Edexcel A-level Bio4 June 2005 Qp
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Centre No.
Surname
Paper Reference
6 1 0 4
Candidate No.
0 3
Initial(s)
Signature
Paper Reference(s)
6104/03
Examiner’s use only
Edexcel GCE Biology Biology (Human) Advanced Unit 4C Core and Option Human Health and Fitness Tuesday 21 June 2005 – Morning Time: 1 hour 30 minutes Materials required for examination Ruler
Items included with question papers Nil
Team Leader’s use only
Question Leave Number Blank
1 2 3 4 5 Paper 31 Total
6 7 8
Instructions to Candidates In the boxes above, write your centre number, candidate number, your surname, initial(s) and signature. The paper reference is shown above. Check that you have the correct question paper. Answer ALL questions in the spaces provided in this booklet. Show all the steps in any calculations and state the units. Calculators may be used. Include diagrams in your answers where these are helpful.
9 Paper 32 Total
Information for Candidates The marks for the individual questions and parts of questions are shown in round brackets: e.g. (2). The total mark for this question paper is 70.
Advice to Candidates You will be assessed on your ability to organise and present information, ideas, descriptions and arguments clearly and logically, taking into account your use of grammar, punctuation and spelling.
Total This publication may be reproduced only in accordance with Edexcel Limited copyright policy. ©2005 Edexcel Limited. Printer’s Log. No.
N21431A W850/R6104/57570 8/8/7/7/6900
Turn over
*N21431A0120*
Leave blank
Answer ALL questions in the spaces provided. 1.
(a) The table below compares three features of nervous and hormonal coordination. Complete the table to show the differences between the two types of coordination. Feature
Nervous coordination
Hormonal coordination
Method of transmission
Speed of transmission
Duration of the response
(3) (b) Give one similarity between the methods of transmission involved in nervous and hormonal coordination. ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... (1) (Total 4 marks)
2
*N21431A0220*
Q1
Leave blank
2.
In humans, physical exercise results in the breakdown of glycogen in muscle tissue. (a) Name the hormone that is secreted in response to the anticipation of physical exercise. ....................................................................................................................................... (1) (b) This hormone causes the breakdown of glycogen which is stored in the cells of the liver and the muscles. Some scientists think that the effect of the hormone may be greater in the muscles than in the liver. Suggest why this effect would be advantageous to someone who is about to undergo some exercise. ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... (4) (c) Name the hormone that will lower the blood glucose level, if it is too high after the exercise. ....................................................................................................................................... (1)
Q2
(Total 6 marks)
*N21431A0320*
3
Turn over
Leave blank
3.
The flow diagram below shows some of the steps involved in glycolysis and the Krebs cycle. Some ATP is made directly. Hydrogen is also released and this can result in the production of more ATP.
Glucose
Triose phosphate
Triose phosphate
2H
3ATP
2ATP
Pyruvate
2H
3ATP
8H
11ATP
Acetyl CoA
Krebs cycle
1ATP
4
*N21431A0420*
Leave blank
(a) Describe how the hydrogen released during glycolysis and the Krebs cycle results in the production of ATP. ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... (4) (b) Using the information in the diagram, state the number of ATP molecules produced from one triose phosphate molecule. ....................................................................................................................................... (1) (c) As well as carbohydrates, triglycerides can be respired. The first step is to break down each triglyceride molecule into glycerol and three fatty acids. Each fatty acid is broken down into acetyl CoA molecules. molecules then enter the Krebs cycle.
The acetyl CoA
(i) Using the information in the diagram, state the number of ATP molecules produced from one acetyl CoA molecule. ................................................................................................................................ (1) (ii) Suggest why fatty acids can only be respired under aerobic conditions. ................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................ (3)
Q3
(Total 9 marks)
*N21431A0520*
5
Turn over
Leave blank
4.
An investigation was carried out into the effect of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) on urine production in a mammal. The rate of urine production was measured over a period of 30 minutes. Five minutes after measurements began, ADH was injected into a vein of the mammal. The results are shown in the graph below.
