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Laboratorium Ilmu Dermatologi & Venereologi

Journal Reading

Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Mulawarman

Molluscum Contagiosum: An Update

Oleh

Dian Kurnia Dwi Saputri 1810029037

Pembimbing

dr. Vera Madonna L, M.Kes, M.Ked (DV) Sp.DV

LABORATORIUM/SMF DERMATOLOGI DAN VENEREOLOGI PROGRAM STUDI PENDIDIKAN PROFESI DOKTER FAKULTAS KEDOKTERAN UNIVERSITAS MULAWARMAN SAMARINDA

RSUD ABDUL WAHAB SYAHRANIE SAMARINDA 2018

TERJEMAHAN

Moluskum Kontangiosum : Pembaruan Alexander K.C. Leung1, Benjamin Barankin2 dan Kam L.E. Hon3 1

Departemen anak, Universitas Calgary, Rumah sakit anak Alberta Children, Calgary, Alberta, Canada;

2

Toronto Dermatology Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada;

3

Departemen anak, Universitas Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong

Abstrak: Latar belakang: Moluskum kontagiosum adalah infeksi virus yang mengenai kulit pada masa kanak-kanak dan terjadi di seluruh dunia. Para dokter harus membiasakan diri untuk mengenali penyakit yang cukup umum ini. Tujuan: Untuk meninjau secara mendalam mengenai epidemiologi, patofisiologi, manifestasi klinis, komplikasi dan khususnya mengenai pengobatan pada moluskum kontagiosum. Metode: Pencarian melalui PubMed menggunakan pertanyaan klinis dengan kata kunci "moluskum kontagiosum". Hak paten dari karya tulis dicari menggunakan kata kunci "moluskum kontagiosum" dari www.google.com/patents, http: //espacenet.com, dan www.freepatentsonline.com. Hasil: Moluskum kontagiosum disebabkan oleh poxvirus dari genus Molluscipox. Usia presekolah dan sekolah dasar lebih sering terkena. Virus ditularkan oleh kontak fisik yang dekat, auto-inokulasi, dan benda-benda disekitar. Biasanya, moluskum kontagiosum muncul tanpa gejala, padat, halus, berwarna seperti kulit, papula berbentuk kubah dengan umbilikasi sentral yang sangat khas dimana material kaseosa dapat dikeluarkan dari umbilikasi ini. Beberapa penulis menyarankan untuk mengamati terlebih dahulu lesi secara hati-hati. Banyak penulis menyarankan perawatan aktif lesi untuk alasan kosmetik atau kekhawatiran penularan dan auto-inokulasi. Perawatan aktif dapat bersifat mekanis (misalnya: krioterapi, kuretase, terapi dengan laser pewarna pulsasi), dengan bahan kimia (misalnya: kantaridin, potasium hidroksida, podofilatoksin, benzoil peroksida, tretinoin, asam trikloroasetat, asam laktat, asam glikolat, dan asam salisilat), dengan modulasi kekebalan (misalnya: imiquimod, interferon-alfa, dan simetidin) serta dengan menggunakan anti-virus (misalnya: cidofovir). Hak paten terbaru yang terkait dengan manajemen moluskum kontagiosum juga disertakan dan di diskusikan. Paten-paten ini terdiri dari komposisi topikal dan obat herbal Cina dengan dokumentasi keampuhannya yang terbatas.

Kesimpulan: Pilihan metode pengobatan harus bergantung pada tingkat kenyamanan dokter dengan berbagai pertimbangan meliputi pengobatan, usia pasien, jumlah dan keparahan lesi, lokasi lesi, dan preferensi anak/orang tua. Secara umum, berdasarkan kerusakan fisik dari lesi, krioterapi dengan nitrogen cair dan penghancuran kimia dengan cantharidin adalah metode pilihan untuk mayoritas pasien.

Kata kunci: Kantaridin, pusat umbilikasi, krioterapi, papul berbentuk kubah, poxvirus, epidemiologi.

1.

PENDAHULUAN Moluskum kontagiosum adalah penyakit infeksi umum pada kulit yang disebabkan oleh

poxvirus dan umumnya terjadi pada anak-anak [1-3]. Kondisi ini pertama kali dijelaskan oleh Bateman pada tahun 1817 [4]. Resolusi spontan pada lesi dapat terjadi pada individu dengan sistem kekebalan yang normal, meskipun baru terjadi berbulan-bulan kemudian. Pilihan pengobatan tersedia saat ini bervariasi, termasuk menunggu lesi dengan berhati-hati [1]. Perawatan aktif dapat dilakukan secara mekanis, kimia, imunomodulator, dan anti-virus. Klaim terbaru terkait pengelolaan moluskum kontagiosum juga didiskusikan.

2.

ETIOLOGI Moluskum kontagiosum disebabkan oleh poxvirus dari genus molluscipox dalam

keluarga Poxviridae [5]. Molluscum virus contagiosum (MCV) memiliki bentuk seperti bata dengan panjang doublestranded deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) virus mencapai 200 hingga 3000 nm [6]. Genom virus terhubung secara kovalen pada kedua ujungnya dan mengkodekan 182 protein dengan 105 diantaranya memiliki rekan langsung pada ortofoxvirus [7, 8]. MCV memiliki 4 subtipe utama: MCV-1 merupakan subtipe yang paling umum (75 hingga 96% kasus), diikuti oleh (dalam urutan frekuensi menurun), MCV-2, MCV-4, dan MCV-3 [5, 911]. Hampir semua kasus pada pediatri disebabkan oleh MCV-1 [12]. Di sisi lain, MCV-2 mengenai remaja dan orang dewasa dan utamanya ditularkan secara seksual [13]. Pada pasien dengan infeksi human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), MCV-2 menyumbang sekitar 60% dari keseluruhan infeksi MCV [12]. Dengan demikian, moluskum kontagiosum yang berhubungan dengan HIV tidak mewakili kekambuhan infeksi MCV pada masa kanak-kanak [12]. Secara umum, infeksi pada individu biasanya disebabkan oleh hanya satu subtipe dari virus [14].

3.

EPIDEMIOLOGI Moluskum kontagiosum terjadi di seluruh dunia namun umumnya terjadi pada daerah

dengan iklim tropis dan cenderung lembab [1, 15, 16]. Satu-satunya host yang dikenal untuk MCV adalah manusia [5, 9, 17]. Data epidemiologi mengenai moluskum kontagiosum cukup sedikit dan sebagian besar berfokus pada tingkat infeksinya atau faktor risiko pada populasi tertentu. Diperkirakan bahwa moluskum kontagiosum terjadi sekitar 1% dari semua kondisi dermatologis yang di diagnosis [8, 11, 18]. Reynolds dkk. menganalisis data kunjungan rawat jalan dengan diagnosis moluskum kontagiosum pada Indian Health Service National Patient Information Reporting System di Amerika Serikat dalam kurun waktu 2001 hingga 2005 [19]. Penulis menemukan bahwa rata-rata tingkat kunjungan tahunan orang Indian-Amerika dan pribumi Alaska dengan moluskum kontagiosum pada pasien rawat jalan sebesar 20,15 per 10.000. Kyriakis dkk. melakukan studi perbandingan selama 8 tahun pada 50.237 pasien Yunani berusia 35 hari hingga 96 tahun yang ada di klinik pendidikan dermatologi rumah sakit umum negara bagian [18]. Penulis menemukan bahwa sekitar 60% kasus terjadi pada individu yang kurang dari 20 tahun. Deteksi tahunan menunjukkan terjadinya fluktuasi secara signifikan (kisaran 2,3 hingga 6,3%, p = 0,01). Dalam sebuah penelitian terhadap 332.330 pasien di Belanda, kira-kira 17% anak-anak berusia 15 tahun mengunjungi dokter setidaknya sekali dengan diagnosa moluskum kontagiosum [20]. Baru-baru ini, Olsen dkk. melakukan peninjauan sistematis terhadap 8 artikel (n = 12.627) yang melaporkan prevalensi moluskum kontagiosum [21]. Para penulis menemukan bahwa secara keseluruhan prevalensi pada kelompok usia pediatrik yang dilaporkan antara 5,1% sampai 11,5% . Moluskum kontagiosum jarang terjadi pada anak-anak di bawah usia satu tahun [22]. Kongenital moluskum kontagiosum sangat jarang dilaporkan [23, 24]. Kondisi paling umum terjadi pada masa pra-sekolah dan sekolah dasar.[1-3, 9, 18, 25]. Rasio jenis kelamin kurang lebih sama [21]. Moluskum kontagiosum dikaitkan dengan kemiskinan, higienitas yang buruk, dan pemukiman yang terlalu padat [26]. Virus ditularkan melalui kontak fisik yang dekat, auto-inokulasi, dan kadang-kadang melalui benda yang terkontaminasi (misalnya, pakaian, spons mandi, handuk) terutama jika kulit basah [1, 6, 12, 27, 28]. Namun, sampai saat ini belum jelas apakah penyakit ini ditularkan melalui kontak sederhana dari lesi yang tampaknya utuh atau hanya terjadi pada lesi yang sudah tidak utuh. Anak-anak sangat rentan terhadap autoinokulasi, misalnya dengan cara menggosok atau menggaruk. Ini mungkin menjelaskan mengapa lesi sering ditemukan secara berkelompok. Pada orang dewasa,

penyakit ini tersebar terutama oleh kontak seksual dan biasanya ditemukan secara bathingtrunk distribution [29]. Virus itu juga bisa ditularkan dengan tato [30]. Berenang pada kolam umum juga dapat menjadi sumber infeksi [21, 31]. Penularan virus secara vertikal dari ibu ke bayi juga pernah dilaporkan, meskipun tidak umum terjadi[13,32]. Infeksi MCV dapat terjadi selama proses persalinan melalui orang yang terinfeksi pada saluran lahir atau melalui infeksi secara vertikal setelah adanya ruptur membran secara prematur [7, 13, 22]. Mayoritas kasus transmisi vertikal MCV terjadi pada 6 minggu pertama kehidupan [9, 22]. Moluskum kontagiosum terutama dapat diamati pada individu yang sehat namun, individu dengan imunodefisiensi (khususnya orang-orang dengan infeksi HIV) dan dermatitis atopik dapat meningkatan risiko terjadinya penyakit ini [1-3, 10, 15, 33-35]. Antara 5 sampai 18% dari individu dengan infeksi HIV akan terjadi koinfeksi dengan MCV [16]. Penyakit ini juga lebih umum terjadi pada individu dengan aktivitas seksual yang aktif [12].

4.

