x 2C1122 cos 3 x 3C e x sen 3 x 2C e x sen 3 x 3C e x cos 3 x y'  e 2222 x y ''   4C1111 e2222 cos 3 x 6C e x sen 3 x 6C e x sen 3 x 9C e x cos 3 x x x 4Ce22222222 sen sen 3 x 3Ce 6 x xCcos e  3 x 6 Ce x cos x3 9 2x 2x 2x  y 3 y 4C1e cos 3 x 6C1e senx3 Ce 6 1 x sen y ''4' C e 3 x 9 1 2 x cos 3 x x  4Ce2222 2222 sen x 3Ce 6 x xCcos e 3 x 6 Ce x cos x3 9 sen 3 2x 22x x  4 2Ce11222 xcos   x 3Ce 3 x C sen e 3 x 2 Ce sen x3 3 cos 3



Ce1

 y y ''4'3

2x

cos x3 Ce 

2

x2 x sen 3



 y0  y ''4'3  y  y0

 y  Ae2 x  Bxe2 x 

Por: CALIXTO CARMEN Y ARIAS RICALDI

INGENIERÍA DE SISTEMAS

 

Sea y  Ae 2 x

 Bxe2 x y '  2 Ae2 x  2 Bxe2 x  Be 2 x y ''  4 Ae2 x  4 Bxe2 x  4 Be2 x x y '' 4y' 4 y 4 Ae2 x 4 Bxe2 x  4 Be 2x 42 Ae2 2 Bxe2 xBe2 x

4 Ae2 x Bxe2 x

y ''4  y '4 y  0

2



2

 y  e x C1  C2  e  x dx

 y ''4'  y  4y  0



 Sea y  C1e x

2

2

2

 C2e x  e x dx

y '  2 xC1e x 2

2



2



2

 C2 2 xe x  e x dx  1

 C  e dx

y '  2 xe x  C1 C2 e x

2

2

2

x

2

2 xe x y C2

y

2 x2

y ''  4 x e y

x2

2

2

2



2

2'xe y 2e x y 4 x 2ex y 2 xe x 2 xe x y C2

 2e

x2

y

y '' 2 xy ' 2 y  0

 y '' 2 xy ' 2 y  0 1



1

 y  Ae x  Be x   4 x3 y '' 6 x 2 y ' y  0  y  C1 x.

2 x3

e dx  C 2 x x2

  y '' x 2 y ' xy  0   ax  b ay b c ,a b, c, constantes arbitrarias    y  C1e ax cos bx  Cax2 e sen bx,, a b parámetros 

Por: CALIXTO CARMEN Y ARIAS RICALDI

INGENIERÍA DE SISTEMAS

 

Sea

 C1e ax cos bx  Cax2 e sen bx ax y'  aC1122 eax cos bx bCax e sen bx axaC e sen bx bC e cos bx 2 ax ax ax ax e cos bx abC e sen bx abC e sen bx b 2C e cos bx y ''   a C1111 2 a C e2 ax sen bx a bC e ax2 bx cosa bCeax 2 bx cos b C eax  2bx2 sen y '' 2ay ' a 2 b 2  y 0 y





 y '' 2ay '  a 2 b 2 y 0  y  A cos  x





x sen  x





B sen x

x cos x , A, B constantes

Sea

 A cos  x Ax  senx B sen x Bx cos x Asen x  A sen x Axcos x  B cos x B cos x Bx sen x y '  Ax cos x  Bx sen x y ''  A cos  x Ax  senx B sen x Bx cos x  x  Ax senx B sen xy '' 2 y' 2 xy  x  A cos  x  Bx cos  x 2 Ax cos x Bx sen x  A cos  x Ax  senx B sen x Bx cos x xy '' 2 y ' 2 xy  0  xy '' 2 y ' 2 xy  0 y

y ' 

 x  A sen wt  b  



x  A sen wt  b dx dt

 A cos wt  b  w

dx 2 dt 2 dx 2 dt 2 dx 2 dt 2



  A sen wt  b  w 2 w x2

 

A  sen wt  bw

2 w A

2 b wt sen

 w2 x  0 

d2x

 w2 x  0

dt 2

 Encontrar la ecuación diferencial que describa la familia de circunferencias que pasan por el srcen.



Por: CALIXTO CARMEN Y ARIAS RICALDI

INGENIERÍA DE SISTEMAS

 

 h) 2+(y  k) 2=r 2..................(1) (1) : como tiene centros en el(0,0) origen entonces O en 2 2 2  (x  h)+ (y  k )= r (0  )+ r h2k r 2 2 2 h 2 (0 k )= 2 2 2 (x ) h+(y k) h= 2k 2 ............ ............................(2)  derivando (1): Dx :2 ( x  h )  2( y  k ) y '= 0 .......................................(3) ) y'' y '2 0 Dx :1  ( y k  y '2  1  y k .................................................. .....(4 ) y '' y '2  1 y k y '' (3) (4) en ( ) x h remplazando y despejando y '( y '2  1)  xh  ................................................... .(5) y '' y '( y '2  1) h x y '' remplazando (4), (5), h y k en (2) se tiene : EC . circunferencia: (x

2

2

 y '( y '2 1)  y '2 1  y '( y '2 1) x             y ''   y ''   y ''  ( x2 y2 ) y ''  2( y '2 1)( y xy ') 0

22

y '2 1 y ''

y

 y '2 1)(  y xy ') 0  ( x 2  y 2 ) y '' 2(

Por: CALIXTO CARMEN Y ARIAS RICALDI

INGENIERÍA DE SISTEMAS

 

 Encontrar la ecuación iferencial d de la familiaedrectas que pasa por el srcen.



EC.recta : y  mx  b......................(1) se sabe que : m

y '.

para el punto O(0,0)

comunes : para todos

b0 1) :remplazando en (  y  y'x0 y  y'x  0  xy ' y  0  Determinar la ecuación diferencial de la familia de circunferencias que pasan por el srcen y cuyos centros están en el eje x.



 h) 2+(y  k) 2=r 2 sec : umple que como pasa por el origen hrk 0  (x  r ) 2 +(y  0) 2 =r 2 2 x  xr2  r 2  y 2 2=r x2  y 2 2 r ......... derivando EC . circunferencia: ( x

x

0

(2 x  2'yy ) x  ( x 2  y 2 ) x2 2

2

 2 xyy ' x  y  0  2 xyy '  y 2  x 2  Halle la ecuación diferencialde la familiade circunferenciascuyos centros están enel eje y.



Por: CALIXTO CARMEN Y ARIAS RICALDI

INGENIERÍA DE SISTEMAS

 

 h) 2+(y  k) 2=r 2 como sus centros estan en el eje y se cumple que : h0  (x  0) 2 +(y  k ) 2 =r 2 .........derivando 2x 2( y  )k y'=0 .......... derivando despejando k se tiene : EC . circunferencia: (x

 y k  y' 

x ....................... derivando y'

y ' xy '' y '2

y ' 3 xy ''  y'0  y '3  xy '' y '0  Encontrar la ecuación diferencial de la familia de parábolas con vértice en el srcen y cuyos focos están en el eje x.



 k) 2=4p(x  h) como tiene vertices en el origense c umple que : h  0k  0 EC . parabola: ( y

 y 2 =Cx y2 =C .........

derivando

x

2 xyy ' y 2



0

x2 2 xy '  y

 2 xy '  y  Halle la ecuación diferencial de la familia de tangentes a la parábola y2  2x .

 LT : y  y0 donde y

2

 y '( x0 ) ( x  x0 )......................(1)  2x .

Dx :2 yy '  2  y '  y '( x0 )



1 y0

1 y

..........................(2)

 y0 2  2 x0 remplazando (1) en:

Por: CALIXTO CARMEN Y ARIAS RICALDI

INGENIERÍA DE SISTEMAS

 

y  y0

1



D x : y0

y0



(x  1

y'

y 2 (0 )

2

)

y0 constante.

.................. ................. .......(3)

 remplaando(3) en(2) : 1 1  y '( x  2 ) y 2y ' y' y'(y  2 xy')  1 0  2 xy '  y  Halle la ecuación iferencial d de lafamilia decircunferencias que tiene su centro sobre el eje x.

 EC . circunferencia: (x

 h) 2+(y  k) 2=r

2

como sus centros estan en el eje x se cumple que :k  0  (x  h) 2 +(y  0) 2 =r 2 .........derivando 2(x )h 2 yy' =0 ......... derivando 1  yy '' ' y 2 0

 y '2  yy '' 10  Halle la ecuación diferencial de la familia de parábolas con el eje focal paralelo al eje x.

 y

 

V h, k

0

EC. parabola: (y



Fh

p k,



x

 k) 2=4p(x  h) .................................(1)

Por: CALIXTO CARMEN Y ARIAS RICALDI

INGENIERÍA DE SISTEMAS

 

como tiene 3 constantes drivamos tres veces la ecuación (1) :

2( y  k ) y '  4 p................................................................(2) 2 2( y  k ) y'' 2y ' 0 ( y k ) y '' y '2 0.....................(3) ( y  k ) y ''' y ' y '' 2 y' y ''  0  ( y k ) y ''' 3 y ' y '' 0....(4) de(3) y(4) :  '''y' 23 y ' '' y 0y 2   y '2 y ''' 3 y ' y ''2  0  Obtenga la ecuación diferencial de l familia de parábolas cuyos vértices y focos están en el eje x.

