Ddi Ss Topicality Supplement One

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T Updates T Updates.................................................................................................................................................................1 Synthetic Fuel = Alternative Fuel............................................................................................................................2 Fuel =/= Energy.......................................................................................................................................................3 Alternative Energy = Stuff Other Than Fossil Fuels...............................................................................................4 Alternative Energy = Naturally Renewable.............................................................................................................5 Substantial = 60%....................................................................................................................................................7 Natives – AT: “In the United States”........................................................................................................................8 Reprocessing / Recycling Increases Energy............................................................................................................9 Incentives Must “Directly Affect” – It’s An Exchange..........................................................................................10 Incentives Must “Directly Affect” – Specific Intent..............................................................................................11 Incentives Can Be Indirect.....................................................................................................................................12 Nuclear Power = Alternative..................................................................................................................................13 Efficiency = Alternative Energy............................................................................................................................14 Nuclear =/= Alternative.........................................................................................................................................15 Incentives =/= Regulations....................................................................................................................................16 Incentives Include Finance / Regulations..............................................................................................................17 Incentives Include Regulations To Encourage.......................................................................................................18 Nuclear Power = Alternative; Alternative =/= Renewable....................................................................................19 Nuclear Power = Renewable..................................................................................................................................20 Incentive = Positive...............................................................................................................................................21 Incentives = Positive OR Negative........................................................................................................................22

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Synthetic Fuel = Alternative Fuel (coal-based) Synthetic fuel is alternative energy. Amanda Ferrell, 1st Lieutenant, U.S. Air Force, 2007, Global Air Chiefs Conference Public Affairs, “Air Force energy initiatives focus on fuel, beyond,” http://www.af.mil/news/story.asp?id=123069617 9/26/2007 - WASHINGTON (AFPN) -- Leaders

of Air Force energy policy and programs convened here Sept. 25 to discuss the Air Force's

direction and initiatives in the realm of renewable and alternative energy sources. William C. Anderson, the assistant secretary of the Air Force for Installations, Environment and Logistics and senior energy executive, and his deputy, Kevin W. Billings, presented the latest Air Force energy initiatives during sessions at the Air and Space Conference and Technology Exposition hosted by the Air Force Association. "Energy conservation and developing energy technology is a major Department of Defense effort," Mr. Anderson said. "As the largest consumer of energy in the federal government, the Air Force is in a great position to look for, promote and utilize alternative energy sources." We are working to incorporate new energy initiatives and programs at every installation, and we want to incorporate

The Air Force is committed to working with agencies in the private sector, experts in academia and throughout the DOD to generate viable sources of energy that are both domestically sourced and more environmentally friendly than current petroleum-based sources , Mr. alternative energy and energy conservation everywhere it makes sense -- for the military and the civilian community, Mr. Billings said.

Anderson said. While energy programs cover installation power, ground vehicles and other requirements, the current focus of energy technology in the Air Force is aviation fuel, which makes up 82 percent of all energy consumed in the Air Force, Mr. Billings said. In August, the

B-52 Stratofortress was certified to use a blend of the current petroleum-based fuel, JP-8, and a synthetic fuel derived from coal, natural gas and feed stocks. "This synthetic fuel blend is currently the only viable alternative to jet fuel, and the United States holds one of the largest coal reserves in the world," Mr. Anderson said. " Alternative energy holds tremendous potential to produce environmental and ecological benefits, so our search for alternative energy sources in the Air Force must lead to domestic sourced fuels with greener footprints than current alternatives." "Synthetic fuel performs comparably to JP-8 and is being tested to prove its compatibility with all current aircraft engine types," Mr. Anderson said. The Air Force has scheduled synthetic fuel testing for each aircraft in the inventory and has set a timeline for the transition. "Our goal is to have every aircraft in the Air Force inventory certified to use synthetic fuel by early 2011," Mr. Anderson said. Two factors regarding synthetic fuel that will determine its viability for Air Force consumption are that it be domestically-sourced and processed in an environmentally friendly way. It is also important the fuel be produced on a commercial scale and be efficient in both military and commercial aircraft, Mr. Billings said. "Converting coal into liquid fuel through the FischerTropsch process creates 1.8 times more carbon (than refining petroleum)," Mr. Billings said. The Air Force is participating is research of carbon capture and reuse methods, which will actually reduce the carbon output below that of JP-8, making coal-derived fuels cleaner than current jet fuel." Accomplishing the Air Force mission is primary, but energy efficiency and reducing our carbon footprint while doing so is our goal, Mr. Billings said. "We are now working with the private sector to generate ideas for increasing our energy supply," Mr. Billings said. Underutilized land on many military installations maybe a prime location for projects such as solar array technology, geothermal systems and other alternative energy projects. While the Air Force explores a variety of options for creating green, domestically-sourced and more efficient fuel sources, one message remains clear.

