Curriculum Of

CURRICULUM OF PHARMACY FOR PHARM-D & M.PHIL

(Revised 2004)

HIGHER

EDUCATION

ISSION COMM

HIGHER EDUCATION COMMISSION ISLAMABAD

1

CURRICULUM DIVISION, HEC Prof. Dr. Altaf Ali G. Shaikh

Adviser (HRD)

Qazi Riaz Ahmad

Director Curriculum

Malik Ghulam Abbas

Deputy Director

Miss Ghayyur Fatima

Deputy Director

Mr. M. Tahir Ali Shah

Assistant Director

Mrs. Noshaba Awais

Assistant Director

Composed by Mr. Zulfiqar Ali, HEC Islamabad

2

CONTENTS 1. 2.

Introduction Pharm-D Programme (Annual System) i) Scheme of Studies ii) Details of Courses

7 13

3.

Pharm-D Programme (Semester System) i) Scheme of Studies ii) Details of Courses

74 74 77

4. 5.

Condense Courses for B-Pharmacy Courses for M.Phil i) M.Phil Pharmaceutics ii) M.Phil Pharmacognosy iii) M.Phil Pharmacology iv) M.Phil Pharmaceutical Chemistry

147 148 149 157 163 168

6.

Recommendations

176

16

3

PREFACE Curriculum of a subject is said to be the throbbing pulse of a nation. By looking at the curriculum of a subject, one can judge the state of intellectual development and the state of progress of a nation. The world has turned into a global village, new ideas and information are pouring in a constant stream. It is, therefore, imperative to update our curricula by introducing the recent developments in the relevant fields of knowledge. In exercise of the powers conferred by Sub-section (1) of section 3 of the Federal Supervision of Curricula Textbooks and Maintenance of Standards of Education Act 1976, the Federal Government vide Notification No.D773/76-JEA (Cur.), dated December 4, 1976, appointed Higher Education Commission as the Competent Authority to look after the Curriculum Revision work beyond Class XII at Bachelor level and onwards to all Degrees, Certificates and Diplomas awarded by Degree Colleges, Universities and other Institutions of higher education. In pursuance of the above decisions and directives, the Commission is continually performing curriculum revision in collaboration with the Universities. According to the decision of the special meeting of Vice-Chancellors’ Committee, curriculum of a subject must be reviewed after every 3 years. For the purpose, various Committees are constituted at the national level comprising senior teachers nominated by the Universities. Teachers from local degree colleges and experts from user organizations, where required, are also included in these Committees. The National Curriculum Revision Committee on Pharmacy in its meeting held in March 2004 at the HEC Regional Centre, Lahore finalized the draft curriculum after due consideration of the comments and suggestions received from the Universities and Colleges where the subject under consideration is taught. The Final draft prepared by the National Curriculum Revision Committee duly approved by Competent Authority is being circulated for implementation by the Universities. (PROF. DR. ALTAF ALI G. SHAIKH) Adviser (HRD) July 2004

4

CURRICULUM DEVELOPMENT STAGE-I

STAGE-II

STAGE-III

STAGE-IV

CURRI. UNDER CONSIDERATION

CURRI. IN DRAFT STAGE

FINAL STAGE

FOLLOW UP STUDY

COLLECTION OF REC

APPRAISAL OF 1ST DRAFT BY EXP. OF COL./UNIV

PREP. OF FINAL CURRI.

QUESTIONNAIRE

CONS. OF CRC.

FINALIZATION OF DRAFT BY CRC

INCORPORATION OF REC. OF V.C.C.

COMMENTS

PREP. OF DRAFT BY CRC

APPROVAL OF CURRI. BY V.C.C.

PRINTING OF CURRI.

REVIEW

IMPLE. OF CURRI.

BACK TO STAGE-I

Abbreviations Used: CRC.

Curriculum Revision Committee

VCC.

Vice-Chancellor’s Committee

EXP.

Experts

COL.

Colleges

UNI.

Universities

PREP. Preparation REC.

ORIENTATION COURSES

Recommendations

5

INTRODUCTION A meeting of National Curriculum Revision Committee was held on 1820 March 2004 at HEC Regional Centre, Lahore to finalize the draft curriculum of Pharmacy prepared in Preliminary meeting in December 18-20, 2003. Following were the members of Preliminary and final National Curriculum Revision Committee meetings:th

1. Dr. Naeem A. Muzaffar Dean, Faculty of Pharmacy Lahore College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, & Ex Chairman, Deptt. of Pharmacy, P.U. Lahore

Convener

2. Prof. Dr. M. Jamshaid, Principal, College of Pharmacy University of the Punjab Lahore

Member

3. Prof. Dr. S. Sabir Ali Dean, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences Baqai Medical University Karachi

Member

4. Dr. Khuda Bux Mirbahar Chairman, Department of Pharmacy Sindh Agriculture University Tandojam

Member

5. Prof. Dr. Muhammad Usman Memon Director, Institute of Pharmacy University of Sindh Jamshoro

Member

6. Dr. M. A. K. Malghani Dean Research Centre for Bio Technology & Informatics Balochistan University of Information Technology & Management Sciences Jinnah Town, Samungli Road

Member

6

Quetta. 7. Mr. Amjad Ali Jawa Managing Director, Wilshire Laboratories 124/1 Industrial Estate Kot Lakhpat Lahore

Member

8. Dr. Gul Majid Khan Assistant Professor Deptt. of Pharmacy Gomal University D.I. Khan

Member

9. Prof. Dr. Mohammad Saeed Iqbal Dean, Faculty of Pharmacy University of Sargodha Sargodha

Member

10. Dr. Khalid Hussain Janbaz Chairman Deptt. of Pharmacy B.Z. University Multan

Member

11. Prof. Mrs. Ishrat Bukhari Chairperson Deptt. of Pharmacy University of Balochistan Quetta

Member

12. Prof. Dr. Anwar Ejaz Baig Dean Faculty of Pharmacy University of Karachi Karachi

Member

13. Dr. G. A. Miana Director Ripha Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences Al-Mizan-IMC, 274-Peshawar Road Rawalpindi

Member

14. Mr. Tahir Mahmood Khawaja Department of Pharmacy

Member

7

Lahore College for Women University Lahore 15. Mr. Ayaz Ali Khan President Pakistan Pharmacist Association 5-A, Faisal Town Lahore

Member

16. Dr. A. Q. Khokhar Managing Director (Nominee of Ministry of Health) Remington Pharmaceutical Industry Lahore

Member

17. Mr. Babar Mehmood Chairman Pharmaceutical Association & Pharma Care Laboratories Lahore

Member

18. Dr. Ismat Nasreen Head, Deptt. of Pharmacy Lahore College for Women University Lahore

Member

19. Dr. Haider Ali Chairman, Deptt. of Pharmacy University of Lahore 1-Kilometer Near Thokar Niaz Beg Lahore

Member

20. Mr. Nadeem Iqbal Consultant, Medi Pak 799-D, Faisal Town Lahore

Member

21. Prof. Dr. Abdul Qayum Principal, Gandhara College of Pharmacy Gandhra University Peshawar

Member

22. Mr. Mohammad Khurram Vice-Principal Gandhra College of Pharmacy

Member

8

Gandhra University Peshawar 23. Dr. M. Hafeez Khan Nominee Ex-Prof. of Pharmacy Pharmacy Council of Pakistan Islamabad

Member

24. Mr. Muhammad Saleem Asstt. Professor Deptt. of Pharmacy, University of Lahore 1-Kilometer Near Thokar Niaz Beg Lahore

Member

25. Mr. Khalid Saeed Bukhari Director, Pharmacy Services Children Hospital Lahore

Member

26. Mr. Nazir-ud-Din Ahsan Secretary Pharmacy Council of Pakistan Islamabad

Member

27. Dr. Zafar Iqbal Asstt. Professor Deptt. of Pharmacy University of Peshawar Peshawar

Member

28. Dr. Mehmood Ahmed Associate Professor Deptt. of Pharmacy Islamia University Bahawalpur

Member/ Secretary

Meeting started with recitation from holy Quran by Mr. Bashir Ahmad, Deputy Director, HEC Regional Centre, Lahore. Prof. Dr. Altaf Ali G. Shaikh, Adviser (HRD), HEC welcomed the participants on behalf of Chairman, HEC. He briefly described the procedure of curriculum development and informed the Committee that for the first time in the history of Higher Education Commission the Curriculum Division revised curricula in 87 subjects during the last three years. Dr. Altaf Shaikh said that the 9

main objective of curriculum is to give a minimum baseline of curriculum for the graduates of a certain subject so that uniformity and standardization of curriculum may be maintained. After this, the participants of the Committee introduced themselves. Then the session was declared open for general discussion. National Curriculum Revision Committee in its first meeting held on December 18-20, 2003 at HEC Lahore prepared the Pharm-D 5 years programme as 1st degree in Pharmacy. Since in the United States and Canada, the Pharmacy profession is highly patient oriented, they have much more opportunities in hospital and community environment, the same is being following in Middle East market, whereas locally in Pakistan, 75% opportunities are in industrial sector. Although in Pakistan, this sector is also now reaching a level of saturation, which will result in diversion to other branches like marketing, hospital and community. Accordingly, we will have to prepare our graduates for the changing trends, especially if they aim to work globally. This can only be made possible by reviewing our pharmacy syllabi and changing the same to meet the local and global needs and requirement. Therefore, this exercise was carried out by Higher Education Commission and Pharmacy Council of Pakistan and four-year B-Pharmacy degree programme was converted into 5 years Pharm-D degree programme. In the final meeting of National Curriculum Revision Committee was held on March 18-20, 2004 at HEC, Regional Centre, Lahore. The following points were discussed: A. B. C.

