DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS
General - Stiffener/web connection Size of welding gun compared to typical stiffener height Continuous welding difficult Start and stop defects 50mm
Approval Centre Sydney
General - Stiffener/web connection Difficult to weld Small shear capacity
Bracket or flat bar added Not too difficult to weld
Approval Centre Sydney
General - Stiffener/web connection Cover plate will improve shear capacity and improve force distribution
If possible avoid scallops, snipe corner of collar plate to allow space for longitudinal weld and then weld continuously around collar plate Approval Centre Sydney
General - Brackets
Edge Stiffening Requirements Approval Centre Sydney
General - Tipping Brackets
Approval Centre Sydney
General - “Soft Toe” Brackets
10 - 15mm
Approval Centre Sydney
General - Termination of Sniped Stiffeners
30 degrees
Sniping allowed when: •buckling stiffeners
D<25mm
•dynamic loads/vibrations of minor importance Approval Centre Sydney
General - Pillar Connections to Deck
Should not be applied if tension through pillar may occur
Approval Centre Sydney
General - Pillar Connections/Cross Ties connection
Applicable to pillars/cross ties that may be under compression and tension Approval Centre Sydney
General - Alignment in Way of Section Joints Bulkhead or deck
Easier to get acceptable alignment when a continuous member is penetrating the bulkhead or deck structure
Section Joint
Approval Centre Sydney
General - Longitudinals through Web Frames
Approval Centre Sydney
Longitudinals at Watertight Bulkhead
Longitudinal continuous through bulkhead Longitudinal terminated at bulkhead with softnose brackets Approval Centre Sydney
Edge Support of Cut-Outs
Edge support when length of free edge exceed 50t or D≥ 50t Cut-outs to be kept well clear of end of brackets and locations where shear stresses are high Approval Centre Sydney
Hard Chine / Knuckle Problem: Cracking due to unfavourable detail design. Possible Cause: The knuckle represents an elastic element in the plate, the effective flange will be reduced and the stresses will increase locally in way of the web / bulkhead, in addition large dynamic pressures act on the planing strip / spray rail.
Integral spray rail
Cracks External spray rail Cracks in web and shell plating
Approval Centre Sydney
Hard Chine / Knuckle Solution:
CHINE SUPPORT
KNUCKLE SUPPORT
Approval Centre Sydney
Pillar Connections/Cross Ties connection Problem: Cracking and buckling of frame webs and ties. Possible Cause: Unfavourable detail design.
Buckling and tripping of frame
Position Cracks
Approval Centre Sydney
Pillar Connections/Cross Ties connection
Solution: Additional tripping brackets should be fitted to support cross tie or pillar. Soft toe brackets to be fitted
Soft toe brackets
Add tripping brackets
Approval Centre Sydney
Transverse Frames - Buckling Problem:Buckling and tripping of frame in way of sharp radius. Position Buckled web and tripped flange
Approval Centre Sydney
Transverse Frames Buckling Solution: as illustrated below, or various combinations to increase buckling capability
Additional buckling stiffener
Tripping brackets
Additional bracket Tripping brackets
Approval Centre Sydney
SKEGS FOR DIRECTIONAL STABILITY Problem: Cracks in various locations starting from weld to bottom plating, edges and slot welds Possible Cause: Unfavourable detail design. Insufficient stiffening Unfavourable weld method
Bottom Pl.
Cracks
Approval Centre Sydney
SKEGS FOR DIRECTIONAL STABILITY Solution: Introduce additional stiffening. Improve weld connections by using double sided fillet welds or full penetration with backing bar where access is difficult. Avoid scallop welds, replace with continuous welds against permanent backing
Additional Stiffening / Continuous Welding
Approval Centre Sydney
SCALLOPS AND CHAIN WELDS Problem: Cracks originating from end of chain weld propagating into stiffener. Cracks originating from scallops propagating into web or shell plating, along HAZ of weld Possible Cause: Vibrations from machinery or high dynamic sealoads. Unfavourable detail design for area. Unfavourable weld execution at starts and stops of chain welds and at ends/terminations of scallops Approval Centre Sydney
Crack
Cracks in web along HAZ of weld, crack in bottom plating
SCALLOPS AND CHAIN WELDS Solution: Longitudinal stiffeners in area should be welded with double continuous welds. Scallops should be avoided, necessary drain holes may be cut in web above weld to bottom plating
Re-weld with continuous welding
Scallops avoided, necessary drain holes cut above weld.
Approval Centre Sydney
Thrust Bearing, Shaft Bearing and Engine Foundations Problem: Cracks in various parts of foundations originating from weld toes at ends of brackets, stiffeners and scallops, ends of sniped flanges, or at ends of buttwelds in flanges in way of thickness transitions. Possible Cause: Unfavourable detail design, weld execution at ends, in way of scallops and at buttwelds of thickness transitions. Insufficient thickness of critical parts.