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Fuel =/= Energy Alternative energy is distinct from alternative fuel. Christopher A. Simon, Prof PoliSci @ UNevada, 2007 (Alternative Energy: Political, Economic, and Social Feasibility) alternative energy, a concept that is often discussed but rarely defined. It is difficult to define because the term is value laden. The term “alternative energy” was the subject of a recent gathering of scientists in Canada, but by the end of In this chapter, the book focuses on the scope of

the conference, the definition remained a work in progress; no definitive meaning was assigned (see CEA-NRCAn 2002). By defining the term, it is not my purpose to

An understanding of the concept is necessary to better understand the energy future in relation to technological, economic, and policy feasibility of energy sources. Understanding the difference between alternative energy and alternative fuels is an important distinction that must be made at this point. intentionally exclude or include any particular form of energy.

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Alternative Energy = Stuff Other Than Fossil Fuels Alternative energy is renewable energy not derived from fossil fuels Encarta ‘7 (Encarta, http://encarta.msn.com/encnet/features/dictionary/DictionaryResults.aspx?refid=1861685359)

alternative energy noun Definition:

naturally generated energy source: any form of energy obtained from the Sun, wind, waves, or another natural renewable source, in contrast to energy generated from fossil fuels Alt energy is that not from fossil fuels US Department of the Interior ‘08 (Minerals Management Service, 3/27, http://www.mms.gov/offshore/AlternativeEnergy/Definitions.htm)

Alternative energy: Fuel sources that are other than those derived from fossil fuels. Typically used interchangeably for renewable energy. Examples include: wind, solar, biomass, wave and tidal energy.

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Alternative Energy = Naturally Renewable Alternative energy must be naturally renewable. SOE ‘1 (Saving our environment, ThinkQuest site, http://library.thinkquest.org/C0111401/alternative_energy.htm)

The term alternative energy refers to energy sources that are naturally renewable and do not pollute.

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Substantial energy increase is 15% of total output Stephen Tully, Postdoc Fellow, ESRC Centre for Risk Analysis and Regulation, Law Department, London School PoliSci, 2006 “The human right to access electricity,” SciDirect (no url because scidirect urls are path-dependent – search the article title) The final noteworthy illustration originates from Johannesburg during 2002 where the

Renewable Energy Coalition of 23 like-minded states, the EC and

the Alliance of Small Island States declared

their commitment to increasing the share of renewable energy sources in the global total primary energy upon governments and other actors ‘‘to substantially increase the global share of renewable energy sources with the objective of increasing its contribution to total energy supply.’’ By way of following up that commitment, the EC has ambitiously proposed that renewable energy sources contribute 12 percent to gross inland energy consumption by 2010. However, such a target may not be attainable given current supply. ‘‘With a sense of urgency,’’ paragraph 20(e) of the WSSD Plan of Implementation consequently calls

progress by government.22 A 1997 ‘‘White Paper’’ for a Community Strategy and Action Plan initially proposed that the European Com- mission should promote renewable energy sources so that customers can choose the most appropriate European product and source at the least price. The European strategy for secure energy supplies, outlined in a Green Paper of 2000, is to manage consumer demand through taxation and consumer levies. Most importantly, it is also envisaged that electricity produced from renewable energy sources will enjoy priority access to electrical grids.23