 EC . parabola: ( y

 k) 2=4p(x  h)

con vertices en el eje x se cumple que

:

0  y 2 =C(x  h) y2 =C ......... derivando xh 2 2( x  h) yy ' y 0 ( x  h) 2

y

y

0

k

2( x  )h  ......... derivando y' y'2  yy '' 2= y '2 2  ' y  yy '' 0

x V h, k

 

F h p k,





 yy '' y '2  0

 Obtenga la ecuación diferencial de l familia de circunferencias que pasan por (0,-3) y (0,3), y cuyos centros están enel eje x.



 h) 2+(y  k) 2=r 2........(1) como sus centros estan en el eje x se cumple que : EC . circunferencia: (x

k

 0....................................................................(2)

del grafico para el punto A(0, 3)

 (0  h)2 +(-3  0) 2 =r 2 2 2 h9=r  ....................................................(3)

Por: CALIXTO CARMEN Y ARIAS RICALDI

INGENIERÍA DE SISTEMAS

 

(2) y (3) en (1)  ( x h) 2 y 2 h 2 9......................................(4) Dx : 2( x  h )2 yy '  0 ' x  h yy' .........................(5) h yy x (5) (4) remplazando en : 2 2 ( yy ') y  ( x yy ') 2 9  2 xyy ' x 2  y 2  9  0 2

2

 2xyy ' x  y  9 0  Halle la ecuación diferencial de todas las circunferencias que pasan por los puntos (2,2) y (-2,2).



EC . circunferencia: ( x

 h) 2+(y  k) 2=r 2..............(1)

para el punto (2, 2)A :

 (2  h)+2 (2  k )=2 r 2 2 4( h 2 k)2 8h k  ......................................(2) r para el punto 2, 2) :B(    ( 2 h) 2 ( 2  k )2 r 2 2 4( h 2 k )2 h8 k  ......................................(3) r (1) de (2) y se obtiene :que h . k  remplazando h en (3) y en (1).  r 2k 2 kk4(   k ) 8 2 2 8.....................................................(a) 2  (x+k) +(y  k )2 =r 2 ................................... derivando 2(x+k)  2( y  k ) y '=0

Por: CALIXTO CARMEN Y ARIAS RICALDI

INGENIERÍA DE SISTEMAS

 

k x  yy '   k ..............................................................(4) y' y ' 1 rem plazando h y (4) en(1) se tiene: xk 2 2 ( x  k  ) (  )r 2 k22 8re m pla za ndo k y' x  yy ' x x  yy ' 2 x  yy ' 2 y ' 1 2  (x+ ) ( )  2( ) 8 simplificando: y ' 1 y' y ' 1 y

 k

x

( x2 y 2 2 xy 8)  y' ( x2  y 2 2 xy 8) dy

 ( x 2  y2 28 xy ) 

dx

0

( x 2  y2 2 xy 8) 0

 Halle la ecuación diferencial de todas las líneas tangentes a la curva y2  x

 LT : y  y0 donde y

2

 y '( x0 ) ( x  x0 ).............................(1) x  y 20 x

Dx : 2 yy '   1 y' 

0

......................(2)

1 2y

y ( x0 )   1 ..........................(3) 2 y0  (2) y (3) en (1) : 1 y  y  ( x y 2 0 )................................( a) 0 2 y0

'

2

 x y 20 2y0 y  y 2 0 ...... se, sabe que y:0 constante Dx : 2 y0 y ' 0   1 0 1  y0   ................................ ............(5) 2y ' (5) en ( a): 1 1 2 y   y '(x ( ) )...........simplificando 2y' 2y '  2y'(2y  4 xy '1 )  1  2y'(2y  4 xy ' 1)  1

 Halle la ecuación diferencial de todas las circunferencias tangentes a la recta y  x .



Por: CALIXTO CARMEN Y ARIAS RICALDI

INGENIERÍA DE SISTEMAS

 

y

y

 x

 

C h, k r



c

P x, y



x

0 EC . circunferencia: (x

 h) 2+(y  k) 2=r 2.............(a)

su centro C(h,k) : si EC .recta L; es y x 0. seadlñadistaciadelcentrodelacircunferenciaalarectaL d ( h ,k ), L  

hk

hk

(1)2  (1)2

r

 ..........................(b) 2

 ( b )e n (a ) : d eriva n d o :( x

h ) 2+(y k ) 2=r

2



h

2

k ..................(*) 2

D x : 2(x  h) 2(y ) '....( )  k )y'=0 xhy  ky c ( 1  y '2 2 2 D x 1  y'  ( y k) y'' =0   y k .....( ) d y '' ( d ) en c( ) : (1  y '2 ) xh y '....... ..... ..... ..... ..... .... ..... .( e ) y '' (d )  (e) : ( y ' 1)(1  y '2 ) yxk h     f ..................( ) y '' rem p la za n d o( d), ( )e y( f) en(*) :

 (1  y '2 )  y ''     (x

2

  1 y '2   y '' 

y '



y ) y'' 2

(x

2

1 ( y ' 1)(1 y ' 2 )   x y 2 y '' 2 y )' y '   2' y 1  y ' 2 

2

2 2

 ( x  y ) y ''2(  x  y ) y'' 2 y ' 1 y '   Por un punto p(x,y) de un curva que pasa por el srcen, se traza 2 rectas paralelas a los ejes coordenados, las que determinan un rectángulo con dichos ejes . halar laecuación diferencialde la curvade modo que esta dividaal rectángulo formado en dos regiones, donde el área de la parte derecha sea el triple del área de la parte izquierda.



Por: CALIXTO CARMEN Y ARIAS RICALDI

INGENIERÍA DE SISTEMAS

 

del enunciado se tiene :

4 4 A   ydx 3 3 derivando : 4 xy ' y  y simplificando : 3  3 xy '  y xy 

 3 xy '  y  1  Halle la ecuación diferencial de todas las tangentes a la parábola x2  2 y  1 .



Sea L la rec ta tangente a l a parabola en el punt o P (x 0 ,y 0 ) luego su ecuacion sera : LT : y  y0 donde :y

 y '( x0 ) x  x0 .............(1)

x2 1    y x' 2 2

 y '( x0) x0  y0

x0 2

2

1 2

x2 1  0  x x x 0 ( y xx0 )   2 2 Dx : y '  x0 ...............(3)

de(1)y:

(3) en (2) :

x0 2 0

2

1 .....(2) 2

 2 xy' y'22  y 1 0  2 xy ' y '2 2 y 1 0

 Halle la ecuación diferencial de todas las normales de la parábola y2  x .



Por: CALIXTO CARMEN Y ARIAS RICALDI

INGENIERÍA DE SISTEMAS

 

y LN

LT



P y0 , x0

0

 x

sea LN la ecuacion de la recta normal sera en el punto (a b , ):

 mN x  x0 ..........................................................(1) donde m N es la pendiente de la re cta normal : propiedad : mN .mT  1 ...............................................(2) del grafico : b 2 a .....................................................(3) 1 . 2 yy  ' 1  y' . Entonces el valor de la Dx : y 2  x 2y 1  mT ......(4) pendiente enelpunto de tangencia (,) a b es : y '  2b 1 m : N . 2b  1m Nb 2 ...........(5) Ree mplazando (4)en (2) (5) y (3) en (1) :y b= 2b(x b 2 ).........................................(6) LN : y  y0

viene a ser la ecuacion de la familia de rectas normales pedidas como hay una constante derivamos una vez : y '  2b b 

y'

2

,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ,,,,,,,,,,,,(7)

finalmente, remplazando (7) en (6) :

 y

1 1 2 y ' y '( x y' ) 2 4 1 1  y  y '  y '( x  y '2 ) 2 4

 Determinar la ecuación diferencial de todas las curvas planas y=f(x) tal que la

ley que incide en ellas, partiendo de una fuente puntual fija, es reflejada hacia un segundo punto fijo. Suponer que los puntos fijos son (a,0) y (-a,0).



Por: CALIXTO CARMEN Y ARIAS RICALDI

INGENIERÍA DE SISTEMAS

 

 y '.............................................................(1)   ( 2 ) luego :      2(    )   2 .................(2)  tg  tg  tg  de (2) tg : (  )tg (2 ) 2 .....(3)  1  tg tg.  1tg  2 tenemos :tg 

ademas :     y

pero : tg

y

 y ', tg 

 ytg 

a x

ax

y



remplazandoen (3): y y  a x a x  y y 1 . a x a x



2

y' 1 y '

simplificando :  xyy'2 ( x22 y  a 2 ) y ' xy

 xyy '2  ( x22 y

a 2 ) y ' xy

 y v  yiii  x 2  1

 x2

 y 2   ydx

derivamdo :

2 x  2 yy '  y

 2 yy ' 2 x  y  0  Hallar la ecuación diferencial de la familia de curvas que cumple con la siguiente propiedad: “Si por un punto cualquiera de una curva de la familia se trazan las rectas tangentes y normal a ella, el área del triangulo formado por

Por: CALIXTO CARMEN Y ARIAS RICALDI

INGENIERÍA DE SISTEMAS

 

x 2 y0

dichas rectas con el e je y es igual a

2

, donde y0 es la coordenada del punto

en que la tangente corta al eje y.

 en el pu nto A (0,y

N) 1  ( x 0) y'

LN : y  y N

y N .  y  1 ...............(1) y' paraelpuntoB (0, y0 ) LT : y  y0

 y '(0x  ) y0  y  y ' x.......................(2) sec umpleque xy ( y  y0 ) x .............(3) Area  0  N 2 2 remplazando (1) y (2)en (3): set iene

 y '2 ( x 1)  yy  ' 10  y '2 (1  x) yy  ' 10  Hallar la ecuación diferencial de la familia de curvas que satisface la condición siguiente: ”si por el punto p(x,y) de un curva, en el primer cuadrante ,se traza las retas tangentes y normal a ella, siendo T el punto de intersección de la tangente con eleje OX y N el punto de intersección de normal la con el ejeOY, entonces el área del triangulo TON es igual al xy/2, donde O es el srcen de las coordenadas.