PATOFISIOLOGI Pemeriksaan histologi menunjukkan suatu lobulated yang dibatasi lesi dengan adanya

hiperplasia dari epitel dan keratinisasi serta perpindahan dari membran bawah [36]. Dalam banyak kasus stroma perilesional menunjukkan perubahan fibroedematosa menjadi fibromyxoid [37]. Studi immunohistokimia dengan antibodi monoklonal anti-CD34 menunjukkan adanya pembuluh darah halus di sekeliling lesi moluskum kontagiosum [38]. Di dalam area hiperplasia epitel, keratinosit mengandung banyak ovoid dan badan moluskum intrasitoplasmik yang besar (Badan Henderson-Patterson atau badan molluscum) yang menekan nukleus dan menghasilkan gambaran signet-ring appearance [8, 15, 36-39]. Nukleolusnya menonjol dan sitoplasma amfofilik dengan vakuolisasi yang umumnya jelas [37]. Mikroskop elektronik menunjukkan karakteristik partikel-partikel virus berbentuk batu bata di dalam badan inklusi intrasitoplasmik [31]. MCV menginfeksi sel epitel dan bereplikasi di stratum spinosum dari epidermis [9]. Replikasi virus di dalam sitoplasma keratinosit menyebabkan proliferasi dan hipertrofi keratinosit dengan karakteristik badan inklusi intrasitoplasmik [39]. Badan inklusi intrasitoplasmik mengandung sejumlah besar virion yang tertutup secara intraseluler oleh kolagen dan lipid [39]. Badan inklusi intrasitoplasmik eosinofilik ini dapat terlihat dengan pewarnaan hematoxilin-eosin [5, 10, 35]. Dengan kematian dan pecahnya sel inang, partikel MCV akan dilepaskan dan langsung dapat menginfeksi sel epitel baru [40].

5.

MANIFESTASI KLINIS Masa inkubasi berkisar 2 hingga 7 minggu, namun bisa terjadi hingga 26 minggu [5,

10, 11]. Biasanya, moluskum contagiosum akan terlihat diskrit, halus, kokoh, domeshaped, papula dengan umbilikasi sentral yang sangat khas dimana material kaseosa yang mengandung sel-sel epitel yang mati dan partikel-partikel virus dapat dikeluarkan dari umbilikasi ini (Gbr. 1) [1, 2, 41]. Warnanya bisa seputih mutiara, kuning, berwarna seperti daging, tembus cahaya, merah jambu atau merah (khususnya ketika teriritasi) [1, 5, 29]. Lesi paling umum terjadi pada daerah yang paling sering digosok atau daerah yang lembab [25]. Pada anak-anak, lesi paling sering terjadi pada ekstremitas (terutama daerah intertriginosa), batang tubuh, dan lebih jarang pada wajah [5, 29]. Pada orang dewasa, lesi lebih sering terjadi pada perut bagian bawah, paha atas, daerah kemaluan, anus, dan daerah genital [12, 37]. Lokasi atipikal termasuk puting [42, 43], areolae [42], konjungtiva [44], mukosa mulut [14], bibir [45], kelopak mata [46], kulit kepala [47], dan telapak kaki [48].

Gambar. (1). Perhatikan papul berwarna seperti daging, mutiara, dan umbilikasi pada lesi moluskum kontagiosum di aksila dan dada kanan.

Gambar. (2). Pemeriksaan lesi kontagiosum molluscum di bawah lensa pembesar menunjukkan papula berbentuk kubah dengan pusat umbilikasi

Lesi biasanya berdiameter 1 sampai 5mm dan jumlahnya biasanya kurang dari 20 [6]. Mereka sering muncul secara kelompok atau dalam pola linear (misalnya autoinoculated) [25, 49]. Tidak begitu umum lesi muncul secara soliter [50]. Pusat umbilikasi bisa sulit diamati jika ukuran lesi kecil dan pada anak kecil [1, 8]. Lesi biasanya asimptomatik tetapi kadangkadang terasa gatal atau bisa pula menjadi iritasi [16]. Pada kasus kongenital, lesi tampak seperti halo yang mengelilingi kulit kepala [7].

Jarang terjadi halo yang pucat

(hipopigmentasi) atau cincin (cincin Woronoff) di sekitar lesi molluscum contagiosum (fenomena halo) [51].

Pada titik regresi, lesi dapat meradang yang ditandai dengan eritema dan pembengkakan, hal ini secara signifikan akan menunda proses resolusi [9, 14, 52]. Tanda serupa "BOTE" (untuk awal dari akhir) telah diusulkan untuk membantu menggarisbawahi pentingnya lesi yang meradang sebagai variasi yang diharapkan dalam pembentukan kekebalan tubuh terhadap MCV daripada terhadap superinfeksi oleh bakteri [53]. Dalam satu penelitian, pasien dengan moluskum kontagiosum yang memiliki lesi meradang cenderung memiliki peningkatan jumlah lesi selama 3 bulan ke depan dari pasien tanpa lesi yang meradang [52]. Demikian juga, reaksi terhadap MCV mengahambat immunological clearance moluscum kontagiosum pada individu yang imunokompeten [54]. Pada individu dengan imunodefisiensi, lesi bisa luas dan berukuran besar [5, 55-58]. Kadang-kadang, mencapai diameter lebih besar dari 1 cm (moluska kontangiosum raksasa) [59]. Selain itu, lesi dapat terjadi pada daeerah atipikal dengan penampilan seperti verukosa dan hipertrofik [36, 58]. Lesi cenderung progresif, menyebar, kebal terhadap pengobatan, dan sering berulang [36, 60].

6.

DIAGNOSIS Diagnosis sebagian besar bersifat klinis. Lesi diskrit, halus, berwarna seperti kulit,

papula berbentuk kubah dengan pusat umbilikikasi bersifat patognomonik. Lensa pembesar atau dermoscopi membantu visualisasi dari pusat umbilikasi yang mungkin tidak jelas dengan mata telanjang (Gbr. 2). Dermoskopi menunjukkan pusat umbilikasi dengan poli lobular yang terlihat dengan baik, menyerupai lingkaran atau semanggi berdaun empat, struktur amorf bewarna putih sampai kekuning-kuningan yang dikelilingi oleh pembuluh perifer yang kemerahan, linier atau bercabang (Gbr. 3) [61-63]. Meskipun metode molekuler seperti polymerase chain reaction (PCR) mungkin sangat bermanfaat untuk studi klinis dan epidemiologi infeksi MCV, hal ini tidak digunakan secara rutin dalam praktek. Pemeriksaan eksisi dan histopatologi seharusnya disediakan untuk pasien dengan morfologi atipikal yang membuat diagnosis sulit ditegakkan. Pemeriksaan histopatologi menunjukkan karakteristik dari inklusi eosinofilik intrasitoplasmik dengan menggunakan pewarnaan hematoxilin-eosin [6, 10]. Penemuan terbaru menunjukkan bahwa teknik hand-held reflectance confocal microscopy memungkinkan pemindaian horisontal secara in vivo dari lapisan kulit superfisial dengan hasil yang sebanding seperti dengan menggunakan histopatologi [62]. Dengan demikian, hand-held reflectance confocal microscope adalah alat cepat dan non-invasif yang dapat digunakan untuk membantu diagnosis moluskum kontagiosum.

Gambar. (3). Pemeriksaan dermatoskopi dari lesi moluska kontangiosum menunjukkan diskret,non-folikel, papul bewarna putih. Papula epidermis memiliki tanda-tanda permukaan kulit yang terdistorsi.

7.

DIAGNOSIS BANDING Moluskum kontagiosum harus dibedakan dari acne vulgaris, cacar air, kutil (veruka

vulgaris), papular acrodermatitis pada anak-anak (Gianotti-Crosti syndrome), milia, siringoma, Fordyce spots, papular urtikaria, erupsi xanthoma, multipleks steatosistoma, folikulitis, kondiloma acuminata, lichen striatus, dan lichen planus [1, 11, 64]. Moluska kontagiosum raksasa mirip dengan acanthoma acantholitik, kista epidermoid, dan nodul subepidermalkalsifikasi [65, 66]. Acne vulgaris ditandai oleh papul folikular noninflamasi atau komedo dan dengan papul inflamasi, pustula, dan nodul dalam bentuk yang lebih parah [67]. Lesi patognomonik berupa komedo, yang mungkin terbuka atau tertutup [67]. Lesi dari jerawat cenderung terjadi pada wajah, dan pada tingkat lebih rendah terjadi di dada bagian atas dan punggung [67]. Hal ini adalah kondisi ini paling sering terjadi selama masa remaja. Lesi pada cacar air mulai dengan makula berwarna seperti mawar, dan berkembang pesat menjadi papula, kemudian menjadi vesikel dengan penampilan klasik "dew drop on a rose petal", pustula dan akhirnya menjadi krusta [68, 69]. Lesi baru muncul setiap satu atau dua hari, dengan dua hingga empat kumpulan berkembang selama perjalanan penyakit. Jumlah total lesi biasanya bervariasi antara 250 sampai 500. Umumnya, karakteristik lesi akan melalui berbagai tahap perubahan sepanjang minggu pertama penyakit. Ruam kulit biasanya sangat pruritus. Distribusi lesi biasanya pusat, dengan konsentrasi terbesar pada batang tubuh. Bekas luka biasanya merupakan hasil dari cacar air bukan dari moluskum kontagiosum [68]. Kutil (veruka vulgaris) biasanya tidak bergejala, berbatas tegas, papula kecil/nodul dengan hiperkeratosis dan permukaan verukosa [70]. Lesi biasanya berwarna kuning, coklat

keabu-abuan atau berwarna seperti daging. Ketika permukaannya dikupas, ciri khas titik-titik hitam yang merupakaan keadaan terlihatnya trombosis kapiler [64]. Lokasi predileksi dari kutil meliputi jari-jari, permukaan dorsum tangan, jari kaki, siku, lutut, dan wajah [70]. Papular acrodermatitis pada masa kanak-kanak (Gianotti-Crosti syndrome) ditandai dengan onset akut yang multipel, papul morforfik, pipih di atasnya, berwarna merah muda sampai merah coklat atau papulovesikel [71]. Biasanya, lesi simetris berada pada permukaan ekstensor ekstremitas [71]. Lesi trunkal, jika ada, biasanya ringan dan sementara. Milia berukuran kecil (umumnya kurang dari 3mm), putih, jinak, kista keratinous superfisial, dan berbentuk kubah. Sedangkan Milia kongenital primer biasanya terjadi pada hidung dan anakanak serta orang dewasa cenderung terjadi di kelopak mata. Biasanya, syringomas hadir sebagai papula kecil, lunak ke keras, warna kulit menjadi sedikit kekuningan [72]. Papulanya biasanya berdiameter 1 sampai 3mm, tanpa gejala, dan didistribusikan secara simetris. Lesi mungkin soliter atau biasanya terdiri secara berkelompok. Distribusi dapat dilokalisasi atau disamaratakan [72]. Siringoma ditemukan terutama di dada dan leher serta diikuti di lengan bawah. Secara klinis, bintik-bintik Fordyce muncul asimtomatik, terisolasi atau berkelompok, menit (ukuran pinhead), berwarna kuning krem dan papula diskrit [73]. Umumnya paling banyak terjadi di perbatasan bibir dan mukosa mulut dan, lebih jarang, pada penis, skrotum, dan labia [73]. Lesi biasanya bilateral dan simetris. Di batang penis, papula ini lebih jelas ketika preputium meregang atau selama penis ereksi. Saat lesi di tekan akan terasa tebal, bewarna pucat atau terdiri dari material perkejuan. Secara khas papul pada urtikaria bersifat pruritus intensif yang berkelompok atau papul urtikaria diseminata yang disebabkan oleh reaksi hipersensitivitas dari gigitan atau sengatan serangga. Beberapa lesi memiliki pusat punctum. Kondisi ini paling sering terlihat pada anakanak usia 3 hingga 10 tahun dan paling umum terjadi pada musim panas dan akhir musim semi. Xantoma eruptif ditandai dengan papula bewarna kuning-oranye dengan onset yang mendadak [74]. Predileksi tempat meliputi ekstremitas ekstensor dan bokong. Erupsi xanthoma sangat sugestif terhadap terjadinya hiperlipidemia [74]. Secara klinis, multiplex steatosistoma merupakan papul atau nodul multiple, asimptomatis, halus, bulat, lembut, dapat digerakkan, bewarna kuning hingga warna kulit [75]. Lesi berdiameter dari milimeter hingga satu sentimeter dengan pertumbuhan yang lambat. Lesi superfisial biasanya berwarna kekuning-kuningan sementara lesi yang lebih dalam berwarna seperti warna kulit. Epidermis diatasnya normal tanpa tanda punctum sentral.