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Substantial = 60% A substantial increase in renewable energy incentives is 60%. Edie News ‘4 (“Government must fund more renewables, says business group,” http://www.climatebiz.com/news/2004/04/14/government-must-fund-more-renewables-says-businessgroup) NEW YORK, N.Y. -- A coalition

of U.S. business and energy policy organisations have united in attacking official sponsoring of renewable energies in the U.S. as "lukewarm" and have called for a 60% increase in funding of this sector. The Sustainable Energy Coalition has addressed a letter to the Energy and Water Subcommittees of the Senate and House of Representatives Committees on Appropriations requesting a substantial increase in federal support for the cross-section of renewable energy technologies. The group, made up of 25 businesses, has asked that the Department of Energy's renewable energy programme budget be increased to $598.5 million for the fiscal year of 2005 -- that is 60% above the White House's proposal and two thirds greater than the amount actually allocated in 2004.

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Natives – AT: “In the United States” There are over 700 tribes considered “in the United States.” Department of Energy 4/10/08 http://www.eere.energy.gov/windandhydro/windpoweringamerica/native_americans.asp

There are more than 700 American Indian tribes and Native Alaskan villages and corporations located on 96 million acres in the United States. Many of these tribes and villages have excellent wind resources that could be commercially developed to meet their electricity needs or for electricity export. United States includes territories and possessions US Code ‘07 (6 USCS § 1111, Lexis_Nexis) (6) United states. The

term "United States" means the 50 States, the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico, the Northern Mariana Islands, the Virgin Islands, or possession of the United States.

Guam, American Samoa, and any other territory

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Reprocessing / Recycling Increases Energy Reprocessing increases energy Gabe Collins, Princeton graduate '05, 2002 November 25 (American Foreign Policy Vol II issue no. 5 "Northeast Asia's Nuclear Nightmare: Dangerous Consequences of North Korea’s Nuclear Gamble" http://webscript.princeton.edu/~afp/article.php?issid=30&artid=6) Japan’s large nuclear power complex coupled with its highly developed industrial and scientific base would allow rapid production of both nuclear weapons and delivery systems. Indeed, it already possesses the H-II, a space launch vehicle capable of lofting a multi-ton payload. Thus, the latent technological capability to build

as part of a program aimed at reducing dependency on Persian Gulf oil, Japan is pressing ahead with the construction of breeder reactors and reprocessing facilities which extract plutonium from used nuclear fuel rods and “recycle” it to fuel further power generation. However, while reprocessing increases energy independence, it also produces an ICBM already exists. Moreover,

surplus plutonium—nuclear weapons designers’ material of choice. Estimates place Japan’s current plutonium inventory at greater than 13 tonnes. Of this total, around 4352 kg are domestically held, an amount sufficient to construct at least 450 nuclear devices.

Reprocessing nuclear fuel increases energy Frank Munger, senior writer, June 12, 2008 ("Nuclear recycling offers promise" http://www.knoxnews.com/news/2008/jun/12/nuclear-recycling-offers-promise/)

Reprocessing nuclear fuel is at the heart of the Bush administration's Global Nuclear Energy Partnership, a program designed to produce more energy while curbing the generation of nuclear waste and reducing the risk of weapons proliferation. The goal is to safely share technologies and services for energy security with partner nations.

Recycling increases energy Steve Kidd, head of Strategy & Research at the World Nuclear Association, 22 March 2008 (Nuclear Engineering International "Recycling uranium and plutonium: where's it heading?" http://www.neimagazine.com/storyprint.asp?sc=2049163)

The availability of recyclable fissile and fertile materials able to provide fresh fuel for existing and future nuclear power plants is a key characteristic of nuclear energy Recycling increases energy Steve Kidd, head of Strategy & Research at the World Nuclear Association, 22 March 2008 (Nuclear Engineering International "Recycling uranium and plutonium: where's it heading?" http://www.neimagazine.com/storyprint.asp?sc=2049163) The Global Nuclear Energy Partnership (GNEP) programme, announced by the US Department of Energy in early 2006, fits in closely with this. A major issue addressed is the efficiency of the current nuclear fuel cycle. The