LT : y  0  y ' x  xT

 x

y y'



 xT ..................................(1)

LN : y  y N  y ' x  0 x  y   yN .................................(2) y' xy del enunciado :A  x yT N .......(3)





2

remplazando (1) y (2) en (3) :

Por: CALIXTO CARMEN Y ARIAS RICALDI

INGENIERÍA DE SISTEMAS

 

   x y  xy   x   y y'   y' xyy '2  xyy''2 x 2 y  y 2 y ' xy simplificando :  y ' x 2  y 2   xy  ( x 2  y 2 ) y '  xy  Hallar la ecuación diferencial de la familia de curvas que satisfacen la siguiente condición:”si por un punto cualquiera p(x,y) de una curva de la familia se trazan las rectas tangentes y normal a la curva, y si además A es el punto de intersección de la recta normal con la recta y=x y B es la intersección de la recta tangente con la recta y=x, entonces el segmento AB tiene longitud 2.



p( x,)y , A( x0 , y0 ), B ( x1 , y1 ) por dato : AB

2

 2  AB  2..................(1) 2

 ( x1 x0 ) 2  ( y1 y0 )2 ......(2) pero : x0  y0  x1  y1 ............................(3) remplazando (3) en (2) : porteoria : AB

AB 2

 ( x1 x0 )2 ( x1 x0) 2 2( x1 x0 )2 ...(4) igualando (4) y (1):(x 1 x 0 ) 2  1................(5) y  x1 para LT : y '   y ' x  y ' x1 y x1 x  x1 y'x y  x1  .....................................(6) y ' 1

Por: CALIXTO CARMEN Y ARIAS RICALDI

INGENIERÍA DE SISTEMAS

 

1 y  x0    x0 x yy ' x0 y ' y ' x  x0 yy ' x ......................................(7)  x0  y ' 1 remplazando (6) y (7)en (5)se tiene : para LN : 

2

 y ' x  y yy ' x  simplificando :  y ' 1  y ' 1   1    ( y'2 1)2 ( x y ) 2 ( y '2 1) 2  ( y '2  1)2 ( x y)2 ( y '2 1) 2 0  Halar la ecuación diferencial perteneciente a las cardioides r a (1 sen  ) .

 r a (1 sen  ) dr d dr d

  a cos  

r

(1 sen  )

remplazando a: cos 

simplificando :

(1 sen  )dr r  cosd  0  (1  sen )dr r cosd   0  Hallar la ecuación diferencial perteneciente a la estrofoides r a (sec tg  ) .

 r a (sec  tg  )derivando dr d dr

 a(sec  tg  sec2  )  a(sec   tg ).sec

d dr  d

 r.sec 

dr  r sec  d generales:  Encontrar la ecuacióndiferencial delas siguientes soluciones senh x cosh x a) y  A B , A, B constantes x x



 x  y   3 tan  3 x  C  , C constante    4 2  4 

b) tanh 

Por: CALIXTO CARMEN Y ARIAS RICALDI

INGENIERÍA DE SISTEMAS

 

 x  b  ,, a b constantes arbitrarias   a  2x 2 x d) y  C1e  C2 e  C3 xe 2 x , C1 , C 2 , C3 constantes c) y  a cosh 

 Encontrar la ecuación diferencial de la familia de circunferencias de radio 1 con centros en la bisectriz del primer y tercer cuadrante.



 h) 2+(y  k) 2=r 2 como sus centros estan en la recta y x secumple : y  x, h  k . (x  h) 2 +(y h ) 2 =1.....desarrollando x 2  2hx h 2 y 2hy2 h 2 =1 2h 2  h2x (y x ) y( 2  2 1) 0 resolviendo la EC . cuadra tica EC . circunferencia: (x

h

2(x

2( x  y)

y)

 x2 2  4.2.(

y 2 1)

2.2 y2 2 2....... derivando y  xy ' x  yy ' 0  1  y ' 2 xy  x 2  y 2  2 2h  (x y )

2 x xy

 y ') 2(  x y ) 2  ( x y )(1 y ') 0  (1



(1  ') y 21/2 (

x)  y 2( x) (1y



2

2

') y



 (1  y ')1/ 2 2  ( x  y)2  ( x y) 2 (1 y ')2

Por: CALIXTO CARMEN Y ARIAS RICALDI

INGENIERÍA DE SISTEMAS

 

 Hallar la ecuación diferencial de todas las parábolas con eje paralelo al eje y, y tangente a la recta y=x. y



yx

EC. parabola propiedad '

x  h 2  4 P( y  k)..............(1) y 1.................................(2) xa 

Dx : 2( x  h)  4 py ',

yx

aplicando(2).

2(a h ) p 4 a h p 2 .........................(3) ademas ( a ,b )  (a,a ) ( recta y x).E n (1) (a h )2 p4a k(  ) 2 ...........................................(4)

0

x

remplazando(3) en(4) :

4 p 2  4 p (a k )  p a k  a p k ..........(5) (5) en(3) :p k h p  2  p k h  ....(6) (6) en (1): (x h ) 2 k 4( h y k )( )..................(7) (7) viene a ser la familia de parabolas pedidas : 2(x-h)=4(k-h)y'....................................................(8) 2  4( k hy ) '' k h

1 ...........................(9) 2 y '' y' remplazando (9) (8)en : h x ..........(10)  y '' 1 y' (10) en (9) :  k  x  . .......................(11) 2 y '' y '' (9), (10) y (11) en (7) : y' 1 1 y' ( ) 2  4( )(y   ) simplificando x) y '' 2 y '' 2 y '' y ''  '2y 2 '' 2yy ' 2xy ' 1y

 y '2  2 yy''2 xy''2' y 1

 Hallar la ecuación diferencial de las curvas tales que la tangente en un punto cualquiera M forme un ángulo     con el eje OX y que verifique



4

siendo

 el ángulo que OM forme con el eje OX.



Por: CALIXTO CARMEN Y ARIAS RICALDI

INGENIERÍA DE SISTEMAS

 



 g tg

t

4

( 

)

y x tg =   y 1  tg tg .  1  1. 4 x x y  y' x y tg



4

tg 

1

 y ' 

x y x y

 En la práctica, un cuerpo B de masa m que va cayendo (tal como un hombre que desciende en paracaídas) encuentra un resistencia del aire proporcional a su velocidad instantánea v(t). Usar la segunda ley de Newton para encontrar la ecuación diferencial de la velocidad del cuerpo en un instante cualquiera.

 Aplicando la segunda ley de Newton;

 Fma se sabe que:a



dv

k

vg

dt

mg

FA

 kv

 mg kv  ma m dv dt  

dv dt dv dt

k

g v m



k m

vg



dv dt



m

 Un circuito en serie contiene un resistor y un inductor, tal como se muestra en la figura. Determinela ecuación diferencialedla corrien te i(t) si la resistencia es R, la inductancia es L y la tensión aplicada es E(t).

 por la ley de kirchoof : vR

 v L  E( t )

vR iR

v

L



di dt

 remplazando L

di dt

 Ri  E( t )

Por: CALIXTO CARMEN Y ARIAS RICALDI

INGENIERÍA DE SISTEMAS

 

 L

di dt

 Ri  E (t )

 Un circuito en serie contiene un resistor y un capacitor, tal como se muestra en la figura. encuentre la ecuación diferencial para la carga q(t) del capacitor si la resistencia es R, la capacitancia es C y el voltaje aplicada es E(t).

 por la ley de kirchhoff : vR  vL

 E( t )

vR iR

 v  C

Q

C  remplazando



1 C

 idt Ri E

1

idt C



(t )



1 C

 idt  Ri E

(t )

 ¿Cuál es la ecuación diferencial e la velocidad v deun cuerpo de masa mque cae verticalmente a través de un medio que opone una resistencia proporcional al cuadrado de la velocidad instantánea ?.