Isinya biasanya berminyak atau creamy. Predieksi tempat pada dada dan jarang pada leher, aksila, ekstremitas proksimal, dan selangkangan di mana kelenjar sebaceous dalam jumlah tinggi ditemukan. Folikulitis biasanya muncul dengan pustul kecil-kecil, diskrit, dan dasar eritematosa yang terletak pada folikel. Pertumbuhan rambut cenderung tidak terganggu. Lesi kondiloma akuminata biasanya dimulai sebagai papula yang lunak, berwarna seperti daging, datar atau tidak. Papul ini mungkin bergabung untuk membentuk plak seperti beludru atau pertumbuhan seperti kembang kol. Kondiloma akuminata biasanya terjadi di daerah perianal. Lichen striatus ditandai dengan onset mendadak, berwarna daging, merah muda, cokelat, atau eritema, papula dengan puncak datar dan berdiameter 1 sampai 3 mm [76]. Papula sering menyatu membentuk pita linear yang terus menyambung atau terputus selama beberapa minggu. Pita linear ini dapat melengkung karena mengikuti garis Blaschko. Lesi pada lichen planus dicirikan oleh 6 ciri khas meliputi planar (datar di atasnya), ungu, poligonal, pruritus, dan papula / plak yang menyerang kulit [77]. Lesi lichen planus sering ditumpangi oleh lacy, reticular, dan garis putih yang dikenal sebagai 'Wickham striae'. Situs predileksinya meliputi flexor pergelangan tangan dan pergelangan kaki, dorsum tangan, batang tubuh, tulang kering, dan glans penis. Distribusinya sering simetris. Sama seperti pada psoriasis, fenomena Koebner merupakan karakteristik khususnya [77]. Acantholitik acanthoma adalah tumor jinak pada kulit ditandai secara histologis dengan acanthosis dan acantholisis prominen [78]. Secara klinis, acantoma acantholitik merupakan papula atau nodul keratotik yang asimptomatik, dan biasanya terdapat pada batang tubuh [78]. Kondisi ini terjadi terutama pada pasien lansia dengan rasio laki-laki dan perempuan 2: 1 [78]. Biasanya, lesi pada kista epidermoid akan berasa fluktuatif hingga keras, berbentuk kubah

yang

melekat

pada

kulit

tetapi

tidak

melekat

pada

struktur

yang

mendasarinya.Mungkin terdapat punctum. Lesi ini memiliki kecenderungan untuk tumbuh perlahan. Sebuah nodul kalsifikasi subepidermal biasanya muncul sebagai sebagai papula atau bintil yang berbentuk kubah, tegas, dan berbatas tegas dengan permukaan yang halus atau halus [65]. Warnanya bisa kuning-putih atau eritema. Lesi biasanya soliter dan lebih sering terjadi di daerah kepala dan leher [65]. Pada individu dengan gangguan sistem imun, diagnosis banding juga termasuk: kriptokokmosis, histoplasmosis, penicilliosis, aspergillosis, dan coccidomycosis [14, 15, 79].

8.

KOMPLIKASI Secara kosmetik, lesi pada moluskum kontagiosum dapat sangat mengganggu karena

dianggap tidak sedap dipandang dan menyebabkan kecemasan berlebihan pada orang tua dengan anak yang menderita penyakit ini [80]. Hal ini terutama terjadi pada lesi yang sangat besar atau luas pada daerah yang mudah terlihat [81]. Komplikasi sekunder lain meliputi infeksi bakteri, iritasi, peradangan, konjungtivitis, dan keratitis pungtata superfisial [1,7, 82, 83]. Infeksi sekunder oleh bakteri sering terjadi akibat tergores dan memicu terjadinya impetiginisasi [1]. Sekitar 10% dari pasien yang terkena juga akan mengalami dermatitis eksematosa di sekitar lesi moluskum kontagiosum [84]. Dermatitis eksematosa biasanya akan reda secara spontan dengan keberhasilan pengobatan lesi moluskum kontagiosum [7]. Dalam beberapa kasus, reaksi ini mungkin muncul pada lokasi yang jauh dari lesi moluskum kontagiosum itu sendiri [54]. Follikulitis dan eritema multiformis yang diakibatkan oleh moluskum kontagiosum jarang terjadi [85, 86]. Infeksi epidermoid kista oleh MCV jarang tetapi pernah terjadi [87, 88]. Molluscum kontagiosum yang memicu terjadinya eritema anulare di daerah sentrifugal juga jarang dilaporkan [89, 90]

9.

PENATALAKSANAAN

9.1. Tatalaksana umum Untuk menghidari penyebaran infeksi, penggunaan sprei, handuk, spons, dan bak mandi secara bersamaan harus dibatasi [10, 15]. Berenang pada kolam umum dan olahraga yang mengharuskan kontak secara fisik dengan penderita dapat menjadi sumber penyebaran infeksi sehingga harus di waspadai [10, 15]. Walaupun demikian, tidak dibenarkan untuk menjauhkan anak-anak yang menderita penyakit ini dari tempat penitipan atau sekolah [1, 3, 29]. Pasien /orang tua harus disarankan untuk tidak menggaruk, menggosok, atau menekan lesi dengan kuku jari mereka karena menyebabkan partikel MCV dengan mudah menyebar ke kulit yang tidak terinfeksi akibat menempelnya virus ini pada kuku yang digunakan.

9.2. Tatalaksana dengan menunggu lesi secara hati-hati Beberapa penulis menyarankan untuk menunggu lesi hingga terjadinya resolusi spontan secara hati-hati [6, 64, 91, 92]. Hal ini di khususkan pada pasien dengan penyakit ringan dan yang tidak begitu terganggu oleh lesi yang ada. Selain itu, hal ini juga dipertimbangkan pada kasus di mana lesi mempengaruhi area halus seperti wajah atau selangkangan pada anak kecil.

9.3. Tatalaksana aktif Terlepas dari kenyataan bahwa moluskum kontagiosum merupakan penyakit yang dapat sembuh dengan sendirinya, banyak penulis menyarankan perawatan lesi secara aktif demi alasan kosmetik, stigma sosial yang terkait dengan lesi yang terlihat, mengurangi ketidaknyamanan termasuk gatal, atau kekhawatiran akan transmisi dan auto-inokulasi dari lesi ini [1, 16, 25, 27, 28, 93, 94]. Salah satu kekhawatiran utama orang tua adalah bahwa anak mereka mungkin tidak dapat berpartisipasi pada berbagai kegiatan fisik seperti senam dan berenang untuk waktu yang lama sampai semua lesi sembuh sempurna [93]. Perawatan aktif sendiri meliputi perawatan mekanik, kimia, imunomodulator, dan mengguanakan antivirus [1, 2, 5, 26, 94].

9.3.1. Metode Mekanik Metode mekanik (misalnya dengan menggunakan krioterapi dengan nitrogen cair, kuret, terapi laser dengan pewarna pulsasi) umumnya cukup efektif, tetapi pada anak-anak dapat berpotensi menimbulkan trauma dan cenderung menyakitkan [1, 80, 95]. Penggunaan anestesi topikal seperti dengan campuran eutektik dari anestesi lokal (EMLA) dapat diaplikasikan pada keseluruhan lesi selama satu jam atau Nanorap (Hidrogel dengan lidokain 2,5% dan prilokain 2,5% dengan 50% dari produk aktif dalam nanocapsules) diterapkan di atas lesi selama 20 menit sebelum prosedur dikerjakan dapat dipertimbangkan [96, 97]. Anastesi topikal ini dapat membantu mengurangi ketidaknyamanan/rasa sakit yang dapat mengganggu bagi sebagian orang anak-anak. Krioterapi adalah pengobatan yang efektif pada moluskum kontagiosum. Nitrogen cair dapat diaplikasikan dengan menggunakan spray atau dengan diaplikasikan langsung menggunakan kapas ke dalam lesi hingga kurang lebih 2 mm di sekitar lesi [31]. Efek yang merugikan meliputi nyeri, eritema, pembentukan vesikel, dan dispigmentasi pada kulit [9]. Kuretase berguna untuk menghilangkan lesi secara fisik dan dianggap merupakan metode yang efektif untuk mengobati moluskum kontagiosum [17]. Dalam sebuah penelitian, 70% dari 1.878 anak diobati dengan kuret akan sembuh setelah satu kali pengobatan [97]. Tingkat keberhasilan sangat bergantung pada keterampilan dan pengalaman dari operator, serta jumlah dan distribusi dari lesi. Efek yang merugikan dari tindakan ini termasuk rasa sakit, pendarahan minor, dan jaringan parut [17]. Kuretase tidak dianjurkan untuk pasien dengan dermatitis atopik karena dapat meningkat jumlah lesi moluskum kontagiosum dan risiko yang lebih besar untuk pembentukan jaringan skars.

Terapi laser dengan pewarnaan pulsasi merupakan metode yang cukup aman, efektif, dan ditoleransi dengan baik untuk mengobati moluskum kontagiosum [98,99]. Karena laser dengan menggunakan pewarnaan pulsasi jarang tersedia dan pengobatan mahal, prosedur biasanya disediakan untuk pengobatan moluskum kontagiosum recalcitrant yang sulit disembuhkan.