Finalization of curriculum of Pharm-D for both annual and semester system. Condensed/deficiency courses required for 4 years B-Pharm graduates to get 5 years Pharm-D degree. M.Phil courses after B-Pharmacy/Pharm-D (both annual and semester systems).

Following decisions were unanimously taken: 1. Keeping in view the local needs, international requirement and locally available men and material facilities, the existing 4-year B.Pharmacy course, the 1st degree in Pharmacy will be of 5 years duration and nomenclature of the degree will be Pharm-D. 2. The academic and examination system in Pharm-D will be based on Annual or Semester System.

10

3. The Pharm-D courses have been designed and prepared according to Annual and Semester System which will be considered as minimum standards. 4. The conversion of approved curriculum of 5 years Pharm-D programme in annual system to semester system was discussed and approved by the NCRC which should be adopted as a guideline. 5. The higher degree programme, after Pharm-D was discussed and it was decided that the duration of M.Phil after Pharm-D/B-Pharmacy will be of 2 years duration. 6. The Committee thoroughly discussed the curricula of M.Phil in the subjects of Pharmacology, Pharmaceutics, Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Pharmacognosy. These M.Phil courses are suggested in the curricula. Additional courses may also be added on the availability of expertise in the field. 7. The academic and examination system in M.Phil degree will be based on Annual or Semester System. 8. The course work in M.Phil will be in 1st Year (in Annual System) and the first 2 semesters (in semester system). The 2nd year (annual system) and 3rd & 4th semesters (Semester System) will be exclusively devoted for research thesis only. 9. It was also discussed that the M.Phil degree programme may lead to Ph.D. degree (after Pharm-D programme) provided the course work is completed in one year or in first two semesters. The Curriculum for Pharm-D and M.Phil as prepared by the National Curriculum Revision Committee are at Annex-A & B, respectively.

11

PHARM-D FIVE-YEAR COURSE SCHEME OF STUDIES FOR ANNUAL SYSTEM First Professional (Theory) Paper 1 Pharmaceutical Chemistry-I (Organic) Paper 2 Pharmaceutical Biochemistry Paper 3 Pharmaceutics-I (Physical Pharmacy) Paper 4 Physiology & Histology Paper 5 Anatomy Paper 6 Pharmaceutical Mathematics & Biostatistics (Practicals) Paper 7 Pharmaceutical Chemistry-I (organic) Paper 8 Pharmaceutical Biochemistry Paper 9 Pharmaceutics-I (Physical Pharmacy) Paper 10 Physiology & Histology

100

Total Marks:

100 100 100 50 100 100 100 100 100 950

Second Professional (Theory) Paper 1 Pharmaceutics-II (Pharmacetical Preparations) Paper 2 Pharmacology and Therapeutics-I Paper 3 Pharmacognosy-I Paper 4 Pharmaceutical Microbiology Paper 5 Pakistan Studies and Islamiyat (Comp.) (Practicals) Paper 6 Pharmaceutics-II (Pharmaceutical Preparations) Paper 7 Pharmacology & Therapeutics-I Paper 8 Pharmacognosy-I Paper 9 Pharmaceutical Microbiology Total Marks:

100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 900

12

Third Professional (Theory) Paper 1 Paper 2 Paper 3 Paper 4

Pathology Pharmacology and Therapeutics-II Pharmacognosy-II Pharmaceutics-III (Dispensing and Community Pharmacy) Pharamceutical Chemistry-II (Instrumentation)

Paper 5 (Practicals) Paper 6 Pathology Paper 7 Pharmacology & Therapeutics-II Paper 8 Pharmacognosy-II Paper 9 Pharmaceutics-III (Dispensing and Community Pharmacy) Paper 10 Pharamceutical Chemistry-II (Instrumentation) Total Marks:

50 100 100 100 100 50 100 100 100 100 900

Fourth Professional (Theory) Paper 1 Paper 2 Paper 3 Paper 4 Paper 5 (Practical) Paper 6 Paper 7 Paper 8 Paper 9

Pharmaceutics-IV (Hospital Pharmacy) Pharmaceutics-V (Clinical Pharmacy-I) Pharmaceutics-VI (Industrial Pharmacy) Pharmaceutics-VII (Biopharamceutics) Pharmaceutics-VIII (Pharmaceutical Quality Management)

100 100 100 100

Pharmaceutics-V (Clinical Pharmacy-I) Pharmaceutics-VI (Industrial Pharmacy) Pharmaceutics-VII (Biopharamceutics) Pharmaceutics-VIII (Pharmaceutical Quality Management)

100 100 100

Total Marks:

100

100 900

13

Final Professional (Theory) Paper 1

Pharmaceutical Chemistry-III (Medicinal Chemistry) Pharmaceutics-IX (Clinical Pharmacy-II) Pharmaceutical Technology Forensic Pharmacy 100 Pharmaceutical Management & Marketing Computer and its Applications in Pharmacy

Paper 2 Paper 3 Paper 4 Paper 5 Paper 6 (Practical) Paper 7 Pharmaceutical Chemistry-III (Medicinal Chemistry) Paper 8 Pharmaceutics-IX (Clinical Pharmacy-II) Paper 9 Pharamceutical Technology Paper 10 Computer and its Applications in Pharmacy

Total Marks:

100 100 100 100 50 100 100 100 50 900

14

DETAILS OF COURSES (ANNUAL SYSTEM) FIRST PROFESSIONAL PHARMACEUTICAL CHEMISTRY-I (ORGANIC) WRITTEN Paper 1

100 Marks

Note: The topics will be taught with special reference to their Pharmaceutical Applications. 1. BASIC CONCEPTS: Conjugation, hyperconjugation, steric effect, inductive effect, mesomeric effect, hydrogen bonding, Theory of resonance. Effect of structure on reactivity of compounds. Tautamerism of carbonyl compounds. 2. NUCLEOPHILIC AND ELECTROPHILIC SUBSTITUTION REACTION IN ALIPHATIC AND AROMATIC SYSTEMS. 3. ORIENTATION IN ELECTROPHILIC REACTIONS ON BENZENE RING.

SUBSTITUTION

4. ORGANIC REACTIONS: Baeyer-Villiger oxidation; Diels Alder reaction; Grignard's reaction, Metal hydride reduction and Wolf Krishner reduction, Friedel Craft’s reaction, Perkin reaction, Cannizzaro reaction. 5. CARBONIUM ION REARRANGEMENTS: Pinacol-pinacolone, Wagner-Meerwein, Wolf, Hofmann and Beckmann rearrangements. 6. CARBANIONS: Condensation reaction Favorskii rearrangement; Witting reaction).

(Aldol

condensation;

7. STEREOCHEMISTRY: Stereoisomerism, optical isomerism; Molecules with more than one chiral centre. Geometrical isomerism, Resolution of racemic mixture. Conformational analysis. 8. FREE RADICALS: Introduction, structure and stability, preparation and properties. 9. GENERAL METHODS OF PREPARATIONS, PROPERTIES, IDENTIFICATION TEST AND PHARMACEUTICAL APPLICATIONS OF THE FOLLOWING CLASSES AND THEIR ANALOGUES: 15

Alcohols, Phenols, Ethers, Aldehydes, Ketones, Acids, esters, Amines and Aniline. 10. PREPARATION AND PROPERTIES OF MEDICINALLY IMPORTANT HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS such as: Pyrrol, Furan, Thiophene, Pyridine, Pyrimidine and Pyrazine. 11. PREPARATION AND PROPERTIES OF HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS in which benzo-ring is fused with five and six membered ring containing one heteroatom; Indole, Quinoline and Isoquinoline. PHARMACEUTICAL CHEMISTRY-I (ORGANIC) PRACTICAL Paper 7

100 Marks

NOTE: - Practicals of the subject shall be designed from time to time on the basis of the above mentioned theoretical topics and availability of the facilities, e.g. 1. Organic analysis: Identification of unknown simple organic compounds. 2. Organic Preparations: Benzoic acid, Aspirin, Acetanilide, Iodoform, Nitrophenol, 3-nitrophthalic acid, Benzhydrol and 2,4-Dinitrochlorobenzene.

