Ddr Sierra Leone March 2006

United Nations Office of the Special Adviser on Africa

Government of the Republic of Sierra Leone

Disarmament, Demobilization, Reintegration (DDR) and Stability in Africa

Conference Report

Freetown, 21-23 June 2005

United Nations ? New York, 2005

Conference Report on DDR and Stability in Africa

TABLE OF CONTENTS: I.

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY .......................................................................................................................... 3 A.

Summary of the Freetown Deliberations and Recommendations adopted at the Conference ........3

B.

Other Key Messages from the Opening Session.....................................................................................4

C.

Presentation of National Papers .................................................................................................................5

D.

International Initiatives................................................................................................................................5

E.

Working Groups...........................................................................................................................................6

F.

Networking ....................................................................................................................................................6

G.

Recommendations........................................................................................................................................6

II.

BACKGROUND............................................................................................................................................. 7

III.

OPENING SESSION..................................................................................................................................... 9

IV.

NATIONAL EXPERIENCES WITH DDR IN AFRICA..................................................................10

A.

Common Lessons .......................................................................................................................................11

B. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6 7. 8. V.

Individual Experiences ..............................................................................................................................12 Angola.....................................................................................................................................................12 Burundi ...................................................................................................................................................14 Democratic Republic of The Congo ..................................................................................................16 Liberia .....................................................................................................................................................17 Mozambique...........................................................................................................................................19 Rwanda ...................................................................................................................................................20 Sierra Leone ...........................................................................................................................................22 Zimbabwe ...............................................................................................................................................24

INTERNATIONAL DDR REFORM INITIATIVES .........................................................................26 A.

The Stockholm Initiative on DDR (SIDDR) .........................................................................................26

B.

The UN Inter-Agency Working Group on DDR (UN IAWG DDR) ................................................26

VI. A.

RESULTS OF WORKING GROUPS ....................................................................................................26 Common Lessons .......................................................................................................................................27

VII. DDR AND NETWORKING......................................................................................................................27 A.

Building a Network of African Practitioners .........................................................................................27

VIII. CLOSING SESSION AND CONCLUSIONS .......................................................................................28 ANNEX I: CONFERENCE PROGRAMME ................................................................................................ 31 ANNEX II: LIST OF PARTICIPANTS ...........................................................................................................34

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Conference Report on DDR and Stability in Africa

I. A.

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

Summary of the Freetown Deliberations and Recommendations adopted at the Conference

The Conference on Disarmament, Demobilization, Reintegration and Stabili t y (DDR) in Africa took place from 21 to 23 June 2005 in Freetown, Sierra Leone. It w a s c o -o r g a n i s e d b y t h e G o v e r n m e n t o f t h e R e p u b l i c o f S i e r r a L e o n e a n d t h e United Nations Office of the Special Adviser on Africa (OSAA), with the aim of bringing together African practitioners and their international partners to share experiences and ideas about ways to improve the design, operation and implementation of DDR programmes, to better attain sustainable peace on the continent. The Conference drew more than 100 participants, including from 15 African countries, as well as representatives of a number of donor countries and international and regional organisations. The African participants represented a broad spectrum of DDR stakeholders, including government offi cials, current and former members of national DDR commissions and other experts, beneficiaries of DDR programmes, members of armed forces, representatives of host communities and women’s and civil society associations. T h e C o n f e r e n c e w a s o p e n e d b y t h e P r es i d e n t o f t h e R e p u b l i c o f S i e r r a L e o n e , H i s E x c e l l e n c y , Dr. Alhaj i A h m a d T e j a n K a b b a h, a n d c o -c h a i r e d b y t h e M i n i s t e r o f Foreign Affairs and International Cooperation, Hon. Momodou Koroma and Dr. N a m a n g a N g o n g i , t h e f o r m e r S p e c i a l R e p r e s e n t a t i v e o f t h e S e cr e t a r y -G e n e r a l f o r the Democratic Republic of the Congo, representing OSAA. In his opening statement, His Excellency President Dr. Alhaji Ahmad Tejan K a b b a h w e l c o m e d t h e C o n f e r e n c e p a r t i c i p a n t s t o t h e R e p u b l i c o f S i e r r a L e o n e. H e d i s c u s s e d D D R i n t h e c o n te x t o f A f r i c a ’ s o w n e f f o r t s t o r e s o l v e a n d m a n a g e its conflicts, through the peace initiatives of the African Union and regional groupings such as the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS). W i t h t h e s u p p o r t o f o t h e r A f r i c a n c o u n t r i e s a n d t h e in t e r n a t i o n a l c o m m u n i t y , Sierra Leone was able to make the transition from war to peace, with DDR at its heart.

Mr. Ngongi delivered the address of the Special Adviser on Africa, Prof. Ibrahim G a m b a r i , w h o h a d j u s t b e e n n a m e d t h e U N ’ s n e w U n d e r -S e c r e t a r y - G e n e r a l f o r Political Affairs. He stressed the UN’s recognition of the importance of DDR, c i t i n g t h e S e c r e t a r y- G e n e r a l ’ s H i g h -L e v e l P a n e l o n T h r e a t s , C h a l l e n g e s a n d Change, which noted that “demobilizing combatants is the single most important factor determining the success of peace operations.” He added that lasting and d u r a b l e p e a c e a l s o r e q u i r e s i n t e g r a t i n g e x -c o m b a t a n t s i n t o w e l l- f u n c t i o n i n g a n d w e l l- g o v e r n e d s o c i e t i e s t h a t o f f e r a t t r a c t i v e l o n g-t e r m o p p o r t u n i t i e s a n d b e n e f i t s for all citizens.

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Conference Report on DDR and Stability in Africa

M r . K o ro m a w e l c o m e d t h e U N ’ s d e c i s i o n t o h o l d t h e C o n f e r e n c e i n S i e r r a L e o n e , as a sign of confidence by the international community in the country’s return to peace and stability. Not all DDR programmes in Africa have been successful, however, and he challenged the participants to come up with recommendations for doing better. He also observed that DDR programmes cannot be implemented i n a v a c u u m o r o n t h e i r o wn , i f t h e y a r e t o e n s u r e s u c c e s s . Dr. Saran Daraba Kaba, former President of Mano River Union/Mano Rive r W o m e n ’ s P e a c e N e t w o r k ( M A R W O P N E T) , p r e s e n t e d a m e s s a g e c o n v e y i n g a c i v i l society perspective on African DDR experiences, especially in the Mano River countries of Guinea, Liberia and Sierra Leone in which her group has been active. She cautioned that sometimes the way such programmes are implemented can feed a perception that they are rewarding the perpetrators of violence.

B.

Other Key Messages from the Opening Session Ñ DDR must be guided by : a)

A peace agreement among the warring factions. This framework will define the role of other key actors and institutions that are critical to p e a c e m a k i n g , p e a c e c o n s o l i d a t i o n a n d p e a c e b u i l d i n g;

b)

th e p o l i t i c a l , e c o n o m i c a n d s o c i a l e n v i r o n m e n t w i t h i n w h i c h a D D R programme is implemented; and

c)

a drive for genuine national reconciliation .

Ñ The focus should not only be on the immediate requirements to remove weapons from the hands of non -s t a t e ( r e b e l ) a c t o r s a n d t o b r i n g t h e m b a c k i n t o m a i n s t r e a m s o c i e t y , b u t a l s o t h e i n c l u s i o n o f l o n g- t e r m s t a b i l i s a t i o n and development programmes in peace agreements . Ñ DD R programmes primarily emphasiz e the disarmament and demobilization of ex -combatants. However, for durable peace and sustainable development ex-combatants must be reintegrated into well function i n g a n d w e l l -g o v e r n e d s o c i e t i e s . Ñ DDR programmes are a vital component of any peace process but they cannot be implemented in a vacuum nor can they make a peace process successful on their own . Ñ DDR programmes must stress partnership , especially with civil society. Ñ R e i n t e g r a t i o n p r o g r a m m e s must be more gen d e r -s e n s i t i v e t h a n i n t h e past.

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C.

Presentation of National Papers

National papers were presented by a number of countries that have undergone DDR experiences, including Angola, Burundi, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Liberia, Moza mbique, Rwanda, the Republic of Sierra Leone and Zimbabwe, highlighting the diversity, common features and central importance of DDR programmes. The papers reflected different stages, contexts and types of DDR. P a r t i c i p a n t s f r o m o t h e r c o u n t r i e s w i t h o u t f or m a l r e p o r t s , i n c l u d i n g E r i t r e a , Cô t e d’Ivoire, Somalia and Uganda also shared their experiences. The World Bank also made a presentation on the Multi -Country DDR Program in the Greate r Great Lakes Region of Africa. The following points were highlighted: •

While commonalities exist, there is a need to stress that each DDR process is unique, especially as regards the R’s (Rehabilitation, Resettlement, Reinsertion, Reintegration ).

•

Lessons learned have not always been incorporated into the planning and d e s i g n of s u b s e q u e n t D D R p r o g r a m m e s i n o t h e r c o u n t r i e s .

•

D D R p r o g r a m m e s c a n n o t b e t h e s o l u t i o n t o a l l p o s t- c o n f l i c t p r o b l e m s . Parallel programmes need to be planned and implemented, especially for vulnerable groups (including women and children). Particular emphasis should be placed on psychological counselling and support.

•

The regional dimensions of DDR should be taken into consideration in the design and implementation of a programme in any one country.

•

N a t i o n a l o w n e r s h i p a n d l e a d e r s h i p i s k e y t o a n y D D R p r o g r a m m e a n d it must include all stakeholders .

•

In order to build trust and confidence in a DDR programme key commanders should be encouraged to participate in all relevant stages .

•

The underlying causes of conflict must be taken into account in des igning the earli er parts of DDR .

•

D D R s h o u l d b e e m b e d d e d i n a b r o a d e r p o s t-c o n f l i c t r e c o n s t r u c t i o n a n d development framework.

•

Insufficient funding, weak institutions and lack of local capacity were identified as common difficulties in the i mplementation of DDR programmes .

D.

International Initiatives •

Partici p a n t s w e r e b r i e f e d a b o u t o t h e r D D R i n i t i a t i v e s .

•

P a r t i c i pa n t s n o t e d w i t h a p p r e c i a t i o n t h e e f f o r t s o f S I D D R a n d U N I A W G DDR to improve the functioning of DDR operations in Africa and to m a x i m i z e t h e i m p a c t o n l o n g-t e r m d ev e l o p m e n t o n t h e c o n t i n e n t

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Conference Report on DDR and Stability in Africa

•

E.

The UN briefed participants on the draft of the Integrated DDR Standards (IDDRS), and invited participants (especially national delegations) to provide inputs before the publication of the first edition in the fall of 2005.

Working Groups

Five working groups deliberated on various DDR themes from three perspectives: Strategic, Organisational and Implementation , and agreed on numerous recommendations. The deliberations led to the realisation that DDR p r o g r a m m e s a r e n o w e n t e r i n g a n e w p h a s e, w i t h t h e f o c u s o n a n i n t e g r a t e d approach that involves all key stakeholders in a Peace Process.

F.

Networking

African DDR practitioners and stakeholders met and decided to establis h a n o p e r a t i o n a l n e t w o r k t h a t a d d r e s s e s p r e s s i n g r e g i o n a l D DR i s s u e s a n d l i n k s w i t h oth e r D D R i n i t i a t i v e s a n d n e t w o r k s .

G.

Recommendations

Delegates to the conference adopted the following recommendations at the end of the deliberations: a . D D R s h o u l d n o t b e o v e r b u r d e n e d w i t h a l l p o s t-c o n f l i c t d e m a n d s . R a t h e r , it s h o u l d h a v e b a c k w a r d a n d f o r w a r d l i n k a g e s t o t h e b r o a d e r p e a c e process (includ ing peace agreements) and peacebuilding programmes. DDR should always be accompanied by parallel relief, resettlement and r e h a b i l i t a t i o n e f f o r t s f o r a l l w a r-a f f e c t e d p o p u l a t i o n s , e s p e c i a l l y i n t h e context of local communities, as well a s security sector reforms (SSR). b. N a t i o n a l o w n e r s h i p o f D D R p r o g r a m m e s i s c r i t i c a l f o r s u c c e s s . I n t h i s regard, efforts should be made to genuinely support national s t a k e h o l d e r s ( g o v e r n m e n t , c i v i l s oc i e t y , w a r r i n g f a c t i o n s a m o n g o t h e r s ) through technical a ssistance and capacity building. c.

The international community should support and work in genuine partnership with national DDR stakeholders and it should also better coordinate its own efforts and ma ke its DDR funding mechanisms more flexible and timely.

d. E v e r y e f f o r t s h o u l d b e m a d e a t t h e c o u n t r y -l e v e l t o i n c l u d e r e g i o n a l perspectives in the design and implementation of DDR programmes. e.

Sp e c i a l g r o u p s a s s o c i a t e d w i t h w a r r i n g f a c t i o n s ( p a r t i c u l a r l y w o m e n , children and the disabled) should be provided with protective measures i n t h e de s i g n a n d p l a n n i n g s t a g e s o f D D R p r o g r a m m es .

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Conference Report on DDR and Stability in Africa

f.

Participants recognised that DDR programmes are complex. It was t h e r e f o r e r e c o m m e n d e d t h a t a n i n t e g r a t e d a p p r o a c h , i n v o l v i n g na t i o n a l and international stakeholders, should be used in the planning process of DDR programmes.

g. Payment or non -p a y m e n t o f a r e i n s e r t i o n p a c k a g e ( c a s h o r i n k i n d ) t o demobilised ex-combatants to support their transition to normal civilian life should be given careful consideration during the design phase of a DDR programme. h. All stakeholders should be aware of the importance of small arms collection and control at the community level following the conclusion of formal disarmament programmes. i.