9.3.2. Metode Kimia Agen kimia (misalnya cantharidin, potasium hidroksida, podofilotoxin, benzo peroksida, tretinoin, asam trikloroasetat, asam laktat, asam glikolat, dan asam salisilat) bekerja dengan cara menginduksi respon inflamasi lokal [25, 84]. Cantaridin merupakan inhibitor phosphodiesterase yang berasal dari kumbang lepuh (Lytta vesicatoria), yang telah terbukti aman, efektif, dan relatif tidak nyeri dan sering lebih disukai sebagai metode pengobatan untuk anak-anak [25, 80, 100, 101]. Dianjurkan penggunaannya secara hati-hati pada pusat lesi biasanya dengan menggunakan ujung tumpul kapas dan ditutup selama 2 hingga 6 jam (atau lebih sebentar dengan obat yang lebih kuat seperti Cantharidin plus) setelah diaplikasikan harus dibersihkan dengan menggunakan sabun dan air [35, 29]. Prosedur dapat diulang setiap 2 sampai 4 minggu sampai semua lesi telah sembuh [35]. Pengobatan dengan cantharidin memiliki efektifitas yang baik dan tingkat kepuasan orangtua yang tinggi. Meskipun penggunaan cantaridin tidak menyakitkan pada saat diaplikasikan, namun dapat menyebabkan ketidaknyamanan stelahnya seperti nyeri, pruritus, pembentukan blister, dan postinflamasi dispegmentasi (terutama pada individu berkulit gelap) [9,95, 102]. Penggunaan pada area intertriginosa seharusnya dihindari karena dapat meningkatkan reaksi inflamasi [31]. Kalium hidroksid pada konsentrasi 5 atau 10%, meruapakan pengobatan moluskum kontagiosum yang cukup aman, efisien, dan murah [17, 26, 103-106]. Obat ini dapat diterapkan secara langsung pada lesi dua kali sehari atau setiap hari selama sekitar 7 hari atau sampai respon inflamasi telah terjadi [17, 103]. Efek yang tidak diinginkan meliputi rasa terbakar / menyengat dan dispigmentasi pada lokasi yang diaplikasikan [17]. Podophyllotoxin (Podofilox) merupakan resin tanaman yang menyebabkan nekrosis jaringan juga dapat digunakan dalam pengobatan [31]. Perawatan yang direkomendasikan adalah dengan cara aplikasi topikal dua kali sehari selama tiga hari berturut-turut setiap minggu hingga 6 minggu [14, 17, 31]. Obat dapat diaplikasikan di rumah. Efek yang tidak diharapkan meliputi rasa terbakar, pruritus, iritasi, xerosis, eritema, erosi, dan perubahan pigmen setelah proses inflamasi [7, 17, 31]. Obat ini tidak dianjurkan untuk wanita hamil

karena potensi toksisitas pada janin. Persiapan kimia lainnya yang telah digunakan dalam pengobatan moluskum kontagiosum termasuk benzo peroxide, tretinoin, asam trikloroasetat, asam laktat, asam glikolat, dan asam salisilat [14, 106]. Agen-agen ini dapat diterapkan secara langsung pada lesi.

9.3.3. Metode Immodulator Agen imunomodulator (misalnya imiquimod, interferonalpha, cimetidine) bekerja dengan cara meningkatkan pelepasan sitokin secara lokal seperti -interferon, yang menginduksi terjadinya kehancuran dan regresi dari virus [10, 60, 80, 107]. Imiquimod topikal pernah dianggap bermanfaat pada pengobatan moluskum kontagiosum. Namun, pada penelitian dengan uji coba yang diatur sedemikian rupa (n = 702; usia 2 hingga 12 tahun) gagal menunjukkan keampuhan imiquimod sebesar 5% dibanding plasebo pada pengobatan moluskum kontagiosum [108, 109]. Dengan demikian, imiquimod sudah tidak lagi direkomendasikan pada pengobatan moluskum kontagiosum. Interferon-alfa dan sitokip glikoprotein, biasanya ditujukan untuk pasien immunocompromised dengan kondisi parah atau lesi refrakter [17, 31]. Biasanya diberikan secara subkutan, meskipun itu juga dapat diberikan secara intralesi [17, 31]. Cimetidine oral merupakan antagonis reseptor H2, yang bekerja dengan meningkatkan imunitas pada MCV [31]. Dosis yang dianjurkan adalah 25 hingga 40 mg / kg / hari. Obat ini cenderung aman, tidak nyeri, dan ditoleransi dengan baik. Lesi di wajah tidak memberikan respons yang tidak cukup baik juga dibandingkan dengan lesi di tempat lain pada tubuh.

9.3.4. Terapi dengan Antivirus Terapi anti-viral dengan menggunakan cidofovir topikal atau intravena juga telah digunakan untuk pasien immunocompromised dengan lesi berat dan refrakter [7, 17, 110]. Karena sidofovir intravena dapat menyebabkan nefrotoksisitas sehingga cidofovir topikal lebih disukai [7, 17]. Obat ini tersedia dalam bentuk gel 1-3% atau krim yang bisa dioleskan ke lesi setiap hari selama 5 hari per minggu hingga terjadinya resolusi. Resolusi biasanya terjadi pada 6 hingga 8 minggu [31]. Dampak buruk cidofovir topikal meliputi iritasi, erosi, perubahan pigmen postinflamasi, dan bekas luka pada tempat yang diaplikasikan [17]. Sebuah tinjauan sistematis Cochrane pada tahun 2009 didapatkan bahwa dari 11 uji coba terkontrol (n = 495) (9 studi), sistemik (1 studi), dan Intervensi homoeopati (1 studi) menunjukkan bahwa tidak ada bukti yang cukup untuk menyarankan kepada perawatan

khusus [16]. Diperlukan lebih banyak bukti review yang sistematik untuk mendukung tinjauan sistematis dari Cochrane.

9.4. Pilihan Pengobatan Pilihan metode perawatan harus bergantung pada tingkat kenyamanan dokter dengan berbagai opsi perawatan, usia pasien, jumlah dan keparahan lesi, lokasi lesi, dan terjadinya pada anak/orang tua [1, 64]. Kemanjuan prosedur, biaya, efek samping, kemudahan penggunaan, dan ketersediaan metode pengobatan harus pula menjadi pertimbangan [14]. Secara umum, kerusakan fisik dari lesi, khususnya, krioterapi dengan nitrogen cair dan penghancuran kimia dengan cantharidin adalah metode pilihan untuk sebagian besar pasien [31]. Terapi anti-viral biasanya digunakan untuk moluskum kontangiosum refrakter pada pasien immunocompromised [1, 2, 5, 25, 60, 80].

10.

PROGNOSIS Kebanyakan lesi sembuh secara spontan tanpa gejala sisa; rata-rata resolusi spontan

terjadi dalam 6,5 hingga 13 bulan tetapi kadang bisa bertahan selama bertahun-tahun kemudian [3, 80, 111]. Dalam studi kohort prospektif pada komunitas didapatkan 269 anak berusia 4 hingga 15 tahun dengan moluscum kontagiosum di Inggris, waktu yang berarti untuk resolusi adalah 13,3 bulan [111]. 30% dari kasus menunjukkan jika lesi belum sembuh pada 18 bulan dan 13% kasus lesi belum sembuh pada usia 24 bulan [111]. Dalam penelitian lain, durasi rata-rata resolusi spontan adalah 6,5 bulan dengan frekuensi terjadi pada 205 (95%) dari 217 anak di Jepang dengan moluskum kontagiosum [93]. Lesi cenderung bertahan lebih lama pada mereka yang menderita dermatitis atopik [9]. Penderita dengan imunodefisiensi akan menyebabkan lesi yang cenderung menetap [112].

PERKEMBANGAN SAAT INI DAN DI MASA MENDATANG Laporan kasus baru-baru ini menunjukkan keberhasilan penggunaan salep topikal sinecatechins dalam pengobatan moluskum kontagiosum yang sulit disembuhkan [113]. Padilla España et Al. merawat seorang gadis 5 tahun dengan sejarah dua tahun dengan lebih dari 40 lesi moluskum kontagiosum di perutnya dan menggunakan salep sinecatechins 10%. Salep itu diterapkan ke bagian atas lesi dua kali sehari selama 4 minggu. Semua lesi teratasi dalam satu bulan pengobatan. Sebelum itu, pasien dirawat dengan kalium hidroksida 10% selama satu bulan dengan perbaikan yang tidak signifikan. Komponen utama sinecatechin merupakan teh polifenol, khususnya flavonoid dengan kandungan 85% diantaranya katekin.

Efek terapeutik dapat terjadi melalui proses imunomodulator, antivirus, antitumor, dan sifat antioksidan dari sinecatechins [113]. Penemuan baru ini memerlukan penelitian lebih lanjut dengan uji plasebo-kontrol untuk lebih menjelaskan efikasi klinisnya. Laporan kasus lain menunjukkan bahwa solusio topikal 1% povidone-iodine dalam dimethylsulfoxide sangat efektif dalam pengobatan moluskum kontagiosum [114]. Temuan ini perlu dikonfirmasi dengan penelitian di masa depan. Baru-baru ini, Gao dkk. menggunakan perangkat hipertermia dengan sumber pancaran inframerah untuk mengobati 21 pasien dengan moluskum kontagiosum [115]. Lesi yang ditargetkan diterima hipertermia lokal pada suhu permukaan kulit 44°C melalui robe pemanasan seminggu sekali, dengan setiap pengobatan berlangsung 30 menit, untuk maksimal 12 minggu. Perawatan dihentikan ketika tidak ada lesi yang tersisa. Dari 18 pasien yang menyelesaikan penelitian, 12 pasien memiliki resolusi lengkap dari semua lesi, 2 pasien memiliki 50% lesi, dan 4 pasien memiliki <50% pembersihan lesi. Dampak buruk diabaikan dan terutama terdiri dari pembakaran ringan sensasi pada saat perawatan. Penelitian lebih lanjut diperlukan untuk mengkonfirmasi temuan baru ini. Viswanath dkk. Juga melaporkan keberhasilan penggunaan intralesi 5-fluorouracil dalam pengobatan moluskum kontagiosum [116]. 5-fluorouracil merupakan antimetabolit dengan aktivitas sitotoksik dan memiliki mekanisme imunostimulan [116]. Efek merugikan dari terapi 5-fluorouracil intralesi meliputi rasa sakit, eritema / hiperpigmentasi, dan ulserasi [116]. Guan et al. berhasil mengkloning dan mengidentifikasi gen target moluskum kontagiosum yang penting dan baru yaitu mD4, yang berperan penting untuk sintesis DNA secara in vitro dan dan dapat dihambat oleh senyawa kimia kecil yang mengikat mD4 [117]. Para penulis juga telah merekayasa virus vaksin hibrida (mD4-VV) alami D4 (vD4) dimana gen diganti dengan gen target mD4. Virus hibrida ini tergantung pada mD4 untuk pertumbuhan virus dan dihambat oleh senyawa kimia kecil yang mengikat ke mD4. Target ini penelitian ini untuk menyediakan platform dan pendekatan untuk penemuan target viral tambahan yang dapat digunakan untuk pengobatan moluskum kontagiosum. Johnson mengungkapkan komposisi anti-infektif yang terdiri dari setidaknya satu agen anti-infeksi dalam cairan pembawa sebagai organohalide untuk pengobatan moluskum kontagiosum [118]. Pembawa cairan ini akan menjadi penembus jaringan untuk penetrasi cepat agen anti-infeksi ke dalam lesi moluskum kontangiosum. Penulis mengklaim bahwa aplikasi topikal dari komposisi anti-infeksi untuk lesi moluskum kontagiosum ini