Recommended Books 1. Peter Sykes, A guide Book to Mechanism in Organic Chemistry, Longman, New York, 1st Ed, 1991. 2. E L Eliel, Stereochemistry of Carbon Compounds, Tata McGraw- Hill, New Delhi, 1992. 3. Rehman and M Younis, Organic Chemistry for B.Sc. students, Ilmi Kitab Khana, Lahore, 1997. 4. L Finar, Organic Chemistry Vol I, Person Education Asia, 6th Ed., New Delhi, 2001. 5. Raj K Bansel, Organic Reaction Mechanism, Tata McGraw-Hill, New Delhi, 1992. 6. Furaiss Brian, Practical Organic Chemistry, 5th Ed., ELBS, London. 7. Sykes A P, Guide Book to Mechanism in Organic Chemistry, 5th Ed., Lonsmen Co, UK, 1970. 8. Roberts J D and Caserio M C, Basic Principles of organic Chemistry, 1990.

16

9. Naser-ud-Din, Introduction to Stereochemistry, Ghafoor Stationery Mart, Peshawar, 1994. 10. Bhal B S, Text Book of Organic Chemistry, S Chand & Co, New Delhi, 14th Ed., 1995. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOCHEMISTRY (WRITTEN) Paper 2

100 Marks

1. GENERAL INTRODUCTION AND BASIC BIOCHEMICAL PRINCIPLES Role of pharmaceutical Biochemistry in the health Profession. Nature of Biochemical reactions 2. BASIC CHEMISTRY OF BIOMOLECULES (Nature, Classification etc.) (a) Carbohydrates: Chemistry, Classification, Reactions of Carbohydrates, Optical activity, Biological and pharmaceutical importance of carbohydrates. (b)

Lipids: Chemistry of Fatty acids and Lipids, Classification (Saponifiable and non-saponifiable lipids, Simple, Complex and derived lipids), Reactions of Fatty acids and other Lipids, Essential fatty acids, Biological and pharmaceutical importance of lipids.

(c)

Proteins and Amino acids: Chemistry, Classification of proteins and amino acids, Reactions of proteins and amino acids, Organizational levels, Macromolecular nature of proteins, Biological and pharmaceutical importance of proteins and amino acids.

(d)

Nucleic acids: Chemistry, Types (DNA, RNA, mRNA, tRNA, rRNA), Purine and Pyrimidine bases, Nucelosides, Nucelotides, Structures of nucleic acids, Biological and pharmaceutical importance of nucleic acids.

(e)

Vitamins: Chemistry, Classification (Fat-soluble and water-soluble vitamins), Biological and pharmaceutical importance of vitamins.

(f)

Hormones: Chemistry, Classification (Proteinous and nonproteinous hormones, amino acid derivatives, steroids), Biological and pharmaceutical importance of hormones.

17

(g)

Enzymes: Chemistry, Classification, Mode of action, Kinetics (Michaelis Menten Equation and some modifications), Inhibition, Activation, Specificity, Allosteric enzymes, Factors affecting the rate of an enzyme-catalyzed reaction, Biological and pharmaceutical importance, Mechanism of action of some important enzymes (Chymotrypsin, Ribonuclease).

3. METABOLIC Catabolism)

FATE

OF

BIOMOLECULES

(Anabolism

and

(a)

Carbohydrates: Introduction to metabolism, Brief introduction to the digestion and absorption of carbohydrates, Aerobic and anaerobic breakdown of Glucose, Glycolysis, Pentose Phosphate Pathway, Glycogenolysis, Glycogenesis, Gluconeogenesis, Citric acid cycle, Energetics of various metabolic processes.

(b)

Lipids: Brief introduction to the digestion and absorption of lipids, Oxidation of fatty acids through b-oxidation, Biosynthesis of fatty acids, neutral lipids and cholesterol.

(c)

Proteins and Amino acids: Brief introduction to the digestion and absorption of proteins and amino acids, Metabolism of essential and non-essential amino acids, Biosynthesis and catabolism of Haemins and porphyrin compounds.

(d)

Bioenergetics: Principles of bioenergetics. Electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation.

4. REGULATION OF METABOLIC PROCESSES (a)

Role of Vitamins: Physiological role of Fat-soluble (A, D, E and K) and Water-soluble (Thiamin, Riboflavin, Pantothenic acid, Niacin, Pyridoxal phosphate, Biotin, Folic acid, Cyanocobalamin — members of B-complex family — and Ascorbic acid), Coenzymes and their role in the regulation of metabolic processes.

(b)

Receptor mediated regulation (Hormones): Mechanism of action of hormones, Physiological roles of various hormones, Site of synthesis and target sites of hormones.

(c)

Secondary Messengers: Role of cAMP, Calcium ions and phosphoinositol in the regulation of metabolic processes.

18

(d)

Gene Expression: Replication, Transcription and Translation (Gene expression) Introduction to Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Basic principles of Recombinant DNA technology, Pharmaceutical applications, Balance of Catabolic, Anabolic and Amphibolic processes in human metabolism, Acid-Base and Electrolyte Balance in Human body.

PHARMACEUTICAL BIOCHEMISTRY (PRACTICAL) Paper 8

100 Marks

1. Qualitative analysis of: Carbohydrates, Amino acids, Peptides and Proteins, Lipids and Sterols (Cholesterol) Bile salts and billirubin, Blood analysis — Sugar, Uric acid, Billirubin, Cholesterol and Creatinine. 2. Quantitative analysis of: Carbohydrates — Glucose (reducing sugar) and any other carbohydrate using Benedict and Anthrone method, Amino acids, Peptides and Proteins using Biuret and Ninhydrin (Spectrophotometric) method. Analysis of normal and abnormal components of Urine — Sugar, Uric acid, Billirubin, Cholesterol and Creatinine.

Recommended Books 1. M N Chaterjea, Medical Biochemistry, Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers, New Delhi, 2003. 2. Roberk Murray, Daryl K, Granner, Peter A Mayes, Victor W Rodwell Harper’s Biochemistry, Appleton and Lange, Lange Medical Publications, New York, 2000. 3. Albert L Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry, CBS Publisher, Delhi, 1993. 4. Lubert Stryer, Biochemistry, W H Freeman and Company, 2002. 5. Pamela C Champe, Richard A Harvey, Illustrated Biochemistry, J Lippincot Company, 1994. 6. Harper’s Biochemistry, Print-Hall, New Jersey, 1996. 7. M Rafiq, Biochemistry, The Carvan Book House, Lahore, 1st Ed. 8. Montogomary, Clinical Chemistry, The C V Mosby Company, 5th Ed. 9. Conn and Stumpf, Outlines of Biochemistry, John Willey & Sons, New York, 5th Ed., 1999. 10. Lehninger, Biochemistry, Worth Publishers Co, New York. 11. Ahmed M Essentials of Medical Biochemistry, Merit Pub Fasilabad, 1991. 12. West E S, Todd R W and Van Bruggen T J, Text Book of Biochemistry, The MacMillan Co, 1996. 19

PHARMACEUTICS-I (PHYSICAL PHARMACY) (WRITTEN) Paper 3

100 Marks

1. PHARMACY ORIENTATION: Introduction and orientation to the Professional of Pharmacy in relation to Hospital Pharmacy, Retail Pharmacy, Industrial Pharmacy, Forensic Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical education and research etc. 2. HISTORY AND LITERATURE OF PHARMACY: (a)

A survey of the history of pharmacy through ancient, Greek and Arab periods with special reference to contribution of Muslim scientists to pharmacy and allied sciences.

(b)

An introduction of various official books.

3. PHYSICO-CHEMICAL PRINCIPLES: (a)

Solutions: Introduction, types, concentration expressions, ideal and real solution, colligative properties, their mathematical derivations and applications in pharmacy, molecular weight determinations, distribution co-efficient and its applications in pharmacy.

(b)

Solubilization: Solubility, factors affecting solubility, surfactants, their properties and types. Micelles, their formulation and types.

(c)

Ionization, pH, pH indicators, pka, buffers, buffer’s equation, Isotonic solutions and their applications in pharmacy.

(d)

Hydrolysis, types and protection of drugs against hydrolysis.

(e)

Micromeritics: Particle size and shapes, distribution of particles methods of determination of particle size and importance of particle size in Pharmacy.

4. DISPERSIONS: (a)

Colloids: Types, methods of preparation, properties (optional, kinetic, electrical) Dialysis and artificial kidney, stability of colloids, protection and sensitization phenomenon and application of colloids in Pharmacy. 20

(b)

Emulsions: Types, theories of emulsification, Emulsifying agents their classification and stability of emulsion.