Cracks in bracket supports starting from bracket ends and scallops
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Cracks in foundation flanges in way of thickness transitions
Approval Centre Sydney
Thrust Bearing, Shaft Bearing and Engine Foundations Solution: Improve detail design, by avoiding brackets and stiffening with unfavourable details as indicated previously. Increase thickness in certain locations. Improve position and profile of transitions between thick and thinner parts. Improve structural continuity by adding brackets or new flange pieces replacing sniped flanges. Careful grinding of critical welds and rounding of edges of foundations, flanges and transitions will improve fatigue life
New thicker transverse webs cut from one piece welded without scallops and with weld toes ground. Reposition girder webs inside line of gear bed bolting.
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Reposition weld in relation to supports and increase taper
Approval Centre Sydney
Thrust Bearing, Shaft Bearing and Engine Foundations Foundations supporting oscillatory equipment will be exposed to varying degrees of vibrations at high frequency. Fatigue failure must therefore be taken into consideration. Typical details that may give rise to high stress concentrations and for which it is difficult to obtain a good surface finish are scallops, cutouts, sniped flanges etc. It is therefore very important to maintain structural continuity, avoid scallops and sniped flanges whenever possible and improve details by grinding smooth surfaces at critical locations.
Approval Centre Sydney
FOIL AND APPENDAGE FOUNDATION Problem: Cracks in various parts of foundations originating from weld toes at ends of brackets, stiffeners and scallops, or at ends of buttwelds in flanges in way of thickness transitions. Possible Causes: Unfavourable detail design. Poor execution of welds. Insufficient dimensions of critical parts. Lack of structural continuity
Foil internal supporting structure
Cracks in various of the flange junctions and bracket end connections
Approval Centre Sydney
FOIL AND APPENDAGE FOUNDATION Solution Improving detail design by ensuring soft transitions at cruciform joints, positioning of buttwelds outside areas of stress concentrations, avoiding scallops or ensuring proper weld finishing at the scallop toes, fitting of soft toe brackets at ends of girders.
Approval Centre Sydney
Use proper soft transitions between girder flanges and soft toe brackets at girder ends
BULKHEAD STIFFENING ARRANGEMENT Problem: Cracks in brackets or stiffener at ends or cracks in bulkhead plating in way of unsupported stiffener ends Possible Cause: Unfavourable detail design. Fatigue cracking from sloshing of liquid in tanks or varying sea pressure
Cracks Cracks
Typical cracks at unsupported ends of vertical stiffeners
Approval Centre Sydney
BULKHEAD STIFFENING ARRANGEMENT Solution Soft toe brackets Provide full shear connection of webs Provide end support to unsupported stiffeners.
End connection of bulkhead stiffeners Approval Centre Sydney
Soft toe brackets, stiffener webs welded continuously to bulkhead.
BRACKET CONNECTIONS Problem Cracks in brackets and longitudinal stiffener, cracks originating from weld toes in various locations propagating into plating or along HAZ of weld. Possible Causes Vibrations from machinery or high dynamic sealoads. Unfavourable detail design for the area. Unfavourable workmanship. Insufficient scantlings.
Cracks
Intermittent welding
Approval Centre Sydney
BRACKET CONNECTIONS Solution Connect webs of longitudinals to bulkheads or frames with continuous welds, avoid scallops and weld start / stops in critical positions. Fit soft toe brackets. Toe height should be limited - refer soft toe bracket detail
Soft bracket possibly of increased size.
Webs welded continuously.
Approval Centre Sydney
TRANSVERSE FRAMES Problem Cracking in plate buttweld in knuckle. Cracking in webs and bulkheads in way of knuckle. Possible Causes Unfavourable detail design. The knuckle represents an elastic element in the plate, the effective flange will be reduced and the stresses will increase locally in way of the web / bulkhead.
Approval Centre Sydney
Cracks in webs and along shell plating butt weld
Crack in longitudinal butt weld in shell
Cracks in webs from scallop
TRANSVERSE FRAMES Solution Knuckles should be supported with brackets which are properly connected to stiffeners on bulkheads or flanges of web frames. For knuckles with small change of direction, a plate insert made from a bent plate may be introduced to move butt weld out of the knuckle area.
Insert bent plate
Add brackets to support knuckle
Alt. 1, on both sides of frame
Approval Centre Sydney
Alt. 2, on one side of frame
STRUCTURAL DESIGN - POINTS TO REMEMBER 1. Bottom slamming will be dimensioning to all structures in this area. Shear area requirement to longitudinal stiffener may be severe. 2. Chines and knuckles have to be supported 3. Side plating (L>50m) may need increased thickness for shear buckling. 4. Vertical pillars to be positioned correctly first time. 5. Transverse deck girders will often have long spans which need appropriate section properties. 6. Deck plates of catamarans need to be checked for buckling due to transverse bending moment. Approval Centre Sydney
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