Diabetic Foot

DIABETIC FOOT  Diabetic

foot is a syndrome involving pain, deformity, inflammation, infection, ulceration and tissue loss of the foot in Diabetic patients.  5-10% of the Diabetics suffer from foot ulcerations  Diabetes accounts for about 50% of the non traumatic amputations  1% of the Diabetics have undergone an amputation

PATHOPHYSIOLOGY NEUROPATHIC DAMAGE

SUPERIMPOSED INFECTION

ARTERIAL DISEASE/ISCHAEMIA

NEUROPATHY Sensory Motor Autonomic Asymmetrical Symmetrical Progressive Reversible Pressure palsies

DISTAL SYMMETRICAL NEUROPATHY  The

phrase that describes Diabetic Neuropathy  Sensory – glove and stocking type  Motor – wasting of muscles and deformity  Autonomic – AV shunting and decreased sweating  Callus formation

AV shunting •Causes impairment of nutritive capillary circulation •Gangrenous toe with bounding pulses •Distension of leg veins which fail to empty even when elevated •O2 tension in the veins increase

SMALL FIBRE NEUROPATHY  Seen

mostly in Type I diabetes  Neuropathic pain with relative sparing of large fiber functions(vibration and Proprioception)  Burning, deep aching  Autonomic neuropathy  Males might have erectile dysfunction  Early manifestation?

ACUTE PAINFUL NEUROPATHY Of Poor glycaemic control  Neuropathic Cachexia  Allodynia  Peak pain with Background pain  Small fiber Neuropathy  Complete resolution in 10 months

Of Rapid glycaemic control  NO WEIGHT LOSS  Insulin Neuritis  Resolves in 10 months

Pathogenesis of Distal symmetrical Neuropathy  Chronic

Hyperglycemia*  Polyol pathway hyperactivity  Non enzymatic Glycation  Neurotrophic Factors  Protein C kinase activation  Abnormalities of nerve growth  Nerve microvascular dysfunction

MICROANGIOPATHY  Most

common microvascular complication is Diabetic Retinopathy  NOT AN OCCLUSIVE DISEASE  Thickening of the basement membrane  Functional microvascular impairment  O2 diffusion unimpaired  Reduces Hyperaemic response  Affects axon reflex  Abnormal endothelial function

MACROVASCULAR DISEASE  Accelerated

atherosclerosis and higher prevalence in Diabetics

 Infrageniculate  Pedal

branches involved

vessels spared

PRESENTATION OF ARTERIAL DISEASE • Claudication • Rest pain •Tissue loss  Foot Ulceration Gangrene

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Wound Classification Systems MEGITT WAGNER’S Classification  Grade 0 – High risk, no ulcer 1. Peripheral Neuropathy 2. Peripheral Vascular Disease 3. Previous foot ulcers 4. Presence of callus 5. Foot deformity 6. Blind or partly sighted 7. Nephropathy 8. Elderly especially if living alone 9. Unable to reach feet unaided 10. Poor understanding of Diabetes 11. Inability to feel Semmes Weinstein Nylon monofilament

Grade

I – Superficial ulcer, not clinically

infected Grade II – Deep ulcer, often with cellulitis. No abscess or bone infection Grade III – Deeper ulcer with bony involvement or Abscess Grade IV – Localized Gangrene(Toe, forefoot , heel) Grade V – Gangrene of the whole foot

Grade 1

Grade 2

Grade 3

Grade 4

Stage A

Lesion Superficial completey wound,no epithelialize tendon, d capsule or bone

Wound involving capsule or tendon

Wound penetrating to bone or joint

Stage B

With infection

With infection

With infection

Stage C

With With ischaemia ischaemia

With ischaemia

With ischaemia

Stage D

Both of the Both of the above above

Both of the Both of the above above

With infection

INFECTION  Diagnosed

clinically  Purulent discharge  Two or more signs of inflammation  Temperature > 102o F suggests infection involving deep spaces of the foot and tissue necrosis  Limb threatening usually polymicrobial having 4.1 – 5.8 species/culture  40% show both Aerobes & Anaerobes

Classification of foot infections(Lipsky’s) Superficial Deep soft Tissue Systemic ulcer or tissue of bone Necrosis or Toxicity or cellulitis involved gangrene metabolic instability Mild

+

Moderate

+

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MICROBIOLOGY  Aspiration  Curettage  Biopsy

of pus

of ulcer base

of affected tissue

 Osteomyelitis

COMMONEST ORGANISMS • Staphylococcus Aureus in more than 50 % • Group B Streptococcus • Facultative gram negative Bacilli like E.coli, Proteus, Enterobacter, and Klebsiella • Anaerobes like peptostreptococcus and Bacteroides species esp. B Fragilis • Pseudomonas, Actinobacter, MRSA from Chronic wounds

What is a limb threatening infection ? 1. If associated with ishaemia 2. Deep ulcer with a rim of cellulitis >/= 2cms 3. Fever > 102oF 4. University of Texas Grade 1- 3 5. Lipsky’s moderate to severe

Charcot foot OR Neuropathic Osteoarthropathy A

non infectious and progressive condition of single or multiple joints characterized by joint dislocation, pathological fractures, and sever destruction of the pedal architecture that is closely associated with peripheral neuropathy  Presisposing factor is usually trauma leading to the cascade of events

Pathogenesis  Neurotraumatic

(German) theory Due to protective sensory loss repetitive micro and macro trauma causes intracapsular effusions, ligamentous laxity, and joint instability. This does not explain the occurrence of artropathy in bed ridden patients

• Neurovascular (French) theory Increased blood peripheral blood flow owing To autonomic neuropathy leads ot hyperemic Bone resorption

• A combination of both of the above theories

Clinical features of Acute Charcot Joint  Vascular

– Bounding pedal pulse, erythema, swelling, warmth  Neuropathic – Absent or diminished pain, proprioception or deep tendon reflex; Anhidrosis  Skeletal – Rocker bottom deformity, Digital subluxation, Hypermobility, Rearfoot Equinovarus  Cutaneous – Neuropathic ulcer, Hyperkeratosis, Infection

BIBLIOGRAPHY  Handbook  Bailey

(2004)

of Vascular Surgery (2004)

and Love’s Short Practice of Surgery, 24th Edition

A

Concise Textbook of Surgery by S. Das, 3rd Edition (2004 Reprint)

 The

Diabetic Foot by Veves (2003)

 Williams

Textbook on Diabetology (2002)

NET SEARCH • www.google.com/images Key word: diabetic foot, charcot joint • www.emedicine.com Key word: diabetic foot infections, Diabetic neuropathy