(c)

Suspensions: Type, Methods of Preparation, Suspending agents, their classification and stability.

(d)

Adsorption: Techniques and processes of adsorption in detail.

Properties,

5. RHEOLOGY: (a)

Definition and Fundamental concept.

(b)

Properties contributing to Rheological behaviour.

(c)

Graphic presentation of Rheological data.

6. PHYSICOCHEMICAL PROCESSES: (a)

Precipitation: Process of precipitation and its applications in Pharmacy.

(b)

Crystallization: Types of crystals, Mechanism and methods of crystallization and its applications in Pharmacy.

(c)

Distillation. Simple, fractional, steam distillation, vacuum distillation, destructive distillation and their applications in Pharmacy.

(d)

Miscellaneous Processes: Efflorescence, deliquescence, lyophillization, elutrition, exiccation, ignition, sublimation, fusion, calcination, adsorption, decantation, evaporation, vaporization, centrifugation, dessication, levigation and trituration.

7. RATE and ORDER OF REACTIONS. 8. KINETIC PRINCIPLES AND STABILITY TESTING: THEORETIC CONSIDERATIONS: Degradation: (a) Physical Factors: Influence of pH, temperature, ionic strength, acidbase catalysis, U.V. light. (b) Chemical Factors: Complex reduction, hydrolysis

chemical

reactions.

Oxidation-

21

PHARMACEUTICS-I (PHYSICAL PHARMACY) PRACTICAL Paper 9

100 Marks

NOTE:- Practicals of the subject shall be designed from time to time on the basis of the above mentioned theoretical topics and availability of the facilities, e.g. 1. Experiments to demonstrate some of physico-chemical processes like simple distillation, steam distillation, crystallization, Dialysis. 2. Determination of Emulsion systems. 3. Determination of particle size. 4. Preparation of Buffer solutions and isotonic solution. 5. Determination of %age composition of solutions by specific gravity method. 6. Partition-coefficient, surface tension, viscosity.

Recommended Books

1. Martin, Physical Pharmacy, B I Waverly PVT, Delhi, 4th Ed., 1994. 2. Cooper and Gunns Tutorial Pharmacy, CBS Publishers & Distributors, New Delhi, 1986. 3. Bentley’s Pharmaceutics, All India Traveler Book Seller, New Delhi, 1996. 4. Martin P, Bustamante P and Chun, Physical & Chemical Principles of Pharmaceutical Science, AHC, 4th Ed., (1999), New York. 5. Martin AMN, Banker G S and Chun AHC Advances in Pharmaceutical Sciences. Academic Press, London, 1985. 6. Mill C C Casson,N. Rehology of dispress systems. Pergamon Press, New York, 1975. 7. Rienger M and Scott-Blair. G W, Rehology. Academic Press, London, 1990. 8. Barry B W Advances in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Academic Press, London, 1990. 9. Sherman P Emulsion Science, Academic Press, London, 1972. 10. Martin A, Swarbrick J and Cammatra A Physical Pharmacy, 3rd Ed., Lee & Febiger, Philadelphia. 1983. 11. Attwood D and Flocence A T Surfactant Systems.Chapman and Hall Ltd, London, 1982. 22

PHYSIOLOGY & HISTOLOGY (WRITTEN) Paper 4

100 Marks

PHYSIOLOGY 1. BLOOD: Composition of blood (RBC, WBC and Platelets), Functions and Genesis of the formed elements, Fate of Red Blood cells, Jaundice, Reaction of Blood, Blood groups, Rh factors, ESR Blood volume, Functions of Spleen, Blood coagulation, Hemophilia. Anaemiasclassification. 2. CIRCULATORY SYSTEM: Properties of the cardiac muscle. Origin and conduction of the heart beat. Cardiac cycle. ECG. Heart sounds. Cardiac output. Stroke volume and heart rate. Nerve supply of the Heart. Coronary, Pulmonary, and skin circulation. Blood pressure, vasomoter system. Arterial pulse. Venoas pulse, capillary circulation. Axon reflex, Triple response. Haemorhage. Circulatory changes in exercise. composition and circulate of lymph. Haemorrhage & Shock. 3. RESPIRATORY SYSTEM: Mechanics of respiration. Intrathoracic, Intrapulmonary pressure, Pulmonary ventilation. Lungs volume and capacities. Composition of Inspired Air, Expired Air dand Alveolar Air, Carriage of O2 and CO2 by the blood. Regulation of breathing-(Nervous & Chemical control). Respiratory changes in exercise, Pneumonias, eh. Emphysema, Bronchil Asthma. 4. SKIN: Structure, Functions of skin, Temperature regulation by Skin. 5. DIGESTIVE SYSTEM: Mastication, Deglutation, Digestive juicessaliva, Gastric juice, pencreatic juice. Bile and intestinal juices; their composition, Functions and mechanism of secreation, Movements of the stomach and intestines. Functions of large intestine. Defecation. Functions of liver and gall bladder. 6. URINARY SYSTEM: Urine formation-composition of urine-GFR Urea clearance. Formation of concentrated and diluted urine. 7. PHYSIOLOGY OF NERVE AND MUSCLE: Chemical change in Muscle on contraction. Action Potential. 8. NERVOUS SYSTEM: Spinal reflexes. Reflex regulation of movement and posture. Cerbral cortex functions. Voluntary movements. 23

Descending tracts of spinal cord. Basal ganglia, Cerbellum. Autonomic Nervous system. Thalamus. CSF. 9. SPECIAL SENSE: Elementary knowledge of structure and function of the special senses. 10. ENDOCRINOLOGY: Definition of Hormone, Nature of different types of hormones and Mechanism of action of hormones. (a) Pituitary Hormones: Growth Hormone, Prolactin, ACTH, TSH, ADH, Oxytocin. Acromegaly, Giantism, PanHypopituitrism. (b) Thyriod Gland: Thyroxin, Tri-iodothyronin, Format and functions of thyriod hormones. Hyperthroidism, Myxocdene. (c) Para thyriod Hormone. (d) Pancreatic Hormone: Insulin, Glucagon, Diabetes mellitis. (e) Adrenal Glands: Mineralocorticoids, Glucocorticoids, Anabolic Steroids, Adrenalin, Nor-adrenalin, Cushing syndrome, Addison disease. (f) Sex Hormones: Male Sex Hormone, structure and function. Female Sex Hormone: Structure and function. Male Development of secondary sex characteristics, spermatogenesis. Composition of semen. Development of secondary characters in females. Menstruation, (Ovarian cycle). Oogenesis. (Dysmanorrhea, etc.) HISTOLOGY: (a) Underlying principles of histological techniques and staining specific tissues should be explained. (b) Staining of paraffin and frozen sections will be given to the students. (c) Most of the teaching should be done on stained and mounted sections and every type of normal tissue will be covered. PHYSIOLOGY& HISTOLOGY (PRACTICAL) Paper 10

100 Marks

NOTE: - Practicals of the subject shall be designed from time to time on the basis of the above mentioned theoretical topics and availability of the facilities, e.g. Experimental Physiology includes:

24

1. BLOOD: Determination of Haemoglobin (Hb), Determination of ESR, RBC Count, WBC Count, DLC (Differential Leucocyte Count), Bleeding Time, Coagulation Time and Blood groups. 2. RESPIRATION: Estimation of vital capacity and its relation to posture and standard vital capacity, Determination of Tidal volume and Demonstration of Artificial Respiration. 3. CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM: Recording of Arterial Recording of Arterial Blood Pressure and Electro-cardiogram.

Pulse,

4. EYE: Visual activity, far vision, near vision and Field of vision (Perimetry). 5. CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM: Nerve Muscle Preparation in frog, Effect of Temperature on muscle and Demonstration of spinal reflexes. Histology includes: 1. Demonstration of the Preparation and staining of slides. 2. Histological examination of slides: Epithelium, Connective tissue and Muscle Tissue. 3. Organ system — Lung, Kidney, Appendix, Skin, Gall bladder, Stomach, Intestine.

Recommended Books Physiology 1. Arthur C Guyton, M D, Text Books of Medical Physiology, W B Saunders Company, Ninth Ed., 1996. 2. William F Ganong, Review of Medical Physiology, Prentice Hgall International Inc, seventeenth edition, 1995. 3. Chandi Charan Chatterjee, Human Physiology, Medical allied agency, 1994. 4. Samson Wright’s Applied Physiology. Revised by Cyril A Keele and Eric Neil. 5. Spence A P and Mason E B, Human Anatomy and Physiology, Beajamin/Cumming Publishing Inc. Clifornia, 3rd Ed. 6. Snell R S, Clinical Anatomy for Medical Students, Litle Brown & Co Inc, USA. 1992. Histology 1. Bradbury S, Hewer’s TextBook of Histology, ELBS, London, 1984. 2. Reference Book: Tissues of the body by Legros Clerks. Publisher Oxford at the Clarendon Press, London.