‘once through’ cycle only uses part of the potential energy in the fuel, while effectively wasting substantial amounts of useable energy that could be tapped through recycling. While European countries and Japan have recycled some of the residual uranium and plutonium recovered from the spent fuel in light water reactors through MOX utilisation, no one has yet employed a comprehensive technology that includes full actinide recycle. In the USA this question is pressing since significant amounts of used nuclear fuel are stored in different locations around the country awaiting shipment to the planned geological repository at Yucca Mountain in Nevada. This project is much-delayed, and in any case will fill very rapidly if it is used simply for used fuel rather than the separated wastes after reprocessing.

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Incentives Must “Directly Affect” – It’s An Exchange Incentives involve an offer and a response within an exchange – alternative energy must be part of the exchange for it to be an alternative energy incentive Geoff Thale is the associate for El Salvador at the Washington Office on Latin America. 1998 (ch 7 Incentives and the Salvadoran Peace Process THE PRICE OF PEACE Edited by David Cortright

http://wwics.si.edu/subsites/ccpdc/pubs/price/frame.htm)

The Nature of Incentives It is useful, in thinking about the effectiveness of various forms of incentives, to define more precisely the kinds of incentives that are being offered and the context in

an incentive is an offer by a sender to provide a good that the recipient desires, if the recipient engages in some specified behavior. Another more complicated form of incentive exists when the sender government offers a which they are offered. In its simplest form,

good directly related to the desired outcome—when, for example, a sender offers to fund postwar reconstruction programs on the condition that the recipient design and implement such programs. In this case, the recipient government may not desire, or at least not strongly desire, the ‘‘good’’ being offered, but may engage in the desired behavior because it is relatively costfree to the recipient. This will greatly influence the strength of the recipient’s commitment to carry out the desired behavior when the inevitable problems and complications occur.

Incentives involve an offer and a response within an exchange – alternative energy must be part of the exchange for it to be an alternative energy incentive Virginia I. Foran and Leonard S. Spector, Carnegie Endowment for International Peace 1998 (Ch 2 "The Application of Incentives to Nuclear Proliferation" THE PRICE OF PEACE Edited by David Cortright http://wwics.si.edu/subsites/ccpdc/pubs/price/frame.htm) Finally, an

incentive, with respect to proliferation, is defined as: any benefit or promise of benefits offered by senders to a state thought to be considering the acquisition or development of nuclear weapons, or to a state that already has nuclear weapons, in exchange for that state’s decision to halt its progress toward proliferation or for its dismantling or elimination of the weapons it already possesses. Alternative energy must be part of the quid pro quo for it to be an alternative energy incentive John DeLaHunt, Assistant Director for Environmental Health & Safety Services in Colorado College's Facilities Services department , July-August 2006 ( Journal of Chemical Health and Safety Volume 13, Issue 4, , Page 42 sciencedirect)

Incentives work on a quid pro quo basis – this for that. If you change your behavior, I’ll give you a reward. One could say that coercion is an incentive program – do as I say and I’ll let you live. However, I define an incentive as getting something you didn’t have before in exchange for new behavior, so that pretty much puts coercion in its own box, one separate from incentives. But fundamental problems plague the incentive approach. Like coercion, incentives are poor motivators in the long run, for at least two reasons – unintended consequences and perverse incentives.

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Incentives Must “Directly Affect” – Specific Intent Incentives must be intended to achieve a specific change – random incentives may eventually cause change in energy use, but only directed policies are “alternative energy incentives.” Vern Hicks and Orvill Adams, Health Services Organization (“Pay and Non-Pay Incentives, Performance and Motivation,” http://www.itg.be/itg/GeneralSite/InfServices/Downloads/shsop21.pdf)

The World Health Report 2000, Health Systems: Improving Performance, defines incentives as “all the rewards and punishments that providers face as a consequence of the organizations in which they work, the institutions under which they operate and the specific interventions they provide” This definition suggests that the organization, the work that is done and the setting in which work takes place will determine the incentive used and its resulting impact. Buchan et al add another dimension by defining an incentive in terms of its objective: “An

incentive refers to one particular form of payment that is intended to achieve some specific change in behavior” (2).