T o p r o m o t e lo n g- t e r m s t a b i l i t y a f t e r a D D R p r o g r a m m e , l o n g e r - t e r m development programmes that address the root causes of the conflict (e.g. Poverty Reduction Strategy Papers – PRSPs or other national recovery frameworks) as well as programmes for the prevention and co ntrol of HIV/AIDS should be initiated and adequately funded.

j. T h e n e t w o r k o f A f r i c a n D D R p r a c t i t i o n e r s n e e d s t o b e s t r e n g t h e n e d t o share experiences and innovative ideas and convey their perspectives to t h e U N a n d o t h e r i n t e r n a t i o n a l p a r t n e r s . I n s u p p o r t of t h e s e e f f o r t s , t h e conference proposes that African DDR practitioners and stakeholders meet every two years to review the progress made and seek ways of further improving DDR programmes and their contribution to stability in Africa.

II. BACKGROUND 1. Les s t h a n a d e c a d e a g o , 2 5 A f r i c a n c o u n t r i e s w e r e e n g a g e d i n a r m e d conflict or were experiencing severe political crises and turbulence. Within the last six years, this dire state has dramatically improved. Today, only about 3 A f r i c a n c o u n t r i e s c a n b e c o n s i de r e d t o b e i n a s i t u a t i o n o f v i o l e n t c o n f l i c t a n d few countries are facing deep political crises. 2. However, international efforts at building peace have had mixed results since roughly half of all countries that emerge from war lapse into violence w i t h i n fi v e y e a r s . 3. In recent years, it has been acknowledged that disarmament, demobilization and reintegration of ex-combatants (DDR) are critical elements in the transition from war to peace and development. Many African countries have acquired expertise in DDR exercises, both within and outside a UN framework. 4. However, many DDR programmes have not been designed and i m p l e m e n t e d o n t h e b a s i s o f a n i n -d e p t h a n a l y s i s o f t h e s p e c i f i c p o l i t i c a l , s o c i a l and economic contexts of conflict environments. Also, they have not always been

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conceived strategy.

within

a

larger

l o n g-t e r m

development

and

peace

stabilisation

5. L a t e l y , t h e r e h a s b e e n a g r o w i n g u n d e r s t a n d i n g t h a t c o n t e x t-s e n s i t i v e DDR, as well as other factors such as regional harmonization, are key to p r e v e n t i n g a r e c u r r e n c e o f c o n f l i c t i n p o s t-c o n f l i c t c o u n t r i e s o r n e i g h b o u r i n g countries. Creating an enabling environment for DDR, embedding it in wider p e a c e b u i l d i n g a n d p o s t -c o n f l i c t r e c o n s t r u c t i o n e f f o r t s , a n d s u c c e s s f u l l y a d d r e s s i n g r e g i o n a l a n d i n t e r n a t i o n a l d i m en s i o n s o f D D R a r e a l l v i t a l t o c r e a t i n g a l o n g-l a s t i n g s t a b i l i t y t h a t s e r v e s a s t h e f o u n d a t i o n f o r d e v e l o p m e n t a n d e f f e c t i v e , d u r a b l e p o s t-c o n f l i c t r e c o n s t r u c t i o n . I t i s e q u a l l y i m p o r t a n t t o a d d r e s s t h e n e e d s o f s p e c i a l g r o u p s , n o n -c o m b a t a n t s , a s s o c i a t e s of ex- c o m b a t a n t s a n d war affected communities ; strengthen institutions, international assistance and coordination, and tackl e planning challenges associated with these elements. 6. Addressing these issues from strategic, organisational and implementation pers pectives is critical to achieving overall coherence and greater effectiveness of DDR programmes. 7. While there are some efforts underway to reform DDR programmes in this regard, they need to be complemented by, and benefit from, the insight and experience of African stakeholders in DDR, both implementers and beneficiaries. D D R p r o g r a m m e s a r e c e n t r a l t o t h e e n o r m o u s s o c i e t a l t r a n s f o r m a t i o n t h a t p o s tconflict societies undergo. The perspectives of African stakeholders in DDR are t h e r e f o r e c r u c i a l i n m e e t i n g t h e c o m p l e x p o l i t i c a l a n d c o u n t r y -s p e c i f i c d u a l challenges of creating enabling environments for DDR and embedding DDR in p o s t- c o n f l i c t r e c o n s t r u c t i o n p r o g r a m m e s . 8. Th e G o v e r n m e n t o f t h e R e p u b l i c o f S i e r r a L e o n e a n d t h e U n i t e d N a t i o n s O f f i c e o f t h e S p e c i a l A d v i s e r o n A f r i c a ( O S A A ) d e c i d e d t o c o -o r g a n i s e a t h r e e day Conference on Disarmament, Demobilisation, Reintegration and Stability in A f r i c a t h a t t o o k p l a c e o n 2 1 -2 3 J u n e 2 0 0 5 i n F r e e t o w n , S i e r r a L e o n e 9. T h i s C o n f e r e n c e g r e w o u t o f a M i n i s t e r i a l B r e a k f a s t R o u n d ta b l e e n t i t l e d “Do Current Practices of Disarmament, Demobilization and Reintegration Lead to Stability and Development in Africa?” organised by OSAA during the UN ECOSOC High-Level Segment on 29 June 2004. This roundtable revealed the need to examine in greater depth the issues of disarmament, demobilisation, reintegration and stability in Africa. 10. To ensure a coordinated UN approach in the preparation of the C o n f e r e n c e , a U N I n t e r- A g e n c y T a s k F o r c e w a s e s t a b l i s h e d c o m p r i s i n g t h e Permanent Mission of Sie rra Leone to the UN, UNDP, DPKO, OCHA, DDA a n d the World Bank. OSAA chaired the Task Force and provided secretarial support. T h e G o v e r n m e n t o f S i e r r a L e o n e a l s o s e t u p a local C o n f e r e n c e P l a n n i n g Committee under the leadership of the Ministry of Foreign Af fairs and International Cooperation to coordinate local preparations for the Conference. 11. The overa l l a i m o f t h e C o n f e r e n c e w a s t o r e v i e w t h e c h a l l e n g e s o f D D R programmes, examine the extent to which current pra ctices of DDR programmes a c t u a ll y l e a d t o s t a b i l i t y a n d d e v e l o p m e n t a n d i d e n t i f y t h e n e c e s s a r y preconditions for success.

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Conference Report on DDR and Stability in Africa

12.

The Conference’s specific objectives were to: a . De e p e n t h e u n d e r s t a n d i n g o f t h e i m p a c t o f D D R p r o g r a m m e s o n l o n g-t e r m s t a b i l i t y a n d d e v e l o p m e n t; b. ca p t u r e t h e v i e w s o f A f r i c a n D D R st a k e h o l d e r s o n t h e c h a l l e n g e s o f D D R a n d s t a b i l i t y; c.

pr o v i d e a p l a t f o r m f o r A f r i c a n p e r s p e c t i v e s t o b e a r t i c u l a t e d a n d t o b e incorporated into current DDR reform debates ; and

d. pr o v i d e a f o r u m f o r A f r i c a n D D R s t a k e h o l d e r s a n d p r a c t iti o n e r s t o b u i l d networks. 13. To capture the perspective of diverse DDR stakeholders in Africa, preConference national consultations were held in Angola, Burundi, the Democratic R e p u b l i c o f C o n g o , L i b e r i a , M o z a m b i q u e , R w a n d a , th e R e p u b l i c o f S i e r r a L e o n e and Zimbabwe. On the basis of the national workshops, national background papers were prepared and presented at the Conference to reflect and summarise the experience and views of national stakeholders on DDR. 14. The conference, which focused on the articulation of African views on DDR and stability from the perspective of practitioners and stakeholders, c o m p l e m e n t e d r e v i e w e f f o r t s u n d e r t a k e n i n t h e U N I n t e r -a g e n c y W o r k i n g G r o u p on DDR (UN IAWG DDR) and the Stockholm Initiative on DDR (SIDDR). U N I A W G D D R a i m s t o i m p r o v e t h e w a y t h e U N c ol l e c t i v e l y d e s i g n s , i m p l e m e n t s and monitors DDR programmes while the Stockholm Initiative on DDR (SIDDR) focuses on funding, political and peacebuilding aspects of DDR. Represen tatives o f b o t h i n i t i a t i v e s m a d e p r e s e n t a t i o n s a n d a c t i v e l y s u p p o r t e d t h e C o n f er e n c e . 15. T h e C o n f e r e n c e b e n e f i t e d f r o m t h e g e n e r o u s s u p p o r t of t h e g o v e r n m e n t s of Sweden, Germany and Finland.

16. The Conference drew more than 100 participants, including from 15 African countries, as well as representatives of a number of donor countries and international and regional organisations (for a list of participants, see Annex II). The African participants spanned a range of DDR stakeholders, both male and female, including government officials, current as well as former members of national DDR commissions and other experts, beneficiaries of DDR p r o g r a m m e s , m e m b e r s o f t h e a r m e d f o r c e s , r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s o f h os t c o m m u n i t i e s , women’s and civil society organisations.

III.

OPENING SESSION

17. The C o n f e r e n c e w a s o p e n e d b y t h e P r e s i d e n t o f t h e R e p u b l i c o f S i e r r a L e o n e , H i s E x c e l l e n c y , D r . A l h a j i A h m a d T e j a n K a b b a h . I t w a s c o -c h a i r e d b y t h e Minister of Foreign Affairs and International Cooperation, Hon. Momodou Koroma and Dr. A. Namanga Ngongi, former Special Representative of the S e c r e t a r y- G e n e r a l o f t h e U n i t e d N a t i o n s f o r t h e D e m o c r a t i c R e p u b l i c o f C o n g o , r e p r e s e n t i n g t h e U n d e r -S e c r e t a r y -G e n e r a l a n d S p e c i a l A d v i s e r t o t h e S e c r e t a r y -

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General on Africa, Professor Ibrahim Gambari, who had just been app ointed the U N ’ s U n d e r - S e c r e t a r y -G e n e r a l f o r P o l i t i c a l A f f a i r s . 18. H i s E x c e l l e n c y P r e s i d e n t Dr. A l h a j i A h m a d T e j a n K a b b a h w e l c o m e d t h e Conference participants to Sierra Leone. He regretted the protracted period of c o n f l i c t t h a t l e d t o m a n y d e a t h s , t h e d i s p l a ce m e n t o f a l a r g e p a r t o f h i s c o u n t r y ’ s population, wanton abuse and the violation of human rights. The President stated that Sierra Leone’s conflict was the result of deprivation, disaffection and t h e e x t r e m e p o v e r t y o f t h e m a j o r i t y o f t h e p o p u l a t i o n . H e pl a c e d t h e C o n f e r e n c e within the context of Africa’s own efforts to resolve and manage its conflicts through the peace initiative of the African Union and regional groupings such as the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS). He expressed s a t i s fa c t i o n t h a t w i t h t h e s u p p o r t o f o t h e r A f r i c a n c o u n t r i e s a n d t h e international community, Sierra Leone was able to make the transition from war to peace and stressed the central role that DDR played in that transition. 19. The President of the Republic of Sierra Leone, stressed that to be successful, DDR had to be placed within the framework of a peace agreement, be implemented within a favourable political, economic and social environment and that there should be a genuine national drive for peace and reconciliation. DDR in itself was not sufficient to restore peace and stability. The President e m p h a s i z e d t h e n e e d t o i m p l e m e n t l o n g- t e r m m e a s u r e s t o t a c k l e t h e r o o t c a u s e s of conflict. President Kabbah expressed appreciation for the sacrifice a n d financial suppor t of ECOWAS , the United Nations and troop contributing countries for the peacekeeping operation in Sierra Leone. 20. Dr. Ngongi delivered the address of the Spe cial Adviser, Professor Gambari. He stressed the critical importance of DDR, citing the UN SecretaryG e n e r a l ’ s H i g h -L e v e l P a n e l o n T h r e a t s , C h a l l e n g e s a n d C h a n g e , w h i c h n o t e d t h a t “demobilizing combatants is the single most important factor determining the success of peace operations.” He added that lasting and durable peace also requires that ex -c o m b a ta n t s b e i n t e g r a t e d i n t o w e l l - f u n c t i o n i n g a n d w e l l governed societies that offer attractive long-term opportunities and benefits for all citizens. 21. The Special Adviser on Africa emphasised that the Conference complemented efforts by international partners, in particular the Stockholm I n i t i a t i v e o n D D R a n d t h e U N I n t e r -A g e n c y W o r k i n g G r o u p o n D D R , t o i m p r o v e the implementation of DDR programmes in Africa. He informed that the Conference was organised as a response to a proposal made at a Ministerial R o u n d T a bl e B r e a k f a s t e n t i t l e d “ D o c u r r e n t P r a c t i c e s o f D i s a r m a m e n t , Demobilization and Reintegration Lead to Stability and Development in Africa?” that w a s o r g a n i s e d b y O S A A d u r i n g t h e U N E C O S O C H i g h -L e v e l s e g m e n t o n J u n e 2 9 2 0 0 4 . T h e S p e c i a l A d v i s e r s t a t e d t h a t th e o b j e c t i v e s o f t h e C o n f e r e n c e w e r e t o review the challenges of DDR programmes, examine the extent to which current practices lead to genuine stability and development as well as identify the n e c e s s a r y p r e c o n d i t i o n s f o r s u c c e s s . P r o f. G a m b a r i t h a n k e d t h e G o v e r n m e n t o f S i e r r a L e o n e f o r c o -o r g a n i s i n g t h e C o n f e r e n c e a n d e x p r e s s e d t h e h o p e t h a t o t h e r countries would learn from the country’s successful DDR programme. 22. Minister of Foreign Affairs and International Cooperation, Hon. Momodou K o r o m a w e l c o m e d t h e U N’ s d e c i s i o n t o h o l d t h e C o n f e r e n c e i n S i e r r a L e o n e .