25

3. Cormack H D, Essential Histology, J B Lippincott Co, Philadelphia, 1993. 4. Hammersen F, Histology; color atlas of microscopic anatomy, Lee & Febijer Co, Pennsylvania, 1985. ANATOMY (WRITTEN) Paper 5

50 Marks

1. INTRODUCTION: ANATOMICAL Cell, tissue, organ system.

TERMINOLOGY.

Definition.

2. STRUCTURE OF CELL: Cell Membrane. Cytoplasm. Organcelles. Nucleus. Cell cycle. 3. TISSUE OF BODY: Types of tissues with examples (a) (b) (c)

Epithelial Tissue: General characters, classification. Connective Tissue: Structure, types (Connective tissue proper, Cartilage. Bones structure and types of bones and joints). Muscle: Structure of — Skeletal muscle, Smooth muscle, Cardiac muscle.

4. INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM: (a) (b) (c) (d)

Skin — Structure (Epidermis, dermis). Glands of Skin, (Sweat, Sebaceous). Hair — Structure, function. Nail.

5. CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM: (a)

Heart — Structure of Heart. Location of Heart. Blood Supply to Heart. (b) Blood Vessels — Main blood vessels arising & entering the heart.Types of blood vessels with examples. 6. ELEMENTARY SYSTEM: Name and structure of different parts of elementary system and their inter relationship. 7. URINARY SYSTEM: Name and structure of organs of urinary system and their inter-relationship.

26

8. REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM: Male ande Female reproductive systems. Name, structure and association of the organs. 9. ENDOCRINE SYSTEM: (a) (b) (c)

Pituitary gland — structure and relation to hypothalemus. Thyroid gland — structure. Adrenal gland — structure.

10. NERVOUS SYSTEM: Introduction: Cells of Nervous System (Neuron), Accessory cells of N.S. and Organisation of N.S. (a)

(b)

Brain — Meninges (Cerebrum — cerebral Lobes. Ventricals, Cerebellum—Anatomy of Cerebellum, Brain Stem — MidBrain. Pons. Medulla Oblongata, Diencephalon. Thalamus Hypothelamus and Cranial Nerves). Spinal Cord — Meninges (C.S.F. Internal Structure, Sensory and Motor Pathway, Spinal Reflexes, Peripheral spinal Nerves, Autonomic Nervous System includes Sympathetic N.S. and Parasympathetic Nervous System).

Recommended Books 1. Romanes G J, Cunningham’s Manual of Practical Anatomy. Humphary Kalfom, Oxford, Oxford University Press, London, 3 volumes, 1996. 2. Gray’s Anatomy, Descriptive and Applied. Longman’s Green and Co, London, 1996. 3. J G Romanes, London. Cunningham’s Textbook of Anatomy. Oxford University Press, 1996. 4. Snell R S, Clinical Anatomy, Boston, Little, Brown and Company, 1996. 5. Keith L More and TVN Persaud, Philadelphia, Clinically Oriented Human Anatomy. W B Saunders, 1996. 6. B Grant, A Method of Anatomy, Bailliere Tinal and Co, Ltd, London. 7. W J Hamilton, A textbook of Anatomy, Macmillan and Co, London. 8. R J Last, Anatomy, Regional and Applied, J and A Churchill Ltd, London. PHARMACEUTICAL MATHEMATICS AND BIOSTATISTICS (WRITTEN) Paper 6 Part A

100 Marks Pharmaceutical Mathematics

(40 marks) 27

1. ALGEBRA: (a) Sets and Functions: Elementary concepts of sets. Concept of Functions, Domain and Range of a Function. Different types of Functions. Graphical representation of a function. Some applications of functions. (b) Solution of Linear and Quadratic Equations. Equations reducible to Quadratic Form. Solution of simultaneous Equations. (c) Arithmetic, Geometric and Harmonic Progressions. Arithmetic, Geometric and Harmonic Means. (d) Permutations and Combinations (e) Binomial Theorem: Simple application. 2. TRIGONOMETRY: Measurement of Angles in Radian and degrees. Definitions of circular functions. Derivation of circular function for simple cases. 3. ANALYTICAL GEOMETRY: Coordinates of point in a plane. Distance between two points in a plane. Locus, Equations of straight line, Equation of Parabola, Circle and Ellips. 4. DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS: Concept of Derivations. Rules of Differentiation. Examples on the evaluation of Derivations. Derivatives of Exponential and Logarithmic Functions, Partial Derivations. Higher Order Derivatives. Maxima & Minima points of Inflections. 5. INTEGRAL CALCULUS: Concept of Integration. Rules of Integrations. Integrations of Algebric and Trignomatric functions by using different techniques. Part B

BIOSTATISTICS

(60 MARKS)

1. DESCRIPTION OF STATISTICS: Descriptive Statistics: What is Statistics? Importance of Statistics. What is Biostatistics? Application of Statistics in Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences. How samples are selected? 2 ORGANIZING and DISPLAYING DATA: Vriables, Quantitative and Qualitative Variables, Univariate Data, Bivariate Data, Random Variables, Frequency Table, Diagrams, Pictograms, Simple Bar Charts, Multiple Bar Charts, Histograms.

28

3. SUNNARIZING DATA and VARIATION: The Mean, The Median, The Mode, The Mean Deviatiobn, The Variance and Standard Deviation, Coefficient of Variation. 4. CURVE FITTING: Fitting a Straight Line. Fitting of Parabolic or High Degree Curve. 5. PROBABILITY: Definitions, Probability Rules, Probability Distributions (Binomial & Normal Distributions). 6. SIMPLE REGRESSION AND CORRELATION: Introduction. Simple Linear Regression Model. Correlation co-efficient. 7. TEST OF HYPOTHESIS AND SIGNIFICANCE: Statistical Hypothesis. Level of Significance. Test of Significance. Confidence Intervals, Test involving Binomial and Normal Distributions. 8. STUDENT “t”, “F” and Chi-Square Distributions: Test of Significance based on “t” , “F” and Chi-Square Distributions. 9. ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE: One-way Classification, Two-way Classification, Partitioning of Sum of Squares and Degrees of Freedom, Multiple Compression Tests such as LSD, The analysis of Variance Models.

Recommended Books Pharmaceutical Mathematics & Biostatistics 1. C H Edvards. Jr. and David E Penney, Calculus and Analytic Geometry, Prentice-Hall, Inc, A division of Sinon & Schustor Englewood Gliffs, New Jersey 07632, USA. 1995. 2. Daniel W W Bio-Statistics, Foundation for Analysis in Health Science. 3rd Ed., 1983. 3. Zar J H, Bio-Statistical analysis, Francis Hall, NJ, U.S.A. 4. Nilton, J S and Tsokos, J D, Statistical Methods in Biological and health Sciences, McGrew-Hill. 1983. 5. Chaudhry S A and Kmal S, Introduction to Statistical Theory, Part-I and Part-II, Ilmi Kitab Khana, Urdu Bazar, Lahore. 1996. 6. Samuels M, Statistics for the life sceinces, Dellen Pub Co SF, USA. 1991. 7. Walpole R E, Inrodution to Statistics, Macmillam Pub Co, NY. 1982. 8. Ahmed B and Khan M, Mathmactics for Pharmacists, Arsalan Paper Mart, Multan, 1993.

29

SECOND PROFESSIONAL PHARMACEUTICS-II (PHARMACEUTICAL PREPARATIONS) WRITTEN Paper 1 100 Marks 1. Introduction: Dosage form. Ingredients. 2. Pharmaceutical Calculations: Some Fundamentals of Measurements and Calculations. The Metric System. The Common Systems. Conversions. Calculation of Doses. Reducing and Enlarging Formulas. Density, Specific Gravity & Specific Volume. Weights and Volumes of Liquids. Percentage Preparations. Isotonic Solutions. HLB Values. Industrial Calculations. Some calculations involving Hydrogen-ion concentration. 3. Galenical Preparations: Infusions. Decoctions. Extracts. Fluid extracts. Tinctures. Aromatic Waters. 4. Extraction Processes: Maceration: Purpose and process. Percolation: Purpose and Process. Liquid-Liquid extraction. Large scale extraction. 5. Solvents used in Pharmaceutical Preparations. 6. Oral Solutions, Syrups, Elixirs and Spirits: Solutions and their preparation, dry mixtures for solution, oral rehydrate solutions, oral colonic leverage solution. Syrup: components and preparation of Syrups. Elixirs: Preparation of elixirs, medicated and non-medicated elixirs. 7. Oral Suspensions, Emulsions, Magma and Gels: Preparations, Examples, and Importance. 8. TRANSDERMAL DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS: Introduction of Ointments, Creams, Pastes, Poultice, Plasters, Lotions, Liniments, Topical gels, Topical Tinctures, Collodions, Topical solutions, Topical Powders, Percutaneous absorption, Transdermal systems in use. 9. OPHTHALMIC, NASAL AND OTIC PREPARATIONS: Ophthalmic solutions, suspensions, ointment, inserts, contact lens solutions. Nasal decongestant solutions, Decongestant inhalers. Ear preparations: Antiinfective, anti-inflammatory and analgesic.