menyebabkan lesi berubah menjadi hitam dan rontok dari kulit dalam waktu kurang dari sekitar 5 hari. Shanler dkk. mematenkan komposisi yang lebih stabil yang terdiri dari hidrogen peroksida stabil dan 2-propanol [119]. Penulis mengklaim bahwa komposisi tersebut dapat digunakan secara topikal untuk mengobati moluskum kontagiosum. Chen et al. menciptakan salep yang disiapkan dari enam bahan baku obat Cina, yaitu radix scutellariae, herba portulacae, fructus bruceae, peach kernel dan sejenisnya [120]. Para penulis mengklaim bahwa salep ini nyaman untuk diterapkan, aman dan efektif dalam pengobatan moluskum kontagiosum. Chen et al. juga mengungkapkan obat cair tradisional cina yang digunakan sebagai penggunaan eksternal yang efektif dan aman dalam pengobatan moluskum kontagiosum [121]. Obat cair ini terutama dibentuk oleh rhizoma drynariae, akar isatis, brucea javanica, safflower, Pseudobulbus cremastrae seu pleiones dan bunga honeysuckle. Yang juga mengungkapkan obat tradisional Cina lainnya yang secara topikal dapat mengobati moluskum kontagiosum [122]. Obat ini dibuat dengan komposisi sebagai berikut: 1 hingga 5 bagian honeysuckle, 5 hingga 10 bagian akar indigowoad, 10 hingga 12 bagian biji coix mentah, 10 hingga 15 bagian poria cocos, 2 hingga 8 bagian radix arnebiae dan 5 to 7 bagian eritrosin. Para penulis mengklaim bahwa obat ini cenderung aman dan nyaman untuk digunakan, bebas racun dan efek samping, serta tidak mahal. Ma jug menciptakan obat Cina tradisional topikal untuk mengobati moluskum kontagiosum. Obat ini terdiri dari nidus vespae, scallion juice, fruktus ulmi, umbi lycoris kuning, kodok, damar Garcinia hamburgy, tembakau, minyak chaulmoogra, orpiment, maritime dock, vervain, daging Buchnera cruciata, portulaca grandiflora, ardisia japonica, holly akar kasar, bunga matahari, Stellaria media, Clinopodium herb, Caulis fici tikouae and field Sowthistle herb [123]. Penulis mengklaim bahwa obat tradisional Tiongkok ini memiliki efek terapeutik yang pasti, tidak memiliki efek samping, dan tingkat kekambuhan rendah. Metode mekanik seperti krioterapi dan kuretase untuk pengobatan moluskum kontagiosum bisa menyakitkan. Jika menggunakan modalitas ini, diperlukan anestesi topikal sebelum prosedur untuk mengurangi rasa sakit. Wang et al. mematenkan obat cina yang memiliki efek analgesik [124]. Pengobatan tradisional Cina ini terdiri dari terminalia chebula Retz, uncaria, pohon Pagoda, tuber fern, akar Elecampane inula, Cudrania tricuspidata stem leaf, daun Chinese wampee, Morus alba, Calamint, Radix trichosanthis, Viola japonica, Alectoria asiatica du Rietz, daun Reddish beautyberry dan Salvia. Huang et al. mematenkan pengobatan tradisional Tiongkok lainnya untuk persiapan anestesi pada pengobatan

moluskum kontangiosum [125]. Obat Cina tradisional ini terdiri dari bahan baku berupa: Halenia elliptica, Iindera glauca daun, Evodia lepta, Blumea lacera, Oenanthe javanica, Aconitum taipeicum, Vernonia cinerea, Eragrostis minor, Clinopodium chinense, Fordia cauliflora dan Macleaya cordata.

KESIMPULAN Moluskum kontagiosum adalah infeksi virus pada kulit yang paling sering terjadi pada masa prasekolah dan anak-anak usia sekolah. Meskipun beberapa penulis menyarankan menunggu dengan waspada terlebih dahulu lesi dan menunggu resolusi spontan, banyak penulis menyarankan untuk perawatan aktif terhadap lesi namun, literatur tentang kemanjuran pengobatan moluskum kontangiosum saat ini masih sangat langka terutama yang didasarkan pada bukti dan studi terbuka. Hanya ada beberapa pengobatan yang berhasil diterbitkan melalui penelitian dan telah diuji coba secara acak dengan plasebo. Pengobatan dengan krioterapi dan terapi laser juga masih cukup sulit. Sejauh ini, tidak ada terapi yang secara resmi telah disetujui oleh Food and Drug Administration (FDA) untuk pengobatan moluskum kontagiosum. Selain itu, data lengkap mengenai perawatan moluskum kontangiosum yang paling efektif hingga saat ini belum ada. Diharapkan di masa depan akan tercipta penelitian ideal dan dengan studi plasebo terkontrol yang akan memberi informasi lebih banyak tentang kemanjuran dan rejimen pengobatan yang paling optimal dari berbagai metode pengobatan yang telah ada saat ini atau yang masih dalam pengembangan. Sampai saat itu, pengobatan yang dianjurkan pada mayoritas pasien adalah dengan krioterapi dengan nitrogen cair atau dengan penghancuran secara kimia dengan cantharidin (terutama pada anak-anak).

PENUTUP Tulisan ini adalah pembaruan dari artikel "Moluskum kontagiosum" yang diterbitkan pada Current Pediatric Reviews, dengan izin dari Penerbit Ilmu Bentham. [Leung AK, Davies HD. Moluskum kontagiosum. Curr Pediatr Rev 2012; 8 (4): 346-9] [1].

PERSETUJUAN UNTUK PUBLIKASI Tak dapat diterapkan.

KONFLIK KEPENTINGAN Prof Leung, Dr. Barankin, dan Prof. Hon tidak ada hubungan keuangan apapun dan dengan siapapun. Para penulis mengonfirmasi bahwa konten pada artikel ini tidak memiliki konflik kepentingan.

UCAPAN TERIMA KASIH Profesor Alexander K.C. Leung adalah penulis utama. Dr Benjamin Barankin dan Prof. Kam L. Hon adalah rekan penulis yang berkontribusi dan membantu penyusunan naskah ini. Para penulis ingin mengucapkan terima kasih kepada Dr. Kin Fon Leong yang menyajikan gambaran pembesaran dan dermatoskopi dari lesi kontagiosum moluskum.

BAHASA INGGIS

Molluscum Contagiosum: An Update Alexander K.C. Leung1, Benjamin Barankin2 dan Kam L.E. Hon3

1

Departemen anak, Universitas Calgary, Rumah sakit anak Alberta Children, Calgary, Alberta, Canada;

2

Toronto Dermatology Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada;

3

Departemen anak, Universitas Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong

Abstract: Background: Molluscum contagiosum is a viral cutaneous infection in childhood that occurs worldwide. Physicians should familiarize themselves with this common condition. Objective: To review in depth the epidemiology, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, complica-tions and, in particular, treatment of molluscum contagiosum. Methods: A PubMed search was completed in Clinical Queries using the key term “molluscum conta-giosum”. Patents were searched using the key term “molluscum contagiosum”

from

www.google.com/patents,

http:

//espacenet.com,

and

www.freepatentsonline.com. Results: Molluscum contagiosum is caused by a poxvirus of the Molluscipox genus. Preschool and elementary school-aged children are more commonly affected. The virus is transmitted by close physi-cal contact, autoinoculation, and fomites. Typically, molluscum contagiosum presents as asymptomatic, discrete, smooth, flesh-colored, dome-shaped papules with central umbilication from which a plug of cheesy material can be expressed. Some authors suggest watchful waiting of the lesions. Many authors suggest active treatment of lesions for cosmetic reasons or concerns of transmission and autoinocula-tion. Active treatments may be mechanical (e.g. cryotherapy, curettage, pulsed dye laser therapy), chemical (e.g. cantharidin, potassium hydroxide, podophyllotoxin, benzoyl peroxide, tretinoin, trichloroacetic acid, lactic acid, glycolic acid, salicylic acid), immune-modulating (e.g. imiquimod, interferon-alpha, cimetidine) and anti-viral (e.g. cidofovir). Recent patents related to the management of molluscum contagiosum are also retrieved and discussed. These patents comprise of topical compo-sitions and herbal Chinese medicine with limited documentation of their efficacy. Conclusion: The choice of treatment method should depend on the physician’s comfort level with the various treatment options, the patient’s age, the number and severity of lesions, location of lesions, and the preference of the child/parents. In general, physical destruction of the lesion, in particular, cryother-apy with liquid nitrogen and chemical destruction with cantharidin are the methods of choice for the majority of patients.

Keywords: Cantharidin, central umbilication, cryotherapy, dome-shaped papules, poxvirus, epidemiology.

1. INTRODUCTION Molluscum contagiosum is a common cutaneous infec-tious disease caused by a poxvirus and generally observed in children [1-3]. The condition was first described by Bateman in 1817 [4]. Spontaneous resolution of the lesions is the norm in individuals with a normal immune system, although the condition can last for many months. A variety of treatment options are available, including watchful wait-ing [1]. Active treatments may be mechanical, chemical, immunomodulatory, and anti-viral. Recent patents related to the management of molluscum contagiosum are also discussed.

2. ETIOLOGY Molluscum contagiosum is caused by a poxvirus of the molluscipox genus in the Poxviridae family [5]. Molluscum contagiosum virus (MCV) is a large brick-shaped, doublestranded deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) virus 200 to 3000 nm in length [6]. The virus genome is covalently linked at both ends and encodes 182 proteins, of which 105 have direct counterparts in orthopoxviruses [7, 8]. MCV has 4 major subtypes: MCV-1 being the most common subtype (75 to 96% of cases), followed by, in the order of decreasing frequency, MCV-2, MCV-4, and MCV-3 [5, 9-11]. Virtually all pediatric cases are caused by MCV-1 [12]. On the other hand, MCV-2 affects teenagers and adults and is mainly sexually transmitted [13]. In patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infec-tion, MCV-2 accounts for approximately 60% of MCV infec-tions [12]. Thus, molluscum contagiosum associated with HIV does not represent recurrence of childhood MCV infection [12]. In general, an individual infection is usually caused by only one subtype of the virus [14].