5– Rate of urine production / cm3 minÿ1
c
Injection of ADH
4–
3–
2–
1–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
0– 0
5
10
15
20
25
30
Time / min
(a) Name the gland that releases ADH. ....................................................................................................................................... (1) (b) Describe the effect of the injection of ADH on the rate of urine production in the mammal in this investigation. ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... (3) 6
*N21431A0620*
Leave blank
(c) Describe the mechanism by which ADH produces the effect seen in this investigation. ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... (4) (d) In a similar investigation, an injection of sodium chloride (salt) solution was given after five minutes instead of ADH. This injection was observed to affect urine production in a similar way to ADH. Suggest how the sodium chloride brought about this effect. ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... (3)
Q4
(Total 11 marks)
*N21431A0720*
7
Turn over
Leave blank
5.
Give an account of the location and functions of each of the following areas of the mammalian brain: cerebral hemispheres, cerebellum and medulla. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. ..............................................................................................................................................
8
*N21431A0820*
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.............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. ..............................................................................................................................................
Q5
(Total 10 marks)
*N21431A0920*
9
Turn over
Leave blank
Option C: Human health and fitness. 6.
The electron micrograph below shows a longitudinal section of a muscle fibre. A
B Dr Don Fawcett/Science Photo Library
(a) (i) State the number of myofibrils shown in the electron micrograph. ................................................................................................................................ (1) (ii) Name part A. ................................................................................................................................ (1) (b) Calculate the magnification if the section labelled B is actually 1.6 µm wide. Show your working.
Answer ...................................... (2)
10
*N21431A01020*
Leave blank
(c) Describe a practical procedure to demonstrate that ATP causes muscle contraction. ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... (3)
Q6
(Total 7 marks)
*N21431A01120*
11
Turn over
Leave blank
7.
The diagram below shows the possibility of developing tuberculosis (TB) when people are exposed to the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Exposure to bacterium
Not infected (70–90%)
Infected (10–30%)
Dormant TB (90%) • never develop TB • not infectious
Active TB (10%) • half develop TB within 2 years • half develop TB more than 2 years later
Untreated • half die within 2 years
Treated • most survive
(a) Name the organ which is the most commonly infected by M. tuberculosis. ....................................................................................................................................... (1) (b) Suggest why 90% of people who are infected by M. tuberculosis never develop TB. ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... (2)
12
*N21431A01220*
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(c) Outline the treatment for those people with active TB. ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... (3)
Q7
(Total 6 marks)
*N21431A01320*
13
Turn over
Leave blank
8.
(a) Ventilation rate changes in response to different levels of physical activity. Explain how these changes are brought about. ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... (4)
14
*N21431A01420*
Leave blank
(b) The graph below shows changes in the ventilation rate of an athlete before, during and after a 10 minute period of strenuous exercise. Ventilation rate / dm3 minÿ1
Period of exercise
140 ± 120 ± 100 ±
u
u
u
u
u
80 ± 60 ±
16
18
20
22
u
u ±
14
u ±
12
±
10
±
8
±
6
±
±
4
±
±
2
±
0± 0
±
u
u ±
u
±
20 ± u
u
±
u
40 ±
24
26
Time / minutes
Describe the changes in the ventilation rate in the two minutes before exercise and during the period of exercise. ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... (3) (c) Suggest how the ventilation rate, during and after exercise, would differ in an untrained individual completing the same type of exercise for the same length of time. ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... (2)
Q8
(Total 9 marks)
*N21431A01520*
15
Turn over
Leave blank
9.
The diagram below illustrates some aspects of the regulation of heart rate. Chemoreceptors
Baroreceptors
Cardiovascular centres in the brain
Sympathetic (accelerator) nerve
Increase heart rate
Parasympathetic (vagus) nerve
Decrease heart rate
(a) Complete the flow diagram by naming the part of the heart that receives impulses from the two nerves. (1) (b) Strenuous physical activity will increase the volume of blood flowing through the venae cavae and into the right atrium. This will trigger a reflex action. (i) Name the reflex that will be initiated. ................................................................................................................................ (1)
16
*N21431A01620*
Leave blank
(ii) Using your own knowledge and the information provided, explain how this increase in blood volume in the venae cavae and right atrium causes a change in heart rate. ................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................ (3) (c) The coordination of the heart beat is disrupted when the conducting systems of the heart are damaged. This type of disease is called heart block. Describe how an artificial pacemaker can be used to treat this condition. ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... (3)
Q9
(Total 8 marks) TOTAL FOR PAPER: 70 MARKS END
*N21431A01720*
17
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BLANK PAGE
18
*N21431A01820*
Leave blank
BLANK PAGE
*N21431A01920*
19
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BLANK PAGE
20
*N21431A02020*
Surname
Paper Reference
6 1 0 4
Candidate No.