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Conference Report on DDR and Stability in Africa

This was recognized by the Government as a sign of confidence by the international community in the return of the country to peace and stability. He regretted that not all DDR programmes in Africa have been successful and challenged the participants to formulate recommendations that would lead to better results. Mr. Koroma further observed that DDR programmes could not be impleme n t e d i n a v a c u u m if they are to ensure success. 23. Dr. Saran Daraba Kaba, former President of the Mano River Women’s Peace Network (MARWOPNET), presented a message conveying a civil society perspective on African experiences, especially in the Mano River countries of Guinea, Liberia and Sierra Leone in which her group has been active. She pointed out that the way DDR programmes were sometimes implemented could feed the perception that they were rewarding the perpetrators of violence. Dr. Daraba Kaba stressed that it was necessary to identify the needs of special g r o u p s , e s p e c i a l l y w o m en a n d c h i l d r e n , a n d d e s i g n a n d i m p l e m e n t s p e c i f i c activities to meet those n e e d s .

24. Mr. Momodou Koroma w e l c o m e d p a r t i c i p a n t s t o t h e f i r s t p l e n a r y s e s s i o n and informed them that after extensive consultations, it was decided that Dr. F r a n c i s K a i- K a i , f o r m e r E x e c u t i v e D i r e c t o r o f S i e r r a L e o n e ’ s N a t i o n a l C o m m i s s i o n o n D D R w o u l d s e r v e a s R a p p o r t e u r f o r t h e C o n f e r e n c e . The decision was strongly approved by applause. The Co -Chair then requested the Conference Coordinator, Mrs. Ruth Bamela Engo, to present the draft programme. Mrs. B a m e l a Engo r e v i e w e d t h e p r o g r a m m e , p o i n t i n g o u t w h e r e a d j u s t m e n t s h a d b e e n made. The programme was adopted. (See Annex I)

V. NATIONAL EXPERIENCES WITH DDR IN AFRICA 25. National papers were prepared and presented by the national consulta n t s for a n u m b e r o f c o u n t r i e s t h a t h a v e u n d e r g o n e D D R e x p e r i e n c e s . T h e s e i n c l u d e d Angola, Burundi, Democratic Republic of Congo, Liberia, Mozambique, Rwanda, the Republic of Sierra Leone and Zimbabwe. The national papers highlighted the d i v e r s i t y o f e x p e r ie n c e s , c o m m o n f e a t u r e s a n d t h e c e n t r a l i m p o r t a n c e o f D D R programmes in the restoration of peace and stability in post conflict countries. The papers reflected different stages, contexts and types of DDR programmes. P a r t i c i p a n t s f r o m o t h e r c o u n t r i e s i n c l u d in g C o t e d ’ I v o i r e , E r i t r e a , S o m a l i a a n d Uganda that did not have formal reports also shared their experiences. The W o r l d B a n k a l s o m a d e a p r e s e n t a t i o n o n t h e M u l t i- C o u n t r y D e m o b i l i z a t i o n a n d Reintegration Programmes (MDRP) in the Greater Great Lakes Region.

A.

Common Lessons •

While many commonalities exist, there is a need to stress that each DDR process is unique, especially as regards the Rs (Reinsertion, Reintegration, Resettlement, Repatriation).

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Conference Report on DDR and Stability in Africa

B.

•

Lessons learned have not always been incorporated into th e planning and design of subsequent DDR programmes either in the same countries or in other countries in the region.

•

D D R p r o g r a m m e s s h o u l d n o t b e b u r d e n e d w i t h a l l p o s t-c o n f l i c t p r o b l e m s . P a r a l l e l p r o g r a m m e s n e e d t o b e p l a n n e d a n d i m p l e m e n t e d, e s p e c i a l l y fo r vulnerable groups (including women and children). Particular emphasis s h o u l d b e p l a c e d o n p s y c h o-s o c i a l c o u n s e l l i n g a n d s u p p o r t f o r w o m e n t r a u m a t i z e d b y r a p e a n d o t h e r f o r m s o f s e x u a l v i o l e n c e, a n d c h i l d r e n traumatized by horrific war experiences.

•

The r egional dimensions of conflicts and DDR should be taken into consideration in the design and implementation of DDR programmes, especially in West Africa where most of the conflicts have regional implications.

•

Nation a l ownership and leadership are implementation of any DDR programme stakeholders.

•

Key commanders of all the parties to a conflict should be encouraged to participate in all relevant stages of a DDR programme in order to build trust and confidence.

•

The und e r l y i n g c a u s e s o f a c o n f l i c t m u s t b e t a k e n i n t o a c c o u n t i n designing the different stages of DDR programmes.

•

DDR programmes should reconstruction frameworks.

•

Insufficient funding, weak institutions and the lack of local capacity were common difficulties in the implementation of DDR programmes.

be

embedded

key and

in

to the successful must include all

broader

p o s t-c o n f l i c t

Individual Experiences

1. Angola 26. Angola experienced violent conflict for almost forty years starting from t h e e a r l y 1 9 6 0 s . T h e i n t e n s i f i c a t i o n o f c o l o n i a l i s m , t h e u s e o f A n go l a n s a s “slave” labour for the exploitation of the country’s vast natural resources by a small group of colonials and the confiscation of most of the country’s arable land b y a w h i t e m i n o r i t y f u e l l e d t h e d r i v e f o r s e l f-d e t e r m i n a t i o n a n d i n d e p e n d e n c e t h a t r e s u l t e d i n t h e l i b e r a t i o n s t r u g gl e . T h r e e n a t i o n a l i s t m o v e m e n t s , t h e National Front for the Liberation of Angola (FNLA), Popular Movement for the Liberation of Angola (MPLA) and Union for the Total Liberation of Angola (UNITA) spearheaded the struggle. 27. Ne g o t i a t i o n s c o n c l u d e d i n N e w Y o r k i n 1 9 8 8 f o r t h e i n d e p e n d e n c e o f neighbouring Namibia resulted in a package deal; South African troops would withdraw from Namibia and Cuban forces that were supporting the Angolan government would pull out of the country. This was the first Angolan DDR experience, although not a classic one. The New York agreement was soon

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Conference Report on DDR and Stability in Africa

followed by another agreement, the Gbadolite Agreement. This second agreement was in turn followed by a third agreement, the Bicesse Accords, signed by the Go v e r n m e n t a n d U N I T A i n M a y 1 9 9 1 . 28. The Bicesse Accords included a DDR programme that envisaged the disarmament of combatants of the Popular Armed Forces for the Liberation of Angola (FAPLA) belonging to the MPLA Government and those of Armed Forces for t h e L i b e r a t i o n o f A n g o l a ( F A L A ) o f N a t i o n a l U n i o n f o r t h e T o t a l I n d e p e n d e n c e o f A n g o l a (U N I T A) , t h e c r e a t i o n o f a n i n t e g r a t e d A r m y o f 5 0 , 0 0 0 , (20,000 each from FAPLA and FALA, 6,000 to be selected professionally for the air force and 4,000 for the Navy) and the demobilisation of approximately 200,000 troops. The second DDR programme laid emphasis on the ‘Ds’ but was not fully implemented because of the resumption of the war as a result of UNITA’s refusal to accept the outcome of the 1992 election. Although the DDR programme failed, it established institutions and created structures for d e m o b i l i z a t i o n a n d t h e s o c i a l a n d p r o f e s s i o n a l r e i n t e g r a t i o n o f e x -c o m b a t a n t s . 29. The Lusaka Peace Agreement of 1993 led to the creation of a Government of National Unity and Reconciliation (GURN) and the integration of some UNITA forces into the national army. The DDR programme was a mere formality a s UNITA did not fully adh ere to it. Consequently, the war resumed in 1998 and ended with the death of the leader of UNITA in Februa ry 2002. The Government seized the opportunity and released a Peace Agenda which granted a general amnesty to UNITA soldiers and provided for their disarmament, demobilization and reintegration into civilian life. The preparation of an emergency humanitarian assistance programme, including the resettlement of the more than f o u r m i l l i o n i n t e r n a l l y d i s p l a c e d A n g o l a n s w a s i n i t i a t e d. T h e c o o p e r a t i o n o f UNITA generals was sought and obtained by the Government. 30. A Joint Commission was established to supervise the implementation of t h e D D R p r o g r a m m e . T h i r t y -f i v e Q u a r t e r i n g A r e a s w e r e s e t- u p n a t i o n w i d e f o r the UNITA forces and an equal number of Reception Areas for family members and dependents of the troops. Every effort was made to treat the UNITA soldiers with res p e c t a n d a s p i r i t o f r e c o n c i l i a t i o n c h a r a c t e r i s e d t h e p r o c e s s . A t o t a l o f 91,127 UNITA soldiers and 288,756 fa mily members were registered during the DDR process. Some 5,000 UNITA soldiers were integrated into the Angolan National Army, in cluding 18 generals, and 40 of them joined the National Police. The rest were demobilized and enrolled in civilian reintegration programmes. 31. Reintegration programmes for demobilized ex-combatants started in September 2003. These are implemented through t h e Institute of S ocioP r o f e s s i o n a l R e i n t e g r a t i o n f o r E x- C o m b a t a n t s ( I R S E M ) a n d i n c l u d e t h e f o l l o w i n g activities: (i) vocational training, traditional apprenticeships and on -the-job training; (ii) community works; (iii) access to tool kits; and (iv) micro-business training, advisory services and microcredit. As of June 2005, over 20,000 ex combatants were benefiting from reintegration support and 7,800 were expected to join the programme shortly. Programme design and implementation is e x e c u t e d b y s e v e r a l N G O s , bo t h n a t i o n a l a n d i n t e r n a t i o n a l . 32. The current Angolan DDR programme faces many challenges: lack of i n t e r n a t i o n a l f i n a n c i a l s u p p o r t ; r e c y c l i n g o f e x -c o m b a t a n t s d i s a r m e d a n d d e m o b i l i z e d i n p r e v i o u s D D R s , t h e l a r g e n u m b e r o f w a r- d i s a b l e d , e s p e c i a l l y

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Conference Report on DDR and Stability in Africa

a m o n g t h e G o v e r n m e n t t ro o p s ; d e p e n d e n c y s y n d r o m e a m o n g s t p e o p l e w h o h a v e spent many years in the military; lack of experience in reintegrating ex combatants in to urban settings; and logistical difficulties. Key Lessons: Ñ DDR should be a f t e rt h o u g h t.

a

seamless

process,

and

the

R

should

not

be a n

Ñ DDR should be closel y linked to a political process; holding elections in 1992 while there were three armi es in the country was a mistake. Ñ F i n a n c i a l r e s o u r c e s s h o u l d b e s u f f i c i e n t a n d a v a i l a b l e w h e n n e e d e d. Ñ Monitoring and ensure success.

evaluation

is critical for programme adjustments to

Ñ T r u s t a n d r e c o n c i l i a t i o n s h o u l d b e e s t a bl i s h e d e a r l y i n t h e D D R p r o c e s s . Ñ State administration should be extended throughout the national territory to en s u r e s u c c e s s f u l i m p l e m e n t a t i o n . Ñ C o m m u n i t y i n v o l v e m e n t a n d s u p p o r t t o f a m i l i e s a r e c r i t i c a l f o r l o n g-t e r m stability .

2. Burundi 33. B u r u n d i h a s e x p e r i e n c e d a l o n g-s t a n d i n g p o l i t i c a l a n d e t h n i c c o n f l i c t w i t h regional ramifications that started before independence in 1962. The conflict intensified in 1972 with a Hutu invasion from Tanzania that saw a systematic killing of Tutsis. In 1993 the conflict peaked after the assassination of the first elected Hutu President. Again , Tutsis were systematically targeted. The repression of the National Army against Hutus was equally brutal. More than 300,000 persons have died in the conflict since 1993 and up to 24 per cent of the population was displaced at the worst period of the war. Destruction of infrastructure and disruption of economic activity led to a drop in per capita GNP from 180 USD to 110 between 1993 and 2000 and an increase of the population living in poverty from 35 per cent to 67 per cent during the same period. 34. Many internal negotiations took place between 1993 and 1996 with the formation of successive g overnments but failed to end the conflict. External negotiations between 1997 and 1999 that were facilitated by the Organisation of African Union (OAU) resulted in the signing of the Arusha Agreement of August 2000, the formation of a transitional Governme nt the same year and a general ceasefire in November 2003. The last rebel group joined the Agreement in May 2005 but it is still in conflict with the transitional Government. 35. The Arusha Peace Agreement offered a partial amnesty to those involved i n t h e c on f l i c t a n d d e t a i l e d s p e c i f i c a r r a n g e m e n t s f o r t h e f o r m a t i o n o f a n integrated National Army and the implementation of a Disarmament, D e m o b i l i z a t i o n a n d R e i n t e g r a t i o n P r o g r a m m e f o r e x -c o m b a t a n t s . T h e O A U a n d the United Nations appointed Special Representatives in 1993 after the massacres to assist the parties in their reconciliation efforts. The OAU deployed an

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Conference Report on DDR and Stability in Africa

Observer Mission in 2002 and a Peacekeeping Mission in 2003 to improve the security environment. This role was taken over by a United Nations P e a c e k e e p i n g M i s s i o n ( O N U B ) i n 2 0 0 4 . H o w e v e r , th e f a c t t h a t n o t all the parties sign ed the a g r e e m e n t m e a n t t h a t i t w a s i m p l e m e n t e d i n a n i n s e c u r e environment. 36. The DDR programme drew lessons from similar operations in Africa. A N a t i o n a l P r o g r a m m e f o r D D R ( P N D D R ) wa s f o r m u l a t e d i n 2 0 0 3 a n d p l a c e d under the political leadership of a National Commission for DDR (CNDDR) that is chaired by the President. A Joint Operations Plan (POJ) was developed by all t h e p a r t i e s t o i m p l e m e n t t h e p r o c e s s . T h e m a i n o b j e c t i v e s o f t h e P OJ were to: •

D i s a r m a n d d e m o b i l i z e 5 5 , 0 0 0 e x -c o m b a t a n t s , i n c l u d i n g 8 , 0 0 0 c h i l d soldiers o f t h e B u r u n d i a n A r m e d F o r c e s (F A B ), Parties of A r m e d P o l i t i c a l M o v e m e n t s ( P M P A ), a n d u l t i m a t e l y o f t h e N a t i o n a l D e f e n c e F o r c e s (F D N ) , and assist in their reintegration into civilian life ; and

•

assist in the disarmament of 20,000 members of a government militia and 10,000 members of PMPA and the dismantling of their chains of command.