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Incentives Can Be Indirect Incentives are both direct and indirect. Enters et al. ‘4 FAO (Thomas, “The role of incentives in forest plantation development,” google)

Direct incentives are designed to have an immediate impact on resource users and influence returns to investment directly. Indirect incentives on the other hand have an indirect effect through setting or changing the overall framework conditions within and outside the forestry sector. There are some overlaps. For example, tax concessions for plantation investors are a direct incentive, whereas general The distinction between direct and indirect incentives is somewhat blurred.

tax reductions for fuel are considered indirect incentives, because they lower production and transport costs within - as well as outside - the plantation sector.

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Nuclear Power = Alternative Nuclear is an alternative energy Alternative Energy News 7-19-08 http://www.topix.com/tech/alt-energy

Energy Policy: Imagine

an energy plan that does it all - from allowing more oil drilling to spending billions on alternative energy sources such as wind, solar and nuclear. Nuclear power’s alternative Brant McLaughlin, writer, published Apr 20, 2007 ("Developing Nuclear Power as Alternative Energy; Nuclear Power Would Be a Boon, Not Go Boom")

developing nuclear power, harnessing the power of the atom in fission reactions, is the most important alternative energy resource that is available to us, due to the fact of the incredible power that it can produce. Nuclear power does not have to be Many researchers feel that

destructive, and it is much safer than most people think.

Nuclear power’s an incentive for hydrogen Christopher A. Simon, Prof PoliSci @ UNevada, 2007 (Alternative Energy: Political, Economic, and Social Feasibility) There was a strong commitment to alternative energy in the president’s Hydrogen Initiative. Incentives are in place for the development of alternative fuel production

Production of fuels such as hydrogen will be accelerated by the development of next-generation nuclear power, resulting in cheaper hydrogen as compared to hydrogen produced using renewable energy sources such as wind and solar. sites.

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Efficiency = Alternative Energy Efficiency is alternative energy New Alternatives Fund Inc.

2004

http://www.newalternativesfund.com/invest/invest_alternative.html

Alternative Energy includes three main groups: Renewable Energy (Solar, Wind, Hydro, Geothermal, Biomass) Fuel Cells & Hydrogen Energy Conservation and Enabling Technologies

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Nuclear =/= Alternative Nuclear isn’t alternative New Alternatives Fund Inc.

2004

http://www.newalternativesfund.com/invest/invest_alternative.html

Alternative Energy does not include Coal Oil Atomic energy Nuclear power isn’t “alternative energy” – this is the federal definition and is most predictable Christopher A. Simon, Prof PoliSci @ UNevada, 2007 (Alternative Energy: Political, Economic, and Social Feasibility) The federal defition of alternative energy is best summarized by Title 26, chapter 79, 7701 of the revised U.S. Code: “the term ‘alternative energy facility’ means a facility for producing electrical or thermal energy if the primary energy source for the facility is not oil, natural gas, coal, or nuclear power.” The primary purpose of this definition relates to the issuance of tax credits to “alternative energy facility[ies],” which meet certain standards as defined in Title 26, chapter 1, 48 “Energy Credit.” Tax credits are one method by which the federal government encouges the private sector to make certain economic choices; in the case of energy policy, this definition of alternative energy will heve a definitive impact on how alternative energy will be defined by those individual\s and corporate bodies seeking federal recognition (and benefit) by adopting a particular definition of alternatie energy. Many state definitions of alternative energy closely follow federal definitions. Case law confirms that federal guidelines supercede state-level guidelines. Federal standards also impact the state and local rec\eipt of alternative energy grants, subsidies, and tax exemptions. It is reas\zonable, therefore that state and local definitions would be consistent with federal policy. Consistency between federal and state definitions does not mean there are not a few variations. In many ways, variation at the state level illustrates the dynamic and evolving alternative energy paradigm, which is by no means unique to the U.S. policy process.