 Aplicando la segunda ley de Newton;

 Fma se sabe que:a  mg k v  

dv dt dv dt

2

g 

k m

v2

ma m k m



dv

mg

dt

FA

dv

 kv 2

dt

v2

g 

dv dt

Por: CALIXTO CARMEN Y ARIAS RICALDI



k

v2

g

m

INGENIERÍA DE SISTEMAS

SIGUENOS EN:

LIBROS UNIVERISTARIOS Y SOLUCIONARIOS DE MUCHOS DE ESTOS LIBROS GRATIS EN DESCARGA DIRECTA VISITANOS PARA DESARGALOS GRATIS.

   espinoza ramos temas: 

      



       



      



   



   

  

 

         

  









   

        

   







   

             

                      

 



  







        

   

                             



                           

          

















       





 





 

  

    







   

                       

       



       





        

         















 

       



                           





 

 



 





    







             

    









  











 

 

 

 

  

   

                    

     

  



                                      

   





 

  

 

 

       

        





                 

                                       

 

       

            



                                                   





                                    

 

    

        



 







              

           

   



                

   





 

  

            

 

          

    

            

   

       



                             

     



 



 



 





    

 



                                     



  





     

                            



                              

  



            

  

          

        

   





 

  

          

 

              

                                        

  

      

   

         

 







                 

                 









       

            

         



            



                

          

      



                                   



         



 





      

    





 

  

 

             

              



                                    

 



                   

 













         





  

   





















      

 

 



 



 

      







         







                        





                                         

 



















 



 

           



                     











          



                 

   





 

  

                          

 







 

          



             

            





                              

  

 







 









 

   

 

         



                       

        

                                                  

  

 











           

  



         

    





 

  

                        

         



                                

  





























 

      

 

            



         





























 



           







                                

      

























  



      

   



     

                                                            

   





 

  

  

           

   



           

       



   

                        

            



                            

       



 

  



 











 



   



           

  

 

  



 





         

                        

  

         



                                          

  





 

    

 

   

 

     







    

   





 

  

 

         









    

                       

        

 





 



 



        

   

                    

         



     

 

                   



          

   





  

 

           



       



        









  

      









                           

        

   





 

  

         



 





 

  





 

 



      

 

 



 

 



   

         





 

   

                                                          

            

  



 



















        





       



  



  



  







                               

         

   



                                                  

 







 













   

               



          



   







 

  

 

                                 

         



 

    



                                      

 

 

   

  

  



 

  





          

               

        

                 

             



 

      

       

 



       

        

                 

      



                    

   



  

  





  



   

 







 

  

 

   

    



   





  





  





  



 



                 

       

                                       



    







     

  

    

   

       

  



                 

       



                                             

  

       

   

      

   

    







 

  

 

                 

                                

     



     

              

           

                                       





  



 

     

 

  

     

   





     

 

  



    





 

  

                  

      



                                     

         

     

             

     

          

   

                 

       

                            

  



            

       

                  

                                               

   



   

  



 

      



 



 

  

   



      

                  



           

                                          

    

                 

  



  



   





        

   

    





         



         

  



                                       

 

                 

       

        

                  



                   

      



         



   

     



 



         





 

  

  

      

                 



            

                                       

                   

     

 



  



                   

     

 



  



        

                 

   







 

                                                  

      



      

    

         

                   



            





      

     

   





 

  

  



             

           

        



  



           



                     

    

           









          

 

  

      

 

           

   







 

  



   

 

 





  

    











 

  

      

                     

     





                      

           

  

       





            

 





            





 

  

             



            









                                         



     

   

           

   



    

   



                     

     

          





                                         

    

 

   









 



    



    

  

  

 

 



   









                   

                               

   





 

  

                    

 

 



                

      

  

              

 

        

   

          

       



        

                      

                                 

     

  





                 

                   

 

              





   



 

     

    

            

   

 

      

 

        

   





 

  



       



                  







        

                

               

  

                   

     

   

             

   



             

     



              



              

 

         

   





 

  

   



 



 





 

  

 

  

  





 





   

     

             

              

 

               

                     

  

     

     



    

      





 

 

                   

         

      



                 

   





 

  

                   

 

        

            

    

    



 

  



 

          

 

 





 

            

  

    

 





        

  

   

                                         





          

 



 



         



      



  

 

       

 



 



 

        

   





 

  

             

          



                                          

 

 

  



 

         

  

 

        

 

    



      

 

        











 



        

 





 

   

            



                     

 

 

              



  



        



   



   

  



 

    

  

               

    

                  







 

  

 

      

    



 

 



                   

       





                                        

 

                 

       



      

  

 

           

 

         

       









                   



                  





                              

           

 





          



         





      

    





 

  

                                  



                                 

  



              

    

        

       



               

                                                                                     

                 

 



     



 



  



      

                 

         



                             

   

   



        

   

   

   





 

  





 

        

     

        





                            

  

  



        

 



   

        

      

      

      



                  

     

            

 

          

     

 





  

    





                    

                                          



            

       

   





 

  

 

                

  

     



                 

     

    

  



 

   

 







 

     

    



    

 



 



         

        

         

                  

     



                 

  

 

       

   



      

 





                

                     

   



      

  



   

  

    





  



   



  

 

  

 

 





                             

                       

      

 



            

 

   





    





            

  







      





    













  

    

     









   

   





        

                     







                                      

  



                  

   

         



         

   

                    





 

  

           





                  

       





 

  



 

      

  



      

      

                 

           

   



                            

   



          

   

              

      

   

                

         

  



         

      

    





 

  

 

                

           





                             

  



          

        

                   

       





                     

   

 



  



            

      

        

                            

                          



 



           

      

   





 

  

 

                           

   



                       

  



          

  



   



                        

   

  

    

  





                                                             

     



 

       





         

     

 

                  

          

 







   

      







       



   





       





 

  

 



           



                                      



                               

  

     

             

  

 

                 

     



                             

  



  

  



 





       

        

           





                                           

   





 

  

 

   



       

              



                                      







                                 



              

  

      

                        

       

            

        

 

         

       

                 

                                              



 

    



  



 

       





 



 

  

 

 



      

                 

           







                            

  

 

        

  

       

                                





                                       



  



    



 

   



 





   

       

                 

           



                            



   



            



 

  

  

     

        

               

                                    

   









  





             

 



  







 



 

   





                                               





  



     

 



 

  



                     

          



    





       



 

   

                                                               



 





   

  

     







 

 





      

 





   





 

  

 

     

 



    

                        





                             



       









                 



    



 



 



 

  

 





   

   

  





 





 





   



   



            





 

  

  



  



 

 

 

          



 



   

           





        





        

  





      



     

                  

           









                             

       

 



       

   

    



     



    

         

        

         





           

         



   





 

  

 

  



     





                   

                                               

      

 



  







 

 









     

      

   

     

  

 

  







  







     



   

 





  

 



        

                  

            





                    

    

      

 

 

     



    

    

      

 



    

          

   





 

  

 

                   

             



                                

 

    

              

   







 

               

       





                                    



           



  

      



   



 

      



       

           

   





 

  

       



   





 



          









           





    



 

            

                  

           









     

       

     



     









            

      

     



            



 

     

 





        



  









  



 





    



 





    

          





 

    

           

   





 

  

      

  

             

                   

 



     











             

         



        

   

 

      

         





   









 

 



   



 





 

  

          

    





  

                



    

             

                      

       





                               

         





 

  

                    



       





   

  

  



 



     







 





  

     

 





         











         

      



 

                    

                    

           

   

     

 



                    



           

               

          

 

          

           



  

   





 

  

 

         

              

  

  



                       

                       

 





 

     

   

     

 





         

 





  

    





  

                         

     

    





  

             

 

         











        

      





   





 

  

                       

    



   

     



                                                                   



        



 

 



   

                           

    

          

    



     

  

        

    

 

      

 









   







    









   





 

  

          

                



 

 

           



            

                                              

 





        

        

  





 

   









              

 



  

 

 

 







                                  

              

 

    











              

   

   







   





 

  

                  

  



 

         

                                   

                           

               





 





   

        

 

  

      

 



         

      







 

                    

      



 



          





  







          

 



   





 

  

                    





             

      

 

               

                                         



     





                      



        

      







 

             







  

   







  

  







         



   





 

  

                  

 



         

                                        

 

                                     

            

 

 



                 



  





  



         



   



        

        

 

              





      







    

    

 





 









   





 

  

          

                  

     



  







        



            

         

  

                             

 

           







     





 



      

             

      





              

                 

  

         

 

 







 

 

  

 

      







      



          











      







      



      

  

              

                         

   





 

  

   





   

          

   



 





                       



 





  

  









                     





  

 

   

 

 





       

                

   

         











 

 



      

     

  

           

                  

       





     

    

  

  





                

     

            

    

  

        

  

    









  

 





 



 

  

 









 



         

 







         



 







    



          

     



  

           

                   

           

   

     

 



                

   

          

  

  



  

  

          



         





 











    

   

  

  

     

 







 



  

 

 







               

   





 

  

 

                

       

 

        

  

                                       

       







     

    

        

 





                  

         

  

     







             

        







                                

 

  

  

  





   

      







          



    



      

    







   





 

  

                   



  

         







       

    

            

       



  

                       

   



  

     









         

   

   

       

   

        

       

  

      







  

          

    

   

       

    





 

  



   

   

  

             

       



  

          

    

      



   





 

  

          

                     

                              

  

                      

    

                     









     

          

 





 

  

         



  







   



     

               

    

 

   



   

   









              

  

                   



 



   

  

                 

   

 



   

          



   





 

  

                    

      



       



             



             



                            

 

    







                    

            

 

    



        

                    











        

  



 





   





 

  

         

       



          

     



  

           

                                  

        

 





            

      

             



       





           

    

   



 



  





    



  



  





     

                                    

 

                   

   





 

  

             

               

          

 

 



              

 





  



                                  

       

  





                    

  

  

            

 

          

             

        

          

                                    

  



 

              

           

        

   





 

 

  

        

      

             









                 

 

 

           

  

 





                     

             

 

                 





 

                                    



   

  

   

     



   





 

  



                          

         

                                  

                                     

 

 



   

                              

              

                  





  



  

      





     

        











           





   





 

  

                          

    



                             

                               



     





       

  

 

       

 

        







   

 



   

 

  

                                    

     





                



        

        

              



  

           

         





             

   







 

  

       

   

   

   

                 

  



       





 





    



       

 

          



                

 

 

              



                                                 