37. The M u l t i- C o u n t r y D e m o b i l i z a t i o n a n d R e i n t e g r a t i o n P r o g r a m ( M D R P ) o f t h e W o r l d B a n k p r o vi d e s a p l a t f o r m f o r d i s c u s s i o n a n d r e f l e c t i o n f o r a l l p a r t n e r s supporting Burundi’s DDR programme. 38. Disarmament has not proceeded as planned in assembly areas due to mutual mistrust between the parties , but all ex -c o m b a t a n t s e n t e r i n g d e m o b i l i z a t i o n c e n t e r s a r e d i s a r m e d . 1 0 , 0 0 0 e x -c o m b a t a n t s , i n c l u d i n g 2 , 7 0 0 children, had been d e m o b i l i z e d b y 1 J u n e 2 0 0 5 . R e i n s e r t i o n a l l o w a n c e s e q u i v a l e n t t o 1 8 m o n t h s of wages are paid to ex -c o m b a t a n t s , h a l f o n l e a v i n g t h e demobilization centers and the rest in three equal instalments paid at threem o n t h i n t e r v a l s i n t h e c o m m u n i t y o f r e i n t e g r a t i o n . E x- c o m b a t a n t s a r e a l s o e n t i t l e d t o r e i n t e g r a t i o n b e n e f i t s o f 5 0 0 , 0 0 0 t o 6 0 0 , 0 0 0 f r a n c s (Fbu ). Child ex combatants are provided special care under a UNICEF sponsored programme. Women a n d t h e h a n d i c a p p ed a l s o h a v e s p e c i a l p r o g r a m m e s . 39. Burundi’s DDR programme was conceived to have linkages with other medium to l o n g- t e r m security, social reintegration and development p r o g r a m m e s ( s u c h a s t h e P o v e r t y R e d u c t i o n S t r a t e g y P a p e r s (P R S P ) . T h e im p l e m e n t a t i o n o f t h e s e p r o g r a m m e s w o u l d f a c i l i t a t e t h e p h a s i n g- o u t o f t h e DDR programme.

Key Challenges: Ñ Continued conflict as one of the rebel movements has not respected the agreement. Ñ Resistance to disarm before arrival at demobilization centers beca use of m i s t r u s t b e t w e e n p a r t i e s p a r t i c i p a t i n g i n t h e p r o g r a m m e. Ñ Inaccurate numbers of armed forces communicated by the parties .

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Conference Report on DDR and Stability in Africa

Key Lesson: Ñ Fo r D DR t o b e i m p l e m e n t e d e f f e c t i v e l y , a l l p a r t i e s t o a c o n f l i c t s h o u l d p a r t i c i p a t e i n p e a c e n e g o t i a t i o n s a n d s i g n t h e p e a c e a g r e e m e n t.

3. Democratic Republic of The Congo 40. T h e D e m o c r a t i c R e p u b l i c o f T h e C o n g o (DRC) h a s e n d u r e d m a n y c o n f l i c t s since gaining independence in 1960 although there have been intermittent periods of relative peace. The United Nations approved and deployed a p e a c e k e e p i n g m i s s i o n t o t h e D R C i n 1 9 6 1 i n t h e w a k e o f p o s t-i n d e p e n d e n c e political crises , and again in 1974 following the attempted secession of the Province of Katanga . The numerous signed peace agreements did not lead to d u r a b l e p e a c e an d s t a b i l i t y s i n c e s o m e o f t h e u n d e r l y i n g c a u s e s o f t h e c o n f l i c t ( e t h n i c i t y, decen t r a l i s a t i o n , b a d g o v e r n a n c e a n d r e g i o n a l r e l a t i o n s ) w e r e n o t satisfactorily resolved. 41. In 1997 a coalition of rebel movements under the leadership of the A l l i a n c e o f D e m o c r a ti c F o r c e s f o r t h e L i b e r a t i o n o f C o n g o -Z a i r e (A D F L) , w i t h support from neighbouring countries, overthrew the government of President Mobutu and took power. Internal discord within the alliance and disagreements with some neighbouring countries over the acti vities of foreign armed groups on DRC territory led to a resumption of the conflict that saw the involvement of five Congolese belligerents; Government, four major rebel groups: Congolese R a l l y f o r D e m o c r a c y (R C D ), M o v e m e n t f o r t h e L i b e r a t i o n o f C o n g o ( MLC ) , K i s a n g a n i L i b e r a t i o n M o v e m e n t (R C D - K / M L ) a n d C o n g o l e s e R a l l y f o r D e m o c r a c y -N a t i o n a l (R C D -N ) a s w e l l a s s i x f o r e i g n c o u n t r i e s A n g o l a , C h a d , Namibia, Rwanda, Uganda and Zimbabwe, in support of either the government or the rebels. 42. The Organisation of African Unity (OAU), now the African Union (AU), facilitated a peace process in Lusaka under the leadership of a Neutral Facilitator that started in 1998. The UN approved and deployed a Peacekeeping Mission in 1999. The peace negotiations resulted in the withdrawal of foreign forces and the signing of a peace agreement by the main warring factions in 2002 and formation of a transitional government in June 2003. All the main belligerent forces were allotted prominent positions in the transitional government. H o we v e r , t h e a r m e d g r o u p s i n t h e I t u r i D i s t r i c t w e r e n o t p a r t o f t h e p e a c e process and did not sign the peace agreement nor were they included in the transitional government. 43. The peace agreement included specific reference to a DDR programme for the former Co n g o l e s e b e l l i g e r e n t f o r c e s a n d t h e f o r m a t i o n o f a n in t e g r a t e d national army. A DDR programme for members of Rwandan armed groups in the DRC was also included in the agreement. It was estimated that some 150,000 Congolese combatants, including 30,000 child soldiers would participate in the DDR programme and that the estimated 25,000 members of Rwandan armed groups would be disarmed, demobilized and repatriated to Rwanda, under the leadership of the United Nations Mission in the Democratic Republic of Congo ( MONUC ) , f o r r e s e t t l e m e n t a n d r e i n t e g r a t i o n .

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44. An Inter-Ministerial Commission was established to handle policy matters r e g a r d i n g D D R w i t h a Na t i o n a l P r o g r a m m e f o r D D R a d m i n i s t r a t i o n set up t o ensure: •

Di s a r m a m e n t o f f o r m e r a r m e d g r o u p s a n d h a n d o v e r of a r m s c o l l ec t e d t o the new integrated army;

•

de m o b i l i z a t i o n o f e x - c o m b a t a n t s o n a v o l u n t a r y b a s i s ; a n d

•

re i n t e g r a t i o n o f d e m o b i l i z e d e x - c o m b a t a n t s i n t o c o m m u n i t i e s o f t h e i r choice within the framework of projects with sustainable benefits.

45. Demobilized ex-combatan ts received a package consisting of a transport a l l o w a n c e , f o o d a l l o w a n c e a n d a n i n i t i a l s a f e t y -n e t p a y m e n t . T h e t o t a l p a y m e n t a m o u n t e d t o 1 1 0 U S D . E x -c o m b a t a n t s a r e e n t i t l e d t o a d d i t i o n a l s a f e t y-n e t p a y m e n t s o f 2 5 U S D p e r m o n t h f o r 1 2 months at their chos e n a r e a s o f r e i n t e gr a t i o n a n d m a y a l s o r e c e i v e t r a i n i n g i f t h e y w i s h . 46. The DDR programme has resulted in the disarmament and demobilization of o v e r 1 6 , 5 0 0 a d u l t e x - c o m b a t a n t s a n d 7 , 6 5 1 c h i l d s o l d i e r s . A b o u t 6 , 2 4 8 s m a l l arms, 235,000 ammunitions, 296 grenades, 963 bombs and 973 mines have been c o l l e c t e d . 3 0 0 0 d e m o b i l i z e d e x -c o m b a t a n t s h a v e b e e n r e i n t e g r a t e d a n d 1 0 , 0 0 0 a r e in the process of reintegration. Reintegration activities are designed and implemented in partnership with a number of NGOs, both national and international. Key Challenges: Ñ Issue of disarming the civilian population . Ñ Th e c o n t i n u e d p r e s e n c e o n D R C t e r r i t o r y o f R w a n d a n a r m e d g r o u p s . Ñ The establishment of linkages between DDR reintegration and reconciliation programmes .

and

other

l o n g-t e r m

Ñ Ta c k l i n g t h e p r o b l e m s o f v u l n e r a b l e g r o u p s , p a r t i c u l a r l y w o m e n a n d children . Ñ Securing adequate financial resources for the reinte gration phase of the programme. Ñ The unfavourable economic environment in which DDR is being i m p l e m e n t e d m a y i m p a c t n e g a t i v e l y o n t h e r e i n t e g r a t i o n o f e x -c o m b a t a n t s raising serious concern s a b o u t t h e future stability of the country .

4. Liberia 47. The fourteen -year conflict that wrecked Liberia left the population in a s t a t e o f a p p r e h e n s i o n . A g a i n s t t h e b a c k g r o u n d o f a D D R p r o g r a m m e th a t w a s h a s t i l y i m p l e m e n t e d f r o m 1 9 9 4 -9 7 , f o l l o w i n g a l u l l i n t h e c o n f l i c t , a n d t h e ensuing donor fatigue, Liberians anxiously await the end of the brutal self destruction and regional instability that have resulted from the conflict. Failure to learn from the mistakes of the past DDR experience could derail the current peace process and destabilize not only Liberia but also the entire sub region.

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48. Although mechanisms were put in place in 1994 to jumpstart DDR, the r e s u m p t i o n o f h o s t i l i t i e s i n A p r i l 1 9 9 6 an d t h e r e s u l t a n t l o o t i n g a n d d e s t r u c t i o n of assets including databases seriously hindered the process. The Abuja Peace A c c o r d o f 1 9 9 7 b r o k e r e d by E C O W A S e n d e d h o s t i l i t i e s b u t t h e i s s u e o f s o c i a l reintegration of ex-combatants into civilian life remained un resolved. Consequently the international community and the national stakeholders opted for a “quick and dirty” approach that did not provide for adequate encampment of ex -c o m b a t a n t s f o r d e t r a u m a t i z a t i o n . T h e e x -c o m b a t a n t s w e r e t h u s n o t f u l l y demobilized in preparation for genuine reintegration. 49. I n a d d i t i o n , t h e D D R p r o c e s s f o c u s e d m a i n l y o n g u n -c a r r y i n g c o m b a t a n t s , thus vulnerable groups, including women and children and followers of warring factions, were not considered. Other major shortcomings of the 1997 DDR programme included the failure of the elected government to restructure the Ar m e d F o r c e s o f L i b e r i a ( A F L ) i n k e e p i n g w i t h t h e A b u j a P e a c e A c c o r d s i n c e t h e government was preoccupied with its own security and survival . The government also failed to include leaders of other warring factions in key decision-making positions. This led to dissatisfaction and a mass exodus of ex c o m b a t a n t s a n d t h e i r r e g r o u p i n g i n a n e i g h b o u r i n g c o u n t r y t o r e -l a u n c h f u l l scale war on Liberia in 1999. 50. The cornerstone of th e current peace process is the Comprehensive Peace Agreement (CPA) signed on 18 August 2003. The Agreement called for adherence to the Ceasefire Agreement signed by the warring factions - Government of L i b e r i a , L i b e r i a n s U n i t e d f o r R e c o n c i l i a t i o n a n d D e m o c r a c y ( L U R D) a n d Movement for Democracy in Liberia (MODEL); establishment and deployment of an ECOWAS multinational force as well as a UN peacekeeping force; cantonment ( a s s i g n m e n t o f t r o o p s t o t e m p o r a r y q u a r t e r s ), d i s a r m a m e n t , d e m o b i l i z a t i o n , r e h a b i l i t a t i on a n d r e i n t e g r a t i o n o f a l l c o m b a t a n t s o f t h e w a r r i n g f a c t i o n s ; creation of a National Commission for Disarmament, Demobilization, Rehabilitation and Rein tegration (NCDDRR) comprising representatives of the warring factions, relevant agencies of the National Transitional Government of L i b e r i a ( N T G L ) , T h e E c o n o m i c C o m m u n i t y O f W e s t A f r i c a n States (E C O W A S ) , UN, African Union and the International Contact Group on Liberia. The mandate of the NCDDRR was to coordinate and supervise DDRR (Disarmament, Demobilizati on, Rehabilitation and Rein tegration) activities and also conduct the elections. 51. The current DDR programme that was launched in 2003 is being implemented in line with standard DDR principles and procedures but there are existing policy and operational challenges which, if unresolved, may derail the process. Among the key challenges are the lack of national ownership and the marginalization of the National DDR Commission whose statutory functions are coordination and supervision of the process. Nevertheless, the DDR programme has addressed some conventional issues including the disarmament of 103,019 ex -c o m b a t a n t s , w e l l o v e r t h e i n i t i a l p r o j e c t i o n s o f 3 8 , 0 0 0 . S o m e 2 8 , 0 0 0 w e a p o n s were collected by the official end of the DD phase on 31 December 2004. The current DDR has also addressed issues related to vulnerable groups including child soldiers, women, war wounded and followers of warring factions.