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Incentives =/= Regulations Incentives aren’t regulations. DOE (Department of Energy) 3-11-08 (last update) ( "United States (Federal) Incentives and Laws" http://www.eere.energy.gov/afdc/progs/fed_summary.php/afdc/US/0)

Our federal incentives and laws are categorized here as either Incentives, Laws and Regulations, or Programs, which could be funding opportunities or other federal initiatives related to alternative fuels and vehicles, advanced technologies, or air quality. To sort information by sponsoring agency instead of category, click the Agency radio button below. Additional incentives may also be available on the Clean Cities Financial Opportunities Web page.

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Incentives Include Finance / Regulations Incentives include money and regulations DSIRE ‘7 (Database of State Incentives for Renewable Energy and Efficiency, North Carolina State University) http://www.dsireusa.org/library/includes/map2.cfm?state=US¤tpageid=1

Federal Incentives for Renewable EnergyS ee Federal Incentives See All Summaries See Homeowner Incentive Summaries Only Financial Incentives Corporate Depreciation Modified Accelerated Cost-Recovery System (MACRS) + Bonus Depreciation Corporate Exemption Residential Energy Conservation Subsidy Exclusion (Corporate)Corporate Tax Credit Business Energy Tax Credit Renewable Electricity Production Tax Credit (PTC)Federal Grant Program Tribal Energy Program Grant USDA Rural Energy for America Program (REAP) - Grants Federal Loan Program Clean Renewable Energy Bonds (CREBs)Energy Efficient Mortgage USDA Rural Energy for America Program (REAP) - Loans Personal Exemption Residential Energy Conservation Subsidy Exclusion (Personal)Personal Tax Credit Residential Energy Efficiency Tax Credit Residential Solar and Fuel Cell Tax Credit Production Incentive Renewable Energy Production Incentive (REPI) Alternative Fuel and Vehicle Incentives U.S. Department of Energy's Alternative Fuels Data Center Rules,

Regulations & Policies Energy Standards for Public Buildings Energy Goals and Standards for Federal Buildings Energy Reduction Goals for Federal Agencies Green Power Purchasing/Aggregation U.S. Federal Government - Green Power Purchasing Goal Interconnection Interconnection Standards for Small Generators Alternative Fuel and Vehicle Policies U.S. Department of Energy's Alternative Fuels Data Center Related Programs & Initiatives Green Power Network: Buying Green Power in Your State The U.S. Department of Energy's Green Power Network provides news and information on green power markets and related activities. This site provides state-by-state information on Green Power Marketing in Competitive Electricity Markets and Utility Green Pricing Programs. In addition, the site lists marketers of Renewable Energy Certificates (RECs) (also known as green tags or tradable renewable certificates), which represent the environmental attributes of the power produced from a renewable energy project. Whether or not consumers have access to green power through their local utility or a competitive electricity marketer, consumers can purchase RECs without having to switch electricity suppliers.

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Incentives Include Regulations To Encourage Incentives include regulations to encourage Mike Lobash, August 2005, Building Operating Management (Alternative Energy: Green Incentives and Options Are On the Rise http://www.facilitiesnet.com/bom/article.asp?id=3177)

Alternative Energy Incentives

State and local governments, as well as utilities, offer incentives to encourage the use of alternative energy sources. Here’s a look at where incentives are available and where regulations exists to encourage the use of onsite power systems and the purchase of green power. Corporate Tax

Sales Tax

Financial Property Tax Rebates Grants Loans Net Metering

Regulatory Inter-connection Green Power Purchase

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Nuclear Power = Alternative; Alternative =/= Renewable Nuclear power is alternative energy, which is distinct from renewable energy. Pfafflin and Ziegler ‘6 (James Pfafflin and Edward Ziegler, Encyclopedia of Environmental Science and Engineering: Volumes 1 and 2, p. 199, Google Books)

Alternative energy sources include geothermal energy when and where is available, all kinds of waste heat and waste heat from nuclear plants. Renewable energy sources include wind energy, tidal energy, Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC) and, above all, the abundant solar energy.

