Dai History

“'dkifvlrsKd;EG,fpkrsm;” wnfae&mESifhtus,ft0ef; 'dkifvlrsKd;EG,fpkrsm;onf jrefrmjynf\ taemufbuf? csif;jynfe,f\awmifbuf? rif;wyfNrdKU\ taemufajrmuf? yvuf0NrdKU\ ta&SUajrmuf? uefyufvufNrdKU\ taemufajrmufbufESifh rwlyD NrdKU\ ta&SUawmifbufwGifwnf&Sdonf/ ajrmufvwfwDwG'f 20 'D8&D 30 rdepfESifh 21 'D8&D 30 rdepftMum;? ta&SUavmif wDwG'f 93 'D8&D 10 rdepfESifh 94 'D8&D 10 rdepftMum;wGifwnf&Sdonf/ tvsm; rdkif 120 ausmf&Snfvsm;NyD;? teHrdkif 60 eD;yg;us,f0ef;onf/ aus;&Gmrsm;ESihf vlO;D a& 'dkife,ftwGif; &Gmaygif; 170 txufyg0ifNyD; &GmBuD;rsm;rSmysrf;rQtdrfajc 100 ausmf? &Gmi,frsm;rSmtdrfajc 20 0ef;usifwnf&Sd onf/ trd'dkifajr wGifrSDwif;aexdkifol vlOD;a&ta,mufaygif; 60000 ausmf&SdNyD;?pkpkaygif; 'dkifvlOD;a&rSm ta,mufaygif; 90000 cefUjzpfonf/ ysOf;rQtdrfwpftdrfwGif vlOD;a& tenf;qkH; 5 OD;txuf&SdNyD; trsm;qHk; 12 OD;cefUaexdkifMuonf/ 'dkife,f&Sd &GmBuD;rsm; rSm ruGDtdrfEl;? csKdiftdrfE;l ? rIef;oEl;? abmUpEl;? csKdif;pEl;? xdkEl;? Mum;tdrEf l;? 'kwftdrfE;l ? vkHtdrfEl;? xm;tdrfEl;? pef;tdrfEl;? cg&kdif;? csefjyef? &rfodrf;?tGrfaqG;? r'l? rqmwGD? rSefawmif ponfwdkUjzpfonf/ ,Ofaus;rI "avhxkH;pHEiS fh bmoma&; &dk;&m,Ofaus;rI xkH;pHrsm;rSm ausmufjyifcsDyGJ? aumufopfpm;yGJ? tdrfopfwufyGJ? pyg;avSUyGJ ?r8FvmaqmifyGJ? 0ufowfyGJ wdkUjzpf í ,cifuewfbmom0ifrsm; jzpfNyD; ,cktcgwGif 99 &mcdkifEIef; c&pf,mefbmom0ifrsm;jzpfonf/ &dk;&myGJrsm; usif;y&mwGif a'ookH; acgif&nfESifh EGm;aemufom;rsm;jzifh wnfhcif;{nfhcHauR;arG;Muonf/ &dk;&mwl&d,m ypönf;rsm;rSm 0g;ykavG? armif;? vifuGif;?0g;vuf ckyf? AHk ponfwdkUudk wGifus,fpGm tokH;jyKMuonf/ a'otac:ta0: &dk;&muyGJrsm;rSm 0g;nSyftu? yGDvrfpdrf? tEGJUpdrf? apmif;pm ? q,fvlpdrf ponfwdkUrSmxif&mS ;onf/ ,cifu ewfbmom0ifrsm;jzpfcJhonfhtavsmuf &dk;&mewf ylaZmfyGJrsm;&SdcJUonf/ MuufaA'ifudk txl;ojzifh Munfh&IMuonf/ rdb? bdk;bGm;rsm;\ qkH;rpum;rsm;? qdk&dk;pum;rsm;udk em;axmif vdkufemMuonf/ 0wfpm;qif&ifrI rSm trsKd;orD;rsm;onf &kd;&mvuf,uf0g8Grf; xnfrsm;udk &ifrS 'l;txd 0ifqifMuonf/ (xdkUaMumifh csif;ordkif;avhvmoltcsKdUu “&if'l;” 'dkif[kyifac:a0:Muonf/) trsKd;om;rsm;onf ,cifu Yisa Sen udktrsm;tjzpf0wfqifMuonf/ Meng Peng ac:&dk;&m "g;ykvdkif; udk trsKd;om;wdkif; tcsdefjynfh vG,favh&Sdonf/ vuf,ufurf;rsm;rSm tqifhjrifhvSí ,aeUwdkif,ufvkyf 0ifqifokH;pGJMuonf/ rdrdwdkU &dk;&m r*FvmaqmifyJGrsm;wGif trsKd;om;zufu trsKd;orD;zuf rdbaqGrsKd;rsm;udk EGm;aemuf? armif;? a&Tebufrsm; ay;&NyD;? trsKd;o rD;rdbrsm;rSvnf; 0ufxD; 9 aumiftxdowfay;NyD; jyeftrf;onfhvufaqmifypönf;rsm;tjzpf a'ovuf,uf apmif? ykwD;? tdk;cGuf ykuefrsm; jyefay;avh&Sdonf/ pdkufysKd;a&;? arG;jrLa&;ESifh pD;yGGg;a&; a'otwGif; t"dupdkufysKd;a&;vkyfief;rSm awmif,m pdkufysKd;jcif;vkyfief;jzpfNyD; pyg;udk trsm;qkH;pdkufysKd;Muonf/ tjcm; pdkuf ysKd;oD;ESHrsm;rSm ajymif;? qyfeD? qyf0g? yJtrsKd;rsKd;? ocGg;? z&kH?ausmufz&kH? z&J? csOfaygif?&kef;ya'? ESrf; ? aeMum? BuH? rkefnif;? [if;cwf tarT;tBudKifrsm; ponfwdkUjzpfonf/ awmif,mudk ESpfpOf trsm;tm;jzifh Zefe0g&DvwGif ckwaf vh&SdMuNyD; rwfvwGif awmif,mrD;rsm; 0dkif;0ef;&IdMuonf/ arvodkUr[kwf rdk;OD;apmvsifapmovdk pyg;? ajymif;? aumufyJoD;ESHrsm;udk taphcspdkufysKd;Muonf/ v,fpyg;pdu k f ysKd;olrsm;vnf; tenf;tusOf;&Sdonf/ &Gmol&Gmom;wdkif;EGm;aemuf ykdifqdkifMuNyD; awmxJwGif obm0tavsmufarG;jrLMuonf/wESpf vQif tenf;qkH;ESpfBudrfcefU EGm;aemufrsm; ukd&SmazGavh&SdNyD; ,Ofyg;atmif qm;auR;avh&Sdonf/ rdrdEGm;aemufrsm;udk rdrdudk,fwdik f t rSwftom;rsm; jzifhrSwfom;avh&Sdonf/tjcm;arG;jrLxm;aom wd&dpämefrsm;rSm Muuf? 0uf? uRJ? EGm;? qdwf ? bJ wdkUjzpfonf/ pD;yGg;a&;vkyfief;rsm;tjzpf ,cktcsdefwGif Muufql? zsHO? z&kHrsm;udk pdkufysKd;a&mif;csMuonf/ w&m;r0ifopfcG yef;rsm;udk &SmazG a&mif;csjcif; ESifhtwl ? trJvdkufjcif; tm;jzifhvnf; pD;yGg;&Smolrsm;&Sdonf/ trsKd;orD;rsm;rS vuf,uft0wftxnfrsm;udk wEdlifw ydkif ,ufvyk f a&mif;csjcif;rsm;&Sdonf/ 'dkifa'o\ t"du0ifaiG &&Sdaomvkyfief; okH;ckrmS pdkufysKd;a&;?arG;jrLa&;ESifh a'oxGufajray: ajratmuf oH,HZmwrsm;udk a&mif;csjcif;omjzpfonf/

