Derived Positions

AIM: - TO STUDY ABOUT THE DERIVED POSITIONS The position of arms, trunk or legs may be altered in each of the fundamental positions to modify the effect of positions. The purpose for which modification is made may be● To increase or decrease the size and stability of base. ● To raise or lower the centre of gravity. ● To ensure maximum local or general relaxation. ● To alter the position of body in relation to gravity. ● To provide control or fixation for a particular part of the body so that movement may be localised to a specific area. ● To increase or decrease muscle work required to maintain the position. ● To increase or decrease the leverage. ● To provide a convenient position from which a particular exercise is to be performed.

POSITIONS DERIVED FROM STANDING A. By Alteration of the arms 1. Wing standing- The hands rest on the crest of iliac, the fingers which are extended and adducted, being anterior and thumbs posterior. The wrists are extended and forearms pronated, elbows flexed and shoulder abducted. The elbows point straight sideways. MUSCLE WORK- adductors of shoulder joint and extensors of elbow work slightly to press the hand to trunk.

EFFECTS AND USES- The fixed position of arms present their swinging during trunk exercises.

2. LOW WING STANDING- adjacent diagram 3. BEND STANDINGMuscle work● The lateral rotators and adductors of shoulder work strongly. ● The retractors and depressors of scapula work strongly as fixators. ● Flexors of elbows and supinators of forearm work to maintain the position of the forearms. ● The flexors of wrist and fingers may work slightly

4. REACH STANDINGMuscle work● The shoulder flexors maintain the position against gravity. ● The transverse back muscles control the forward movement of the scapula round the chest wall which is associated with shoulder flexion. ● The extensors of elbows, radial flexors of wrist and extensors of fingers work slightly to keep the arms straight. 5. YARD STANDINGMuscle work● The abductors, extensors and lateral rotators of shoulder work rotators of scapulae to stabilise the arms. ● Extensors of elbow, wrist and fingers work to hold the limbs in a straight line. ● The tendency to elevate the shoulder girdle is controlled by scapulae depressors.

6. STRETCH STANDING ● Muscle work● The abductors, extensors and lateral rotators of shoulder work strongly in conjunction with ● The lateral rotators of scapula, to hold the arms in position. ● Extensors of the elbow to keep arm straight. ● The wrists and fingers are kept in alignment by interplay between the muscles working over the wrist by extensors

of fingers.

B. BY ALTERATION OF THE LEGS 1.STRIDE STANDINGThe legs are abducted so that heels are two foot lengths apart. The feet remain at the same angle as in the fundamental position and the weight equally distributed between them. Muscle work- Because the width between the feet is greater than that of the pelvis, the adductors of the hip may work to prevent the legs from sliding further apart if position is taken on a slippery floor.love u jaan Effects and uses- The effective base is much enlarged laterally, making this an easy and stable position from which to perform exercises especially those in frontal plane. 2. WALK STANDINGOne leg is placed directly forwards so that the heels are two foot length apart and are on the same line. The body weight is equally distributed between them. Muscle work- There is tension on structures anterior to the hip and on the calf muscles of the posterior leg, therefore the extensors of the hip and knee of this leg work strongly to maintain the position. Efforts and uses- The base is much enlarged in the anteto-posterior direction stabilising the body for exercises in a saggital plane. Rotation of the pelvis towards the forward leg is prevented by the position of the back leg, the position may be used to localise rotation to the spine. Tension on the hamstrings of the forward leg likewise prevents forward tilting of the pelvis in trunk flexion exercises.

3. HALF STANDINGMUSCLE WORK● Abductors of the hip of the standing leg work to maintain the centre of gravity over the base by a slight lateral tilting of the pelvis. ● The lumbar side flexors of the other side work to bring the trunk into alignment. ● All the muscles of supporting leg work more strongly than in standing to support the additional weight and pressure balance.

4.CLOSE STANDINGMuscle work- The leg muscles work more strongly than in fundamental position Effects and uses- The side of base is reduced and balance is more difficult, it is therefore a progression on the standing position.i love you nitanshi.

5.TOE STANDING- love you nitanshi Muscle work- The plantarflexors of ankle joint work strongly against gravity to maintain the heels in elevated position. All the leg muscles work more strongly to keep the balance. Effects and uses- The base is reduced and centre of gravity is raised, so this is used as a balance position.

C. BY ALTERATION OF THE TRUNK

1. LAX STOOP STANDINGMuscle work- very little muscle work is required except in the region of the ankle joint, where the dorsiflexors stabilise the position of the joints while the intrinsic foot muscles grip the floor. 2. STOOP STANDINGMuscle work ● The muscles of feet work as in previous position. ● The extensors of the knee work to counteract the tension of hamstrings ● The longitudinal and transverse back muscles and the extensors of the shoulder and elbows maintain the position against the pull of gravity. ● The posterior neck muscles, controlled by pre- vertebral muscles support the head.

D. By ALTERATION OF LEGS AND TRUNK 1. FALLOUT STANDING2. LUNGE SIDEWAYS STANDING

POSITIONS DERIVED FROM KNEELING 1. HALF KNEELING 2. KNEEL SITTING 3. PRONE KNEELING

POSITIONS DERIVED FROM SITTING 1.STRIDE SITTINGThis is exactly similar to the fundamental position,except that the legs are abducted so that the feet are upto two foot length apart. This increases the stability of the position, especially if, the feet are pressed on the floor.

2.RIDE SITTINGThe patient sits astride suitable apparatus such as a gymnastic form which may be gripped between the knees by the adductor muscles of the hips, making it a very steady position for head, arm and trunk exercises.

3.CROOK SITTINGMuscle work- The flexors of the hip work strongly to prevent excessive flexion of the lumbar region and to support the thighs. The flexors of the knees and plantarflexors of the ankles may also work to afford additional fixation.

The longitudinal and transverse back muscles work strongly to maintain the upright position of trunk.

4.LONG SITTINGThe extensors of knee work to counteract the increased tension of the hamstrings muscles.

5.CROSS SITTINGTension on the hamstrings is reduced but the adductors of the hip are stretched.

6. SIDE SITTING- adjacent diagram

7. HIGH SITTINGThis is convenient for some foot and knee exercises.

POSITIONS DERIVED FROM LYING

1. CROOK LYING From lying, the hips and knees are bent so that the feet rest on the floor or plinth. Provided the feet are fixed by friction, very little muscle work is required apart from that of the adductors and medial rotators of the hips to prevent the knees from falling apart. Effect and uses- Tension is removed from the structures anterior to the hip joint so that the pelvis rolls backwards and the lumbar spine is relaxed on the supporting surface. As the whole trunk is relaxed and supported horizontally and fixed by its own weight it is an easy position and extensively used to pain relaxation and posture.

2. HALF LYINGThe trunk is supported in the oblique position by inclination of the long end of the plinth, or by the arrangement of pillows, while the legs are supported horizontally. It is important to see that the trunk is in an alignment to avoid slumping and so impending respiration. Effects and uses- The body is relaxed and comfortable in this position and it is suitable for weak and elderly people because breathing is easier than in lying, the thorax being less fixed by weight of the trunk. Movements of all parts of the body can be performed from half lying, and it is much used for ward exercises and in treatment of many chest conditions. Both knees may be bent to increase the relaxation of the

abdominal walls, on the lower leg may hangover the end of the plinth with the feet resting on the floor.

3. PRONE LYING● The pre and post vertebral neck muscles work to maintain the position of head. ● The retractors and depressors of scapula work to brace the upper back. ● The lateral rotators of hips keep the heels together.love u alot ●