Dvt Pulmonary Embolism

Deep Vein Thrombosis and Pulmonary Embolism

Dr. Shatdal Chaudhary SIS 12 Nov 2009 1PULMONARY EMBOLISM

DVT-PE – Epidemiology • VTE-related deaths in the United States are estimated at 300,000 annually: – 7% diagnosed with VTE and treated, – 34% sudden fatal PE, – and 59% as undetected PE.

• In Europe- an estimated 370,000 per year PErelated deaths • Approximately two-thirds of symptomatic VTE events are hospital acquired, and the 2PULMONARY remainder are community acquired. EMBOLISM

• DVT occurs about 3 times more often than PE. • The major adverse outcome of DVT alone, without PE, is the development of postphlebitic syndrome. – It occurs in more than half of patients with DVT.

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DVT – VTE Risk Factors • Genetic and acquired factors contribute to the likelihood of VTE. • The two most common genetic factors are – the factor V Leiden – and the prothrombin gene mutations.

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DVT – VTE Risk Factors • Acquired predispositions include – – – – – – –

Malignancy Surgery Trauma Pregnancy Oral contraceptives or hormonal therapy Immobilization Presence of venous catheter

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– – – –

long-haul air travel, obesity, cigarette smoking, and medical conditions such as • • • • • • •

antiphospholipid antibody syndrome, Hyperviscosity Nephrotic syndrome Inflammatory bowel disease systemic arterial hypertension, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, CCF Thrombophilia contributes to the risk of venous thrombosis, often due to an inherited risk factor in combination with an acquired predisposition. 6PULMONARY EMBOLISM

• About half of patients with pelvic vein thrombosis or proximal leg DVT develop PE • Isolated calf vein thrombi pose a much lower risk of PE.

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Physiology • The most common gas exchange abnormalities are hypoxemia and an increased alveolar-arterial O2 tension gradient. • Anatomic and Physiologic dead space • Other pathophysiological abnormalities include: – Increased pulmonary vascular resistance – Impaired gas exchange due to increased alveolar dead space from vascular obstruction, – Alveolar hyperventilation due to reflex stimulation of irritant receptors – Increased airway resistance due to constriction of airways distal to the bronchi – Decreased pulmonary compliance due to lung edema, lung hemorrhage, or loss of surfactant 8PULMONARY EMBOLISM

PULMONARY EMBOLISM What are the SYMPTOMS and SIGNS of Pulmonary embolism?

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PULMONARY EMBOLISM SYMPTOMS • Chest Pain - pleuritic -non pleuritic • Dyspnea 10PULMONARY EMBOLISM

PULMONARY EMBOLISM SYMPTOMS • Apprehension • Cough • Hemoptysis • Leg pain and Cramps in calf • Syncope 11PULMONARY EMBOLISM

PULMONARY EMBOLISM SIGNS • • • • • •

Tachypnea Crackles Tachycardia Fever Increased “P2” Phlebitis 12PULMONARY EMBOLISM

Differential Diagnosis • DVT – Ruptured Baker's cyst – Cellulitis – Postphlebitic syndrome/venous insufficiency

• PE – – – –

Pneumonia, asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease Congestive heart failure Pericarditis Pleurisy: "viral syndrome," costochondritis, musculoskeletal discomfort Rib fracture, pneumothorax Acute coronary syndrome Anxiety

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Nonimaging Diagnostic Modalities Blood Tests: D-dimer • The quantitative plasma D-dimer ELISA rises in the presence of DVT or PE • The sensitivity is greater than 80% for DVT and greater than 95% for PE. • The D-dimer is a useful "rule out" test. • The D-dimer assay is not specific. • Levels increase in patients with myocardial infarction, pneumonia, sepsis, cancer, the postoperative state, and second or third trimester of pregnancy. 14PULMONARY EMBOLISM

ECG FINDINGS • • • • • • •

Sinus Tachycardia “T” wave inversion V1-V4 ST segment depression Low voltage S1 Q3 T3 ST elevation R Bundle Branch Block

Noninvasive Imaging Modalities • Venous Ultrasonography – loss of vein compressibility – direct visualization of thrombus

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X-RAY FINDINGS A normal or near-normal chest x-ray in a dyspneic patient often occurs in PE. • Focal oligemia (Westermark's sign) • A peripheral wedged-shaped density above the diaphragm (Hampton's hump), • An enlarged right descending pulmonary artery (Palla's sign). 17PULMONARY EMBOLISM

P.E. atelectasis

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P.E. effusion

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P.E. Hampton’s Hump

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P.E. subsegmental defect

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Chest CT • Multidetector-row spiral CT of the chest with intravenous contrast is the principal imaging test for the diagnosis of PE.

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Pulm. Embolism CT

23PULMONARY J. Galvin, M.D. J.Choi, B.S. The Diagnosis of P. E. Virtual Hospital:http://www.vh.org/Providers EMBOLISM

Lung Scanning • Lung scanning is now a second-line diagnostic test for PE. – Small particulate aggregates of albumin labeled with a gammaemitting radionuclide are injected intravenously and are trapped in the pulmonary capillary bed. – The perfusion scan defect indicates absent or decreased blood flow, possibly due to PE. – Ventilation scans, obtained with radiolabeled inhaled gases such as xenon or krypton, improve the specificity of the perfusion scan.