0 3
Initial(s)
Signature
Paper Reference(s)
6104/03
Examiner’s use only
Edexcel GCE Biology Biology (Human) Advanced Unit 4C Core and Option Human Health and Fitness Tuesday 21 June 2005 – Morning Time: 1 hour 30 minutes Materials required for examination Ruler
Items included with question papers Nil
Team Leader’s use only
Question Leave Number Blank
1 2 3 4 5 Paper 31 Total
6 7 8
Instructions to Candidates In the boxes above, write your centre number, candidate number, your surname, initial(s) and signature. The paper reference is shown above. Check that you have the correct question paper. Answer ALL questions in the spaces provided in this booklet. Show all the steps in any calculations and state the units. Calculators may be used. Include diagrams in your answers where these are helpful.
9 Paper 32 Total
Information for Candidates The marks for the individual questions and parts of questions are shown in round brackets: e.g. (2). The total mark for this question paper is 70.
Advice to Candidates You will be assessed on your ability to organise and present information, ideas, descriptions and arguments clearly and logically, taking into account your use of grammar, punctuation and spelling.
Total This publication may be reproduced only in accordance with Edexcel Limited copyright policy. ©2005 Edexcel Limited. Printer’s Log. No.
N21431A W850/R6104/57570 8/8/7/7/6900
Turn over
*N21431A0120*
Leave blank
Answer ALL questions in the spaces provided. 1.
(a) The table below compares three features of nervous and hormonal coordination. Complete the table to show the differences between the two types of coordination. Feature
Nervous coordination
Hormonal coordination
Method of transmission
Speed of transmission
Duration of the response
(3) (b) Give one similarity between the methods of transmission involved in nervous and hormonal coordination. ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... (1) (Total 4 marks)
2
*N21431A0220*
Q1
Leave blank
2.
In humans, physical exercise results in the breakdown of glycogen in muscle tissue. (a) Name the hormone that is secreted in response to the anticipation of physical exercise. ....................................................................................................................................... (1) (b) This hormone causes the breakdown of glycogen which is stored in the cells of the liver and the muscles. Some scientists think that the effect of the hormone may be greater in the muscles than in the liver. Suggest why this effect would be advantageous to someone who is about to undergo some exercise. ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... (4) (c) Name the hormone that will lower the blood glucose level, if it is too high after the exercise. ....................................................................................................................................... (1)
Q2
(Total 6 marks)
*N21431A0320*
3
Turn over
Leave blank
3.
The flow diagram below shows some of the steps involved in glycolysis and the Krebs cycle. Some ATP is made directly. Hydrogen is also released and this can result in the production of more ATP.
Glucose
Triose phosphate
Triose phosphate
2H
3ATP
2ATP
Pyruvate
2H
3ATP
8H
11ATP
Acetyl CoA
Krebs cycle
1ATP
4
*N21431A0420*
Leave blank
(a) Describe how the hydrogen released during glycolysis and the Krebs cycle results in the production of ATP. ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... (4) (b) Using the information in the diagram, state the number of ATP molecules produced from one triose phosphate molecule. ....................................................................................................................................... (1) (c) As well as carbohydrates, triglycerides can be respired. The first step is to break down each triglyceride molecule into glycerol and three fatty acids. Each fatty acid is broken down into acetyl CoA molecules. molecules then enter the Krebs cycle.
The acetyl CoA
(i) Using the information in the diagram, state the number of ATP molecules produced from one acetyl CoA molecule. ................................................................................................................................ (1) (ii) Suggest why fatty acids can only be respired under aerobic conditions. ................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................ (3)
Q3
(Total 9 marks)
*N21431A0520*
5
Turn over
Leave blank
4.
An investigation was carried out into the effect of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) on urine production in a mammal. The rate of urine production was measured over a period of 30 minutes. Five minutes after measurements began, ADH was injected into a vein of the mammal. The results are shown in the graph below.