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Nuclear Power = Renewable Nuclear power is renewable when efficiency is increased – this is the most overqualified piece of evidence in the round. Lightfoot et al ‘6 (Douglas Lightfoot, Global Environmental Climate Change Centre, McGill University; Mechanical Engineer, B App. Sc. (UBC), MBA.(Concordia) Experience: Standard Chemical Ltd— chlor/alkali electrochemical plant project engineering,12 years; Dupont of Canada—designing, building, starting up chemical plants, 5 years; Domtar Research—research and economic analyses for pulp and paper, chemicals and construction materials, 18 years. Retired member: Order of Engineers of Quebec, Professional Engineers of Ontario. Life Member: American Society of Mechanical Engineers. Member: Global Environmental and Climate Change Centre (GEC3), McGill University. Wallace Manheimer Ph.D. (MIT). Retired from the Naval Research Laboratory, 33 years, Senior Scientist for Fundamental Plasma Processes involved in plasma processing, inertial fusion, microwave tube development, radar systems, and magnetic fusion. Now, part time consultant to NRL on plasma science. Daniel A. Meneley Civil Engineer, BE, DIC, PhD (Imperial College, London) Experience: Argonne Lab., Fast reactor physics research and design, 9 years. Ontario Hydro, CANDU power plant design, analysis, safety, & waste management, 12 years. UNB Professor of Nuclear Engineering, 7 years. AECL CANDU design management, 10 years. Emeritus Chief Engineer, AECL. Member Professional Engineers of Ontario. Fellow, American Nuclear Society and Canadian Nuclear Society. Member International Safety Advisory Group, IAEA, ’85-’88. Chair, Defence Science Advisory Board, ’97-’03. Duane Pendergast Mechanical Engineer, B.Sc. (U of A), M.Sc. and Ph.D. (New Mexico State University) Experience: Industry – manufacturing and design engineer pressure vessels and transportation, 3 years. Education—university engineering subjects, 4 years. AECL—CANDU power plant safety analysis, design and environmental assessment, 26 years. Computare, Principal Scientist, consulting and website (www.computare.org) on energy and greenhouse gas management, 5 years. Retired member of Professional Engineers of Ontario. Life member of The Association of Professional Engineers, Geologists and Geophysicists of Alberta. Member of the Canadian Nuclear Society. George S. Stanford Physicist, retired from Argonne National Laboratory. Past member, National Council, Federation of American Scientists. Co-author: Born Secret: The H=Bomb, the Progressive Case, and National Security [Pergamon, 1981], and Nuclear Shadowboxing: Contemporary Threats from Cold-War Weaponry [Fidlar Doubleday, 2004]. B.Sc. with Honours, Acadia University; M.A., Wesleyan University; Ph.D. in experimental nuclear physics, Yale University. Technical publications pertaining mainly to experiments in nuclear physics, reactor physics, and fast-reactor safety. Member, American Nuclear Society. Past member, American Physical Society, http://www.computare.org/Support%20documents/Fora%20Input/CCC2006/Nuclear%20Paper%2006_05.htm)

n 1983, Bernard L. Cohen [Cohen, 1983] showed quantitatively that uranium as

nuclear fission fuel is, for all practical purposes,

inexhaustible, given the use of fuel efficient breeder reactors. This idea had also been suggested earlier by others [Lewis, 1968]. The aim of this paper is to support this claim and show that technology is close at hand to take full advantage of this endless resource . When energy sources such as hydro, wind, solar, biomass and geothermal are termed “renewable”, what is really meant is that they are inexhaustible. If, for all practical purposes, nuclear fission fuel is inexhaustible, then it too is one of the “renewables”. Moreover, nuclear fission has much greater capacity to provide energy than all of the other "renewable" energies put together. The paper in Track 1 of this conference, “A Strategy for Adequate Future World Energy Supply and Carbon Emission Control” [Lightfoot, 2006], makes the case that nuclear fission is the only source of energy large enough to replace fossil fuels on the scale required that is available now.