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Conference Report on DDR and Stability in Africa

Key Challenge: Ñ R e h a b i l i t a t i o n a n d r e i n t e g r a t i o n o f t h e l a r g e n u m b e r o f e x -c o m b a t a n t s . C o n t r i b u t i o n s m a d e t o a U ND P T r u s t F u n d b y s o m e d o n o r s h a v e permitted the engagement of 24,000 ex-combatants in various skills training and other reintegration activities. The large number of ex combatants not covered by the reintegration programme so far constitutes a s o u r c e f o r se r i o u s c o n c e r n . T h e y h a v e a l r e a d y t h r e a t e n e d t o d i s r u p t t h e 2005 elections if they are not enrolled in meaningful training programmes.

5. Mozambique 52. Conflict erupted in Mozambique as part of the nationalist struggle for independence of the former Portugu ese colonies in Africa. A united front prevailed until independence in 1975. 53. The installation of a one party state by the victorious Liberation Front of M o z a m b i q u e (F R E L I M O ) c a u s e d d i s e n c h a n t m e n t i n p a r t s o f t h e p o p u l a t i o n t h a t w a n t e d m u l t i -p a r t y d e m o c r a cy . T h i s l e d t o t h e f o r m a t i o n o f a r i v a l m o v e m e n t , M o z a m b i c a n N a t i o n a l R e s i s t a n c e (R E N A M O) , i n 1 9 7 6 . T h e M a r x i s t-o r i e n t e d Government also seized church-owned property and disrega rded traditional rulers. These factors, combined with pressure from neighbourin g countries , were at the base of the conflict. 54. I n 1 9 9 0 di r e c t n e g o t i a t i o n s t o o k p l a c e b e t w e e n t h e G o v e r n m e n t a n d R E N A M O f a c i l i t a t e d b y S a n t o E g i d o, a C a t h o l i c G r o u p b a s e d i n R o m e . T h e P e a c e A g r e e m e n t t h a t w a s s i g n e d b y t h e t w o p a r t i e s i n 1 9 9 2 c l e a r l y d e m on s t r a t e d t h e w i s h o f t h e t w o l e a d e r s t o e n d t h e c o n f l i c t . T h e p o p u l a t i o n w a s a l s o w a r- w e a r y and amenable to reconciliation and forgiveness. The Peace Agreement included a DDR programme that envisaged the completion of disarmament and d e m o b i l i z a t i o n i n 1 8 mo n t h s . T h e p r o g r a m m e p l a c e d e m p h a s i s o n d i s a r m a m e n t and demobilization but not much on social and cultural reintegration. An integrated national army of 30,000 was to be formed. The United Nations approved and deployed a Peacekeeping Mission, ONUMOZ, to provide a security environment for the implementation of the Peace Agreement and the DDR process. 55. Disarmament was made difficult by the lack of reliable information on the number of troops fighting on both sides. The strength of RENAMO's force was estimated at between 11,000 and 13,000 and the Government army was estimated to be many times the size of RENAMO's force. However, at the end of the d e m o b i l i z a t i o n p h a s e o v e r 9 2 , 0 0 0 e x -c o m b a t a n t s h a d b e e n p r o c e s s e d , s o m e 7 0 , 5 0 0 o n t h e G o v e r n m e n t s i d e a n d m o r e t h a n 2 1 , 0 0 0 f r o m R E N A M O . It was estimated that between 1.5 million and 6 million small arms and ammunitions had been distributed in the country but only 200,000 light arms and ammunitions were collected by the UN Mission in Mozambique by the end of its mandate i n 1995, of which some 24,000 were destroyed. The Mozambique Christian Council is continuing the weapons collection programme and has collected an equal amount of weapons and ammunitions in exchange f or basic in -kind support.

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Conference Report on DDR and Stability in Africa

56. D e m o b i l i z e d e x - c o m b a t a n t s r ec e i v e d a r e i n s e r t i o n a l l o w a n c e e q u i v a l e n t t o 12 months of salary, three months paid at the assembly areas and the rest at the c h o s e n d e s t i n a t i o n s o f t h e e x -c o m b a t a n t s . T r a n s p o r t a t i o n w a s a l s o p r o v i d e d t o d e m o b i l i z e d e x -c o m b a t a n t s b u t m a n y w h o c a m e f r o m r u ra l a r e a s o p t e d t o s e t t l e in cities. Child soldiers were demobilized in separate centers at which they r e c e i v e d s p e c i a l a t t e n t i o n . E f f o r t s t o r e u n i t e f a m i l i e s w e r e s u c c e s s f u l . Female ex combatants w h o h a d b ee n a b d u c t e d a n d s e x u a l l y a b u s e d w e r e r e u n i t e d w i t h t h e i r f a m i l i e s a n d p r o vi d e d w i t h p s y c h o-s o c i a l s u p p o r t . T h e w a r - d i s a b l e d received attention at special centers and were entitled to pensions as other d e m o b i l i z e d e x -c o m b a t a n t s . 57. Reintegration that is long-term was not accorded high priority and was m o r e di f f i c u l t b e c a u s e o f t h e l o w e d u c a t i o n l e v e l s o f t h e e x - c o m b a t a n t s . S k i l l s d e v e l o p m e n t a c t i v i t i e s w e r e o r g a n i s e d f o r t h e e x -c o m b a t a n t s b u t o n l y 7 , 7 0 0 benefited from such activities. 58. Many organisations, both national and international, participated in the im p l e m e n t a t i o n o f t h e D D R p r o g r a m m e u n d e r t h e o p e r a t i o n a l l e a d e r s h i p o f t h e Ministry for the Coordination of Social Action. Overall policy coordination was the responsibility of the National Commission for Social Coordination that was based in the Office of the Prime Minister. The United Nations approved and deployed a Peacekeeping Mission, ONUMOZ, with primary focus on disarmament and demobilization. 59. Mozambique’s DDR faced many challenges, including the short-term focus o f O N U M O Z , t h e l o w l e v e l o f e d u c a t i on of ex -c o m b a t a n t s , t h e r e l u c t a n c e o f many ex -c o m b a t a n t s t o r e t u r n t o t h e i r r u r a l c o m m u n i t i e s , t h e c o n t i n u e d circulation of a large number weapons and ammunitions and financial constraints that led to the formation of a smaller integrated army (11,000 ins tead of the 30,000 agreed). The refusal of RENAMO to disarm and demobilize a group of 1000 soldiers based in the District of Maringue has been a continuing source of concern. Key Challenges : Ñ En s u r e n a t i o n a l o w n e r s h i p a n d l e a d e r s h i p . Ñ Fo c u s o n m e d i u m t o l o n g- t e r m disarmament and demobilization .

reintegration

not

just

on

s h o r t -t e r m

Ñ Encourage the involvement of neutral organisations in programme implementation to improve the spirit of reconciliation among M o z a m b i q u e’ s p a r t i e s i n c o n f l i c t.

6. Rwanda 60. Rwanda experienced one of the most brutal genocides in recent history r e s u l t i n g in the death s o f a p p r o x i m a t e l y one mill i o n p e o p l e i n 1 9 9 4 . T h e slaughter ended when rebels under the leadership of the Rwanda Patriotic Front (R P F ) o v e r t h r e w t h e G o v e r n m e n t . M o r e t h a n t w o m i l l i o n R w a n d a n s f l e d t o

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neighbouring countries as refugees , including thousands of former soldiers of t h e G o v e r n m e n t ’ s F o r c e s A r mé e s R w a n d a i s e (F A R ) a n d m i l i t i a s ( I n t e r a h a m w e ) who participated in the genocide. A new Government of National Unity, inclu d i n g t h e R P F a n d a l l p o l i t i c a l p a r t i e s t h a t w e r e n o t i n v o l v e d i n t h e genocide, was formed in July 1994. 61. T h e G o v e r n m e n t a c c o r d e d p r i o r i t y t o t h e r e -e s t a b l i s h m e n t o f s t a t e authority throughout the country, rebuilding institutions and reorganising public administration. In 1997, the Government decided to tackle the problem of resettling the returnees and screening ex-combatants for disarmament, demobilization and reintegration (DDR). Disarmament was the responsibility of the Ministry of Defence while Demobilization and Reintegration were entrusted to the newly established Rwanda Demobilization and Reintegration Commission (RDRC) that was placed under the supervisory authority of the Ministry of F i n a n c e a n d E c o n o m i c P l a n n i n g . A S t e e r i n g C o m m i t t e e c o m p o s e d o f high -l e v e l officials from participating line Ministries was charged with policy development and coordination. 62. The overall mission of RDRC was to support the successful social and e c o n o m i c r e i n t e g r a t i o n o f e x -c o m b a t a n t s i n t h e i r r e s p e c t i v e c o m m u n i t i e s a n d to realise national security, reconciliation and development. The reintegration component was envisioned to be an integral part of the overall national reconciliation and reconstruction strategy and it supports directly the Poverty Reduction Strategy of the Government. 63. Wi t h s u p p o r t f r o m t h e i n t e r n a t i o n a l c o m m u n i t y , R D R C d e v e l o p e d t h e Rwanda Demobilisation and Reintegration Programme (RDRP) that was expected t o w o r k t h r o u g h e x i s t i n g g o v e r n m e n t s t r u c tu r e s . T h e m a i n o b j e c t i v e s o f R D R P are to: i.

ii.

de m o b i l i z e a n e s t i m a t e d 2 0 , 0 0 0 R w a n d a P a t r i o t i c A r m y ( R P A- f o r m e r r e b e l s ), ex -c o m b a t a n t s f r o m t h e R w a n d a D e f e n c e F o r c e s ( c u r r e n t a r m y ) , a n d 25,000 members of ex -a r m e d g r o u p s ( A G ), a n d s u p p o r t t h e i r tra n s i t i o n t o c i v i l i a n l i f e ; s u p p o r t t h e r e -i n s e r t i o n o f 1 5 , 0 0 0 e x - F A R c o m b a t a n t s ;

iii.

s u p p o r t t h e s o c i a l a n d e c o n o m i c r e i n t e g r a t i o n o f a l l e x -c o m b a t a n t s d e m o b i l i z e d i n S t a g e I I ( 2 0 0 2 -2 0 0 5 ) a n d a l l S t a g e I ( 1 9 9 7 -2002) ex combatants who remained economically and socially vulnera ble; and

iv.

facilitate the rea l l o c a t i o n o f G o v e r n m e n t e x p e n d i t u r e f r o m m i l i t a r y t o social and economic sectors.

64. Rwanda’s DDR experience has been mostly positive. By June 2005, 35,367 ex -c o m b a t a n t s , i n c l u d i n g 2 , 5 0 0 c h i l d s o l d i e r s , h a d b e e n d e m o b i l i z e d o u t o f t h e e s t i m a t e d 6 0 , 0 0 0 . S o m e 1 5 , 0 0 0 e x -c o m b a t a n t s from the ex - FAR and ex - A G h a v e been integrated into the National Army. Most of those not yet demobilized are members of armed groups in the Democratic Republic of Congo. Demobilized ex c o m b a t a n t s r e c e i v e d a r e i n s e r t i o n B a s i c N e e d s K i t ( B N K ) t h a t i s e q u i v a l en t t o 50,000 Frw (110 USD) for food, seeds, tools and basic household items and were also transported to the communities of their choice. In addition to the BNK,

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p r o f e s s i o n a l s o l d i e r s ( e x -RDF and ex -F A R c o m b a t a n t s ) r e c e i v e d R e c o g n i t i o n o f S e r v i c e s A l l o w a n c e s ( R S A ) t h a t r a n g e d f r o m 1 5 0 , 0 0 0 Frw ( 3 3 0 U S D ) t o 5 0 0 , 0 0 0 Frw (1 ,1 0 0 U S D ) d e p e n d i n g o n y e a r s o f s e r v i c e a n d s e n i o r i t y . M o r e t a r g e t e d support through a Vulnerability Support Window has been provided on grant b a s i s t o 1 1 , 7 7 0 e c o n o m i c a l l y v u l n e r a b l e e x -c o m b a t a n t s . S p e c i a l c o u n s e l li n g a n d s u p p o r t p r o g r a m m e s a r e a v a i l a b l e f o r w o m e n , c h i l d r e n a n d t h e w a r- d i s a b l e d . 65. RDRP recognized that reintegration is a long-term issue and developed linkages with other reconciliation, stability and development programmes. R e i n te g r a t i o n a c t i v i t i e s t a k e p l a c e a t c o m m u n i t y l e v e l . E x -c o m b a t a n t s a r e g i v e n orientation, including sensitization on HIV/AIDS, at discharge centres and c o m m u n i t i e s a r e a l s o s e n s i t i z e d p r i o r t o t h e a r r i v a l o f e x -c o m b a t a n t s . S u p p o r t i s extended to communities through locally existing institutions to encourage c o m m u n i t y i n v o l v e m e n t a n d e n h a n c e t h e i r c a p a c i t y t o s u s t a i n e x -c o m b a t a n t s . Access to land is a key factor in deciding whether ex-combatants reintegrate into r u r a l c o m m u n i t i e s . E x -c o m b a t a n t s h a v e a w i d e r a n g e o f c h o i c e s o t h e r t h a n agriculture but most of them lack skills. Skills development was introduced late i n t h e R D R P . B e t w e e n 2 0 0 2 a n d 2 0 0 4 s o m e 7 1 5 e x -c o m b a t a n t s p a r t i c i p a t e d i n skills development activities.

Key Challenges: Ñ The slow repatriation of former members of Rwandan armed groups in the Democratic Republic of Congo. This issue needs to be addressed with urgency to ensure durable peace in the Great Lakes Region. Ñ Extending the life of the reintegration phase of the RDRP. Skills development needs greater attention to enhance the possibility of ex combatants securing sustainable livelihoods and reintegrating successfully, especially in urban areas .