30

10. SUPPOSITORIES AND VAGINAL SUPPOSITORIES: Semi-solid Preparations, Suppositories bases, preparation, packaging and storage, Solutions/Enemas. 11. AEROSOLS, INHALATIONS AND SPRAYS: Aerosol: Principle, container and valve assembly, Propellants, filling, testing, packaging, labeling and storage. 12. POWDERS, CAPSULES, TABLET DOSAGE FORMS: Preparation of Powders, mixing of powders, uses and packaging of powders, granules, effervescent, granulated salts. Hard gelatin capsules, capsule sizes, preparation of filled hard gelatin capsules, soft gelatin capsules, preparation and its application. Tablets, their types, characteristics and methods of preparation. 13. INTRODUCTION TO PARENTERALS: Official types of injections, solvents and vehicles for injections, added substances. 14. A brief introduction to oral hygiene products. PHARMACEUTICS-II (PREPARATIONS) PRACTICALS Paper 6

100 Marks

NOTE:- Practicals of the subject shall be designed from time to time on the basis of the above mentioned theoretical topics and availability of the facilities, e.g. Prepartion of simple syrup, Orange syrup, Ferrous sulphate syrup, Cod Liver oil Emulsion, Liquid paraffin Emulsion, Throat paint (Mandle’s paint), Boroglycerine glycerite, Tannic acid glycerin, Spirit ammonia aromatic, Spirit of Ethyl Nitrite. Preparation of Methyl salicylate ointment, Sulphur ointment, Calamine lotion, Iodine tincture, Preparations of oral hygiene products, Poultice of Kaolin, Effervescent granules, Distilled Water for injections. (A minimum of twenty practical will be conducted)

Recommended Books 1. Michel E Aulton, Pharmaceutics, ELBS/Churchill Livingstone, London, 1998. 2. Bentley’s Book of Pharmaceutics, CBS Publishers & Distributors, New Delhi, 1986. 3. Pharmaceutics, The Science of Dosage Form Design. 2nd Ed., HawCourt Publisher, 2002.

31

4. E A Rawlins, Berdley’s Textbook of Pharmaceutics, edited by 8th (or recent edition) 1977. Macmillan Publishing Co Inc, New York. 5. Sprowl’s (Dittert LW; Edt), American Pharmacy,7th Ed, J B Lippincott Co, 1990. PHARMACOLOGY AND THERAPEUTICS-I (WRITTEN) Paper 2

100 Marks

1. GENERAL PHARMACOLOGY (a)

Intdroduction: History, Pharmacology and its classification and Drugs and their sources.

(b)

Routes of drugs administration: Advantages and disadvantages of Enteral Routes, Advantages and disadvantages of Parentral Routes and Advantages and disadvantages of Topical Routes.

(c)

Pharmacokinetics: Drug solubility and passage of drugs across the body membranes, Plasma concentration of drugs and various factors affecting it (Absorption and factors influencing the rate of absorption (GIT and other routes) of drugs, Distribution and factors influencing the rate of distribution of drugs, Biotransformation and factors influencing the rate of biotransformation of drugs, Excretion, channels of excretion and factors influencing the rate of excretion of drugs), Definition of (Bioabvailability & Bioequivalence, Therapeutic Index, Plasma Half Life (t½), Dose-Response Curve, Area Under Curve, Volume of Distribution

(d)

Pharmacodynamics: Drug receptors and theories, Mechanisms of drug action, Specificity of drug action and Factors modifying the action & dosage of drugs.

2. DRUGS ACTING ON AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM (ANS) (a) (b) (c) (d)

Organization of ANS its subdivisions and innervations. Neurotransmitters in ANS, their synthesis, release and fate. Sympathetic agonist drugs: Catecholamines and Noncatecholamines. Sympathetic antagonist drugs: Adrenergics Nerve Blockers, Adrenoceptor antagonists (Alpha-adrenergic blockers and Betaadrenergic blockers). 32

(e) (f) (g) (h)

Parasympathetic (Cholinergic) agonists and Anticholinestrase inhibitors. Parasympathetic antagonists. Drugs acting on Ganglia (Ganglian stimulants and Ganglion blockers). Neuromuscular blocking drugs

3. DRUGS ACTING ON GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT: (a) (b) (c) (d) (e)

(f) (g)

Emetic. Anti-emetics. Purgatives: Bulk forming purgatives, Lubricant purgatives, Irritant purgatives and Saline Purgatives. Anti-diarrheal Agents. Treatment of Peptic & Dudenal Ulcers: Antiacids, H2-Receptor Antagonists, Antimuscarinic Agents, Proton Pump Inhibitors, Gastrin Receptor Antagonist and Cytoprotective agents. Drug treatment of chronic inflammatory diseases of bowel. Drugs affecting bile flow and Cholelithiasis.

4. AUTACOIDS AND THEIR ANTAGONISTS: Histamine and Anti-histamines, Serotonin and Serotonin Antagonists and other Autocoids. 5. DRUGS ACTING ON RESPIRATORY SYSTEM: (a) Drugs used for cough (Anti-tussives, Expectorants and Mucolytic Agents). (b) Drug treatment of Bronchial Asthma (Bronchodilators, Cromoglycate, Nedocromil, Cortecosteroids & other Antiinflammatory drugs and Muscarinic receptor antagonists) 6. DRUGS ACTING ON CARDIO-VESCULAR SYSTEM: (a) Angina pectorus and its drug treatment (b) Congestive heart failure & its treatment (c) Anti-arrhythmic drugs (d) Agents used in Hyperlipidemia (e) Coagulants and Anti-coagulants (f) Anti-hypertensives (g) Diuretics 7. DRUGS ACTING ON GENITOURINARY SYSTEM: Oxytoxic drugs, Ergot alkaloids and uterine relaxants

33

8. ANTI-ANAEMIC DRUGS: Note: 1. Only an introduction will be given of the banned and obsolete drug products. 2. While dealing with Pharmacology stress should be laid to the group actions of related drugs and only important differences should be discussed of the individual drugs placed in same group. 3. Newly introduced drugs should be included in the syllabus while drugs with no clinical and therapeutic values ought to be excluded from syllabus at any time. 4. The prototype drugs in each group from the latest edition of the recommended books. PHARMACOLOGY & THERAPEUTICS-I (PRACTICALS) Paper 7

100 Marks

NOTE:- Practical of the subject shall be designed from time to time on the basis of the above mentioned theoretical topics and availability of the facilities, e.g. Preparation of standard solution. Ringer solution. Tyrode solution. Kreb solution. Normal saline solution. To demonstrate the effects of sympathomimetic (Adrenaline) & sympatholytic drugs (Propranolol) on Frog’s heart. To demonstrate the effects of parasympathomimetic (Acetylcholine) and parasympatholytic (Atropine) drugs on Frog’s heart. To demonstrate the effects of an unknown drug on Frog’s heart. Routes of Administration of drugs. To demonstate the effects of vasconstrictor drugs on Frog’s blood vessels. To demonstrate the effects of stimulant drugs on Rabbit’s intestine (Acetyl choline, Barium chloride). To demonstrate the effects of depressant drugs on Rabbit’s intestine (Atropine). To differentiate the effects of an unknown drug on Rabbit’s intestine and identify the (unknown) drug. To study the effects of Adrenaline on Rabbit’s Eyes. To study the effects of Homatropine on Rabbit’s Eyes. To study the effects of Pilocarpine on Rabbit’s Eyes. To study the effects of Local Anaesthetic drug (e.g Cocaine) on Rabbit’s Eyes. To identify the unknown drug & differentiate its effects on Rabbit’s Eyes. (Note: A minimum of 20 practicals will be conducted)