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Incentive = Positive Incentives are positive only – “negative incentives” are disincentives. Harris ‘89 (Ora Fred Harris,Professor of Law, University of Illinois, Fred, 49 La. L. Rev. 1315, “Automobile Emissions Control Inspection and Maintenance Program: Making It More Palatable to Coerced Participants,” Lexis-Nexis) 53. The term "incentives," for purposes of this Article, means

those devices that induce one into doing something because of the prospect of reward and, therefore, engender a positive feeling within the actor. An example of incentives in this sense would be tax incentives like credits and/or deductions. But it appears that Congress, some courts and a few commentators have taken a broader view of incentives and have categorized items such as extensions to compliance deadlines and, most notably, sanctions in the Act-denials of federal grants and bans on construction in the event of noncompliance-as incentives to compliance. To be sure, these

latter items may induce compliance but surely not because of the extension of a "carrot." Instead, they epitomize the "stick" or "disincentive" approach to behavioral modification. Incentives are positive; “negative incentives” are separately classed as penalties. Irish Times ‘6 (The Irish Times, June 7, 2006, Lexis-Nexis)

The proposals, which have not been made public but include incentives and penalties, seek to persuade Iran to give up enriching uranium, which the West fears will be used to build atomic bombs. Tehran says its nuclear aims are purely civilian. European Union foreign policy chief Javier Solana presented Iran's chief negotiator Ali Larijani with the package, agreed by the United States, Russia, China and the "EU Three" - Britain, France and Germany. "The

proposals had some positive steps in them and some ambiguities which should be removed," Mr Larijani said.

Incentives are positive. Financial Post ‘88 (December 20, 1988, “Green Line offers incentives,” Lexis-Nexis) The 1987 market crash discouraged investors who were not heavy traders, and their trading has dropped by about 30% to 40%, Bates said. But such investors are not likely to base decisions on a limited cut in fees, he added. ''An extra discount I don't think is going to

give them the incentive to trade. They're

looking for some other kind of positive indicator that it's the right time to trade.'' Incentives are positive – the recipient is better off afterwards. John DeLaHunt, Assistant Director for Environmental Health & Safety Services in Colorado College's Facilities Services department , July-August 2006 ( Journal of Chemical Health and Safety Volume 13, Issue 4, , Page 42.sciencedirect)

Incentives work on a quid pro quo basis – this for that. If you change your behavior, I’ll give you a reward. One

could say that coercion is an incentive program – do as I say and I’ll let you live. However, I define an incentive as getting something you didn’t have before in exchange for new behavior, so that pretty much puts coercion in its own box, one separate from incentives. But fundamental problems plague the incentive approach. Like coercion, incentives are poor motivators in the long run, for at least two reasons – unintended consequences and perverse incentives.

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Incentives = Positive OR Negative Incentives are punishment OR reward American Heritage Dictionary, Fourth Edition, 2K (http://www.bartleby.com/61/98/I0079800.html)

incentive noun Something, such as the fear of punishment or the expectation of reward, that induces action or motivates effort. Incentives are punishment OR reward A Dictionary of Economics. John Black. Oxford University Press, 2002. Oxford Reference Online. Oxford University Press. Dartmouth College. (19 July 2008 http://www.oxfordreference.com/views/ENTRY.html?subview=Main&entry=t19.e1517)

incentives Rewards or penalties designed to induce one set of people to act in such as way as to produce results that another set of people want. As rewards for good results, incentives can include higher pay, better working conditions, better job security, better promotion prospects, or simply prestige. As penalties for poor results, incentives may take the form of lower pay, worse working conditions, poorer promotion prospects, demotion or sacking, or simply loss of reputation. Incentives may be applied in response to actual results, such as output or profits, or to management's perceptions of inputs, such as attendance and disciplinary record. Incentives cannot be based on inputs or outputs which cannot be observed by management: to motivate these it is necessary to rely on self-respect or team spirit. See also export incentives, and investment incentives.

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