7. Sierra Leone 66. The ten - y e a r c o n f l i c t i n S i e r r a L e o n e e n d e d w i t h a n e g o t i a t e d s e t t l e m e n t wherein all parties eventually became committed to stability and therefore decided to comply with the provisions of the various peace documents they signed. 67. The Lomé Peace Agreement signed on 7 July 1999 ultimately became the o p e r a t i o n a l d o c u m e n t f o r t h e p e a c e p r o c es s i n S i e r r a L e o n e . O n e o f t h e k e y provisions of this agreement was the development of a viable Disarmament, Demobilization and Reintegration Programme (DDRP) for combatants of the v a r i o u s f a c t i o n s t o t r a n s i t i o n t h e c o u n t r y f r o m w a r t o p e a c e a n d c o n s e q u e n tl y bring about stability. 68. The overall goal of DDRP was to disarm, demobilize and reintegrate ex c o m b a t a n t s i n o r d e r t o c o n s o l i d a t e s h o r t -t e r m s e c u r i t y a s a b a s i s f o r l a s t i n g peace in Sierra Leone. The three key objectives were:

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Conference Report on DDR and Stability in Africa

a ) Co l l e c t , r e g i s t e r , d i s a b l e a n d d e s t r o y a l l c o n v e n t i o n a l w e a p o n s a n d m u n i t i o n s r e t r i e v e d f r o m c o m b a t a n ts d u r i n g t h e d i s a r m a m e n t p e r i o d ; b) d e m o b i l i z e a p p r o x i m a t e l y 4 5 , 0 0 0 e x - c o m b a t a n t s o f t h e A r m e d F o r c e s o f S i e r r a L e o n e , R e v o l u t i o n a r y U n i t e d F r o n t (R U F ), C i v i l D e f e n c e Forces (CDF) and paramilitary forces; and c ) p r e p a r e a n d s u p p o r t e x -c o m b a t a n t s f o r r e i n s e r t i o n a n d s o c i o - e c o n o m i c reintegration upon discharge from demobilization centers. 69. In developing the DDR programme, several policies, strategies and a s s u m p t i o n s w e r e m a d e a n d a r o b u s t in s t i t u t i o n a l f r a m e w o r k a n d i n s t i t u t i o n a l arrangement put in place. The emphasis was on national ownership and partnership with key international and national partners for effective planning, coordination and implementation. 70. The DDR programme went through three distinct phases with associated setbacks such as a coup d’état, initial non -compliance with peace agreements, programme restructuring, etc. Despite the setbacks the programme was successfully implemented and recorded some of the following key successes: establishment and management of several disarmament and demobilization centres in collaboration with key implementing partners across the country; disarmament and demobilization of over 71,000 ex-combatants; and payment of T r a n s i t i o n a l S a f e t y A l l o w a n c es t o o v e r 5 4 , 0 0 0 e l i g i b l e b e n e f i c i a r i e s t h a t voluntarily registered for such schemes. They also benefited from economic reintegration programmes ranging from vocational/apprenticeship skills training and agriculture to formal education. Also, social reinte gration measures that promoted forgiveness and reconciliation were largely achieved. Vigorous information and sensitization campaigns and monitoring and evaluation systems were key activities of the programme that contributed to the overall success of the DDRP in Sierra Leone. Key Challenges: Ñ Misunderstanding of eligibility criteria Ñ Prolonged period of encampment Ñ Limited access to parts of the country to start reintegration activities Ñ Limited availability of credible and capable implementing partners Ñ Inad e q u a t e s u p p o r t t o d e p e n d e n t s associated with fighting forces

of

e x -c o m b a t a n t s

and

women

Ñ The weak pro gramme link between DDR and RRR Key Lessons: Ñ The DDR programme significantly contributed to bringing sustained peace t o S i e r r a L e o n e. Ñ However, it did not address all the root causes of the war, which are part of a wider political, social, economic and juridical recovery effort. These

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Conference Report on DDR and Stability in Africa

l o n g- t e r m i s s u e s a r e b e i n g a d d r e s s e d t h r o u g h d e m o c r a t i c e l e c t i o n s , decentralisation of governance, security sector reform, reconciliation drives, judicial reform and transitional recovery programmes (through the N a t i o n a l R e c o v e r y S t r a t e g y ) a n d a m e d i u m- term (2005 -2 0 0 7 ) P o v e r t y Reduction Strategy.

8. Zimbabwe 71. Zimbabwe experienced a protracted period of conflict starting from the late 1960s. The conflict intensified in the 1970s and ended only after a peace agreement was signed in 1979. Zimbabwe had been ruled as a British colony, Southern Rhodesia, for over eighty years until the White minority declared unilateral independence (UDI) in 1965. UDI intensified the frustration of the African majority that was already agitating for independence. The White minority of 250,000 also owned most of the arable land of the country. The c l a m o u r f o r la n d r ed i s t r i b u t i o n a n d m a j o r i t y r u l e w e r e t h e p r i m a r y u n d e r l y i n g causes of the conflict. Two nationalist parties, Zimbabwe African National Union (Z A N U ) a n d Z i m b a b w e A f r i c a n P e o p l e s U n i o n (Z A P U ) , f o r m e d a u n i t e d f r o n t and fought the Rhodesian army. The Lusaka Commonwealth Conference of 1978 laid t h e b a s i s f o r t h e L a n c a s t e r H o u s e c o n s t i t u t i o n a l t a l k s t h a t r e s u l t e d i n t h e peace agreement. 72. The constitutional talks, facilitated by the UK, included all the parties to the conflict. Agreement was reached on the constitutional arrangements for m a j o r i t y ru l e b u t t h e l a n d i s s u e w a s o n l y p a r t i a l l y r e s o l v e d . T h e U K w a s t o assist financially in the purchase of land held by whites for redistribution to Africans. The total number of combatants at the end of the conflict was close to 100,000 men, women and children: 60,000 to 70,000 for the nationalist forces and 10,000 to 12,000 for the Rhodesian army. It was agreed that 40,000 men and women from the three forces would be integrated into the new Zimbabwean National Army (ZNA) and the surplus troops would be demobilized and reintegrated into civil society. 73. Disarmament was undertaken in designated assembly areas and was totally voluntary and without compensation. The large majority of troops participated because the political and military leaders in whom they had co n f i d e n c e w a n t e d p e a c e . W e a p o n s c o l l e c t e d w e r e r e c y c l e d t o Z N A . A J o i n t Operations Command composed of all belligerent parties managed the disarmament process and a Joint High Command supervised the process of i n t e g r a t i n g f o r c e s t o f o r m Z N A . D a i l y b r i e f i n gs a n d t e c h n i c a l s u p p o r t f r o m t h e British Military Advisory Training Team (BMATT) facilitated the process. BMATT also provided standardized training to improve internal cohesion. 74. Demobilization was problematic and was conducted twice; 1981 in assembly area s and in 1997 for all demobilized personnel throughout the c o u n t r y . P a y m e n t s o f Z $ 6 0 0 w e r e m a d e t o a l l i n c a p a c i t a t e d e x -c o m b a t a n t s a n d t o other ex -c o m b a t a n t s w h o r e t u r n e d t o t h e i r h o m e s . The Demobilization Directorate of the Ministry of Labour managed a compensation scheme and paid a n a d d i t i o n a l a m o u n t o f Z $ 1 8 5 p e r m o n t h t o e a c h d e m o b i l i z e d e x -c o m b a t a n t f o r a period of two years. Under pressure from the Zimbabwe War Veterans

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Conference Report on DDR and Stability in Africa

Association, a second compensation scheme was launched in 1997. 52,000 veterans claimed compensation and each claimant received a Z$50,000 lump sum and was entitled to a regular monthly allowance of Z$2,000. 75. Reintegration was also problematic. Operation Soldiers Employed in Economic Development (SEED) which was designed to assist in th e social and economic reintegration of ex-combatants failed. Its weaknesses included the lack o f a c l e a r o b j e c t i v e , t h e d i v e r s e n a t u r e o f t h e n e e d s o f e x -c o m b a t a n t s , r e s i s t a n c e b y h o s t c o m m u n i t i e s t o t h e r e t u r n o f e x -c o m b a t a n t s a n d t h e c o n t i n u e d o p e r a t i o n of the Rhodesian negative propaganda machinery. In addition, resources were inadequate, particularly for land acquisition. Training programmes for a variety of skills enabled many ex -c o m b a t a n t s t o g a i n u s e f u l e m p l o y m e n t i n c l u d i n g setting up their own busin esses but this was not adequate. Special needs of children and the handicapped were met through the establishment of schools a n d r e h a b i l it a t i o n c e n t e r s . P r o v i d i n g b i r t h c e r t i f i c a t e s a n d i d e n t i f i c a t i o n c a r d s was also accorded priority.

Key Challenges : Ñ In a c c u r a t e i n f o r m a t i o n o n t h e s t r e n g t h o f t h e f o r c e s Ñ Poor design of Operation SEED Ñ Th e r e s i g n a t i o n o f m o s t s k i l l e d w h i t e m i l i t a r y o f f i c e r s Ñ Resistance from communities Ñ R e l u c t a n c e t o e m p l o y e x - co m b a t a n t s i n t h e p r i v a t e s e c t o r Ñ Di s c r i m i n a t i o n a g a i n s t f e m a le ex -c o m b a t a n t s Ñ I n a d e q u a cy o f r e s o u r c e s w h i c h c o m p r o m i s e d t h e s o l u t i o n o f t h e l a n d i s s u e Key Lessons : Ñ A genuine spirit of reconciliation is essential Ñ Co m m u n i t y s e n s i t i z a t i o n a n d s t a n d a r d i z e d m i l i t a r y t r a i n i n g p r o g r a m m e s are very important Ñ M e e t i n g th e s o c i a l a n d e c o n o m i c n e e d s o f e x -c o m b a t a n t s i s c r i t i c a l i n order to avoid social and political tension Ñ Meeting the critical needs of vulnerable groups and having a diversified and relia ble resource base is essential

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Conference Report on DDR and Stability in Africa

V. A.

INTERNATIONAL DDR REFORM INITIATIVES

The Stockholm Initiative on DDR (SIDDR)

7 6 . T h e S t o ck h o l m I n i t i a t i v e o n D i s a r m a m e n t , D e m o b i l i z a t i o n a n d R e i n t e g r a t i o n (SIDDR) focuses o n f u n d i n g , p o l i t i c a l a n d p e a c e b u i l d i n g a s p e c t s o f D D R . T h e c h a i r p e r s o n o f t h e S I D D R , A m b a s s a d o r L e n a S u n d h , b r i e f e d C on f e r e n c e p a r t i c i p a n t s o n t h e o b j e c t i ve s o f t h e i n i t i a t i v e . S h e e m p h a s i s e d t h a t t h ei r main objective is to support DDR programmes. SIDDR focuses principally on f u n d i n g , p o l i t i c a l a n d p e a c eb u i l d i n g a s p e c t s o f D D R . S I D D R w o r k s i n c l o s e collaboration with many partners in reviewing DDR operations with a view to improving funding modalities and strengthening political and financial s u p p o r t f o r p e a c e b u i l d i n g . S h e f u r t h e r s t a te d t h a t t h e f i n a l p h a s e o f t h e current review process would take place in a meeting to be held in Stockholm in October 2005.

B.

The UN Inter-Agency Working Group on DDR (UN IAWG DDR)

7 7 . U N I n t e r -A g e n c y W o r k i n g G r o u p ( U N I A W G D D R ) w o r k s t o i m p r o v e t h e way t h e U N c o l l e c t i v e l y d e s i gn s , i m p l e m e n t s a n d m o n i t o r s D D R p r o g r a m m e s . T h e C h a i r p e r s o n o f U N I A W G D D R , Mr. K e l v i n O n g , m a d e a presentation on the work of the Group. He stated that the main objective of the Group was to ensure that the entire United Nations System worked towards improving the way it collectively designs, implements and monitors DDR programmes. He informed that the Group was in the process of finalizing a publication on Integrated DDR Standards and welcomed c o m m e n t s a n d s u g g e s t i o n s o n t h e d o c u m e n t a n d C D -R O M t h a t w e r e distributed. 78. Conference participants noted with appreciation the efforts of SIDDR and UN IAWG DDR to improve the functioning of DDR operations in Africa and m a x i m i z e t h e i r i m p a c t o n l o n g-t e r m d e v e l o p m e n t o n t h e c o n t i n e n t . T h e participants urged SIDDR and UN IAWG DDR to continue their endeavours. P a r t i c i p a n t s e x p r e s s e d th e h o p e t h a t b o t h i n i t i a t i v e s w o u l d t a k e i n t o consideration the outcome of the Conference in reaching decisions on their support to DDR programmes and stability in Africa.

VII. RESULTS OF WORKING GROUPS 79. F i v e w o r k i n g g r o u p s w e r e e s t a b l i s h e d t o d e l i b e r a te o n v a r i o u s D D R themes from three different perspectives: Strategic, Organisational and Implementation. The Working Groups formulated numerous recommendations aimed at improving DDR programmes in Africa. Some of the major issues raised during deliberation s on the reports of the Working Groups included the following:

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Conference Report on DDR and Stability in Africa

Common Lessons •

DDR programmes need to be more comprehensive and more emphasis n e e d s t o b e p l a c e d o n b r i n g i n g c o m m u n i t i e s a n d e x -c o m b a t a n t s t o g e t h e r in t h e p r o c e s s o f r e c o n c i l i a t i o n .

•

There should be more flexibility in the design of DDR programmes owing to w e a k n e s s e s i n d a t a b a s e s . L a c k o f r e l i a b l e d a t a c a n n e g a t i v e l y i m p a c t D D R p r o g r a m s d u r i n g t h e p r e- p l a n n i n g p h a s e b e c a u s e t h e r e ' s o f t e n n o w a y t o a c c u r a t e l y p r e d i c t t h e n u m b e r o f p e o p l e w h o wi l l r e q u i r e s e r v i c e s .

•

Flexibility in resourcin g arrangements is essential .

