In situ hybridization 丁玉强 Lab of Neural Development ION
Email:
[email protected] Phone: 54921773
Main contents • In situ hybridization (distribution of mRNA) • Neural tracing (retrograde and anterograde) • General approaches to analyses phenotype in KO mice (CNS)
Main contents • In situ hybridization (distribution of mRNA) • Neural tracing (retrograde and anterograde) • General approaches to analyses phenotype in KO mice (CNS)
Why do we need in situ hybridization? Cellular localization of the interested genes (Southern blot) Distributions of mRNA (ISH) and protein (IHC) may differ
Advantages compared with IHC • Any interested genes, and save time – Takes time to make specific antibody, especially when you caught a new gene – Antibodies against mouse and other species are very limited
Disadvantages compared with IHC • Keep in mind, localizations of mRNA and functional sites (protein) may differ
– e.g. when study functional site of a receptor, you need to get antibody
• Procedures are more complicated than IHC
– Two days vs 34 days – Making probes also takes time—but it is not hard
Disadvantages compared with IHC • It is not convenient to do double in situ, or a combination with IHC, although it is practicable. – Note: in a combination with IHC, do ISH first
Probes Two major:
– RNA probe – DNA probe (Oligonucleiotide)
• SpecificityRNA • SensitivityRNA • S/NRNA • ComplexityRNA (DNA is simple)
Labeling of probe:
Nonradioactive Digoxygenin ( 地高辛 ) Radioactive35S
Probe sequence selection and primer design RNA probe • Using the cDNA sequence not the genome sequence • Blast the sequence and select the specific region for the interested genes • Length: 3001000bp; >1kb need to hydrolyze • Design primers (> 19nt)
Procedure for construction of vectors Mouse Brain Total RNA extraction AAAAAAAAAA
mRNA
TTTTTTTTTTTT
1st Strand cDNA synthesis AAAAAAAAAA TTTTTTTTTTTT
First Strand cDNA Specific Primer/F First Strand cDNA
PCR Specific Primer/R Specific Amplication
PCR product of specific gene
A
A
Oligo d(T)18
The features of PCR product and subcloning • Taqase usually adds a A to 3’end of PCR product without DNA template, and this PCR product can be ligated with the T Vector
A
T7
A
PCR product
SP6
Of course, you can use other vectors, such as pBluescrip
In vitro transcription Restriction site T7
Antisense
SP6
DNA construct
Cut with restriction enzyme T7
Antisense
RNA transcripts
In situ hybridization
SP6
Probe Preparation
Exactly follow the protocols unless you are a superman in this!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 1. Cut between 20 µg of miniprep quality plasmid DNA with a fivefold excess of an appropriate restriction enzyme for 2 hs. Check digestion on minigel. 2. Extract cut template in an equal volume of 50 : 48 : 2 phenol : chloroform : isoamyl alcohol. Spin down, transfer the upper layer to a fresh tube and extract with chloroform : isoamyl alcohol.
3. Precipitate upper layer with 1/9 volume of 3M NaOAc and 2 volume ethanol at‑80°C. Spin down at 4°C for 15 min. Wash pellet with 70% EtOH and spin again. Resuspend pellet in 20µl of RNAsefree TE, and store at 4°C until required. Write down the concentration, date, and owner on the tube
4. Set up the following reaction in 50µl total volume: 5x Stratagene synthesis buffer 0.1M DTT (RNAase free) 10mM NTPs/digoxygeninUTP RNAsin RNA polymerase (T3, T7 or Sp6) units) DNA template RNAse freewater (Not DEPC water) Incubate at 37°C for 2 hours.
10µl 5µl 2.5µl 0.25µl (10 units) 4.5µl (90 2.5µg to 50µl
5. Remove 2µl for minigel sample. Add 20 units of RNAsefree DNAse and continue incubation for a further 10 min at 37°C. Remove a second 2µl sample and check that DNA has been degraded on a minigel 6. Add 52µl of 'Stop' buffer to the reaction 7. Transfer the purified probe to a clean tube. Add 1/9 volume of 3M NaOAc, pH4.8 and 2 volumes of ethanol. Precipitate at 80°C for 10 minutes. Spin down at 4°C for 15 min, wash the pellet in 95% EtOH/5% DEPC water and spin again for 5 min
8. Resuspend the pellet in 50µl of an RNAse free solution of 40mM NaHCO3 / 60mM Na2CO3. Remove a 1µl sample for OD260 measurement. Incubate at 60°C for 35 minutes to hydrolyse the probe into small fragments (between 200300 bp). 35 minutes works fine for a 1kb probe.
The amount of time, t , for hydrolysis in 40mM NaHCO3 / 60mM Na2CO3 at 60°C is given by: (Starting length, kb) (Desired length, kb) t = ————————————————————— (0.11) (Starting length, kb) (Desired length, kb)
Principles of In situ procedures • All reagents and mailers must be RNAse free during pre and hybridization – Treat all containers (forceps) with DEPC water – Wear gloves always
Again, please exactly follow the protocols THIS IS TO ALL FRESHMAN!!!!!!!!!!!!
Sections Tissues: Fresh tissue, fixed tissue or paraffin embedded Sections: (520 µm) are collected on Superfrost/Plus slides (Fisher) and dried in air for 1 hour at RT, stored at 20°C (for a long period, at 70°C). – Alternatively, use RNAsefree slides coated with TESTA. Details of how to prepare TESTA coated slides are in the Appendix
A: PreTreatment of Sections • • • •
1. Warm slides to RT and dry at 50°C for 15 min. 2. Fix in 4% PFA in DEPCPBS at RT for 20 min. 3. Wash twice in DEPCPBS at RT for 5 min. 4. Treat slides with 50µg/ml Proteinase K in PK buffer at RT for between 815 min depending on the age of the embryo.