5– Rate of urine production / cm3 minÿ1
c
Injection of ADH
4–
3–
2–
1–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
0– 0
5
10
15
20
25
30
Time / min
(a) Name the gland that releases ADH. ....................................................................................................................................... (1) (b) Describe the effect of the injection of ADH on the rate of urine production in the mammal in this investigation. ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... (3) 6
*N21431A0620*
Leave blank
(c) Describe the mechanism by which ADH produces the effect seen in this investigation. ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... (4) (d) In a similar investigation, an injection of sodium chloride (salt) solution was given after five minutes instead of ADH. This injection was observed to affect urine production in a similar way to ADH. Suggest how the sodium chloride brought about this effect. ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... (3)
Q4
(Total 11 marks)
*N21431A0720*
7
Turn over
Leave blank
5.
Give an account of the location and functions of each of the following areas of the mammalian brain: cerebral hemispheres, cerebellum and medulla. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. ..............................................................................................................................................
8
*N21431A0820*
Leave blank
.............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. ..............................................................................................................................................
Q5
(Total 10 marks)
*N21431A0920*
9
Turn over
Leave blank
Option C: Human health and fitness. 6.
The electron micrograph below shows a longitudinal section of a muscle fibre. A
B Dr Don Fawcett/Science Photo Library
(a) (i) State the number of myofibrils shown in the electron micrograph. ................................................................................................................................ (1) (ii) Name part A. ................................................................................................................................ (1) (b) Calculate the magnification if the section labelled B is actually 1.6 µm wide. Show your working.
Answer ...................................... (2)
10
*N21431A01020*
Leave blank
(c) Describe a practical procedure to demonstrate that ATP causes muscle contraction. ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... (3)
Q6
(Total 7 marks)
*N21431A01120*
11
Turn over
Leave blank
7.
The diagram below shows the possibility of developing tuberculosis (TB) when people are exposed to the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Exposure to bacterium
Not infected (70–90%)
Infected (10–30%)
Dormant TB (90%) • never develop TB • not infectious
Active TB (10%) • half develop TB within 2 years • half develop TB more than 2 years later
Untreated • half die within 2 years
Treated • most survive
(a) Name the organ which is the most commonly infected by M. tuberculosis. ....................................................................................................................................... (1) (b) Suggest why 90% of people who are infected by M. tuberculosis never develop TB. ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... (2)
12
*N21431A01220*
Leave blank
(c) Outline the treatment for those people with active TB. ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... (3)
Q7
(Total 6 marks)
*N21431A01320*
13
Turn over
Leave blank
8.
(a) Ventilation rate changes in response to different levels of physical activity. Explain how these changes are brought about. ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... (4)
14
*N21431A01420*
Leave blank
(b) The graph below shows changes in the ventilation rate of an athlete before, during and after a 10 minute period of strenuous exercise. Ventilation rate / dm3 minÿ1
Period of exercise
140 ± 120 ± 100 ±
u
u
u
u
u
80 ± 60 ±
16
18
20
22
u
u ±
14
u ±
12
±
10
±
8
±
6
±
±
4
±
±
2
±
0± 0
±
u
u ±
u
±
20 ± u
u
±
u
40 ±
24
26
Time / minutes
Describe the changes in the ventilation rate in the two minutes before exercise and during the period of exercise. ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... (3) (c) Suggest how the ventilation rate, during and after exercise, would differ in an untrained individual completing the same type of exercise for the same length of time. ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... (2)
Q8
(Total 9 marks)
*N21431A01520*
15
Turn over
Leave blank
9.
The diagram below illustrates some aspects of the regulation of heart rate. Chemoreceptors
Baroreceptors
Cardiovascular centres in the brain
Sympathetic (accelerator) nerve
Increase heart rate
Parasympathetic (vagus) nerve
Decrease heart rate
(a) Complete the flow diagram by naming the part of the heart that receives impulses from the two nerves. (1) (b) Strenuous physical activity will increase the volume of blood flowing through the venae cavae and into the right atrium. This will trigger a reflex action. (i) Name the reflex that will be initiated. ................................................................................................................................ (1)
16
*N21431A01620*
Leave blank
(ii) Using your own knowledge and the information provided, explain how this increase in blood volume in the venae cavae and right atrium causes a change in heart rate. ................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................ (3) (c) The coordination of the heart beat is disrupted when the conducting systems of the heart are damaged. This type of disease is called heart block. Describe how an artificial pacemaker can be used to treat this condition. ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... (3)
Q9
(Total 8 marks) TOTAL FOR PAPER: 70 MARKS END
*N21431A01720*
17
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18
*N21431A01820*
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*N21431A01920*
19
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*N21431A02020*
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