  

         

 

  

 







       

  

  

    

 

            

        



        

     

  







 

    

     

 

      

   





 

  

 

                 

   

       

 

        



            

      

     

  

                    



 



      

 









       





      

       

        

   



   

 



 

 







         

   

 







         

 

 

 

 

    

   

  











        

              



















              









         



   





 

  

                              





                                 



           

       

 



     

   





   

 

 







      

          

           

   

 

               

  

  



       







 





      

        

         

  

    

 











 





  

 











   





     



   





 

  

         

               





                      

                    

       





     

    

        

 





                                

  

 

       

   







     





       

 





   





 

  

               



      

 



                                

                         

   

 

                



             





      

 



          

       

                 

               

   

  





 

  

                                      



       

   



 

                    

 

                              

 

          

   

        

    





                 

 

           

                     

       





     

 





          







                

                          

   

 





 

  

 

       

         

 

 

         



 

                        





              

        



                   





       





            







       

        

     

 

           

        



 







  





        



 



      



   





 

  

                   

       

    

       

 

                                    

                 

              

    



 

                    

   

           

             

 

   



             

 

   



   





 

  

                 

               

   

                     





 

                                             









   

            

    

   







            

           



 

 

  



          



 

 

      



   





 

  

         

        





        



   



         



            

                                  

   

   



   

   



   

                               

               

     

                

  

               

     



  



                      

   



      

           

 

  

     

  

 





 



   











 

  

            

 

  

              



   



           

           

 

   



              

     

                  

             





               

                           

 



     

    

    

  







               



     

                         







  

   



 

      

 



         



   





 

  

 

                 



                



                              



  

        

 

  

  

 



                       













       





           

        







         

 

       

 

      







   

 



     

 







                           

  

  

     

             

          











         







     



  











   





 

  

                   

        

                               

                               



     





            







 

               



 

   

 

   



   









  

    

       

     

        













      

    

    

 

 

  



   





 

  

                  

             





  

                     

            

       







          

    

  





                 

             

         









   

        









 

       

  



  















   





 

  

         

              



                   

                                 

     

  

 



  







           

       

 





 

                  

             

          

      





                 

 







       

 

        

        

               

   

 

        

   







 

  

                                                      







           









 

     

   



 

   







 

 

                 

   















   

                          

     











         





          

       











        

   

 

 













 

   





 

               

      





 



                                                      

     

         

   

 











 

  

                           







 

 





 

     

 

       



    







 

 

       









      





                  

            



 

  

 

                    





                    



     

        

                                         

 

  

 

  





 

           

  

           

 

  

     

   

 

      

   











 

  

             

 

           

                     





 

                 



           



         



    

    



           



  





  

  



 

 

 



 

  

     

 

 



 

  

  



   





 

  

                   

        

                                                               



     





           



 

           

    

   









   

  





                     







   



       













              











   





 

  

         

              

                            





            

  

           

 

 

 









     

    

   





 







    

          

 

 



    







 

         

  

                  

    

         



  

  

                             



                 

     



         



   





 

  

         

      

            



  

           

                                   

        

 





                         

 

 

                                             

         

 

                      

  

  

   

 



     

      











     

     

          

       

   









 

  

                  

   

           

                     

 

   



 

                           





 







              

    

          



 

        



  



  







 







 

           

         

   

               



                    

           





      





   









 







  

 

  



           

 



    



 





 



 

  

          

        

              

         



                      

             

   





 

  



             

        





       

 

  



        



         

 





         

             



          













                                                                     

             









      

           







   



















       





  



 

 

  



 

                     





      



         

     



        

    



 

                     



            

                                 

 

              

        

        













      





             

 

             

      



   





 

  

                           



                             

                                               



     

 

 









                        

 





                          

             

 

           

      



   





 

  

         

    

 

 



             

    

  

           

                                        

 



   









 





     

 

 









  



















 

      

    

 

 

          



 

 







            





  

        





            

 











         





  





       



   





 

  

         

           



     

                   

                               







     

 

 

 

       

    

          





  

     

















 

















            

 

      

  

      



  









 







 





      



   

   





 

   

 

            

             

 





     

    

       

                    

    



                   

   

        





 

  

            

 





     

 







  







  





      



       

                            

         

 

 

         

 

       

         

         

             

  

            

  



   

            

          

     

    

  

               





   

            





          

    



           



 

  

 



         

         

          

             

  

            

  



   

            

               

        

    

 

 



               

     







  

                 

            

 

            

     



   





 

  

                



             

    

  

                     

                            

     

     

 



   

     

 

 





 

 

              

      

 



                              



  

 

         

 





              

 



      



   





 

  

                

         



                                                                                     

    

   

 

      









    

           



            



 







      

 

          

          



  

 





  

              

   

      



   





 

  

         

     

              



           

                   

          

      

   

    

                 

  

    



           

          

 

                        



  



  

           



   



       

          

        

         

             



  

   





 

  

                                          

            

        

 

                          

    

      









           

     

 



         

 

          



   





 

  

                     

       



                                                                                   

  

   







    

     





                   

 



         

 

 



  







  

                              



 

  



         

 

          



   





 

  

         

        

             



  

           

                                    

       

 

     















           





       





  

             





            



            

         

                   



         

     

  

                                        

   





 

  

         



 



    



 





               













 



      

  



          



       









 



        

  

        

                              

   



                 

     



           

 





     

 







  







  





                         

  

                



          



   





         



 

  

 

        

        

        



              



           

                   

 





     

 







  







  





       



       





 

     







 





                      



   

  





   



        



   





 

  

                     

       



      

  

                   

 

                          

     

 

   

 





  

     

    

  



  



  

















 

  

                       





 

      

                

   

    



        

 



  

        

    

 

   

    



   





 

  

               

 



        

                  

 

    

   







  

 





          

         



 











     

 



  

  



        



     

   





 

 

























                 

 

     



 

        





   

 

   



    

 



 

           

   







  



 



















         

  

   









      

 

  







                 

   





  



 



   



           

       



   





 

  

          

          

          





                        

                                              

    







          







         

  

 



                                      

  









            



  





                 

  

    

     

 

  

 







   

    

      



  



   





 

  

 







    



    





              





           



         



         



 







            





 



         

     

   



          

              



  



    

         

      







   





  

  

      

 

             

      

 

          

  

   





 

  

                               





           

           

        

     

       





              







 

        



    

          

 

     

   

     

       

          



   

         



   

       

    



   













 

  

 

          

    





 



                        

      



     









  



  





   



 

         

  



  

 

 





 

  



  



 

 

   











          

        

      





     

 

            















       

        



   





 

  

  



                   

     

         



       

 



   

  

      

 

      

 





 



               



            

        





    

   

        

    







   

   



   





 

  

  



    

   

     

      

         

   



          



 





        

      

    



    

      

                  







 

     









 

  

       

 



  



    



   





 

  

         

    



  

        



 

                     









 

    

   

 

 



 



      

        

   

                 

      

 

                 

    

  

           





  

  



 

    







   



   



    

   





     



   



   





 

  

          

    

 

      

  

                    

    

   

    

     

 





     

       

     

      

  

            



                

  



    



 

       

  



  

 











  



   





 

  

          

    

 

      

  

                       

   



 

       

     

 



  



  











       

  

 

    

         

    

         

  

                     















                 

                    

   

 

   



 



 

 



 

     



   







    





 

  

 





    

  



             

            



       

             

  

      

    



 















 



     

    

      

      

                                      

      











 





       



          

      



   

 





          



      

   





 

  

     





   

  





    

      

 













 



              

      

                        



  

  



  

          



 















 



          



                       



         

    





          

       



 











  

    





 

  

     

   



 

      

   

               





 

                      





      

      



 

 

  





        

       



       

           

     

      

 

 

 





 



   

   



  

     

 





 



         







   





 

  

  



    

    

                          

       

  



 

   



           



 

                                      

       

   



   



 







  





 

  

 

             



          

       

     



                



         



            



                                                 

   





                                                

  

             



      



    

  

   

                

   

              

     

       

 

 

   

   



      



           

 

   

  

  

     

              



      

 

 

    

 

 



   

          

                 

        





        

     



  



         



   



  



 



    

  

 

 

     









   

 

       

                                

   





    

        



                   

 

                      

 

  

  



 



 

 

             

  





 







   

 



     



   





 

  

                                 

    







                      

       





    

      



     

  

 

 

 

  

            

  

  

 



      



        





                     

    



 

 

 

    

       

   









 

  

         

                                 

   



 

    



  

  

  





 



 



   

 

  

    



 





 





    

       



                       

                        



    

  

  

                         

   





 

  



 

            

 



 

     

 



   

          

 

 







    

   



   









                     



        

      

 

                        

 

                    



       



  

 

 

 

  

 

 

 



           

 





            





 



 

            

   





 

  

             

               

 

           



               



       





               

                                              

 

                      

  

 

 

   

          

 

 

    

  

 



  

 



  

         

   





 

  

        

     



    

       



           



                       

                      

               

 



       



             



          

   





 

  

                    

                     

                      

          

 





 

      



 



    

 

  

               

   





 

  

                  

               





  

  







      

 







    

 

 

   

      



 



                                        

                         





 





  

  

      











   

 

          

   





 

  



 



        





          

                  

     

                  



        

   

       



   

      

         

    

  

 

  

 

   

        

  

 

       

 

 

      

 



 

   

     

   



  



  



   





 

  

        

         



       

        

    



 

  

