Edible Fungi-mushroom And Nutraceuticals

ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE OF FUNGI

-SHIYAS

WHAT ARE FUNGI  Eukaryotic, Heterotrophic , single    

celled. Multinucleated or multicellular organisms. Lack chlorophyll, can’t photosynthesize. Get their nutrients directly from other organisms. Have a true nucleus enclosed in a membrane. Chitin in the cell wall.

INTRODUCTION a food containing health-giving additives

 Significant contributions to food

science.  For example: functional foods, nutraceuticals.  Biotechnology and engineering.  For example: Large scale production of fermented foods, edible mushrooms, single cell proteins (SCP) and fermented beverages.

Food Production Through Fungal Biotechnology

Food Products     

Fermented products Edible fungi Mycoproteins Dairy industry Flavors and aromas

EDIBLE FUNGI

HISTORY  It

is assumed that the primitive man consumed mushrooms  Chinese are reported to have cultivated some specialty mushrooms like Auricularia, Flammulina and Lentinula between 600–1000 AD  The artificial cultivation of the common button mushroom (Agaricus bisporus) in France around the year 1650 transformed the world of mushroom production and consumption.

INTRODUCTION  Edible fleshy fungi are called

mushrooms, poisonous ones are termed toadstools.  Out of 10,000 species of fleshy fungi about half of them are edible and as many as 100 species are highly poisonous.  Of about 2000 edible fleshy fungi, 20 types are being artificially cultivated and about ten are being produced and

Fungi Cultivation?  A fraction of the many fungi

consumed by humans are currently cultivated and sold commercially.  Commercial cultivation is important ecologically, as there have been concerns of depletion of larger fungi such as chanterelles.

 Indoor

cultivation of mushrooms utilizing the vertical space is the highest protein producer per unit area and time, almost 100 times more than the conventional agriculture and animal husbandry.  Scope to meet the worldwide food shortage , without undue pressure on land

EXAMPLES  1>Agaricus bisporous :  white button mushroom  30% of total production of all

mushrooms  Mostly cultivated  Cultivated by using compost

Mushroom Cultivation

COMPOSTING

COMPOSTING-2

SPAWNING  Mycelium of A. bisporus propagated

vegetatively on sterilized cereal grain is known as "spawn”.

CASING  CASING LAYER:PEAT+LIMESTONE  Mushrooms form only after the

compost is covered with a layer of casing material.  Increase fruiting body production and provides appropriate moisture.  Temp: 24oC.

PINNING  Knots of mycelia which grow to form

mushroom.  Air temperature (to 16-18oC) and the CO2 concentration (to 0.08%).  first harvestable mushrooms

appearing 18 to 21 days after casing.

CROPPING

Cultivation In Polybag

Specialty Mushrooms  Encompass all mushrooms other than

the common button mushroom.  Term given to a group of cultivated mushrooms which are less common in a particular area or country  Eg: In USA , mushrooms other than A . bisporous (90%) are considered specialty. But in Japan A . bisporous was produced only 10% of total edible fungi. So in Japan it is specialty mushrooms.

 Economically

most significant specialty mushrooms namely: vPleurotus vLentinus vVolvariella vAuricularia  Together accounted for 75% of the world production

Pleurotus spp. (Oyster Mushrooms)  A group of species of the genus

Pleurotus are commercially cultivated.  Pleurotus ostreatus, is best known species among oyster mushrooms  The specific epithet “oyster” obviously refers to its Oyster-shell like appearance of the fruit bodies.  5 – 30 degree centigrade.

Lentinula edodes (Shiitake)  Shiitake is the second most important   



commercial mushroom. 25.4% of total mushroom production Unique taste and flavor Medicinal properties, such as antitumor, hypocholesterolemic , and antiviral properties We get Lentinan , a polysaccharide from it.

Volvariella spp. (Paddy Straw Mushroom)

 Mushroom of the tropics and    

subtropics Grows at a relatively high temperature of around 350C. Easiest to cultivate and fast grower. Contributed only 3%. V. volvacea and V. bombycina

V. volvacea

Auricularia spp. (Wood Ear Mushroom)

 Typical ear like morphology with

cartilaginous texture and gelatinous surface  Very popular in China and Southeast Asia  Treatment of piles, sore throat, anaemia and hypocholesterolemic effect  A. auricula and A. polytricha

Auricularia polytricha

NUTRACEUTICALS  A food or naturally occurring food

supplement thought to have a beneficial effect on human health.  Coined from "nutrition" and "pharmaceutical" in 1989 by Stephen De Felice  When a functional food aids in the prevention and/or treatment of disease(s) and/or disorder(s), it is called a nutraceutical.

1> LENTINANS  Lentinan, a glyco-protein extracted

from shiitake mushroom (Lentinula edodes).  Interestingly, in a test of Lentinan on HIV patients, it was found that Lentinan was effective in increasing tcells production only at low dosage. At high dose, the patients tested showed a lowered t-cell count.

SHIITAKE MUSHROOM

2> CYCLOSPORINS  Cyclosporin, an anti-tissue rejection

drug for organ transplant patients, is derived from an entomogenous fungus Cordyceps subsessilis.  Cyclosporin is used to suppress the immune system so that the transplanted organ will not be rejected.  The caterpillar mushroom in TCM (Traditional Chinese Medicine) is used as a tonic to the lungs and kidneys

Cordyceps subsessilis

3> KRESTIN  A protein-bound polysaccharide

obtained from cultured mycelia of Coriolus versicolor in basidiomycetes.  Antitumor action  Preventive effect on chemical carcinogen-induced, radiationinduced, and spontaneously developed carcinogenesis.

Coriolus versicolor

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