“'dkifvlrsKd;EG,fpkrsm;” bmompum; 'dkifvlrsKd;EG,fpkrsm;onf rdcif'dkifbmpum;udkbkHbmompum;tjzpfwGifus,fpGm okH;pGJMuonf/ rsKd;EG,fpktwGif; bmompum;ajym [efrSmtenf;i,fuGJvGJrI&Sdí¤if;wdkUrSm uefyufvuf NrdKUe,fwGifrSDwif;aexdkifonfh'dkifvlrsKd;EG,fpk tcsKdUESifh rwlyD NrdKUe,ftwGif;rSDwif; aexdkifonfh'dkifvlrsKd;EG,fpkwdkU\pum;ajym[efrsm;jzpfonf/okdUaomfeD;pyfonfh aexdkifrIESifh qufoG,fajymqdkrIt&&GmeD;csif;rsm;rS¤if; wdkUokH;pGJaomajym[efudk em;vnfoabmaygufonf/ toHxGu f(okdUr[kwf) av,lavodrf;rSmrl tenf;i,f uGJvGJrI&Sdonf/ 'dkifpmay zGHUNzdK;wdk;wufrIrSm 1980 ckESpfausmfrS 8smrefvlrsKd;rsm;\ ulnDcsuft&ay:aygufvmcJUonf/ a&;[efrSmvnf;8smreftu©&mpOfrsm;udk om Asnf;?o&tjzpfokH;pGJonf/ 'dkifvlrsKd;EG,fpk bmompum;ukwf (oauFw)rSm Dao jzpfNyD;? tkdiftufpftdk(International Standard Organization) eHygwfrSm (639 - 3) jzpfonf/ c&pf,mef or®opfusrf;pmudk 1996 ckESpfwGif bmomjyefNyD;pD;cJUonf/ c&pf,mefbm oma&;wGif 'dkifpmayudkwGifus,fpGm okH;pGJMuonf/ 'dkife,ftwGif; rSDwif;aexkdifMuoltcsKdUwdkUonf rdrdwdkUa&ajra'oESifhqufpyfvsuf &Sdonfh bmompum;rsm;jzpfonfh rGef;?tlyl; (csif;ykH)? rwl ESifh Arm ponfhbmompum;rsm;udkvnf; okH;pGJEdlifonf/ 'dkifpmayzGHUNzdK;wdk; wufa&;twGuf ,cktcgwGif 'dkif - t8Fvdyf tbd"gefudkxkwfa0&efjyifqifaeNyDjzpfonf/ ynma&; 'dkife,ftwGif; jrefrmppftpkd;&rS tajccHynmtv,fwef;ausmif;txdom tjrifhrm;qkH;zGifhvSpfay;cJUonf/ rlvwef;ausmif;rsm; udk &GmpOftESHUeD;yg;zGifhvSpfay;aomvnf;pepfwusynmoifMum;EdlifrIr&Sdí uRrf;usifwwfajrmufrIr&Sday/wGJbuftxufwef;ausmif; rsm;udk &GmBuD;tcsKdUwGifzGifhvSpfay;xm;onf/tajccHtxufwef;ynmoifMum;NyD;olrsm;rSm 'dkife,ftwGif;ta,mufaygif; (10000) 0ef;usifcefU&Sdrnf[kcefUrSef;&onf/ a'otwGif; bGJU&&SdrIrSm ta,muf (1000) cefUom&Sdonf/ tjcm;ynma&;tjzpf &efukef?rEÅav; ESifh tjcm;NrdKUBuD;rsm;wGifbmoma&;ausmif;rsm;wufa&mufNyD; bmoma&;bGJ&olrsm; ,cktcgtrsm;tjym;&SdNyDjzpfonf/ toufarG; 0rf;ausmif; oifwef;rsm;ESifh uGefjyLwm?tifwmeuf