                          

   

    



 

   

 

 

    



 

 

        





  

      



   





 

  

                

   

                        

     



      

      

      

 



  

 



  

   

  



    



      



  

  

   

       

  

 

  

      





   







    



           

   



  

   



     







       

  



 



            

  



 

  

 

 



                      





                   

         





 

   



 

  





  

   

   









  





 

        

















 

  

 

   



 





  



  

    





   

   

 

 







        

  





    





   

        

 





  





   





 

  

                      



   



  

 



              

     

    

     

  

    

   





    





   









 





       









 



      

  



 





 











 

     

  

   

 

     

  

          

   





 

  

        

        



     

                     

                              

               

 

 

 

     

     

 

                                         

 

 

             

                     

                     



   







    



   





 

  



                     

       

            

  

     

  

      





       

  

  



  











   

   

   





  













      

      



  



                 

 

      

     

  



      





   

    



      









  

   







 





 

   

   





    

 

    



        





 

    



 



 

    







 

     

        



 



   



                                   



  

 



 

 



   



   





 

  

         

          

      

     

          

                          

 







           

 

 

 

               

 

     

                                                             

      





   





 

  

         

           

      

     

           

            

  

      



  



         

  



   

  



          

  

       

 

                                       

       

    

 







   





 

  

 

       

           

  

     

                

               

    

         



   

 

  

  

    

                     

  

           

                      

 

                     

    

   

           

    

  

  

         

   





 

  

                  

     

      

              

                                     

 

  

        

   

 



  



        

 

   

    

   



      

    

 







   





 

  

                          

 

  

             

                               

       

   

 



  



   

   

 

        



  

 



   

   

   

   

 

  

                                             

   





 

  

         



                 

                           





                                  

            

    

    

   

  

 

       



                      

 

                                  

      

  

   

 

 







   





 

  

         

                 

                           



              

    

         

  

 

  

  

    

                                    

 



 

 

 

 



            











             

 

  

        

         

                                 

      

     









   





 

  



  

               

          

       

 

              



    

   

  

     



  

                  





   





      



 

 

   

 

      

        

 

                   

        

   





 

  

                          

    

            



   

       

 

            



 



  

 

              



 





     





  

  

              

   





 

  

                       

      

  

              

                                 

          

 



         

      



           

                  

             

   





 

  

                      



   



     

                

                                

               



  





      







 

 

 

 

   

             



 

  

   

         

   





 

  



        

         



       

     

     

           

           

  

      

    



  



          



           



  



          

     

 

     

  



   





 

  

        

         



           

        

              

               

    

      

                                                  



  

 





  

   

        

                     



     

 

 





  

         



   

 

  

          

                      

   

                                                 



 

 







 









     

       



  









             



  

  

     

     

                           

           

   





 

  

              



       

    

  



 



            

  

    



  

     



  



                  

 



    



       

 



  

 

        

   





 

  

                         



      

       



 

 

    

 

 





                                                   

         



 

       





  

 

   

 

  

    

     

  

  

 

    



 



      





   





 

  

        

     



   

      

    

          

               

                     

              

 

    

            



   

  

                          

          

   





 

  

              



       



       



             

  

    

  

     

       

     







  



 

   

 



    





  

  

  

  

        

     

  

 





   





 

  

           

      

        



      

   

      

              

                                

            

  

 

   

  

       

               

        

                                  

  

 

  

  



   





 

  

                          

    

             

     

              

       

            

 



 



     

 

 



   

  

          

   

 

 

   

    

     

           

   

 





   





 

  

       

 

                     

         

 



 

       

      

 

   

                             

 

            



 



  



         

  

 



 

 

   

      

      

 

     



   









          







    

   





  

 

  

 

  

 

                 



   



 

     

    









               



 

            

     



      



         

   



     

          

       

  

  



 

  



   

 





  

 

     









   

 

            

        

             



      





 

             

   





 

  

 

        

    

 

  



                  

              

   

      



 

        



   



   



 

 

       



  

         

      



                         

                           

 

 

  

   

  

 



  

 



 

 

             



 

  





                        

     

 

   





      



  

  









    



         



   





 

  







          

      



                    

                             

 

 



  

 



 



 

               



        

            

 

              

            

         

      



                          

             

           

   



           



   





 

  

          

      



                      

               

               

             

          

         



                           

      

                       





  

         

        

      



                    

         

    

              





   

 

  

 



         

         

      



                                     



               

   

  

         

               



                

         



     

   

  



               

        

      



              





 

  

          

         



   

          

 

   

            

        

   



    

                      

                         



   





 

  

 

                 



      

                 

                       

          

       

 

       

   

  







        



                              



    

                  







 



 

  

 



        

       

     





                    

     



  



         

           

           

           



                   









 

 

        

   

    



  

  

                 

                         

              





      

  

       





   





 

  

          



 



 



       











 











            

 

       

   

 



       



     

    









  









      

       

            



     

                  







      

     



  



  

 

     





 

 

 

 







 

        





 

      

 



     

        

     

 

      

   

     

   



 



 

  



 

         

        



      

                

     

 



      





  

  





 



 

           

           

   

     

  

    



        





  

  

 

  

   

     

  

 



 

 

    

       

      



        

 

     

          

 

     

 



       





 

  

                                

           

           



                





  



 

    

   

  





                         

 

 

       

      



        

 

     

                  

 

     





  

  





   





  

   

        



 





  

 

 



 

   





 

  

 

 

     

  

      



         



 

      

              



                   

     





  

                    



    



           



 

   



     

 

     

   

   

 

  





     

         

      



                       

   





 

  

 

            

    

  







  

  



                    

   



  

 





  

    





              





   





        

       

                              

 

               

      





 

          



    









  





 



 











              

 

   

 

  



 

 

 

   

         







               

    



                





 

  

 

                      

   

  

 





 



          





   

   



  







        

       



      

 

 

 



                

  



    





 

 

            

 



   

 









 

 





  



         

     



                      

                 



 



       

  









     







   

           

 

    

 





    

  

   





 

  

 





        

 

              

 

 



         



          

                             

         

       



 

        



 

 



   

 

 

  

 

 



 

 



 





 



  



            

        



 



   

         

      

      





                 

       

   

   

  

 











 

  

               



 

 

 







 



      



  

           

 



   





  

                   

 

 

             

        

         

 

             





                 

            



 

 

             



  

 



     







           



             

 





 

  

           

      

      



   

 



 

  

                  

              

       



              

 

            

 

          





 

   

            



 

 



           

              



      

        

         

           

   

           





   





 

  

        

      





                   

      



 

   

     

    

  

     

            

 

   

              



                       

     





   



  

     

    

  

         

   



 

       



 

            

 



                          

       





 

  

   

 

   



            





 



   

  

    



       





   

         







 

        

       

     





                    

     



 



 

         

           

          

        



 



                  











    



 

  

    





    





  



        

      

 



          

      

       





 

  

 

            



    

           

 





 





  

   

 

 











   

 











        



 

       

 





      

        

     

       



     

   





         

        

            

         

     

 



      

 



  

  





 

 

           

        

    

     

 



 

  

        

        

   

   

    

   





     

   

 



 

 







 

  



 

             

    

  

    

    



    

           









                     

        

      

       







  

          



    





      

 

  

         

     





                         

   

   





 

  

        

    

  





  

         







     

 





 

      





 

    

        

 

          







   

 

 



  



  

      



     

     

    

                       



 



  

           

      

    





          







  

 



 



       

    

             

       

 

   

 

        





 

                       

                      

 



 

 

   





 

  

 



 



     



           



  





 







         

          

       

            



            

 

 



     

                             



                 



 



            

     

   



         

                  



                           

   





 

  

       

                     

 



     

   







       









           



    



 

 





  

       

             









 

     





        

 















   



   





 

  

       



        



                        

    

     

     

    

     



       

  









        



     







 



        











 

   



           



 

  

    

 







   





 

         

                 



                      

       





 

  

      

     

   

                  

                          

 

        





         

  





 





     







     

 

   

    















 

   

 

  

 

                    



       

           

  

        

       

    









 

 

   

 

            

      

               

        

  

          

  

        

 

        

        



    





 

  

 



                 

       

 





         

                                        









             

          

 

         



           

       

              





          

 

  

     





         

  



 

       

       

 

        

       



       









    

 

   

  

   

  

 



   





   





    





 

  

 

 

                    

        

             



             

  



      



   

      

      









   

 

 



                           

         



    





     









      

    



    

  

     



















 



 

        



   





 

  

                

     

  

         

   



         

  

 

     











  















  









  



 



       

               

  

       



 

               





   

  

         

             

    





   

       







    

           

 

                                         



             

   





 





 



 

  

 

    

  

    





       



       









   



     

 

                       

       

           



             

  

  

 

   

       

    

         

   



 

  

 



 



 



 

          

      

      

           



            

  

             

   



 

    



   





  



 





 

  

 

               

              

















 

     



  

      









   

 

 

           

              

 





 



 



    



 

       

       

      

 

       



            



 

                

        









 

  



     

  







 



 

   

                                     

          

 

            







  

 

  

 



         

           



 



     

                 

                

    





  

 

   





  

  

 



        





 





           

          

                           

             



   



   

              

     



      

         

                 





          

    







          



 

  

 

   



      



        







 

          



  



        





       



   



  



  



 



  

    

  

     

   





 



           



            

      



  



 







        



            

   

   

   





 

  

                       

      

     

       

 

   

  



         

     

         