34

Recommended Books 1. Goodman Gillman, Pharmacological basis of Therapeutics. McGrawHill Book Company, New York, 1996. 2. Winguard and Brody, Human Pharmacology, Mosby Year Book, Boston, 1991. 3. James M Ritter and Lionel De Levis, A Text book of Clinical Pharmacology, Oxford University Press, New York, 1995. 4. R S Satorkar and S D Bhandarkar, Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapeutics, Popular Prakashan, Bomby, 1993. 5. J D Tripathy, Essential of Medical Pharmacology, Japees Brother, New Delhi, 4th Ed., 2000. 6. D R Laurance, Clinical Pharmacology, ELBS, London, 6th Ed., 1987. 7. Katzung B G, Basic and Clinical Pharmacology, McGraw-Hill Medical Publishers, New York, 8th Ed., 2001. 8. Lipponcott, Pharmacology, Lippincot William & Willkin, USA, 2001. 9. Manuchair Edabi, Pharmacology, Little Brown & Company, London, 1993. 10. Prof Dr A Qayum, Fundamentals of Experimental Pharmacology. 11. Bertram G K, Basic and Clinical Pharmacology, Paramount Publishing Business & Professional Group, USA, 6th Ed., 1995. 12. William F Ganong, W F, Review of Medical physiology, Prentice Hall International Inc, New Jersey. 13. Qayum A, Fundamentals of Experimental Pharmacology. Ghandhara University, Peshawar, 2004. PHARMACOGNOSY-I (WRITTEN) Paper 3

100 Marks

1. GENERAL INTRODUCTION: Historical Development and Scope of Pharmacognosy. Traditional system of Medicine/medicinal plants. Evolution of Modern system of Medicine (History of Modern System of Medicine). Classification of Crude Drugs with Special Emphasis to Chemical and Therapeutical System of Classification. Terminology Used in Pharmacognosy. Preparation of Crude Drugs for Commercial Market, Methods of Cultivation, Drying, Storage. Preservation, Packing, Deterioration and Adulteration of Crude Drugs. Evaluation of Crude Drugs I E Organoleptic, Microscopic, Physical, Chemical and Biological. 2. THE STUDY OF THE CRUDE DRUGS BELONGING TO VARIOUS FAMILIES OF MEDICINAL IMPORTANCE Crude Drugs Families a. Ranunculanceae Aconitum, Larkspur, Pulsatilla, Hydrastis. 35

b. c. d. e. f. g. h. i. j.

Papaveraaceae Papaver somniferum, Sanguinaria, Canadensis. Leguminosae Acacia, Glycyrrhiza, Senna, Cassia, Tamarind. Umbelliferae Fennel, Carum, Coriander, Conium, Asafoetida. Apocynaceae Rauwolfia, Catharanthus. Solanaceae Belladonna, Hycscyamus, Stramonium Capsicum. Scrophulariaceae Digitalis, Verbascum (Mullien). Labiatae Peppermint, Thyme, Spearmint, Salvia, Ocimum. Liliaceae Garlic, Colchicum, Aloe. Zingiberaceae Ginger, Curcuma.

3. GROWTH REGULATORS: General account with special reference to Auxins, Gibberellins Abscisic acid, Cytokinins and Ethylene. 4. ALLERGENS AND ALLERGENIC PREPARATION: Introduction, case history, skin test, treatment off allergy, inhalant, ingestant, injectant, contactant, infectant and infestant allergens. Mechanism of allergy. 5. ENZYMES: Enzymes obtained from plant source. (Phytoenzymes). Papain Bromelain and Malt Extract. Enzymes obtained from Animal source. Rennin pepsin, Pancreatin and Pancrealipase. 6. POISONOUS PLANTS: General introduction of poisonous plants with special reference to Pakistan. 7. PESTICIDES: Introduction. Methods of controlling pests with special reference to natural methods. PHARMACOGNOSY-I (PRACTICALS) Paper 8

100 Marks

NOTE:- Practicals of the subject shall be designed from time to time on the basis of the above mentioned theoretical topics and availability of the facilities, e.g. Introduction of the entire and broken parts of the plant drugs (Macro and organoleptic characters). Microscopic examination of powders and sections of plant drugs. (Note: A minimum of 20 practicals will be conducted) A Study Tour will be an integral part of the syllabus and will be arranged at the end of the session for collection of medicinal plants from Norhtern Areas of the country.

Recommended Books 36

1. V E Tyler, L R Brady and J E Robbers, Pharmacognosy, 9th Ed., Lea and Febiger, Philadelphia, 1988. 2. G E Trease and W C Evans, Pharmacognosy, W B Saunders, Philadelphia, Toronto, 2002. 3. K Usmanghani, Topics in Pharmacognosy, University Grants Commission Monograph Series, Islamabad, pp74, 1985. 4. T.E. Wellis, Text book of Pharmacognosy, CBS Publishers & Distributors, New Delhi, 1986. 5. Varro E Taylor, Pharmacognosy, Lee Febiger Philadelphia, 9th Ed. 6. Mohammad Ali, Introduction to Pharmacognosy, CBS Publishers & Distributors, New Delhi, 1986. 7. K Usmanghani, Chemical Pharmacognosy, University Grants Commission, Islamabad, 1985. 8. Youngkin H W, Text Book of Pharmacognosy, The Blakiston Co Toronto, 6th Ed, 1948. PHARMACEUTICAL MICROBIOLOGY (WRITTEN) Paper 4 Note:

100 Marks The topics will be taught with special reference to their Pharmaceutical Applications.

1. GENERAL MICROBIOLOGY: Historical Introduction, Scope of Microbiology with special reference to Pharmaceutical Sciences. Nomenclature and classification of Micro-organisms. 2. ORGANISMS: The Bacteria: General and cellular Morphology, structure and function. Classification of Bacteria. Growth curve, growth factors and growth characteristics. Nutrition, Requirements and Nutrition factors affecting growth. Culture Media, Bacterial cultures and staining Methods. The Viruses: Introduction, Classification (and detail of at least one species from every group), cultivation, and replication. 3. THE FUNGI/YEAST/MOLDS. 4. THE PROTOZOA. 5. The NORMAL FLORA: Microbiology of air, water and soil (general introduction and normal inhibitants of air, water, and soil). 6. INDUSTRIAL MICROBIOLOGY: Introduction to Sterilization/ Disinfection. Fermentation. Pharmaceutical products produced by 37

fermentation process (Penicillins, Cepalosporins, Erythromycin, Tetracyclines, Rifamycin, Griseofulvin).

Gentamycin,

7. IMMUNOLOGY: Introduction, Types of Immunity: Specific and nonspecific (Cellular basis of Immune response. Immunity, autoimmunity, tolerance. Antigen. Anti-bodies). Antigen — Anti-body reactions and their clinical and diagnostic applications. Hypersensitivity and allergy. Drug allergy mechanism. Vaccination: Introduction and aims. Types of Vaccines. Current vaccine practices. 8. FACTORY AND HOSPITAL HYGIENE AND GOOD MANUFACTURING PRACTICE: Introduction, Control of Microbial contamination during manufacture, Mnaufacture of Sterile products, A Guide to Current Good Pharmaceutical Manufacturing Practices. PHARMACEUTICAL MICROBIOLOGY (PRACTICALS) Paper 9

100 Marks

NOTE:- Practical of the subject shall be designed from time to time on the basis of the above mentioned theoretical topics and availability of the facilities, e.g. Sterilization of Glassware and pharmaceutical products by various methods. Microbiological assays of: Anti-biotics and vitamins. Preparation of general and selective media and culturing of microorganisms. Total and viable counts of micro-organism. Morphological and selective biochemical characterization of some specimen. Staining of Bacteria: Gram method, Acid fast, Giemasas staining, Capsule staining, Flagella staining and Spore staining. Microbiological analysis of air, water and soil. (Note: A minimum of 20 practicals will be conducted)

Recommended Books

1. Jawetiz, Medical Microbiology and Immunology, 5th edition, Churchill Livingstone, London, 1998. 2. W B Hugo & A D Russell, Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Black Well Science Ltd, London, 6th Ed, 1998. 3. Lippincot, Microbiology by lipponcott, William & Willkin, USA, 2001 4. Alcamo, Introduction to Microbiology, John Bartlett Publishers, 6th Ed., 2003. 5. Collin and Lynes, Microbiological Methods, Vutterworth Heineman, Oxford, 1995.

38

6. M Mekallee, Microbiology: Essentials and Application, McGraw-Hill Inc, 2nd Ed. 7. Singleton and Sainsbury, Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, John Willey & Sons, New York, 2000. 8. Pelczar, Microbiology, McGraw-Hill Inc, 1996. 9. Prescott, Harley, Microbiology, 2nd ed., Klein Wm, C Brown Publishers, 2001. PAKISTAN STUDIES AND ISLAMIYAT (Comp.) WRITTEN Paper 5

100 Marks

As per syllabi of B.A/B.Sc. Classes, approved by the respective University.