ponfhoifwef;rsm;rSm 'dkife,fwGifr&Sdyg/ ¤if;oifwef;rsm;udk NrdKUBuD;rsm;wGifom wufa&mufEdklifonfhtwGuf a'o\ (99) &mcdkifEIef; jynfolvlxkrSm oifMum;wwfajrmufEdlifjcif;r&Sday/ usef;rma&; 'dkifa'o&GmBuD;rsm;wGif aus;vufusef;rma&;aq;ay;cef;tcsKdU&Sdaomfvnf; aq;0g;zlvkHrIr&Sdyg/ a'otwGif; uRrf;usifwwf ajrmufonfh q&m0efwpfa,mufrQ r&Sday/ aq;bufqdkif&m 0efxrf;rsm;jzpfonfh usef;rma&;rI;? olemjyK?0rf;qGJponfwdkUtenf;t usOf;&Sdaomfvnf; a'ovlESifh EdIif;,SOfvQif avmufiS rIr&Sdyg/ aq;0g;rsm;udk rdrdudk,fydkifaiGaMu;jzifhom 0,f,lokH;pGJMuonf/ tjzpft rsm;qkH; a&m8grsm;rSm 0rf;ysuf0rf;avsm ?iSufzsm;?wkwfauG;a&m8grsm; ESifh tdkiftdk'if;qm;csKdUwJUrIaMumifhtjzpfrsm;aom vnfyif;BuD; a&m8gponfwdkUonftjzpfrsm;onf/ vrf;yef;qufoG,fa&; ESifhtjcm;qufoG,fa&; a'otwGif; vloGm;vrf;rsm; omaygufa&mufonf/ udk,fxludk,fx &GmpOfum;vrf;rsm;udkaus;&GmtcsKdUpkaygif;í azmufvkyfMu onf/ a'otwGif; wpf&GmrSwpf&Gm (odkUr[kw)f a'owpfckrSwpfckodkU ajcusifjzifhomoGm;vmMuonf/ xdkUjyi fa'otwGif; enf;ynm &yfqdkif&m qufoG,fa&;vkyfief;rsm;jzpfonfh tifwmeuf?zkef;?aMu;eef;?zufpf ponfwdkUrSmwpfckrQr&Sdyg/ 'dkifa'oudk jrefrmUppftpdk;& u rodaus;uRefjyKxm;í qufoG,fa&;qdkif&m wdk;wufzGUHNzdK;atmif rnfonfht&mrQjyKvkyfay;jcif;r&Sdyg/ obm0aygufyifrsm; 'dkifa'otwGif;obm0tavsmuf aygufa&muf&SifoefMuonfh opfyifyef;rmefrsm;rSm rsKd;pdyfaygif; (1000 ) ausmfcefU&Sdrnfjzpf onf/ xif;&I;?uRef;?ydawmuf?ysOf;uwdk;?tif?unif?vufyH?opft,f?cs,f&D?awmifZvyfponfhopfyifBuD;rsm;tjyif tjcm;opfyifBuD; rsm;vnf;tajrmuftrsm;aygufa&mufonf/ aq;zuf0ifEG,fjrpfopfyifrsm;vnf;pkHvifpGmaygufa&mufonf/ 0g;awmrsm;rSm'dkifa'\ ig;ykH ESpfykHudkvTrf;rdk;xm;onf/ ¤if;0g;awmrsm;udk “'dkif0g;” [kvnf;wGifus,fpGmac:a0:Muonf/ 'dkifa'oonfcsif;jynfe,f\tBuD; rm;qkH; opfawmrsm;&Sifoefaygufa&muf&m wpfckwnf;aoma'ojzpfonf/