     

          

 



                

    

      

  

  

        



           

  

   





 

  

              



           





             

           

    

 

 

      

 

    

   



         



 

  













      





  



     







                                   

     



        

                   



   

           







 

  

 



      

 

         

  

  

      









    



     

 





                           







    

 

      



   

    



 



                   









                            



        



                                 

 



      

       

 

 







      





      

  

  





   

                        





         

  













    

 

 

  

 

                   

    

     

                         

 



  





                

 









  



 









 





   

        

 



     

   

  

      

      

                   

       

    

  

     

      

 

 

    

        

 

       

   



   

   





 

  

          

          



   

  

      





        

 

      

                          

          

   

                      

   

 

          





         

  





      

 



         

 

           

     

 

   



   

 

 

     

   

 





     

      

               







             





 



 

   

   

   





 

  

          

           

 

        

             

                       

           



                                                               







   

  



   



     

  

 

          

      

 

  

                   

 

    

      



   

   





 

  

         

          

   

 

     

             

 

       







 

      

             

        





        





    

 

             

    



 

  

 

            



  



 





      

           

      







  

 



 

    

   



          

   

 

         

 

                                  





 

        

   

 

 

    





 

  

                  

            

      

                 

    

    

 

   

  



                              

  

                   

     

       







             

   



       

 

              

         

    



   





 

  

   

   

 

                   

 



   

   













 

      

   

   

   

                        

    

               

     

 

  

     

   

 

   

 



     

     







                        

  

   









     



 







   





      

            

  

   















 

   



 

  

    





 

  

 

              









 











  





   









                  

      







 

  

 

  

    



        







     

        

             

               

  

     



  

   

   

 





     

        

     

         

 





        

             

           

 

         

  

      



    





                     



     

 

      



   



 





       



   

  









  

  



     



    











 



 

  

        

 

       

  

  



   



   

    







    



       















                          

               

 



            





       

           









 

    



   





 

  

  

   

 

                    





   





      





       







   





    

                      

     

     

      



       

       

 

           

  

   







 

  



 



 

     

                   

  

   





 

 



  

 







 



 

   

       

             

 



             

   





 

  

 

     

      

 

            

  

 

   

 





                       

 



  





      

  

 

 



  

                                 

     

     

       

        

            

      



    



   





 

  

 

  

   

 













                         







 



      

    







 



    

        

              



        

             

           

    

  

    

    



 

                        

    







             

         





                                   

         

           

  

   

 





    



   





 

  

       

  

                        

      

  

  



  

  



         





     

    



                 

     

      

            

 

  

     

 

   

   

  

     

     



   

                    



  

  



          





 





   





                  

  



   













    

 

    





 

  

 



     

  



  

           

   

                           

  

 

                                



 



 

                                       

      

     

                



  

    



             

              

                  

         

 





    

   

   

 

          





  

 



         

   





 

  

       







   

  

 

                             

      

 

     

          

        

 

      

  

   

         

    



   



       

     



  









 















  

 









      

      





  

   

        

         

  

  

      

         





      

        

   

          

    





 

  

 

  

   

  

 

    







           

    

                                            

           

      

 

     

            

        

 

       

  

   

          



   

   

   

      

   



  



          

           





                          

 







     





          

  

    

   





 

  

 

  

    

    

 

  

 

      

           

   

      







          

   

                        

   



   

 

          



    

  







   

       

 

       

  

   



    



   

 

       

 

       

  

   

       



 

  

       

     



  

   





 

  

 



       

    





     

    

      

                             

  

     

     

  



                              

                      



   



   

         

   

            





  

 

  

 

 



               

           

      

   





       



       



                



      



   

 

               

       



   

 

     

            

     



  

 

  

 

       



   





 

  

     



 







  

 

  

 

            

















  

                      



  

 



 

   





   

   







 

        

        

       

 

       

     



  





 







   

  

 

     

 



      





       

   

   





      

 







    



        





  



   



        



             

    



   





 

  

 







     







       





       





                       



            

  



  

   

 





            



 



          



 

      

  



     

   







     

  





   

 



      

    

    



        



   

















    

  

         

   

    

  





 







 







 



 

      

 

          



   

    

 

  

   

                                                                                                                                                                                                        





  









        

 





  







   





   

 

  

    

 







 

  

 



        





  

             

   





       





               







    





  













   







          

  

 



 

   

 

   















      





  

  



 







      





  

 





       

















  





              

 











      









                                               

 





     



 



                                    

    







    

 









 

 

 

   

 





 

  

   

 



                                    



     



 





 

 

     











        



   







      













     

 

  





        





 



                                



















 







 





    

 

 







         

              













             

            













        

                        



  





    

 



              

    













 













                 

























          

 

                   





         

       

  



           

         

                



  

 



   

    



 



 

   







 

  

 



         

     

      

 









  





   

            

  

  



 

           

            

      







                 

      

        

         







  



               

               



             

      

  



 

   

           

      

 

      

   







           

   

          







 

                                  







        







                    

         

       



             

 

      

      





    





 

  

                               

       

      





   

       

     

   

                      

      







 

    



          



      

             

      

           

      



             

 



 



 

                                                    

 







                                                                         

       

      









        







 



           





  

  

       

   

  

   





  

    



   

    







 

  



 



             

            











  

 



           



   





   

 















               





      



  

                                              

                                                



 

    

      

        





        

   

 





                  







 

 

    

  



 



        





    

 







 

      

 



  

 



   









   

 













        

  

       















  



   





 

  

           







                                           

   



   





        













 



         





             

 

       







        

   

        

  

 





     





 

   

    

 

  



 





   

 







   

  

 

      

             



   

 





 

       



 







  





  

 





 



  

 













  

 

 

 

  



 

  







   

        







  

 



    



 



  



                          

    





 

  

 



 





    

 





  





      



 





 



 









 



 



 



 



 







   



 

 

     



 

       



 

 



  



 

       

 





  



 

 

 



     

  

 



 





 



 



 







 



 

    



 



 

 



     









  

 

           







    

 







  



 



 





 

 



 













 

             

    

         

     



 



    

     







 

  



         

 

 

















 



   

               























      

    





 





    









     

  













   



 

    





  

  



 



 

  

 







        

 

    

    

                             







  





         

        

 

  





    

     





  

 







      

     









 



   









      

       



   





 













 

    

                   



 

  



          















                                 



 



  





















    

 



 

     







 



  

 



  



   

   

   

    







 

  

 

      

  



  







  







 





  





 





   



       

   

 



   





        





 













  





   

 



 











     









             

 



              





















    



  

                                  







   

        

               









 



              

      





        







    

                        









      

 



 





 

  



        



 

   

        

   





  









                      

 

 



   

    

  

 





   





 

  

 

 

           



     



      

 

    

  



   

 

 



            

  



 

 

 

 

         





 

         



         

 



  



   

   







  

 











      







      

      



     





   





  



 

     

                          

 







   

  







 



 





   





 

   

   







  



    





 



 

   

      



   

 



   

   





 









 



 

  

            









    



        

 

 

   

  

 





  

                   



 

 

   











 





  





     











 















     

     













 











    



    

     



 





    



 



   

 

   

       

                





 

 



         







   



 





                           

  

  



 



   

 

          



 



    





 

  

  



   

  





               











                















                     



     













  



 

 





                

       

 



 

    



  

                 



 

   

   

            

    



                  

 















             



                           



 

  





  

 

  

 

     







   

 









 

 



             



   





 

  

                                    



 

      









   











                                

    

  









             



















  













 

                     



   



             

      

   



 



                  

























 



  

                         





   

 









    

 





      

        



   



 

      



   





  



                          







   





 

 

 

   

       

 

  

   

  





                                                         





 

 

  



 











    



    

     



                       



 

  



 



 





 

  



 





 





       

   

                

      

                 

       

  

        





          



   





 

  

       

    

     

 

                    

 



  



 

      

   





  

   





  











            





         







  



   







     

               









  

         









      







        

          

 

    

     

 



  











 



                                 

        



   

 





                 

     



                          





   

                

















   

    





   





 

  

  

  



  



 





   



 

 

                 

       











    





     





     

                          





 

 



 

      







 





                  











  











   

                                                                                                                                                    





 

 





 

























  











     

  







  



 

 







                 



 



                 

    

 



                                 

  



  





 













   





 

  

  

      

  











     

   



     

                                                                                                                      

 





   

    



  





    

           



 

   



       



 



 

 



 

 

  











  

      

   



                      



                    





     







    







          

    



 

         

 

 





 



 

        

 



   



          

     

       

   





   

 





         

 

  

    



      

    

     

               



   



       

 

 





 

 



         



  

  

    



   



      









   





 









 



   











 



















 











           

 



 

 



















      





 























 

 











 











 









 

 















  

 



  



 





















  













 







     

 

 





     



                    

 



 

                     





      















 

 

      



   





 

 



 





 

 













 





   

  





  

  



 

    







                

   





  

 



      

                  













 



 



 

  

 

  











   

   

    

  















   





 

                                             



     

   





 

 

   

       



                                                        

 



  













 



   

     









                          

                            







 





      



  



      







  

 

 

         



   











  





 

  

 



                     





                                 







   

   

              

     



  

              

   







 

            

     



     



 



 



                                                                                                           



     











     

                        

 





 

 

 

 

 

  

      

   



 

           





         

     





           

           

            

    



         

  

 

 





      







    



  





  

  



                   



            



        

    









 

 

 

    



 





  

    



