Motivation Definition
and Relevance Theories of Motivation - VIE Theory - Need Theories - Cognitive Theories
Definition A
tendency to expend effort to achieve goals Task persistence Task involvement Goal directed behavior
VIE Theory Valence Instrumentality Expectancy
VIE Theory Valence -- The The
importance importance (valence) (valence) of of the the reward; reward; is is the the reward reward important? important?
VIE Theory Instrumentality -
Does one believe that
improved performance leads to greater rewards?
VIE Theory Expectancy - Does
one believe that increased effort leads to improved performance?
VIE Opportunity
Motivation
Performance
Performance
Skills
VIE Theory Motivation
is only one determinant of performance Performance is also influenced by abilities/traits and role perceptions and opportunities
Need-Based Theories A
need is defined as a state of tension The goal of all behavior is the satisfaction of needs, and the reduction of tension
Murray’s NeedBased Theory Defines
two types of needs: Primary (Viscerogenic), and Secondary (Psychogenic) Needs develop as a result of an environmental press
Murray’s Theory Primary
(Viscerogenic) needs are physical needs common to all organisms Secondary (Psychogenic) needs are learned needs
Murray’s Theory Press
- an environmental experience which has a significant impact upon the life of an organism; results in the development of a need
Maslow’s Need-based Theory Defines
five needs arranged in hierarchical order: physiological, safety, love, esteem, and selfactualization
Maslow’s Theory Physiological needs are physical
needs common to all (e.g. need for food, water) Safety needs refer to the need to remain free of physical or psychological harm
Maslow’s Theory
Love
needs refer to the need for social acceptance Esteem needs refer to the need to master life experiences; the need for success
Maslow’s Theory Self
actualization needs refer to the need to reach one’s creative potential; to be all that one is capable of being
Self Actualization
Esteem
Higher Order Lower Strength Needs
Love/Belongingness
Safety
Physiological
Lower Order Higher Strength Needs
Self Actualization
Esteem Love/Belongingness
G R
rowth
elatedness
Safety
Physiological Alderfer’s ERG Theory
E
xistence
Cognitive Theories of Motivation Suggest
that motivation is a function of cognition and thought; that is, what we think about what is happening influences motivation Achievement Theory Attribution Theory
Achievement Theory Suggests
that motivation is a function of the interaction between one’s need for achievement/fear of failure and the difficulty level of the task
Achievement Theory The
need for achievement can be defined as a tendency to approach new/novel tasks The fear of failure can be defined as a tendency to avoid new/novel tasks
High Need for Achievement
Low Need for Achievement
Low Fear of Failure
High Fear of Failure
In it ial Su c ce ss Initia l F ailure Hig h N eed fo r Ac h. Lo w Nee d for A ch.
Task Difficulty Easy
High Need for Ach. Low Need for Ach.
Moderate
Difficult
M otiv a ti o n De cre ase s
Mo ti v atio n In creas es
M otiv a ti o n M otivat io n Inc re ase s De creas e s
In it ial Su c ce ss Initia l F ailure Hig h N eed fo r Ac h. Lo w Nee d for A ch.
Task Difficulty
High Need for Ach. Low Need for Ach.
Easy
Moderate
Low
High
Difficult
Low
Motivation Motivation Motivation
High
Low
High
Motivation Motivation Motivation
M otiv a ti o n De cre ase s
Mo ti v atio n In creas es
M otiv a ti o n M otivat io n Inc re ase s De creas e s
Initial Success Initial Failure High Need for Ach. Low Need for Ach.
Initial Success Initial Failure High Need for Ach.
Motivation Decreases
Motivation Increases
Low Need for Ach.
Motivation Increases
Motivation Decreases
Attribution Theory Suggests
that motivation is influenced by the reasons we give ourselves (attributions) for our successes and our failures Suggests four attributions: ability, effort, task difficulty, luck
Attribution Theory These
four attributions (ability, effort, task difficulty, luck) can be categorized along two dimensions: locus of control (internal, external) and stability (stable, unstable)
Stable
Unstable
Internal
Ability
Effort
External
Task Difficulty
Luck
Attribution Theory Motivation
is high when we attribute our successes and failures to internal factors like ability and effort Motivation is low when we attribute our successes and failures to external factors like task difficulty and luck
Attribution Theory Suggests
motivation will decrease when we attribute our failures to stable factors like ability and task difficulty Suggests motivation may increase when we attribute our failures to unstable factors like effort