•

The potential conflict between the pursuit of justice and the need to achieve peace and stability quickly should be accorded serious consideration.

•

P a y m e n t o r n o n -p a y m e n t f o r a r m s s h o u l d b e c a r e f u l l y c o n s i d e r e d .

•

The issue of weapons collection, registration and disposal needs more attention.

•

The presence of foreign ex -c o m b a t a n t s i n m a n y A f r i c a n c o n f l i c t s n e e d s serious consideration.

VII.

DDR AND NETWORKING

T h e c o -c h a i r , D r . N a m a n g a N g o n g i , i n v i t e d D r . N a n c y W a l k e r t o i n t r o d u c e the topic. In her introduction she stressed the importance of networking and the need for existing networks to coordinate their efforts.

80.

A.

Building a Network of African Practitioners

81. A f r i c a n D D R p r a c t i t io n e r s a n d s t a k e h o l d e r s m e t t o e x p l o r e w a y s o f strengthening contacts and mutual support in the implementation of DDR programmes. They decided to establish an operational network that would address pressing regional DDR issues and also establish linkages wi th other DDR initiatives and networks . 82. While members recognized the relevance of existing DDR Network initiatives, it was observed that such initiatives were not sufficiently inclusive a n d t h e r e f o r e e m p h a s i s e d t h e i m p o r t a n c e o f: •

Establishing a much broade r and all embracing networking structure.

•

En h a n c i n g l i n k a g e s w i t h e x i s t i n g n e t w o r k s . •

Es t a b l i s h i n g a n o p e r a t i o n a l n e t w o r k t h a t w o u l d a d d r e s s p r e s s i n g regional DDR issues including:

-

Roving combatants Protection of children

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Conference Report on DDR and Stability in Africa

-

Female ex -c o m b a t a n t s Circulation o f small arms Training and research Information and experience sharing.

83. It was proposed that a steering committee be established and a hub created at the Kofi Annan International Peacekeeping Training Centre (KAIPTC) in Ghana; the steering committee should be established to include relevant national DDR Commissions, representatives of relevant agencies and NGOs such as Mano River Union/Mano River Women’s Peace Network (MARWOPNET) and as well as ex-combatants.

VIII. CLOSING SESSION AND CONCLUSIONS 84. The clos i n g s e s s i o n s t a r t e d w i t h a p r e s e n t a t i o n b y a d a n c e g r o u p , T h e F r e e t o n g P l a y e r s , which i n c l u d e d s o n g s a n d s k i t s d e p i c t i n g c o n d i t i o n s d u r i n g t h e c o n fl i c t a n d t h e r o l e p l a y e d b y D D R . A y o u n g s c h o o l g i r l f r o m t h e A n n i e W a l s h M e m o r i a l S e c o n d a r y S c h o o l , F r e e t o w n , Ms. A m i n a t a P a l m e r , r e a d a p o e m entitled “Thank you DDR” on the conflict in Sierra Leone. 85. T h e S p e c i a l R e p r e s e n t a t i v e o f t h e S e c r e t a r y- G e n e r a l o f t h e U n i t e d N a t i o n s for Sierra Leone and Head of UNAMSIL, H.E. Mr. Daudi Mwakawago addressed t h e C o n f e r e n c e in t h e C l o s i n g S e s s i o n . I n h i s a d d r e s s , t h e S p e c i a l R e p r e s e n t a t i v e commended the spirit of cooperation evidenced by all the stakeholders in Sierra Leone as they worked together to ensure successful implementation of the DDR p r o g r a m m e . H e a l s o s t r e s s e d t h e im p o r t a n c e o f c o n s i d e r i n g t e c h n i c a l , h u m a n and financial requirements in the design of DDR programmes. 86. H.E. M r . M w a k a w a g o e m p h a s i z e d t h a t r e i n t e g r a t i o n w a s a l o n g-t e r m process and should be linked to wider recovery strategies. Sufficient resources s h o u l d al s o b e a v a i l a b l e f o r p r o g r a m m e i m p l e m e n t a t i o n . H e u r g e d d o n o r s t o provide long-term funding rather than focusing on quick fixes. The special needs of vulnerable groups including women and the handicapped deserved particular attention , a n d t h e h i g h r a t e o f u n e m p l o y m e n t w a s a c a u s e f o r s e r i o u s c o n c e r n . The SRSG expressed the hope that future DDR programmes would benefit from the lessons learned from past experiences. 87. The Rapporteur of the Conference, Dr. Francis Kai -Kai, presented a S u m m a r y o f t h e F r e e t o w n De l i b e r a t i o n s a n d R e c o m m e n d a t i o n s . T h e C o n f e r e n c e , after discussion adopted the following recommendations: a.

b.

D D R s h o u l d n o t b e o v e r b u r d e n e d b y a l l p o s t-c o n f l i c t d e m a n d s . R a t h e r , it should be linked backward and forward to the broader peace process ( i n c l u d i n g p e a c e a g r e e m e n t s ) a n d p e a c e -b u i l d i n g p r o g r a m m e s . D D R should always be accompanied by parallel relief, resettlement and r e h a b i l i t a t i o n e f f o r t s f o r a l l w a r-a f f e c t e d p o p u l a t i o n s , e s p e c i a l l y i n t h e context of local communities as well as by Security Sector Reform. National ownership of DDR programmes is critical for success. In this regard, efforts should be made to genuinely support national

28

Conference Report on DDR and Stability in Africa

stakeholders (government, civil society and warring factions among o t h e r s ) t h r o u g h t e c h n i c a l a s s i s t a n c e a n d c a p a c i t y bu i l d i n g . c.

The international community should support and work in genuine partnership with national DDR stakeholders and it should also better coordinate its own efforts and make its DDR funding mechanisms more flexible and timely.

d.

Every effort should be made to include regional perspectives in the design and implementation of DDR programmes.

e.

The special groups associated with warring factions (particularly women, children and the disabled) should be provided with special protective measures in the design and planning stages of any DDR programme.

f.

The complexity of DDR programmes was recognised by all. It was therefore recommended that an integrated approach, involving national and international stakeholders, including humanitarian agencies, should be used in th e p l a n n i n g p r o c e s s o f D D R p r o g r a m m e s .

g.

P r o v i s i o n o r n o n -p r o v i s i o n o f a r e i n s e r t i o n p a c k a g e ( c a s h o r i n k i n d ) t o demobilized ex-combatants to support their transition to normal civilian life should be given careful consideration at the design phase of a DDR programme.

h.

All stakeholders should be aware of the importance of small arms collection and control following the conclusion of formal disarmament programmes.

i.

T o pr o m o t e l o n g- t e r m s t a b i l i t y f o l l o w i n g a D D R p r o g r a m m e i n a g i v e n c o u n t r y , p a r t i c i p a n t s a g r e e d that longer - t e r m d e v e l o p m e n t p r o g r a m m e s that address the root causes of the conflict (e.g. Poverty Reduction Strategy Papers (PRSPs) and other national recovery frameworks) as well as programmes for the prevention and control of HIV/AIDS should b e i n i t iated a n d a d e q u a t e l y f u n d e d .

j.

The network of African DDR practitioners needs to be strengthened to share experiences and innovative ideas and convey their perspectives to the UN and other international partners. In support of these efforts, the Conference propos ed that African DDR practitioners and stakeholders meet every two years to review the progress made and seek ways of further improving DDR programmes and their contribution to stability in Africa.

88. D r . N a m a n g a N g o n g i , C o - C h a i r o f t h e C o n f e r e n c e , i n h i s c l os i n g statement, expressed appreciation to participants for their active participation in the deliberations and for the concrete and useful recommendations that were adopted. He expressed the hope that current and future DDR programmes in A f r i c a w o u l d b e n e fi t f r o m t h e i m p l e m e n t a t i o n o f t h e r e c o m m e n d a t i o n s . D r . Ngongi thanked all those who helped make the Conference successful. Particular appreciation was extended to the interpreters and catering staff. Finally, appreciation was extended to the Government of the Republic of Sierra Leone for the support and hospitality given to Conference participants.

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Conference Report on DDR and Stability in Africa

89. Hon. Momodou Koroma, Foreign Minister of Sierra Leone and Co-Chair of the Conference delivered a closing statement. The Foreign Minister ended his statement by formally declaring the Conference closed.

Thank You DDR b y A m i n a t a P a l m e r , 1 1 y e a r s o l d, S i e r r a L e o n e KABOOM! With heavy guns and bombs and jets, Children were made to flee from their mother’s laps. Yesterday, I was invited to a conference. T hey g a v e m e a p a p e r w h i c h s a i d D D R The paper said PEACE, DDR says PEACE I asked, Peace after War? I thought! My brothers, sisters, d ead! I mean DEAD! And DDR says PEACE! PEACE, yes, PEACE! With Peace as white as snow, Children can once more play accrah, Tell stories our grannies once told us – and laugh. Yes! Children can freely laugh and say Thank You DDR!

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Conference Report on DDR and Stability in Africa

ANNEX I: PROGRAMME Tuesday, 21 June 2005 Opening Session 8:00 - 9:00

Registration

9:00 - 10:15

Introductory Remarks by Co-chairs: •

Message from Under-Secretary-General Ibrahim Gambari, United Nations Special Adviser on Africa, delivered by Dr. Namanga Ngongi, former Secretary-General’s Special Representative for the Democratic Republic of The Congo

•

Hon. Momodu Koroma, Minister of Foreign Affairs & International Cooperation, Government of Sierra Leone

Messages: •

Dr. Saran Daraba Kaba, Former President of MARWOPNET

Opening Address: •

10:15 - 10:30

H.E. Alhaji Dr. Ahmad Tejan Kabbah, President of the Republic of Sierra Leone

Tea/Coffee Break

Plenary Session I: Presentation of National DDR Papers 10:30 - 13:00

13:00 - 14:00

• • •

Sierra Leone (Dr. Francis Kai-Kai) Liberia (Dr. Moses Jarbo) Democratic Republic of Congo (Mr. Daniel Kawata)

Lunch Break

Plenary Session I (continued) 14:00 - 15:45

• • •

Rwanda (Mr. David Munyurangabo) Burundi (Mr. Liberat Ntunzwenimana) Zimbabwe (Mr. Moyo Sibusiso)

15:45 - 16:15

Tea/Coffee Break

16:15 - 17:15

International Initiatives: • UN Inter-Agency Working Group on DDR (UN IAWG [DDR]):

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Conference Report on DDR and Stability in Africa

Mr. Kelvin Ong, Chair, UN IAWG [DDR] •

Stockholm Initiative on DDR (SIDDR): Ambassador Lena Sundh, Swedish Ministry of Foreign Affairs

17:15 - 18:30

General Debate

18:30

Reception hosted by the Government of Sierra Leone

Wednesday, 22 June 2005 Plenary Session II 8:30 - 9:15

Presentation of National Papers from Angola and Mozambique

9:15 - 9:45

Interventions of African Countries without National Papers

9:45 - 10:15

Overview of Main Issues and Working Group Methodology Dr. Namanga Ngongi (Former SRSG for the Democratic Republic of Congo)

10:15 - 10:30

Tea/Coffee Break

Working Groups Session 10:30 – 13:30

13:30 – 15:00

•

Group 1 – Strategic Perspective (ENGLISH) Facilitator: Mr. Kelvin Ong Secretary: Ms. Daiana Cipollone Creating an Enabling Environment for Effective DDR DDR and Peacebuilding and Reconciliation DDR and Regional and International Challenges

•

Group 2 – Strategic Perspective (FRENCH) Facilitator: Dr. Saran Daraba Kaba Secretary: Ms. Sophie da Camara DDR and Specialized Needs Strengthening Institutions and Coordination Planning Challenges

•

Group 3 – Organisational Perspective (FRENCH) Facilitator: Mr. Cyriaque Agnekethom Secretary: Mr. Edmond Junior De Fabribekers Creating an Enabling Environment for Effective DDR DDR and Peacebuilding and Reconciliation DDR and Regional and International Challenges

•

Group 4 – Organisational Perspective (ENGLISH) Facilitator: Dr. Nancy Walker Secretary: Mr. Abdel-Fatau Musah DDR and Specialized Needs Strengthening Institutions and Coordination Planning Challenges

•

Group 5 – Implementation Perspective (ENGLISH) Facilitator: Hon. Justice Peter Onega Secretary: Ms. Geraldine O'Callaghan Creating an Enabling Environment for Effective DDR DDR and Peacebuilding and Reconciliation DDR and Regional and International Challenges

Lunch Break

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Conference Report on DDR and Stability in Africa

Plenary Session III: Reporting of Working Groups Groups report to Plenary Session 15:00 – 17:00

Groups 1-5 report back to Plenary

17:00 – 17:30

Tea/Coffee Break

17:30 – 18:30

General Debate on the outcome of the Working Groups and adoption of the recommendations of the Working Groups

Thursday, 23 June Plenary Session IV: Building a Network of Practitioners 8:30 - 9:00

Overview and Methodology of Networking Meetings Facilitator: Dr. Nancy Walker (AfricaNet)

Networking Session 9:00 - 10:00

Building a Network of African DDR Practitioners Facilitators: Mr. Charles Achodo (UNDP Liberia) Mr. Jonathan Sandy (Office of National Security, Sierra Leone)

9:30 - 10:00

Networking between • The Stockholm Initiative on DDR (SIDDR), •

The UN Inter-Agency Working Group on DDR (UN IAWG [DDR]) and

•

Members of the African National DDR Commissions

Facilitators: Ambassador Lena Sundh (Swedish Ministry of Foreign Affairs) Mr. Kelvin Ong (UN IAWG [DDR]) 10:00 - 11:00