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High Probability V/Q Scan

J. Galvin, M.D. J.Choi, B.S. The Diagnosis of P. E. Virtual Hospital :http://www.vh.org /Providers

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MRI Contrast-Enhanced • When ultrasound is equivocal, MR venography is an excellent imaging modality to diagnose DVT. • MR imaging should be considered for suspected DVT or PE patients with renal insufficiency or contrast dye allergy. • MR pulmonary angiography detects large proximal PE but is not reliable for smaller segmental and subsegmental PE. Echocardiography • Echocardiography is not a reliable 26PULMONARY EMBOLISM

Invasive Diagnostic Modalities Pulmonary Angiography – Chest CT with contrast has virtually replaced invasive pulmonary angiography as a diagnostic test. – visualization of an intraluminal filling defect – abrupt occlusion ("cut-off") of vessels, segmental oligemia or avascularity

Contrast Phlebography – Venous ultrasonography has virtually replaced 27PULMONARY EMBOLISM

DIAGNOSIS Based on: • Relevant SYMPTOMS & SIGNS • Associated RISK FACTORS • Probability of ALTERNATIVE Diagnosis • OBJECTIVE Confirmation 28PULMONARY EMBOLISM

Low Clinical Likelihood of DVT If the Point Score Is Zero or Less • Clinical Variable • Active cancer • Paralysis, paresis, or recent cast • Bedridden for >3 days; major surgery <12 weeks • Tenderness along distribution of deep veins • Entire leg swelling • Unilateral calf swelling >3 cm • Pitting edema • Collateral superficial nonvaricose veins • Alternative diagnosis at least as likely as DVT

Score 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 –2

High Clinical Likelihood of PE if the Point Score Exceeds 4 • Clinical Variable • Signs and symptoms of DVT • Alternative diagnosis less likely than PE • Heart rate >100/min • Immobilization >3 days; surgery within 4 weeks • Prior PE or DVT • Hemoptysis • Cancer

Score 3.0 3.0 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.0 1.0 29PULMONARY EMBOLISM

Wells Score

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DVT-PE: Treatment • Primary therapy – clot dissolution with thrombolysis – or removal of PE by embolectomy.

• Secondary prevention – Anticoagulation with heparin and warfarin – or placement of an inferior vena caval filter constitutes 31PULMONARY EMBOLISM

Anticoagulation • Immediately effective anticoagulation is initiated with a parenteral drug: unfractionated heparin, low molecular weight heparin (LMWH), or fondaparinux. • These parenteral drugs are continued as a transition or "bridge" to stable, long-term anticoagulation with a vitamin K antagonist • The first dose of warfarin may be given as soon as several hours after the bridging anticoagulant if LMWH or fondaparinux are used. Otherwise, with UFH a therapeutic aPTT must first be documented. • Warfarin requires 5–7 days to achieve a therapeutic effect. • Continue parenteral anticoagulation for a minimum of 5 days and until 2 sequential INR values, at least 1 day apart, return in the target range.

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Unfractionated Heparin • anticoagulates by binding to and accelerating the activity of antithrombin III • preventing additional thrombus formation and permitting endogenous fibrinolytic mechanisms to lyse clot that has already formed. • intravenous bolus is 5000–10,000 units(80 units/kg) followed by a continuous infusion of 1000–1500 units/h (18 units/kg per hour). 33PULMONARY EMBOLISM

Low Molecular Weight Heparins • Enoxaparin 1 mg/kg twice daily • Tinzaparin 175 units/kg once daily

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Fondaparinux • an anti-Xa pentasaccharide • is administered by once-daily subcutaneous injection • Patients weighing – <50 kg receive 5 mg, – 50–100 kg patients receive 7.5 mg, – >100 kg receive 10 mg. 35PULMONARY EMBOLISM

Warfarin • vitamin K antagonist • prevents carboxylation activation of coagulation factors II, VII, IX, and X. • In an average-sized adult, warfarin is usually initiated in a dose of 5 mg. Doses of 7.5 or 10 mg can be used • The warfarin dose is titrated to achieve the target INR • The target INR is usually 2.5, with a range of 2.0–3.0. 36PULMONARY EMBOLISM

Complications of Anticoagulants • • • • • •

Hemorrhage Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia Osteopenia Alopecia (warfarin). Warfarin-induced skin necrosis During pregnancy, warfarin should be avoided 37PULMONARY EMBOLISM

Duration of Anticoagulation • Patients with PE following surgery or trauma ordinarily have a low rate of recurrence after 3– 6 months of anticoagulation. • For DVT isolated to an upper extremity or calf that has been provoked by surgery or trauma, 3 months of anticoagulation suffices. • For provoked proximal leg DVT or PE, 6 months of anticoagulation is sufficient. • In patients with "idiopathic," unprovoked DVT or PE : anticoagulation for an indefinite duration with a target INR between 2.0 and 3.0 38PULMONARY EMBOLISM

Inferior Vena Caval (IVC) Filters • active bleeding that precludes anticoagulation, • recurrent venous thrombosis despite intensive anticoagulation.

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Prevention of VTE • • • •

Early mobilization Graduated compression stockings pneumatic compression devices mini-dose unfractionated heparin (5000 units subcutaneously twice or preferably three times daily), • Low molecular weight heparin, • fondaparinux 2.5 mg daily 40PULMONARY EMBOLISM