“'dkifvlrsKd;EG,fpkrsm;” &d;k &mtpm;tpmrsm; 'dkifvlrsKd;EG,fpkrsm;onf rdrdwdkU&dk;&myGJawmfrsm;ESifh tjcm;aomyGJvrf;obifrsm;tm;vkH;rdrdwdkU\&dk;&mtpm;tpmrsm;udk csufjyKwf auR;arG; {nfhcHavh&SdMuonf/ jym[if;ac: (Guuk Booi) rSmxif&Sm;aom&kd;&m[if;wpfrsKd;jzpfonf/ ¤if;[if;csuf&mwGift"duyg 0ifaom ypönf;rSm iSufaysmyif\ jym (odkUr[kwf) tjcm;opfyifwpfrsKd;rsKd;\jymudkppfí&&Sdvmaom t&nfjzifh csufjyKwfjcif;jzpfonf/ jym[if;jzihfvdkufzufaomtpm;tpmrSm csOfaygif;[if;&nfjzpfonf/ tjcm;xif&Sm;aomtpm;tpmrSm cdkifyJUac: aumufnSif;rkeUf zuf xkyfjyKvkyfjcif;jzpfonf/ yGJawmfrsm;ESifh aumufopfpm;yGJac: pyg;&dwfodrf;yGJrsm;wGif rkeUf zufxkyfrsm;udk tajrmuftrsm;jyKvkyfMuNyD; vma&mufaomtdrfeD;csif;{nfhonfrsm;udk a0iSavh&Sdonf/ [if;cwftarT;tBudKifrsm;tjzpf qEGif;? 8sif;? MuufoGef (awmMuufoGef)? yifpdrf;&Guf?&myef;ndKac: vkH;cGD ESifh i&kwfoD;rsm;udk trsm;qkH;tokH;jyKMuonf/ 0g;usnfawmufrsm;twGif; tom;?ig;rsm;udk xnfh oGif;csufjyKwfjcif; (Yaw Lai) onfvnf;cHwGif;Nrdefapaom &dk;&mcsufjyKwfenf;jzpfonf/ 0wfpm;qif,ifrIxkH;pHrsm; 'dkifvlrsKd;rsm;onf rdrdwdkUa'otwGif; rdrdwdkUpdkufysKd;xkwfvkyfaom vuf,uf0g8Grf;xnfrsm;udk tjrwfwEdk;wefzdk;xm; 0wfqifMu onf/ trsKd;orD;rsm;twGuf zsmef;? iSD;vnf?&dpmayguf?&dpm;qJif ESifh trsKd;om;rsm;twGufrlzsmef;? &dpm;qJif ponfwdkUudk,ufvyk 0f if qifMuonf/ ,cifutrsKd;om;rsm;onf Khyu udk0wfqifrIrsm;&SdcUJ onf/ trsKd;orD;rsm;onf yGDapmif;(cg;ywf)? rdk;ac: ykwD;rsm;udk ,aeUxufwdkif 0ifqiftokH;jyKMuonf/ rsufESmrsm;udk ,cifuy&Jac: yg;rJrsm;xkd;xm;aomaMumifh vdrf;cs,fjyifqifrIr&Sdyg/ ,aeU acwfvkHrysKdrsm;rSmrl oeyfcg;?rdwfuyf ponfhtvSjyifypönf;rsm;udk tokH;jyKvmMuonf/ 'dkife,ftwGif; udk,fwdkif,ufvkyf0wfqif aomvuf,ufuef;rsm;rSm tqifhtwef;ESifht&nftaoG;jrifhrm;rI ,aeUxufwdkif&SdqJjzpfonf/ tdrfwGif;okH; NcHKapmifrsm;udkvnf; rd rdwdkUudk,fwdkif ,ufvkyftokH;jyKMuonf/ obm0ygwf0ef;usifysufokef;rI 'dkifa'o\ t"durd&dk;zvm &dk;&mawmif,mckwfjcif;vkyfief;aMumifh opfawmrsm;ESppf Of ajrmufrsm;pGmqkH;&IH;ysufpD;&onf/ awmif ,mckwjf cif;onf opfawm?0g;awmrsm;udk ckwfvSJ rD;&IdUjcif;jzpfí t"duopfawmjyKef;wD;rI\ taMumif;t&if;wpf&yfjzpfonf/ opfcG