3. EPIDEMIOLOGY Molluscum contagiosum occurs worldwide but is more common in areas with tropical and humid climates [1, 15, 16]. The only known host for MCV is humans [5, 9, 17]. Epidemiologic data on the incidence of molluscum contagiosum are few and most have focused on rates of molluscum contagio-sum infection or risk factors for infection in specific popula-tion subgroups. It is estimated that the infection accounts for approximately 1% of all diagnosed dermatological conditions [8, 11, 18]. Reynolds et al. analyzed data of outpatient visit records

listing molluscum contagiosum as a diagnosis in the Indian Health Service National Patient Information Reporting System in the United States during 2001 to 2005 [19]. The authors found that the average annual rate of molluscum con-tagiosum-associated outpatient visits was 20.15 per 10,000 American Indian and Alaska Native persons. Kyriakis et al. carried out an 8-year comparative study on 50,237 consecu-tive, self-referred, Greek patients aged 35 days to 96 years seen in a general state hospital dermatology teaching clinic [18]. The authors found that approximately 60% of cases oc-curred in individuals less than 20 years of age. Yearly detec-tion rates fluctuated significantly (range, 2.3 to 6.3%, p = 0.01). In a study of 332,330 patients in Netherlands, approxi-mately 17% of children aged 15 years had visited their doctor for molluscum contagiosum at least once [20]. More recently, Olsen et al. performed a systematic review of 8 articles (n = 12,627) that reported the prevalence of molluscum conta-giosum [21]. The authors found an overall reported prevalence in the pediatric age group between 5.1% and 11.5%. Molluscum contagiosum is rare in children under one year of age [22]. Congenital molluscum contagiosum, in particular, has very rarely been reported [23, 24]. The condi-tion is most common in preschool and elementary school-aged children [1-3, 9, 18, 25]. The sex ratio is approximately equal [21]. Molluscum contagiosum is associated with pov-erty, poor hygiene, and over-crowded conditions [26]. The virus is transmitted by close physical contact, autoinocula-tion, and, occasionally, contaminated fomites (e.g., clothing, bath sponges, towels), especially if the skin is wet [1, 6, 12, 27, 28]. However, it is unclear whether the disease can be transmitted by simple contact of seemingly intact lesions or whether breaking of a lesion is essential for the transmission. Children are particularly susceptible to autoinoculation, for example, via rubbing or scratching. This may explain why the lesions are often found in clusters. In adults, the disease is spread mainly by sexual contact and is typically found in a bathing-trunk distribution [29]. The virus can also be trans-mitted by tattoos [30]. Swimming in community swimming pools has been implicated as a source of infection [21, 31]. Vertical transmission of the virus from mother to infant has also been reported, although it is not common [13, 32]. MCV infection may occur during delivery via an infected birth canal or via an ascending infection after premature rup-ture of membranes [7, 13, 22]. Vertical transmission of MCV accounts for the majority of molluscum contagiosum cases seen in the first 6 weeks of life [9, 22]. Although molluscum contagiosum is seen primarily in healthy individuals, individuals with immunodeficiency (es-pecially those with HIV infection) and atopic dermatitis are at

increased risk [1-3, 10, 15, 33-35]. Between 5 and 18% of individuals with HIV infection are coinfected with MCV [16].

The disease is also more common in sexually active individuals

[12].

4. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY Histological examination shows a lobulated circum-scribed lesion with epithelial hyperplasia with accelerated keratinization and downward displacement of the basement membrane [36]. Perilesional stroma shows fibroedematous to fibromyxoid changes in many cases [37]. Immunohisto-chemical studies with anti-CD34 monoclonal antibodies show a tightly enclosing fine vasculature around lesions of molluscum contagiosum [38]. Within the area of epithelial hyperplasia, keratinocytes contain numerous discrete, ovoid, large eosinophilic intracytoplasmic inclusion bodies (Henderson-Patterson bodies or molluscum bodies), com-pressing the nucleus against the cell membrane, resulting in a signet-ring appearance [8, 15, 36-39]. Prominent nucleoli and amphophilic cytoplasm with clear vacuolization are common [37]. Electronic microscopy shows the characteris-tic brick-shaped viral particles inside the intracytoplasmic inclusion bodies [31]. MCV infects epithelial cells and replicates in the stratum spinosum of the epidermis [9]. Replication of the virus within the cytoplasm of keratinocytes leads to proliferation and hypertrophy of keratinocytes with the characteristic viral intracy-toplasmic inclusion bodies [39]. The intracytoplasmic inclu-sion bodies contain large number of virions sealed off intracel-lularly by a collagen and lipid-rich sac-like structure [39]. These eosinophilic intracytoplasmic inclusion bodies can best be demonstrated with hematoxylin-eosin stain [5, 10, 35]. With the death and rupture of the host cell, MCV particles are released which may infect new epithelial cells [40].

5. CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS The incubation period ranges from 2 to 7 weeks, but can be as long as 26 weeks [5, 10, 11]. Typically, molluscum contagiosum presents as discrete, smooth, firm, dome-shaped, waxy papules with characteristic central dell or um-bilication from which a plug of cheesy material which con-tains dead epithelial cells and virus particles can be ex-pressed (Fig. 1) [1, 2, 41]. The color can be pearly white, yellow, flesh-colored, translucent, pink or red (especially when irritated) [1, 5, 29]. The lesions are most common in areas of skin rubbing or moist regions [25]. In children, le-sions most commonly affect the extremities (particularly the intertriginous areas), trunk, and less commonly, face [5, 29]. In adults, lesions are more

common on the lower abdomen, upper thighs, pubic area, anus, and genital area [12, 37]. Atypical locations include the nipples [42, 43], areolae [42], conjunctiva [44], oral mucosa [14], lips [45], eyelids [46], scalp [47], and soles [48].

Fig. (1). Note the flesh-colored, pearly, umbilicated papules of molluscum contagiosum lesions on the right axilla and chest.

Fig. (2). Examination of a molluscum contagiosum lesion under a magnifying lens shows a dome-shaped papule with central umbili-cation.

Lesions are usually 1 to 5mm in diameter and the number is usually less than 20 [6]. They often appear in clusters or in a linear pattern (e.g. autoinoculated) [25, 49]. Less commonly, the lesion can be solitary at the time of presentation [50].

Central umbilication can

be hard to observe in small lesions and young children [1, 8]. The lesions are usually asymptomatic but may sometimes itch or become irritated [16].

In congenital cases, the

lesions appear in a halo-like ring around the scalp [7]. Rarely, a pale, hypopigmented halo or ring (Woronoff ring) around molluscum contagiosum le-sions has been described (halo phenomenon) [51]. At point of regression, the lesion may appear inflamed characterized by erythema and swelling, a finding which signifies pending resolution of the lesion [9, 14, 52]. The acronym "BOTE" sign (for beginning of the end) has been proposed to help underscore the significance of the inflamed lesion as an expected variation in the evolution of immune response to the MCV rather than bacterial superinfection [53]. In one study, patients with inflamed molluscum conta-giosum lesions were less likely to have an increased number of lesions over the next 3 months than patients without in-flamed lesions [52]. Likewise, an id reaction to MCV may herald immunological clearance of molluscum contagiosum lesion in an immunocompetent individual [54]. In individuals with immunodeficiency, the lesions can be extensive and of a large size [5, 55-58]. Occasionally, it may reach a size greater than 1 cm in diameter (giant molluscum

contagiosum) [59]. Also, the lesions may occur in atypical locations and may be atypical in appearance such as verru-cous and hypertrophic [36, 58]. The lesions tend to be rap-idly progressive, disseminated, recalcitrant to treatment, and frequently recurring [36, 60].

6. DIAGNOSIS The diagnosis is predominantly clinical. The discrete, smooth, flesh-colored, domeshaped papules with central umbilication are pathognomonic. A magnifying lens or dermoscopy aids visualization of the central umbilication which may not be obvious to the naked eye (Fig. 2). Dermoscopy shows a central umbilication with well-defined polylobular, roundish or four-leaved clover-like, white to yellowish amorphous structures surrounded by a peripheral crown of reddish, linear or branched vessels (Fig. 3) [61-63]. Although molecular methods such as polymerase chain reaction (PCR) may be of great value for clinical and epidemiological stud-ies of MCV infections, they are not routinely used in clinical practice. Excision and histopathologic examination should be reserved for those with atypical morphology which renders the diagnosis difficult. Histopathologic examination shows the characteristic large intracytoplasmic eosinophilic inclu-sion bodies with hematoxylin-eosin staining [6, 10]. Re-cently, it has been shown that hand-held reflectance confocal microscopy allows in vivo horizontal scans of the superficial layers of the skin, with a resolution comparable to histopa-thology [62]. Thus, the hand-held reflectance confocal mi-croscopy is a fast, non-invasive tool that can be used for the diagnosis of molluscum contagiosum.

Fig. (3). Dermatoscopic examination of a molluscum contagiosum lesion shows a discrete, non follicular, pearly white papule. The epidermal papule has distorted skin surface markings.

7. DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS Molluscum contagiosum should be differentiated from acne vulgaris, chickenpox, common warts (verruca vulgaris), papular acrodermatitis of childhood (Gianotti-Crosti syndrome), milia, syringomas, Fordyce spots, papular urticaria, eruptive xanthomas, steatocystoma multiplex, folliculitis, condyloma acuminatum, lichen striatus, and lichen planus [1, 11, 64]. A giant molluscum contagiosum may mimic an acantholytic acanthoma, epidermoid cyst, and subepidermal calcified nodule [65, 66]. Acne vulgaris is characterized by noninflammatory fol-licular papules or comedones and by inflammatory papules, pustules, and nodules in its more severe forms [67]. The pathognomonic lesion is the comedo, which may be either open or closed [67]. Acne lesions tend to occur on the face, and to a lesser extent, on the upper chest and back [67]. The condition is most common during adolescence. The lesions of chickenpox start as rose-colored macules, and progress rapidly to become papules, vesicles with the classic “dew drop on a rose petal” appearance, pustules and, finally, crusts [68, 69]. New lesions appear in successive crops every one or two days, with two to four crops develop-ing over the course of the illness. The total number of lesions typically varies between 250 and 500. Characteristically, lesions in different stages of development are present throughout the first week of illness. The skin rash is usually intensely pruritic. The distribution of the lesions is typically central, with the greatest concentrations on the trunk. Scar-ring may result from chickenpox but usually not from molluscum contagiosum [68]. Common warts (verruca vulgaris) are asymptomatic, well-circumscribed, small papule/nodule with a hyperkera-totic and verrucous surface [70]. The lesions are usually yellow, grayish brown or flesh-colored. When the surface is pared away, characteristic punctate black dots which repre-sent thrombosed capillaries become visible [64]. Sites of predilection include the fingers, dorsum surfaces of hands, toes, elbows, knees, and face [70]. Papular acrodermatitis of childhood (Gianotti-Crosti syn-drome) is characterized by an acute onset of multiple, monomorphous, flat-topped, pink to red-brown papules or papulovesicles [71]. Typically, the lesions are symmetrically distributed on the extensor surfaces of the extremities [71]. Truncal lesions, when present, are usually mild and transient. Milia are small (generally less than 3mm), white, benign, dome-shaped, superficial keratinous cysts. While congenital primary milia favor the nose, benign primary milia of children and adults favor the eyelids. Typically, syringomas present as small, soft to firm, skincolored to slightly yellowish papules [72]. The papules are usually 1 to 3mm in diameter,

asymptomatic, and symmetri-cally distributed. The lesions may be solitary or, most often, multiple. The distribution may be localized or generalized. Localized syringomas are the most common clinical variant and the lesions are usually found in the periorbital areas [72]. Generalized syringomas are found mainly on the chest and neck, followed by the forearms. Clinically, Fordyce spots appear as asymptomatic, iso-lated or grouped, minute (pinhead-sized), creamy yellow, discrete papules [73]. They occur most commonly and most conspicuously on the vermilion border of the lips and oral mucosa and, less commonly, on the penis, scrotum, and labia [73].

