Development 'o' Level Revision

’O’ Geography Elective

Development Notes

What? Improvement in a country’s economic and social conditions Standard of Living in DCs Higher in LDCs Lower

Quality of Life in DCs generally higher in LDCs generally lower

Indicators of Development Economic Indicator

1. Income per capita Measures avg income each workers in a country receives in a year Indicates wealth of ppl in a country GDP per capita = (total income in a country in 1 year) divided by (total population) Increased GDP, Increased HDI rank Why not true indicator? -an avg figure only -does not take into account the local cost of living -does not reflect informal economic activities -does not reflect social and environmental costs 2. Employment Structure Shows the proportion of workforce in the 3 main employment sectors Ie. Primary, Secondary and Tertiary Industries 3. Employment Opportunities

Health Indicator

1. Life Expectancy DCs Higher then LDCs – Higher Fertility Rates in DCs Why? Govt has $$$ to spend on healthcare services Accessibility to Healthcare People in DCs can afford healthcare 2. Infant Mortality Rate DCs lower then LDCs Why? People can afford food Accessibility of Healthcare Adequate Resources to handle disasters

"Success doesn't come to you…you go to it." Marva Collins

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’O’ Geography Elective

Development Notes

Availability of good sanitation facilities 3. Access to water and sanitation Main cause of deaths in most LDCs is due to poor sanitation and contaminated drinking water

Education Indicator

Literacy Rate % of adults who can read and write DCs higher than LDCs Why? DCs have financial resources to meet educational needs In LDCs, Education is a luxury People In DCs can afford to send their children to sch

Human Development Index (HDI) Scale of devt used to measure a country’s performance according to.. Economic -> Income per capita Health -> Life Expectancy Education -> Literacy Rate Measurement of HDI High 0.800 – 1.000 Mediu 0.500 – 0.799 m Low 0.499 and below HDI does not take into account HUMAN RIGHTS and FREEDOM.

Core Periphery Model CORE : Richer and developed countries/regions PERIPHERY : Poorer and less developed countries/regions

Core Country

Periphery Country

Availability of Jobs

Few Jobs, Services and Investments Economy Concentrates on Primary (Farming and extraction of raw materials) Limited Infrastructure Weak poor economy

Economy Concentrates on Secondary (manufacturing), Tertiary (Services) industries Gd Infrastructure Concentration of wealth

Spread Effect "Success doesn't come to you…you go to it." Marva Collins

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’O’ Geography Elective

Development Notes Labour Core and Materials

Periphery

-Resources drained out to core -Periphery areas in disadvantaged position (deprived) -Devt hindered

Backwash Effect Core

Wealth and Knowledge

Periphery

-Outward Expansion -Wealth and Knowledge transferred to periphery -Form Secondary Core

Factors that Affect Development Social Health – Lack of health education and medicines – High death rates – Diseases such as malaria and aids – Depletes workforce – Limits development Literacy – Education expensive – Not all go to school – Low literacy rate – Especially women – Unskilled workforce – Expertise must be bought form DCs "Success doesn't come to you…you go to it." Marva Collins

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’O’ Geography Elective

Development Notes Population – LDCs have rapid population growth – Lack of security and high infant mortality rate – Have more children – Strain on resources – Limits development

Environmental Food – Millions no food each day – Undernutrition – Tiredness – Unable to work (malnutrition) – Health problems Natural Disasters – Natural disasters occurs – Impact more severe in LDCs then DCs – Building not strong, rescue services not well equipped – Lack of $$$ for rebuilding – Setback development Diseases &Pets – Diseases spreading insects thrive in hot humid climate of many LDCs – Economic cost with damage to agriculture – Social cost to people

Historical Colonial Rule – Colonial powers obtain natural resources for own development and growth – LDCs unable to fully develop – Becomes dependant in their colonial government

Economical Colonial Rule – Many LDCs rich in natural resources – Natural advantage not exploited, only controlled by a few large co. – Little of the wealth is redistributed back to the population – Limits development

Political Governance1 – Political instability – Unstable government – Constant changes – Foreign investors (no sense of security) – Deters them from investing in country Governance2 – Corrupted government – Local and foreign investors give bribes – Lose confidence in government

"Success doesn't come to you…you go to it." Marva Collins

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’O’ Geography Elective

Development Notes

International Organisations World Bank – Provide aid to reduce poverty in form of $$$ or tech – Provide loans to LDCs at low or no interst – Kecamatan Development Programme(KDP) in Indonesia – Over US$ 890 mil in funds in loans and credits supplied to KDP – Access to clean water and reliable water supply Asian Development Bank – Reduce poverty and improve QOL in terms of $$$ and tech assistance – Asia Pacific Region – Lends $$$ to LDCs such as Bangladesh – Jamuna Multipurpose Bridge Project – Improve the country’s transport infrastructure

International Agreements United Nations Milennium Development Goals – Get LDCs out of poverty – Poverty, Hunger, diseases and lack of adequate shelter – Extreme poverty and hunger in Vietnam greatly reduced United Nations Conventions on the Law of the Sea – Control the usage of resources in the seas and oceans of the world – Not be overused and depleted – Coastal states have right to fish or get oil from sea – With advancements in tech, boats travel greater dist&fish further and result in depletion of fish stocks – Coastal countries have a fair chance at development – h/r landlocked countries do not benefit from it

National Development Improving Water Supply and Sanitation Facilities – Parivartan Slum Networking Programme – Improve living conditions of slum dwellers and better QOL – Basic infrastructure, access to water supply, underground sewage – Reduce spread of diseases "Success doesn't come to you…you go to it." Marva Collins

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’O’ Geography Elective

Development Notes

– Death rates declined – Fewer suffered from general illnesses succeeded Improving Education Standards – Royal Thai Government – Hill tribe communities – Extreme poverty – No formal education, illiterate – Lower standard of living – Government policy to provide Education for all – Promote literacy – Able to find employment in cities – Increase income, improve agricultural production – Effectiveness limited, live in small communities, isolated Population Ctrl – Ctrl pop – In china – One Child Policy – Difficult to implement – Want sons, so keep giving birth – Birth rates dropped Job Creation& financial assistance – Phillipines, KALAHI plan – Improving SOL – No formal education, no loans for SMEs so failed – With KALAHI plan then more attention and resources given to informal sector to develop – Loans given to set up and run small businesses – Ultra poor given interest free loans

"Success doesn't come to you…you go to it." Marva Collins

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