yef;&dkif;rsm; (a'o&if; opfcGrsm;) &SmazGjcif;onfvnf; opfawm?opfyifrsm;udk xdcdkufysufpD;aponf/ xkdUjyif a'o\tzdk;wefobm 0tvSw&m;udk zsufpD;jcif;vnf;jzpfonf/ xif;&I;rsm;udk tqDxkwfjcif;? rD;arT;&eftwGuf tokH;jyKckwfvSJjcif;onfvnf; xif;&I;awm rsm;udkzsufpD;jcif;jzpfonf/ jrefrmUppftpkd;&\ EdlifiHjcm;0ifaiG&&Sda&;twGufopfawmrsm;udk ckwfxiG fa&mif;csjcif;onfvnf; a'ot wGif; &Sda8[pepfudk rsm;pGmzsufpD;epfemaponf/ tjcm;ajray:? ajratmufo, H HZmwrsm;? opfawmxGufypönf;rsm;udk tvkH;t&if; jzihf&SmazGa&mif;csjcif;? obm0om;&dkif;wd&pämefrsm;udk pD;yGg;a&;wGuf zrf;qD;owfjzwfa&mif;csjcif;rsm;onf vuf&Sd 'dkife,fwGifBuHK awGU&ifqdkifae&aom obm0ygwf0ef;usifqdkif&m qkH;&IH;epfemrIrsm;jzpfonf/ tpdk;&tkyfcsKyfrq I dkif&m,EÅ,m; 'dkifa'oonf ,cifuvGwfvyfpGmwnf&SdcJUonf udk,fykdifa'owpfckjzpfaomfvnf; t8Fvdyftpkd;&pGefUcGgNyD; aemuf jrefrmEdlifiHvGwf vyfa&;&&Sdvmuwnf; urdrdwdkUudk,fydkifa'udk NrdKUe,fav;NrdKUe,ftwGif; xnfhoGif;tkyfcsKyfjcif;cHcJU&onf/ xkdNrdKUe,fav;NrdKUe,ft wGif;xnfhoGif; tkycf sKyfjcif;wdkUaMumifh 'dkifvlrsKd;rsm;udk 'dkif[kac:qdk&rnfhtpm;uefyufvuf 'dkif? rif;wyf 'dkif? rwlyD'dkif ESifh yvuf0'dkif [kac:a0:jcif; ,aeUwdkifcHae&onf/ xdkodkUac:a0:okH;pGJjcif;onf 'dkifvlrsKd;pkrsm;udk aoG;cGJjcif;jzpfonf/ csif;jynfe,ftwGif;aexdkif onfhvlOD;a&;pm&if;rsm;t& 'dkifvlrsKd;pkrsm;onf pkpkaygif;csif;vlrsKd;OD;a&\ 10 ykHwpfykHcefU&Sdaomfvnf; rdrad 'otwGif; udk,fykdifNrdKU? udk,fydkif txufwef;ausmif;?aq;&kH r&Sdyg/ csif;jynfe,f\ tBuD;rm;qkH;opfawmonf 'dkifa'otwGif;üomwnf&Sdonf/ jrefrmUppf tpdk;& tkyfcsKyfjcif;aMumifh 'dkifvlrsKd;pkrsm; ynmwwfrsm;r&Sdatmif ynma&;tajctaetvGeftrif;edrfUusvsuf&Sdonf/ 'dkifa'o twGif; tpkd;&rSwm0ef,al zmufvkyfay;aom vrf;yef;qufoG,fa&;\ tajccHum;vrf;yifr&Sdyg/ tjcm;qufo, G fa&;vkyif ef;rsm;jzpf onfh aMu;eef;? pmwdkuf? zkef;? tifwmeuf paomtajccHvlrI0efaqmifrIvkyfief;rsm; wpfckrSwnfaqmuf wyfqifay;jcif;r&Sdyg/ xdkU aMumifh 'dkifa'oonfjrefrmjynf\ wdk;wufrItaES;auG;qkH; ESifh zGHUNzdK;wdk;wufrItenf;qkH;tajctaeodkU a&muf&Sdae&onf/