The lesions are usually bilateral and symmetrical. On

the penile shaft, these papules are more obvious when the foreskin is stretched or during penile erection. A thick, chalky or cheesy material can sometimes be expressed by squeezing the lesion. Papular urticaria is characterized by intensively pruritic grouped or disseminated urticarial papules caused by hyper-sensitivity to insect bites or stings. Some lesions have a cen-tral punctum. The condition is most commonly seen in chil-dren 3 to 10 years of age and is most common in the summer and late spring. Eruptive xanthomas are characterized by an abrupt onset of yellow-orange papules that appear in crops [74]. Sites of predilection include the extensor surfaces of extremities and buttocks. Eruptive xanthomas are highly suggestive of hy-perlipidemia [74]. Clinically, steatocystoma multiplex is characterized by multiple, asymptomatic, smooth, round, soft, movable, yel-low to skin-colored papules and nodules [75]. Lesions tend to be a few millimeters to a centimeter in diameter and are slow growing. Superficial lesions are usually yellowish while deeper lesions skin-colored. The overlying epidermis is normal with no central punctum present. The content is usually oily or creamy. Sites of predilection include the chest, and less often the neck, axillae, proximal extremities, and groin where high numbers of sebaceous glands are found. Folliculitis typically presents as small, discrete, pustules with an erythematous base, located at follicular orifices. Hair growth is unimpaired. The lesions of condyloma acuminata usually begin as soft, flesh-colored, flat or ragged papules. They may coa-lesce to form velvety plaques, discrete warty papules, or cau-liflower growths. Condyloma acuminata typically occur in the perianal areas. Lichen striatus is characterized by an abrupt onset of dis-crete, flesh-colored, pink, tan, or erythematous, flat-topped papules, 1 to 3mm in diameter [76]. Papules often coalesce to form a continuous or interrupted linear band over a few weeks. The linear band may develop a curved appearance as it follows Blaschko lines. Cutaneous lichen planus is characterized by

6 Ps: planar (flat-topped), purple (violaceous), polygonal, pruritic, pap-ules/plaques that affect the skin [77]. Lesions of lichen planus are often superimposed by lacy, reticular, white lines known as 'Wickham striae'. Sites of predilection include the flexor aspects of the wrists and ankles, dorsa of hands, trunk, shins, and glans penis. The distribution is often symmetric. Just like with psoriasis, the Koebner phenomenon is particu-larly characteristic [77]. Acantholytic acanthoma is a benign tumor of the skin characterized histologically by prominent acanthosis and acantholysis [78]. Clinically, acantholytic acanthoma pre-sents as an asymptomatic, keratotic papule or nodule, usually on the trunk [78]. The condition occurs mainly in elderly patients with a male to female ratio of 2: 1 [78]. Typically, an epidermoid cyst presents as a fluctuant to firm, dome-shaped lesion that is attached to the skin but not attached to the underlying structure. A punctum may be noted. It has a tendency to grow slowly. A subepidermal calcified nodule typically presents as a dome-shaped, firm, wellcircumscribed papule or nodule with a smooth or verrucous surface [65]. The color can be yellow-white or erythematous. The lesion is usually solitary and occurs more often in the head and neck area [65]. In immunocompromised individuals, the differential di-agnosis would also include: cryptococcosis, histoplasmosis, penicilliosis, aspergillosis, and coccidomycosis [14, 15, 79].

8. COMPLICATIONS Molluscum lesions can be cosmetically unsightly and embarrassing and may cause undue parental anxiety [80]. This is especially so for giant or extensive lesions on ex-posed areas [81]. Other complications include secondary bacterial infection, irritation, inflammation, conjunctivitis, and superficial punctate keratitis [1,7, 82, 83]. Secondary bacterial infection is often secondary to scratching-induced impetiginization [1]. Approximately 10% of affected patients develop eczematous dermatitis around the molluscum conta-giosum lesions [84]. The eczematous dermatitis usually sub-sides spontaneously with the eradication of the molluscum contagiosum lesions [7]. In some cases, the id reactions may appear at sites distant from the molluscum contagiosum le-sions [54]. Folliculitis and erythema multiforme due to molluscum contagiosum are rare [85, 86]. Infection of an epi-dermoid cyst by MCV is rare but has been described [87, 88]. Molluscum contagiosum-induced erythema annulare centrifugum has also rarely been reported [89, 90].

9. TREATMENT 9.1. General Measures To avoid spread of the infection, the importance of avoidance of sharing of bed linen, towels, sponges, and bath-tubs cannot be over-emphasized [10, 15]. Swimming in pools and participation in contact sports can spread the virus and should be discouraged [10, 15]. However, there is no reason to keep these children home from daycare or school [1, 3, 29]. Patients/parents should be advised not to scratch, rub, pick or squeeze the lesions with their fingernails be-cause the central plugs are laden with MCV particles that can easily spread to uninfected skin.

9.2. Watchful Waiting Some authors suggest watchful waiting of the lesions and to await spontaneous resolution [6, 64, 91, 92]. This is espe-cially so for those patients with mild disease and who are not bothered by the lesions, as well as in cases where lesions affect delicate areas such as the face or groin in young chil-dren.

9.3. Active Treatments In spite of the fact that molluscum contagiosum is self-limiting, many authors suggest active treatment of lesions for cosmetic reasons, social stigma associated with visible le-sions, alleviation of discomfort including itching, or con-cerns of transmission and autoinoculation [1, 16, 25, 27, 28, 93, 94]. One major parental concern is that their child might not be able to participate on various physical or team-based activities such as gymnastics and swimming for a long time till all lesions are resolved [93]. Active treatments may be mechanical, chemical, immunomodulatory, and anti-viral [1, 2, 5, 26, 94]. 9.3.1. Mechanical Methods Mechanical methods (e.g. cryotherapy with liquid nitro-gen, curettage, pulsed dye laser therapy) are generally quite effective, but they subject children to a potentially painful and traumatic experience [1, 80, 95]. Topical anesthesia such as with a eutectic mixture of local anesthetics (EMLA) ap-plied over the lesions with occlusion for an hour or Nanorap (a hydrogel with 2.5% lidocaine and 2.5% prilocaine with 50% of active products in nanocapsules) applied over the lesions without occlusion 20 minutes before the procedures should be considered [96, 97]. Topical anesthetics help to reduce the discomfort/pain which can be disturbing for some children.

Cryotherapy is an effective treatment for molluscum con-tagiosum. Liquid nitrogen can be applied by spray or a cot-ton-tip applicator directly to and 2 mm surrounding the le-sion [31]. Adverse effects include pain, erythema, vesicle formation, and dyspigmentation [9]. Curettage which involves the physical removal of the lesion with a curette is an effective method of treating mol-luscum contagiosum [17]. In one study, 70% of 1,878 chil-dren treated with curettage were cured after one session of treatment [97]. The success rate depends on the skill and experience of the operator, as well as the number and distri-bution of the lesions. Adverse effects include pain, minor bleeding, and scarring [17]. Curettage is not advisable for those with atopic dermatitis because of the increasing num-ber of molluscum contagiosum lesions and the greater risk for scar formation. Pulsed dye laser therapy is a safe, effective, and well-tolerated method for treating molluscum contagiosum [98, 99]. Because pulsed dye laser is not readily available and the treatment is costly, the procedure is usually reserved for the treatment of recalcitrant molluscum contagiosum.

9.3.2. Chemical Methods Chemical agents (e.g. cantharidin, potassium hydroxide, podophyllotoxin, benzoyl peroxide, tretinoin, trichloroacetic acid, lactic acid, glycolic acid, salicylic acid) work by producing a local inflammatory response [25, 84]. Cantharidin, a phosphodiesterase inhibitor derived from blister beetles (Lytta vesicatoria), has been shown to be safe, effective, and relatively painless and is often the preferred method for young children [25, 80, 100, 101]. It is recom-mended that the medication be applied carefully to the center of individual lesions usually with the blunt end of a cotton swab and covered for 2 to 6 hours (or much less time with stronger preparations such as Cantharidin plus) after which it should be washed off with soap and water [35, 29]. The pro-cedure can be repeated every 2 to 4 weeks until all lesions have resolved [35]. Treatment with cantharidin has been found to be effective and has a high parental satisfaction rate [9, 94, 100-102]. Although the use of cantharidin is not pain-ful at the time of application, it may lead to later discom-fort/pain, pruritus, blister formation, and postinflammatory dyspigmentation (especially in dark skinned individuals) [9, 95, 102]. Occlusion or use in intertriginous areas should be avoided because of the risk of increased inflammatory reac-tions [31]. Potassium hydroxide, in concentrations of 5 or 10%, is a safe, efficient, and inexpensive treatment of molluscum con-tagiosum [17, 26, 103-106]. The medication is applied di-rectly on the lesion twice a day or every other day for about 7 days or until an

inflammatory response has developed [17, 103]. Adverse effects include burning/stinging and dyspig-mentation at the site of application [17]. Podophyllotoxin (Podofilox), a plant resin that causes tissue necrosis by arresting mitosis, can also be used in the treatment [31]. The recommended treatment is topical application twice daily for three consecutive days per week for up to 6 weeks [14, 17, 31]. The medication can be applied at home. Adverse effects include burning, pruritus, irritation, xerosis, erythema, erosion, and postinflammatory pigmen-tary changes [7, 17, 31]. The medication is not recommended for pregnant women because of potential toxicity to the fetus. Other chemical preparations that have been used in the treatment of molluscum contagiosum include benzoyl perox-ide, tretinoin, trichloroacetic acid, lactic acid, glycolic acid, and salicylic acid [14, 106]. These agents are applied directly to the lesion.

9.3.3. Immunomodulatory Methods Immunomodulatory agents (e.g. imiquimod, interferon-alpha, cimetidine) work by enhancing the local release of cytokines such as -interferon, which promote destruction and regression of viral infections [10, 60, 80, 107]. Topical imiquimod was once considered beneficial in the treatment of molluscum contagiosum. However, two large, well designed, randomized, double-blind, vehicle-controlled trials (n = 702; age 2 to 12 years) failed to demonstrate the efficacy of 5% imiquimod over placebo in the treatment of molluscum contagiosum [108, 109]. As such, imiquimod is no longer recommended for the treatment of molluscum con-tagiosum. Interferon-alpha,

a

glycoprotein

cytokine,

is

typically

reserved

for

immunocompromised patients with severe, re-fractory lesions [17, 31]. It is usually given subcutaneously, although it can also be given intralesionally [17, 31]. Oral cimetidine, a H2receptor antagonist, presumably works by enhancing cell-mediated immunity against MCV [31].