Tea/Coffee Break

Closing Session: The Way Forward 11:00 – 13:30

• • • •

13:30 - 15:00

Reporting by Conference Rapporteur on the outcome of the Conference, Dr. Francis Kai-Kai Message from the Special Representative of the Secretary-General for Sierra Leone, H.E. Daudi Mwakawago DDR and the People (Cultural and musica l performance) Closing remarks by Co-Chairs Hon. Momodu Koroma, Minister of Foreign Affairs & International Cooperation, Government of Sierra Leone & Dr. Namanga Ngongi (Former SRSG for the Democratic Republic of Congo)

Lunch Break

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Conference Report on DDR and Stability in Africa

13:30 - 14:00

Press Conference

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Conference Report on DDR and Stability in Africa

ANNEX I I: LIST OF PARTICIPANTS NAME

COUNTRY

ORGANISATION

CANDEIAS, Amilcar

ANGOLA

INSTITUTE FOR THE SOCIO-PROFESSIONAL REINTEGRATION OF EX-COMBATANTS (IRSEM), ANGOLA

FREIRE DOS SANTOS, Ambrosio De Lemos

ANGOLA

DEPUTY COMMISSIONER OF NATIONAL POLICE

SIMAO, Pembele

ANGOLA

MINISTRY OF INTERIOR, ANGOLA

NJELE, Felisberto

ANGOLA

STRATEGIC STUDIES CENTER OF ANGOLA (CEEA)

ZAMBI, Hilaro

ANGOLA

MINISTRY OF THE INTERIOR, ANGOLA

DA CAMARA, Sophie

BELGIUM

MINISTRY OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS, BELGIUM

DE FABRIBEKERS, Edmond Junior BELGIUM

MINISTRY OF DEFENCE, BELGIUM

GATOTO, Desiree

BURUNDI

CHILD SOLDIERPROJECT, BURUNDI

MASABO Salvator

BURUNDI

BUREAU DIOCESAIN DE DEVLPT DE BUBANZA (BURUNDI)

NIBIZI Isaie

BURUNDI

CNDDR BURUNDI

NTUNZWENIMANA Liberat

BURUNDI

SECRETARIAT EXECUTIVE DE LA COMMISSION NATIONALE DRR BURUNDAISE, BURUNDI

ZENOBE, Niragira

BURUNDI

PROGRAMME OF REINSERTION AND REINSTATEMENT OF WAR-AFFECTED PERSONS AND EX-COMBATANTS

KAWATA Daniel

DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO

COMMISSION NATIONALE DE DEMOBILISATION ET REINSERTON (CONADR), RD CONGO

SILLASEN, Grete

DENMARK

MINISTRY OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS, DENMARK

HAILE, Kaleab

ERITREA

NATIONAL COMMISSION FOR DEMOBILISATION & REINTEGRATION PROGRAM, ERITREA

HASHI, Ayan Abdullahi

ETHIOPIA

OGADEN WELFARE AND DEVELOPMENT ASSOCIATION, ETHIOPIA

WOLTER, Detlev

GERMANY (UN MISSION IN NY)

PERMANENT MISSION OF GERMANY T O THE UN

RICHTER-ADDO, Charles

GHANA

KOFI ANNAN INTERNATIONAL PEACEKEEPINGTRAINING CENTER (KAIPTC), GHANA

DARABA KABA, Saran

GUINEA

RESEAU DES FEMMES DU FLEUVE MANO POUR LA PAIX (MARWOPNET), GUINEA

TAHAGHOGHI Ali

IRAN

IRAN EMBASSY, IRAN

O’NEILL Grainne

IRELAND

DEVELOPMENT COOPERATION IRELAND

FUKOMOTO, Hiroki

JAPAN

EMBASSY OF JAPAN, GHANA

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Conference Report on DDR and Stability in Africa

NAME

COUNTRY

ORGANISATION

SETOGUCHI, Nobuhiro

JAPAN

JAPAN INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION AGENCY (JICA), GHANA

GAYFLOR, Yabah Kazaku

LIBERIA

MINISTER OF GENDER& DEVELOPMENT, LIBERIA

JARBO, Moses

LIBERIA

NCDDRR, LIBERIA

PAASEWE, Molley

LIBERIA

NCDDRR, LIBERIA

ROLAND, Isaac

LIBERIA

NCDDRR, LIBERIA

TOWALID Daniel

LIBERIA

CIVIL SOCIETYMOVEMENT OF LIBERIA

FRANCISCO, Antonio Alvaro

MOZAMBIQUE

MINISTRY OF WOMEN AND SOCIAL WELFARE, MOZAMBIQUE

GASPAR Antonio Da Costa

MOZAMBIQUE

CEEI/ISRI MOZAMBIQUE

JORGE Mario Francisco

MOZAMBIQUE

MINISTRY OF INTERIOR, MOZAMBIQUE

MUNATEIA Antonio

MOZAMBIQUE

MINISTRY OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS, MOZAMBIQUE

KAYITESI, Eugenie

RWANDA

NDABAGA ASSOCIATION, RWANDA

MUNYURANGABO, David

RWANDA

COMMISSION NATIONALE DE DEMOBILISATION RWANDAISE (RDRC), RWANDA

RWIGEMA, David

RWANDA

KIGALI VETERAN’S CO-OPERATIVE SOCIETY, RWANDA

JUSU-SHERIF Yasmin

SIERRA LEONE

MANO RIVER WOMEN’S PEACE NETWORK (MARWOPNET)

BENJAMIN, John

SIERRA LEONE

KAILAHUN DISTRICT COUNCIL, SIERRA LEONE

COLLINS, Eldred

SIERRA LEONE

RUF, SIERRA LEONE

COLLINS Ben Sie-Tal

SIERRA LEONE

LIBERI AN EMBASSY, FREETOWN, SL

CONTEH Santigie

SIERRA LEONE

COUNCIL MEMBER, SIERRA LEONE

DAVIES, Rupert

SIERRA LEONE

PERMANENT MISSION OF SIERRA LEONE T O THE UN

ELZIYADI Ali

SIERRA LEONE

WORLD ISLAMIC CALL SOCIETY, SIERRA LEONE

GRENAWA Michael

SIERRA LEONE

RUF SIERRA LEONE

KABO Morie

SIERRA LEONE

CIVIL SOCIETYMOVEMENT, SIERRA LEONE

KAI-KAI Francis

SIERRA LEONE

DEVELOPMENT ASSISTANCE COORDINATION OFFICE

KARGBO, Fatou

SIERRA LEONE

MINISTRY OF SOCIAL WELFARE, GENDER& CHILDREN'S AFFAIRS, SIERRA LEONE

KOROMA, Anthony

SIERRA LEONE

MINISTRY OF YOUTH & SPORTS, SIERRA LEONE

MASSALAY, Eddy

SIERRA LEONE

EX-CIVIL DEFENCE FORCE, SIERRA LEONE

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Conference Report on DDR and Stability in Africa

NAME

COUNTRY

ORGANISATION

MCARTHY, Rosaline

SIERRA LEONE

NATIONAL WOMEN’S FORUM, SIERRA LEONE

PEMAGBI, Amb. Joe

SIERRA LEONE

AMBASSADOR AND PERMANENT REPRESENTATIVE OF SIERRA LEONE TO THE UN

PRATT Memunatu

SIERRA LEONE

PEACE AND CONFLICT STUDIES, UNIVERSITY OF SL

PRATT Nana Claris

SIERRA LEONE

MARWOPNET

ROSENBROCK Christine

SIERRA LEONE

GTZ

SANDY, Jonathan

SIERRA LEONE

OFFICE OF NATIONAL SECURITY, SIERRA LEONE

SESAY Fatu

SIERRA LEONE

NATIONAL COMMISSION FOR DEMOCRACY, SIERRA LEONE

UMARU Wurie

SIERRA LEONE

FOREIGN MINISTRY, SIERRA LEONE

TEJAN-KELLA Mustapha

SIERRA LEONE

DDR CONSULTANT

Mabell IYATUNDE V. COX

SIERRA LEONE

CHRISTIAN SCIENCE SOCIETY

JULEUS, Stefan

SWEDEN

NATIONAL DEFENSE COLLEGE, SWEDEN

SAMUELSSON, Jens

SWEDEN

MINISTRY OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS, SWEDEN

SUNDH, Lena

SWEDEN

AMBASSADOR, MINISTRY OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS, SWEDEN

LÜETHI, Denise

SWITZERLAND

SWISS AGENCY FOR DEVELOPMENT AND COOPERATION (SDC), SIERRA LEONE

RYCHNER, Daniel

SWITZERLAND

SWISS AGENCY FOR DEVELOPMENT (SDC), SIERRA LEONE

KNEGT, Hein -Peter

THE NETHERLANDS

MINISTRY OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS, NETHERLAND

VAN DE GOOR, Luc

THE NETHERLANDS

CLINGENDAEL INSTITUTE, NETHERLANDS

ONEGA, Peter

UGANDA

UGANDA AMNESTY COMMISSION

STONE Lydia

UNITED KINGDOM

STUDENT, UNIVERSITY OF BRADFORD, UK

MOYO, Sibusiso

ZIMBABWE

MINISTRY OF DEFENCE, ZIMBABWE

MUSAH, Abdel-Fatau

ECOWAS

ECONOMIC COMMISSION OF WEST AFRICAN STATES (ECOWAS), NIGERIA

CHOGA Andrew

I.O.M

SIERRA LEONE

DORE, Ousmane

INTERNATIONAL MONETARY FUND

INTERNATIONAL MONETARY FUND (IMF), SENEGAL

ZEKENG Leopold

UNAIDS

UNAIDS, SIERRA LEONE

RICO-BERNABE Raquel

UNAMSIL

UNITED NATIONS MISSION IN SIERRA LEONE

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Conference Report on DDR and Stability in Africa

NAME

COUNTRY

ORGANISATION

ELOSIUBA Obianuju

UNAMSIL

UNITED NATIONS MISSION IN SIERRA LEONE

ADEKERA, Daniel

UNAMSIL

UNITED NATIONS MISSION IN LEONE

AGNEKETHOM,Pawoumotom

UN-DDA

UN DEPARTMENT OF DISARMAMENT AFFAIRS (DDA), TOGO

CIPOLLONE, Daiana

UN-DDA

DEPARTMENT FOR DISARMAMENT AFFAIRS (DDA), NEW YORK

ASANGA Nancy

UNDP

UNITED NATIONS DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME (SIERRA LEONE)

O'CALLAGHAN, Geraldine

UNDP

UNITED NATIONS DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME (UNDP/BCPR), GENEVA

MOHAMED, Ahmednur Sheik

UNDP

UNITED NATIONS DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME (UNDP), ETHIOPIA

SCHARF, Robert

UNDP

UNITED NATIONS DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMNE (UNDP), SOMALIA

ZAHABI, Sidi

UNDP

UNITED NATIONS DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMNE (UNDP), SOMALIA

ACHODO, Charles

UNDP

UNITED NATIONS DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME (UNDP), LIBERIA

ANDERSON A.

UNDP

UNITED NATIONS DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME SIERRA LEONE

LJUNGREN, Bengt

UNDP

UNITED NATIONS DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME (UNDP), SIERRA LEONE

HARSCH, Ernest

UN-DPI

UN DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC INFORMATION, NEW YORK

ONG, Kelvin

UN-DPKO

UN DEPARTMENT OF PEACEKEEPING OPERATIONS/ UN DDR IAWG, NEW YORK

AHOHE, Emile

UN-ECA

UN ECONOMIC COMMISSION FOR AFRICA (ECA), NIGER

LAM Nai-Jit

UNHCR

UNHCR , FREETOWN

CAPPELAERE, Geert

UNICEF

SIERRA LEONE

FARR, Vanessa

UNIDIR

GENEVA SWITZERLAND

ADDOU, Hodan

UNIFEM

UNIFEM, KENYA

KIWANUKA, Julie

UNMIL

UNITED NATIONS MISSION IN LIBERIA (UNMIL), LIBERIA

MALIK, Nisar

UNMIL

UNITED NATIONS MISSION IN LIBERIA (UNMIL)

PERRY, Eric

UNMIL

UNITED NATIONS MISSION IN LIBERIA (UNMIL)

ADEKOYA, Aderemi

UNMIS

UNITED NATIONS MISSION IN SUDAN (UNMIS)

VREY, Waldemar

UNOB

UNITED NATIONS OFFICE IN BURUNDI

38

SIERRA

Conference Report on DDR and Stability in Africa

NAME

COUNTRY

ORGANISATION

LUDOVIC DE LYS, Herve

UN-OCHA

OFFICE FOR THE COORDINATION OF HUMANITARIAN AFFAIRS (OCHA), SENEGAL

FOWLER Dandeson

UN-OCHA

UN OCHA SWITZERLAND

HOUDEGBE Guy Ange

UNOCI

UNITED NATIONS MISSION IN COTE D’IVOIRE

KABIE Boni

UNOCI

UNITED NATIONS MISSION IN COTE D’IVOIRE

KRECOUM Boua Marius

UNOCI

UNITED NATIONS MISSION IN COTE D’IVOIRE

NGONGI, Namanga Amos

UN-OSAA

UN-OSAA CONSULTANT

ENGO, Ruth Bamela

UN-OSAA

UN OFFICE OF THE SPECIAL ADVISER ON AFRICA, NEW YORK

IKEGAME, Mieko

UN-OSAA

UN OFFICE OF THE SPECIAL ADVISER ON AFRICA, NEW YORK

BAKHIT, Karim

UN-OSAA

UN OFFICE OF THE SPECIAL ADVISER ON AFRICA, NEW YORK

RODIN, Jacqueline

UN-OSAA

UN OFFICE OF THE SPECIAL ADVISER ON AFRICA, NEW YORK

WALKER Nancy

UN-OSAA

UN-OSAA CONSULTANT

McCARTY, Susan

USA

DEPARTMENT OF STATE, USA

SACKEY James

WORLD BANK

WORLD BANK, SIERRA LEONE

VERHEUL, Adriaan

WORLD BANK

WORLD BANK (MDRP), WASHINGTON DC, USA

39