 Definition

Motivation  Definition

and Relevance  Theories of Motivation - VIE Theory - Need Theories - Cognitive Theories

Definition A

tendency to expend effort to achieve goals  Task persistence  Task involvement  Goal directed behavior

VIE Theory Valence Instrumentality Expectancy

VIE Theory Valence -- The The

importance importance (valence) (valence) of of the the reward; reward; is is the the reward reward important? important?

VIE Theory Instrumentality -

Does one believe that

improved performance leads to greater rewards?

VIE Theory Expectancy - Does

one believe that increased effort leads to improved performance?

VIE Opportunity

Motivation

Performance

Performance

Skills

VIE Theory  Motivation

is only one determinant of performance  Performance is also influenced by abilities/traits and role perceptions and opportunities

Need-Based Theories A

need is defined as a state of tension  The goal of all behavior is the satisfaction of needs, and the reduction of tension

Murray’s NeedBased Theory  Defines

two types of needs: Primary (Viscerogenic), and Secondary (Psychogenic)  Needs develop as a result of an environmental press

Murray’s Theory  Primary

(Viscerogenic) needs are physical needs common to all organisms  Secondary (Psychogenic) needs are learned needs

Murray’s Theory  Press

- an environmental experience which has a significant impact upon the life of an organism; results in the development of a need

Maslow’s Need-based Theory Defines

five needs arranged in hierarchical order: physiological, safety, love, esteem, and selfactualization



Maslow’s Theory Physiological needs are physical

needs common to all (e.g. need for food, water)  Safety needs refer to the need to remain free of physical or psychological harm

Maslow’s Theory

Love

needs refer to the need for social acceptance Esteem needs refer to the need to master life experiences; the need for success

Maslow’s Theory Self

actualization needs refer to the need to reach one’s creative potential; to be all that one is capable of being

Self Actualization

Esteem

Higher Order Lower Strength Needs

Love/Belongingness

Safety

Physiological

Lower Order Higher Strength Needs

Self Actualization

Esteem Love/Belongingness

G R

rowth

elatedness

Safety

Physiological Alderfer’s ERG Theory

E

xistence

Cognitive Theories of Motivation  Suggest

that motivation is a function of cognition and thought; that is, what we think about what is happening influences motivation  Achievement Theory  Attribution Theory

Achievement Theory  Suggests

that motivation is a function of the interaction between one’s need for achievement/fear of failure and the difficulty level of the task

Achievement Theory  The

need for achievement can be defined as a tendency to approach new/novel tasks  The fear of failure can be defined as a tendency to avoid new/novel tasks

High Need for Achievement

Low Need for Achievement

Low Fear of Failure

High Fear of Failure

In it ial Su c ce ss Initia l F ailure Hig h N eed fo r Ac h. Lo w Nee d for A ch.

Task Difficulty Easy

High Need for Ach. Low Need for Ach.

Moderate

Difficult

M otiv a ti o n De cre ase s

Mo ti v atio n In creas es

M otiv a ti o n M otivat io n Inc re ase s De creas e s

In it ial Su c ce ss Initia l F ailure Hig h N eed fo r Ac h. Lo w Nee d for A ch.

Task Difficulty

High Need for Ach. Low Need for Ach.

Easy

Moderate

Low

High

Difficult

Low

Motivation Motivation Motivation

High

Low

High

Motivation Motivation Motivation

M otiv a ti o n De cre ase s

Mo ti v atio n In creas es

M otiv a ti o n M otivat io n Inc re ase s De creas e s

Initial Success Initial Failure High Need for Ach. Low Need for Ach.

Initial Success Initial Failure High Need for Ach.

Motivation Decreases

Motivation Increases

Low Need for Ach.

Motivation Increases

Motivation Decreases

Attribution Theory  Suggests

that motivation is influenced by the reasons we give ourselves (attributions) for our successes and our failures  Suggests four attributions: ability, effort, task difficulty, luck

Attribution Theory  These

four attributions (ability, effort, task difficulty, luck) can be categorized along two dimensions: locus of control (internal, external) and stability (stable, unstable)

Stable

Unstable

Internal

Ability

Effort

External

Task Difficulty

Luck

Attribution Theory  Motivation

is high when we attribute our successes and failures to internal factors like ability and effort  Motivation is low when we attribute our successes and failures to external factors like task difficulty and luck

Attribution Theory  Suggests

motivation will decrease when we attribute our failures to stable factors like ability and task difficulty  Suggests motivation may increase when we attribute our failures to unstable factors like effort