The recommended dose is 25 to 40 mg/kg/day. The medication is safe, painless, and

well tolerated. Lesions on the face do not respond as well compared with lesions else-where on the body.

9.3.4. Anti-Viral Therapy Anti-viral therapy with topical or intravenous cidofovir has also been used for immunocompromised patients with severe, refractory lesions [7, 17, 110]. Because intravenous cidofovir may lead to nephrotoxicity, topical cidofovir is preferred [7, 17]. The medication, in the form of 1 to 3% gel or cream, can be applied to the lesion daily 5 days per

week until resolution, typically 6 to 8 weeks [31]. Adverse effects of topical cidofovir include irritation, erosion, post-inflammatory pigmentary changes, and superficial scars at the site of application [17]. A Cochrane systematic review in 2009 of 11 randomized controlled trials (n = 495) examining the effects of topical (9 studies), systemic (1 study), and homoeopathic (1 study) interventions showed that there was insufficient evidence to suggest superiority of any particular treatment [16]. A more updated systematic review is needed as there have been more studies showing effectiveness of many therapeutic agents since the publication of the Cochrane systematic review.

9.4. Treatments of Choice The choice of the treatment method should depend on the physician’s comfort level with the various treatment options, the patient’s age, the number and severity of lesions, location of lesions, and the preference of the child/parents [1, 64]. The comparative efficacy, cost, adverse effects, ease of use, and availability of the treatment method should be taken into consideration [14]. In general, physical destruction of the lesion, in particular, cryotherapy with liquid nitrogen and chemical destruction with cantharidin are the methods of choice for the majority of patients [31]. Anti-viral therapy is usually reserved for recalcitrant molluscum contagiosum in immunocompromised patients [1, 2, 5, 25, 60, 80].

10. PROGNOSIS Most lesions resolve spontaneously without sequelae; the mean duration of spontaneous resolution ranges from 6.5 to 13 months but may occasionally persist for years [3, 80, 111]. In a prospective community cohort study of 269 chil-dren aged 4 to 15 years with molluscum contagiosum in the UK, the mean time to resolution was 13.3 months [111]. In 30% of cases, lesions had not resolved by 18 months and in 13% of cases, lesions had not resolved by 24 months of age [111]. In another study, the mean duration of spontaneous resolution was 6.5 months in 205 (95%) of 217 Japanese children with molluscum contagiosum [93]. Lesions tend to last longer in those with coexisting atopic dermatitis [9]. In those with immunodeficiency, lesions tend to persist [112].

CURRENT & FUTURE DEVELOPMENTS A recent case report showed the successful use of topical application of sinecatechins ointment in the treatment of re-calcitrant molluscum contagiosum [113]. Padilla España et al.

treated a 5-year-old girl with a two years history of more than 40 molluscum contagiosum lesions on her abdomen and back with 10% sinecatechins ointment. The ointment was applied to the top of the lesion twice a day for 4 weeks. All the lesions had resolved when the patient was seen in one month follow-up. Prior to that, the patient had been treated with 10% potassium hydroxide for one month with minor improvement. The main components of sinecatechins are tea polyphenols, in particular flavonoids, 85% of which are catechins. It is postulated that the therapeutic effects can be attributed to the immunomodulatory, antiviral, antitumor, and antioxidative properties of sinecatechins [113]. This new finding warrants further investigations in randomized, pla-cebo-controlled trials to further elucidate its clinical efficacy. Another case report demonstrated that a topical solution of 1% povidone-iodine in a dimethylsulfoxide vehicle is very effective in the treatment molluscum contagiosum [114]. The finding needs to be confirmed by future studies. Recently, Gao et al. used a patented hyperthermia device with an infrared emitting source to treat 21 patients with molluscum contagiosum [115]. The targeted lesions received local hyperthermia at a skin surface temperature of 44°C via a heating probe once a week, with each treatment lasting 30 minutes, for a maximum of 12 weeks. Treatment was discon-tinued when there were no lesions left. Of the 18 patients who completed the study, 12 patients had complete resolu-tion of all lesions, 2 patients had 50 % clearance of lesions, and 4 patients had < 50% clearance of lesions. Adverse ef-fects were negligible and consisted mainly of a mild burning sensation at the time of treatment. Further studies are neces-sary to confirm these new findings. More recently, Viswanath et al. reported the successful use of intralesional 5fluorouracil in the treatment of recalci-trant and/or extensive molluscum contagiosum [116]. 5-fluorouracil is an antimetabolite with cytotoxic activity and has an immunostimulatory mechanism [116]. Adverse ef-fects of intralesional 5-fluorouracil therapy include pain, erythema/hyperpigmentation, and ulceration [116]. Guan et al. have cloned and identified a novel and essen-tial molluscum contagiosum target gene, mD4, which is es-sential for processive DNA synthesis in vitro and which can be inhibited by a small chemical compound that binds to mD4 [117]. The authors have also engineered a hybrid vac-cina virus (mD4-VV) in which the natural vaccinia D4 (vD4) gene is replaced by the mD4 target gene. This hybrid virus is dependent on mD4 for viral growth and is inhibited by the small chemical compound that binds to mD4. This target system provides a platform and approach for the discovery of additional viral targets that can be used for the treatment of molluscum contagiosum.

Johnson disclosed an anti-infective composition compris-ing at least one anti-infective agent in a liquid carrier, such as an organohalide for the treatment of molluscum contagiosum [118]. The liquid carrier includes a tissue penetrating component for rapid penetration of the anti-infective agent into the molluscum contagiosum lesion. The author claims that topical application of the anti-infective composition to molluscum contagiosum lesion causes the lesion to turn black and fall off from the skin in less than about 5 days. Shanler et al. patented a stable composition comprising stabilized hydrogen peroxide and 2-propanol [119]. The authors claimed that such composition may be used topically to treat molluscum contagiosum. Chen et al. disclosed an ointment mainly prepared from six Chinese medicinal raw materials, namely radix scutel-lariae, herba portulacae, fructus bruceae, peach kernel and the like [120]. The authors claimed that the ointment is con-venient to apply, safe and effective in the treatment of mol-luscum contagiosum. Chen et al. also disclosed another topi-cal liquid traditional Chinese medicine for external use which is effective and safe in the treatment of molluscum contagiosum [121]. The liquid medicine is mainly formed by rhizoma drynariae, isatis root, brucea javanica, safflower, Pseudobulbus cremastrae seu pleiones and honeysuckle flower. Yang disclosed a traditional Chinese medicine for topical treatment of molluscum contagiosum [122]. The medicine composition is prepared from raw materials in parts by weight as follows: 1 to 5 parts of honeysuckle, 5 to 10 parts of indigowoad roots, 10 to 12 parts of raw coix seeds, 10 to 15 parts of poria cocos, 2 to 8 parts of radix arnebiae and 5 to 7 parts of erythrocin. The authors claimed that the medicine is safe and convenient to use, free of toxic and side effects, and not expensive. Ma disclosed a topical traditional Chinese medicine for treating molluscum contagiosum. The traditional Chinese medicine comprises nidus vespae, a scallion juice, fructus ulmi, yellow lycoris bulb, toad, resin of Garcinia hamburgy, tobacco, chaulmoogra oil, orpiment, maritime dock, vervain, Buchnera cruciata Ham., Portulaca grandiflora, Ardisia japonica, roughhaired holly root, sunflower receptacles, Stel-laria media, Clinopodium herb, Caulis fici tikouae and field Sowthistle herb [123]. The author claimed that this tradi-tional Chinese medicine has definite therapeutic effects, no adverse effects effect, and a low recurrence rate. Mechanical methods such as cryotherapy and curettage for the treatment of molluscum contagiosum can be painful. If using these modalities, it is desirable to apply topical anesthetics before the procedure to reduce the pain. Wang et al. patented a topical traditional Chinese medicine that has a good analgesic effect [124]. The traditional Chinese medi-cine

comprises Terminalia chebula Retz, Uncaria, Pagoda tree pod, tuber fern, Elecampane inula root, Cudrania tricus-pidata stem leaf, Chinese wampee leaf, Morus alba, Cala-mint, Radix trichosanthis, Viola japonica, Alectoria asiatica du Rietz, Reddish beautyberry leaf and Salvia. Huang et al. patented another traditional Chinese medicine surface anesthesia preparation for molluscum contagiosum treatment [125].

The traditional Chinese medicine comprises the

fol-lowing raw materials: Halenia elliptica, Iindera glauca leaves, Evodia lepta, Blumea lacera, Oenanthe javanica, Aconitum taipeicum, Vernonia cinerea, Eragrostis minor, Clinopodium chinense, Fordia cauliflora and Macleaya cor-data.

CONCLUSION Molluscum contagiosum is a common cutaneous viral infection that is most common in preschool and elementary school-aged children. Although some authors suggest watch-ful waiting of the lesions and to await spontaneous resolu-tion, many authors suggest active treatment of lesions. How-ever, the literature on the efficacy of treatment of molluscum contagiosum is very scarce and is based mainly on anecdotal evidence and open studies. There are only a few published head to head or randomized placebo-controlled trials. The latter may be, in part, due to the difficulties of blinding cer-tain treatments such as cryotherapy and laser therapy. So far, none of the currently available therapy is Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved for the treatment of mollus-cum contagiosum. In addition, conclusive data regarding the most effective treatment do not exist. It is hoped that future well-designed, large-scaled, randomized, double-blind, and ideally placebo-controlled studies will provide us with more information on the efficacy and optimal regimen of the vari-ous treatment methods including the present ones and those in development. Until then, physical destruction of the le-sion, in particular, cryotherapy with liquid nitrogen (espe-cially in adults) and chemical destruction with cantharidin (especially in children) are the methods of choice for the majority of patients with molluscum contagiosum.

DISCLOSURE This is an update of the article" Molluscum contagiosum" which was published in Current Pediatric Reviews, with permission from Bentham Science Publishers. [Leung AK, Davies HD. Molluscum contagiosum. Curr Pediatr Rev 2012; 8(4): 346-9] [1].

CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION Not applicable

CONFLICT OF INTEREST Prof. Leung, Dr. Barankin, and Prof. Hon disclose no relevant financial relationship. The authors confirm that this article content has no conflict of interest.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Professor Alexander K.C. Leung is the principal author. Dr Benjamin Barankin and Prof. Kam L. Hon are co-authors who contributed and helped with the drafting of this manu-script. The authors would like to thank Dr. Kin Fon Leong for providing them with a magnifying view and a derma-toscopic view of a molluscum contagiosum lesion.

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