– Determine yourselfConcentration or digestion time
• 5. Wash once in DEPCPBS at RT for 5 min. Fix in 4% PFA in DEPCPBS for 15 min • 6. Rinse once in DEPCwater • 7. Acetylation. Place slides in an RNAsefree glass trough with a stir bar. Add 250ml 0.1M RNAsefree triethanolamine( 三乙醇胺 )HCl pH 8.0. Add 0.625ml acetic anhydride with constant stirring. Turn off stirrer when the acetic anhydride ( 醋酸酐 ) is dispersed and leave for a further 10 min. (Note: Most probes like this, but some do not)
• 8. Wash slides in DEPCPBS at RT for 5 min. • 9. Hybridization: Prehybridise for 34 hs at 60°C. Replace with 12µg/ml of probe and continue incubation for a further 1216 hs. These steps should be performed in the hybridization oven, not the regular 60°C oven, as the latter does not maintain its temperature well.
B: Washing Steps Note: 1. After hybridisation, it is not necessary to use RNAsefree buffers and containers; 2. Make sure real temperature of SSC solution is 60°C 1. Place slides in a trough (a big container) with a stir bar. Wash in 1xSSC at 60°C for 10 min 2. Wash in 1.5xSSC at 60°C for 10 min, and then cool slides to 37°C 3. Wash twice in 2xSSC at 37°C for 20 min each. 4. Treat with 0.1µg/ml RNAse A in 2xSSC at 37°C for 30 min (remove unbound probe)
5. Wash in 2xSSC at RT for 10 min 6. Wash twice in 0.2xSSC at 60°C for 30 min each Note: 0.2xSSC is vital to reduce background 7. Wash once in 0.2xSSC at RT for 15 min 8. Wash once in PBT for 15 min 9. Incubate slides in 4% normal sheep serum in PBT for several hr at RT (blocking)
C: Antibody Visualisation of Digoxygenin 1. Incubate slides with (preabsorbed) anti digoxygenin antibody (alkaline phosphatase (AP)coupled; 1:2000) in 4% sheep serum in PBT at 4°C overnight 2. Wash three times in PBT at RT for 30 min each 3. Wash twice in Alkaline Phosphatase buffer at RT for 5 minutes each.
4. Visualization: For every ml of AP buffer, add 1µl of NBT and 3.5µl of BCIP, and develop in the dark for between 220 hours Note: Since the AP enzyme is very stable, it is possible to wash out the NBT/BCIP, replace with AP buffer, and to continue the reaction at a later time
5. Wash twice in PBS to remove substrates
Note: many crystals may exist in the section, so check the sections under microscopy
6. Fix slides in 4% PFA for at least 15 min at RT. Mount slides in glycerol/PBS. Note: Fix NBT/BCIP precipitate, because background may come dark
For
Whole Mount In Situ Hybridization In Situ Hybridization on Cultured Cells Basically the same Please see the protocols in Word file
Main contents • In situ hybridization • Neural tracing (retrograde and anterograde) – A brief introduction
• General approaches to analyses phenotype in KO mice (CNS)
Neural tracing Take the advantages of:
a. Axonal flows
Retrograde and anterograde
b. Membrane can take up (endocytosis) tracers by receptors or by a nonspecific manner
Wellused tracers • HRP( 辣根过氧化物酶 ) and WGAHRP Both antero and retrograde manners Transganglionic labeling EM Combination with ISH
• BDA (Biotinylated Dextran Amine; 结合生物素的葡 聚糖胺 ) – Both anterograde and retrograde – Easy to handle – Reveals fine axon terminals and dendrites – EM
•CTb (cholera toxin B subunit; 霍乱毒素 B 亚单位 ) –Visualization with antibodyretrograde
• Fluorescent dyes — 荧光染料 (retrograde) – – – –
FluoroGold (FG) -紫外激发-黄色 Fast blue (FB) -紫外激发-蓝色 Nuclear yellow (NY) -紫外激发-黄色 DiI (DiA, DiO) -绿光激发-红色 • Physical diffusion along the membrane • Can be sued in fixed tissue • Label fine dendritic spine
DiI labeling in spinal cord
• PHAL(phaseolus vulgaris agglutinin, 菜豆凝集素 ) – Anterograde – Visualization with IHC
Main contents • In situ hybridization • Neural tracing (retrograde and anterograde) – A brief introduction
• General approaches to analyse phenotypes in KO mice (CNS)
Several aspects before you start – Possible categories of the genes •Transcription factor? Receptor? Intracelluar kinase? – Possible functions of the genes •Axonal guidance cue? Migration? Differentiation? cell fate determination? Projection?
Step 1 Temporospatial Expression patters of the genes • Where:
– Localization • Regions?
– Subpopulation
• Subtypes? • Neurons or glia? • Postmitotic vs proliferating?
• When:
– Earliest stage? – Time point at which expression pattern changes? – Transient or persistent?
One more example of further defining subtypes of the interested genes
Step 2 Earliest stage detected morphological changes Purpose of KO: Gene’s function Mechanisms Molecular events occur earlier
Step 3 Possible causality between inactivation of gene and phenotype • 1. Expression of genes that have possible association with the phenotype, and other approaches • 2. Think about how LOF makes the defects happens • 3. Test your hypothesis – GOF – In vitro assay
• 4. Make a story
Gene expression profiles in the mutant
GOF to test the hypothesis
• Collection of the data you got, and draw a conclusion – DCC is essential for ventral migration of earlyborn spinal interneuron during spinal cord development
• Submit your paper – Choose one you like most: •Cell, Nature, Science, or…. • Wait for commentsrevise (add more data)and send back • publish • Get your degree • Continue your research career, go abroad to learn more • A PI position is waiting for you