                      

 

     





 



   

   



   

 

 















 



 





   







   





 

  

 



     









     







  



 



   

  

  

        

                                        









     





         



 

   

  



















  



 

 

  





                



   



     



 

 



  

 

  



 





 

   

























 





  







 

 



    





  



 



   

 

               



    

  

     



      





 





      

 



 



  



 

  



 

 

 



 





   





 

  

  

 



  

 





 



 





  

    







 



 

 

















                 

 





                                    

 



  

        

  



        



                                      



     

 



   



 

     





  







  









 



    

  







                    

                  



  















       

   

  



 

                        



   





      





  







 









 

             



     

















                              



 

  

 

 

 







  





   

 

                  

 



 



                                                                        





   



   





 











      









 

 

  



  

 





   



 







                                                                      





   





          

   





   











   

    

    





 

 

         







  





       

   

  



      



 

  

   

  





            



  

   

 





     





   







   



 





 

  

 

             





         





     

 



 

      



                     

      



     







                      













   

 



                  

 

          



 





 

      

           



 



 



           







                    

    

 



 



                                                      



 

                                    





   





 

  

     

  







          

 

                                      

 

 





   



   



  

  



  

 

 











      







   





 



 



 



     

  



 



  







   





    







 



  

 









  

 



 



 







 





 

















 











   

  



    



 

  

 

  

      

 



 





         

 

           

      

 



 



 

   

   

 

                    

     



  

      



   







    

 

   

        

                  

  

   

       

     



 



               

      



   







 

    

   

        

                   

  



   





 

  

 

 

      











 



        







 

                            

            





       

 















  





  

 









     

   

 







    







      









   





  



 



   





 



 





    

     

            



    

 

                                                             

 







   





  





  

   



              







 

  

 



  











                       

  

                

 

   



  





      

   

 



      

 



 







  

     

       

 



  

    





 

 

 

 

















              

 

  

 

                      







  







    

 



  



   





 

  

      

  



              

  

   

    

   

    

   

    

   

    

   

    



                      

                    

     

                           

 









          



  

         

       









 









 



        







            

         

 



                     







   

 

 









 

   

 











 



 

 

            







    

  

   







  



 

 

  







 

  

 





  

    

                         





    

 





                                                         



 





    



    





  





   





































                 



 



 

 

 











   

 

                  

 



 









      









  





 



  

                                               









                                                                               



   



                           









 

  

     

          



  





   

    











 

                                            

       















 

        







          



  

   



 





  



    









 



   



    



 





 

 

    



  





   







  

 



 



 





    

 



 

  

 





 

     



 















 

 

 







    







     









      







 





 



               

   





 

  

                                                              



      



    

  

         

       

 







    

 







  

  

















     



     

   

  

     







     



  

   





 

  



  

   

   

          



           





                      

 

 





         



   



 













        

      

 

 















   



    

   



   







   

       

   





 

  

  

       









  







  



  



                   





    

 



  

   

        

    





  

  



    

      

 









   













   







 





   





   

 







 





              

     

    





    





   





  

    



      

      





 

    

      



   





 

  

  











         

  



       

              

       





        

     



 

             



 









       



     



           



                   

     



               

     

        

               

           









                                                  

           



 

                                              

      

    





       



 

  



   

 



  



 

            

 



 

        

   





 

  

  











 

       

 









 

       

                       

       

          





   

      

     

 

     

     

 



       

  







       



   

       





     



                

      

  

         





                      

     

                                                   

   





   





 

  

       

   

       



  



   



 

    













        

               

 

     

 

                                                           



            

        

 



          

          

   



              

               

                





     

                               

   









               

       

        

   





 

  

               

       



                

            

  











  

                                                



 















     





  

   



     



    







 



 

 

                                                           

 

   

 



 

 

        

             



   





 

  

           

         

                      

           





   

  





      

 

       



    

     



 

   

     

   



        

   









    

       



            

      

  





     





                  

  

        

   





 

  

  

 

       

      

             

    

   



                    

                   

       

   





             









 



           



 



   

























     

         

    





      







                                 

    



   

 

                                 

   







 





                    



                   

         

                

 

  

 

   





           



           

 





 







   



  

              

  

               

  



   





 

  

                 



 

   





             





   





              

 

        

    

    

       



      



       



      

         

 

    



       



   

       





     







   





                    

    



      

    

  

                                                                      

   









 

  

        







        







                        

            

         

 

 





     

 



 









    



  



       



                   

     

  

 

    



                   

  





   





 

  



         

  

      

         

      

               

                            

         

             



   

       









  

 









                                                

                     



 









                   





                                                                        

   





 

  

  

 

   





                         

      

      



        

   



  

     







   







   







        

  



       



 



        

 



             





      

                    





                   

  





   

   



 



 

      



 

                   

        





                  

   



 







   

 

     





     



          

  

 













 





       



        

 

           







       

        





         

      



                  

  









        

                   

       

        

   





 

  





  

           

      











                



 





  

  



                            

 

            







   

  

 

              

 





        



 

   







    

       





  

   





 











 

 

        

                     

      



 

      

     

               

     

            

         



   





 

  

            



        





     







     



    

                                                        



 

            

  

            

  

 

           

 

              

  

 

              

  

               

  



   





 

  

  















     



  

          

   

   

    





  



          

  







         

 

 

   

 

         

 

 





            

   





             

 

     

                  

  

                  

 



   

 





           





 

  

   

  



           

 

       

        



       

    

   

  





 





           

    







  

         

   

 

           

 

        

  



    

       

 

            



   

 

              

   





    

  

 

    

  

                 

    

  

    

 

                 



                 

 

     

           

  

            

  

 

        

         

            

      

  



 

                

   

               

 

 

    

   



     





 

  

       

     



 

              

               

 

               

                

 

      

     

   

   



         

      

      

  

    

    

 

    

                

    

                  

    





 

  

  

          

           

 

      

     

        

     

 

          

             

 

      

    



 

        

    



 

 

    



             



   





 

  

                



              



        

  



    

  

 

  

     

 



         

                                                             



    





  



      



     

  

    

         

 



           





                      



     







      

  



                  

      

 

       

        

       



   





 

  

                  



                





                  

                                   



        









     



                    

      

                                             

      

        



               

     





           



  

          

 

    

 





 



 







 











 





 

    











    



      





  



        

                                         

    

   



    

 

       

 



  





      

   



 

          



               



            

 





  



 

  

  

      

 







       

               

 







        

   

           



                                                

       

       



  





 





  







           

  







             

   





            



                          

                 

        

     

  



  













           

        

        

 

           

           

 



                                 









  







           





   

           

           

 

    





 



 

        

    

     

 

    





 

  





            

   

    

 

      

              

   

      

              

   

 

                  

 

                   

 

 

                  

                 

 

 

    



               

   

  

           

       

   

  

          

           



   





 

  

   

                 

  



  

          

       

  

                        

       

  

     



         

       

 

   



 

         

                       

 

   





 

  

 



                                            







 

  

    

              



  

   



     

              



  

                  

   

  

                             

  

                        



    





 

  

   

                              

           



   

                                  



   

       

 

   

                        

              



   





 

  

                                       





        

 



 



 



    







         

    

 







    



  



 

    

       

       



  

    

 

        

                                                                                           





 

                     

                

    



          

            

         

 

 



 





      



       

       



            

        

        

  





   







 

 



 

   





 

  







    

  

   

          





 



 

           



  

                 

  

  

                                                



   



           







  





 



  

  



                                                   





 





                                                        

                                        

          



                                            



   





 

  

                

       

            

   

                        



     



    

       





 



      

      

      



        

       





               







              

 

           

    

   



          

      



      





        

    

        

                      







 

  



   





                  





    

                            

    



 

  

      

 







 

    

   





   

     

 





    





         



  

             

     

      

            

  

 

 

  

    

                               

  

   







  

 

             

    

  

 

  

        

        

    





                  

      



  

    

                                    

      

  

       

 



  

 



 

        

    

       

    

                 

    

 



   



       





             

               





          

           

    

  

     



   





 

  

  



          

                                    

  

        

  

  

        

  

  

                       





            



     







   



    







 









 

       

   



















 

  

 

 

 





    



 

















          

                                   

    

       

                 

  



  



   

    

  

           











  



 











         











 





  

      

      

      





                         

         

   



       









 

   



  

            





                    

                                           



                                                

    





   

                                                                                            



   





 

 





  



         

  

             



 







                   



   





 

  

  



               



                                             

  

                    

                                                    



    





    

      

    



 



          





 





    

            

  





 

    

  





   

 





            





               



                               

                    

        

  

   





 

  



 

 

   

       



                                                                                                             

 

 

  

   







 









 

   



    



         

   



  

        





          

     

        

 

           

         

      

                                                                         

    

  

                        

 







    











    

       







                     

       

   

                 

      



      



                                

                                                        

     

              

  









    

    

    

  

                          











   





 

  

        

      

     

 

           

              

     

  

 

 





   

      

     



       





  

        

       

          



      



         

 

      







          

 

 





        







       

 



   

 

   



 

     

      

     

     

       

  



 

     









   





 



 

                              

                

     

  



  







   



 









               

                     

    

      

 

 

       



 







                                   

    





 

  

     

          

  

             

           

        

         

 





          

    

            

   

    

  



                     





 

 

      

             

      



 

           

  







                                       

  

      

                        





 





                                               

    

          

   





       

 

 

  

More Documents from "Miguel Angel Manrique"