“'dkifvlrsKd;EG,fpkrsm;” awm&dkif;wd&pd ämefrsm; 'dkife,ftwGif;rSDwif;aexdkifMuonf awm&dkif;wd&dpämefrsm;rSm qif? usm;? usm;opf? 0uf0H? awm0uf? qwf? ajymif? pdkif? *sD? arsmuf? 0HykavG?ajracG;?jzL?oif;acGcsyf?zsH?awmaMumif?a>rtrsKd;rsKd;?vif;&I;?awmMuuf? a'gif;?&pf ponfwdkUjzpfMuonf/ xdkUjyif iSufrsKd;EG,f pdwfaygif; wpf&mausmfudkvnf;'dkife,ftwGif; awGU&Sd&onf/ xif&Sm;aomiSufrsm;rSm 'dkifvlrsKd;wdkU\ &dk;&moauFwiSufjzpfaom ckr;f (Drongo)? csif;vlrsKd;rsm;\awmf0ifiSufjzpfaom atmufcsif;iSuf(Hornbill)? ZmrPDiSuf(Vaang Voo) ponfwdkUjzpfonf/ a'ot ac: ta0:t&yif 'dkife,f twGif; iSuftrnfaygif; wpf&mausmf &Sdonf/ jrpf?acsmif;rsm; wGif ig;?ykZGef?uPef;?vdyf?zm; ponfh a&ae owÅ0grsm; udkvnf;tpkHtvifawGU&Sd&onf/ w&m;pD&ifa&;qdkif&mESifh a'oEÅm&tkyfcsKyfa&; 'dkifvlrsKd;EG,pf krsm;onf w&m;pD&ifa&;qdkif&mudpö&yfrsm;udk ,cifu rsKd;EG,fpkacgif;aqmifrsm;? ewfyqef;q&mrsm;ESifh aus;&Gm acgif;aqmifrsm;uom pD&ifqkH;jzwfcJUMuonf/ olUwyg; om;r,m;jypfrSm;rIonf 'dkifvlrsKd;wdkUtwGuf tBuD;rm;qkH;aom jypfrIjzpf onf/ tu,fí w&m;pD&ifqkH;jzwf&mwGif w&m;olBuD;rsm;rS qkH;jzwfEdlifjcif;r&Sdygu &dk;&mxkH;wrf;pOfvmt& trsm;a&SUarSmufwGif usrf;opömusdrfqdk&onf/ w&m;vdk odkUr[kwf w&m;cH wOD;OD;rS usrf;usdrfqdkEdlifonf/ ,cifu vlrsKd;pk\tBuD;tuJ odkUr[kwf acgif; aqmifrsm;rS rdrdvlrsKd;ta&;udpörsm;twGuf OD;pD;OD;aqmifjyKavh&SdcJUonf/ ,cktcsdefwGif w&m;pD&ifa&;qdkif&mudpö&yfrsm;udk a'o wm0efcHrsm;? jrefrmppftpdk;&vufatmufwGifwm0efxrf;aqmifaomolrsm;rS pDrHcefUcGJqkH;jzwfaqmif&Gufonf/ 'dkife,fa'otrsm;pk wGif CNF ppfom;rsm;u aus;&GmvlxkxH tcGefaumufcHMuonf/ xdkUaMumif'dkifvlxktaejzifh ppftpdk;&ESifh CNF ESpb f ufpvkH;udkESpf pOf tcGefay;aqmif&onf/ &dk;&myGJawmfrsm; 'dkifvlrsKd;rsm;\ &dk;&myGJawmfrsm;rSm Saak Thai Suuk Ei Cün (aumufopfpm;yGJ)? Sang Leih (pyg;avSUyGJ)? Pung Yu (rsKd;aph rsm;aumif;BuD;ay;yGJ)? Soot Su (toD;tESHatmifjrif&eftwGufqkawmif;yGJ)? Khai m’deh ( tOD;ajymif;? [if;oD;[if;&Guf?opfoD; 0vH pm;aomufyGJ)? Lung Süm(ausmufjyifcsDyGJESifhEGm;aemufowfyGJ)? Im Kaai (tdrfopfwufyGJ)? Im leh (owdkUorD;rdbrsm;ESifh aph pyfyGJ)? Ca Püm (r8FvmyGJ)? Vok Ng’yoh (0wfowfyGJ odkU ESpfbufrdbrsm;rS r8FvmaMu;ay;yGJ)? Pyah Saak (pkaygif;ig;&SmyGJ)? ESifh Sa Haut (pkaygif;trJvdkufyGJ) wdkUonf xif&Sm;aom &dk;&myGJrsm;jzpfonf/ xdkyGJawmfrsm;wGif 'dkifvlrsKd;rsm;onf &dk;&mtursm;jzifhazsmf ajzwifqufavh&Sdonf/xif&Sm;aom&dk;&mtursm;rSm Püi Lam Siing(ol&Jaumif;tu)? Ak Noi Siing( pkaygif;tu)?Saak Siing, Keat Siing ESifh Se Lu Siing tuwdkUjzpfMuonf/ &kD;&mykavG oDusL;jcif;rsm;rSm 'dkifvlrsKd;EG,fprk sm;twGif;xif&Sm;onf/ ESmacgif; jzifhrIwfaom Leng La ( 0g;ykavG&n S f) rSm 'dkife,ftwGif;tvGefxif&Sm;onf/ tjcm; vlodrsm;aom ykavGrsm;rSm Pi Lim ESifh Phi Phät wkdUjzpfMuonf/ 0g;jzifhjyKvkyfí wD;&aom Khing Khäng udkvnf; aus;vufrsm;wGifwD;cwfavh&SdMuonf/ &dk;&mwl&d,mrsm; rSm armif;trsKd;rsKd;?vifuGef;?0g;ykavGtrsKd;rsKd;?AkH?0g;vufckyf ponfwdkUjzpfMuonf/ 'dkifvlrsKd;rsm;onf &dk;&myGJawmfrsm;twGif; aus; vuf &dk;&m uAsm?vumFESifh oDcsif;rsm;udk tjyeftvSef oDqdkMuonf/ oDcsif;rsm;oDqdk&mwGif trsm;tm;jzifh vufwef;oDqdkrI jyKvkyf EdlifMuonf/ &moDOwk 'dkifa'owGif &moDOwkokH;rsKd;&Sdonf/ ¤if;wdkUrSm aEG&moD?rdk;&moD ESifh aqmif;&moDwdkUjzpfMuonf/ 'dkifa'oonf orydkif;ZHk&moDO wktrsKd;tpm; ydkifqdkifonf/ ysOf;rQtylcsdefrSm 5 'D8&DpifwD8&dwfrS 20 'D8&DpifwD8&dwftwGif;&Sdonf/ rkefokefrdk;rsm;onf arvaESmif; ydkif;rSpwif0ifa&mufvmNyD; atmufwdkbmvaESmif;ydkif;wGif tqkH;owfonf/ aqmif;&moDrSm Edk0ifbmvrS azazmf0g&D vv,ftxdjzpf onf/ aEGOwkwGif orydkif;ZkHjzpfonfhtavsmuf tyl'Pfudkjyif;xefpGmrcHpm;&yJ aumif;rGefpGmaexdkifoGm;vm vkyu f dkifEdlifonf/ aEGum vrSm azazmf0g&DvaESmif;ydkif;rS arvukeftxdjzpfonf/ rdk;OwkwGif trsm;tjzifh a'otac:ta0: rdIif;ac: jrLrIefrsm;tESHtjym;us a&mufonf/ aqmif;Owkonf obm0&Icif;rsm;udk taumif;qkH; &Ipm;Edlifaom tcsdefcgor,jzpfonf/ ('dkifvlrsKd;ordkif;&SmazGa&;aumfrwD)