39

THIRD PROFESSIONAL PATHOLOGY (WRITTEN) Paper 1

50 Marks

1. SCOPE OF PATHOLOGY & CONCEPT OF DISEASES. 2. DEFINITION AND TERMINOLOGY: Ischemia, Hypoxia, Necrosis, Infarction, Atrophy, Hypertrophy, Hyperplasia, Metaplasia, Aplasia, Anaplasia. 3. RESPONSE OF BODY TO INJURY AND INFECTION: Acuate inflammation, Chronic inflammation, Immunity, Allergy, Hyper Sensitivity. 4. SPECIFIC: Ulcer (Peptic, Doudenal), Hypertension, Leukemia or Blood Cancer (Malignant Carcinoma, Sarcoma & Lymphomas), Diagnosis and treatment of Cancer in general, fate, survival and prognosis with tumours. PATHOLOGY (Laboratory) Paper 6

50 Marks

Study of Pathological Slides of various Pathological Conditions Acute inflammation, Chronic inflammation, Chronic specific inflammation, Different types of Degeneration, Thrombosis, Embolism, Infarction, Necrosis, Gangrene, Hyperplasia, Metaplasia, Pigmentation, Calcification, CVC, Papilloma, Adenoma, Chondroma, Fibroma, Leomyoma, Neofibroma, Sq. Cell Carcinoma, Basal Cell Carcinoma, Transitional Cell Carcinoma, Adenocarcinoma, Fibrocarcinoma, Rhadomyosarcoma, Leomyosarcoma, Lymphosarcoma, Liposarcoma, Reticular Cell Sarcoma, Hodgkins disease, Breast Carcinoma, Osteogenic Sarcoma, Osteoclastoma. Examiantion of different body fluids in various Pathological Conditions Urine complete Examination, stool Examination, Blood Complete Examination, Semen Examination, Cerebrospinal Fluid Examination, Pericardial fluid examination, Pleural Fluid Examination, Ascitic Fluid Examination, Blood Sugar, Blood Urea, Blood Cholesterol etc. Tests for various Specimens of Clinical Importance

40

Techniques of Clinical Blood Examination for various disases, Gastric Analysis, Tests for liver function, Renal function test, Tests for endocrine abnormalities, Biopsies and cytologic techniques.

Recommended Books

1. Kumar Cotran Robins, Basic Pathology, 6th edition, W B Saunders Company, Philadelphia, (1992). 2. Walters and Israel, General Pathology, Churchill Livingstone, London, (1998). 3. Peter S Macfarlane, Robin Reid, Robin Collander, Pathology Illustrated, Churchill Livingstone, London (1998). 4. Robbins Pathology, W B Saunders Co, London, 2nd Ed., 1962. 5. Walter G B, General Pathology, Churchill Livingstone, New York, 1996. PHARMACOLOGY AND THERAPEUTICS-II (WRITTEN)

Paper 2

100 Marks

1.

DRUGS ACTING ON CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM (a) CNS – Depressants: Hypnotic & Sedatives and Analgesics (Narcotic Analgesics and opioid antagonists, Analgesic, Antipyretic and Anti-inflammatory drugs [NSAID] including Disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs and Drug treatment of Gout). (b) CNS – Stimulants: Cerebral Stimulants, Medullary stimulants, Spinal Cord Stimulants, Anti-depressants, Psychotomimetic or Hallucinogenics, Psychotherapeutic Agents (Anxiolytics and Antipsychotics), Drug treatment of Epilepsy and Drug treatment of Parkinsonism and other movement disorders.

2.

ANAESTHETICS (a) Anesthesia and its clinical importance. (b) General Anaesthesia, Mechanism of action and its application. (c) General Anaesthetics (d) Local Anaesthetics (e) Spinal Anaesthesia and drug used (f) Techniques of Local Anaesthesia

3.

CHEMOTHERAPY (a) Classification of drugs. (b) Anti-microbials: Sulphonamides, Anti-virals, Anti-protozoals (Treatment of Malaria and Treatment of Amebiasis), Anti-fungals, 41

(c) (d) 4.

HORMONES, ANTAGONISTS AND OTHER AGENTS AFFECTING ENDOCRINE FUNCTION (a) (b) (c) (d)

5.

Anthelmintics, Anti-neoplastic and Immunosuppressive drugs, Drug treatment of Leprosy and Anti-biotics (Penicillins, Cephalosporins, Aminoglycosides, Tetracyclines, Chloramphenicol, Macrolides, Quinolones and Miscellaneous Anti-biotics). Anti-hypertensive Drugs. Steroids and Anti-steroid drugs.

Endocrine function and dysfunctions. Drug used for therapy of Diabetes Mellitus: Insulin and Oral Hypoglycemic agents. Corticosteroids Thyroid hormone and anti-thyroid drugs

TOXICOLOGY (a) Pollution and its typers (water, air, food) (b) Poison and principle of treatment of poisoning. (c) Poisoning (Sign & symptom and treatment): Ethanol, Barbiturates, Digitalis, Salicylides, Strychnine, Narcotics, Nicotine, Paracetamol, Benzodiazepines and Organophosphorous compounds. (d) Chelating agents and their role in poisoning: Dimercaprol, Calcium disodium edentate, Pencillamine and Defroxamine.

Note: 1. Only an introduction will be given of the banned and obsolete drug products. 2. While dealing with Pharmacology stress should be laid to the group actions of related drugs and only important differences should be discussed of the individual drugs placed in same group. 3. Newly introduced drugs should be included in the syllabus while drugs with no clinical and therapeutic values ought to be excluded from syllabus at any time. 4. The prototype drugs in each group from the latest edition of the recommended books.

42

PHARMACOLOGY AND THERAPEUTICS-II (PRACTICAL) Paper 7

100 Marks

NOTE:- Practical of the subject shall be designed from time to time on the basis of the above mentioned theoretical topics and availability of the facilities, e.g. To study the convulsant effects of strychnine and picrotoxin in frogs and to determine the site of action. To identify the unknown (convulsant) drug and determine its site of action. To study the effects of Adrenaline on Human Eyes. To study the effects of Pilocarpine on Human Eyes. To study the effect of Homatropine on Human Eyes. To identify and observe the effects of unknown drugs on Human Eyes. To study the effects of local anaesthetic drugs on human and the nerve plexus of frog. To identify and differentiate the effects of unknown drug on human and the nerve plexus of frog. To demonstrate the effects of Acetylcholine on the Rectus abdominus muscle of frog and competitive pharmacological antagonism by Neuromuscular blocking agent e.g. Gallamine. To identify the unknown drug by performing pharmacological competitive antagonism on Rectus abdominus muscle of Frog. To study the anticoagulant effects of Heparin and oral anti-coagulants on Rabbits. To identify the unknown anticoagulant drug using Rabbits. To demonstrate the graded Dose-Response curve of Acetylcholine on Rabbit intestine. To identify unknown concentration of Acetycholine from graded Dose-Response curves. (Note: A minimum of 20 practicals should be conducted)

Recommended Books 1. Goodman Gillman, Pharmacological basis of therapeutics. McGrawHill Book Company, New York, 1996. 2. Winguard and Brody, Human Pharmacology, Mosby Year Book, Boston, 1991. 3. James M Ritter and Lionel De Levis, A Text book of Clinical Pharmacology, Oxford University Press, New York, 1995. 4. R S Satorkar and S D Bhandarkar, Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapeutics, Popular Prakashan, Bomby, 1993. 5. J D Tripathy, Essential of Medical Pharmacology, Japees Brother, New Delhi, 4th Ed, 2000. 6. D R Laurance, Clinical Pharmacology, ELBS, London, 6th Ed., 1987. 7. Katzung B G, Basic and Clinical Pharmacology, McGraw-Hill Medical Publishers, New York, 8th Ed., 2001. 8. Lipponcott, Pharmacology, Lippincot William & Willkin, USA, 2001. 9. Manuchair Edabi, Pharmacology, Little Brown & Company, London, 1993. 43

10. Prof Dr A Qayum, Fundamentals of Experimental Pharmacology. 11. Bertram G K, Basic and Clinical Pharmacology, Paramount Publishing Business & Professional Group, USA, 6th Ed., 1995. 12. William F Ganong, W F, Review of Medical physiology, Prentice Hall International Inc, New Jersey. 13. Qayum A, Fundamentals of Experimental Pharmacology. Ghandhara University, Peshawar. PHARMACOGNOSY-II (WRITTEN) Paper 3

100 Marks

1. SEPARATION AND ISOLATION OF PLANT CONSTITUTIONS: An introduction to chromatography and chromatographic techniques e.g. Adsorption Chromatography and Partition Chromatography. 2. CARBOHYDRATES: Introduction of carbohydrate. (a) Sucrose and Sucrose containing drugs: Sucrose, Dextrose, Liquid glucose, Fructose, Lactose, Xylose, Caramel, Honey, Starch, Inulin, Dextrine etc. (b) Cellulose and Cellulose Derivatives: Purified cotton, Powdered cellulose, Microcrystalline cellulose, Methyl cellulose, Sodium Carboxy-methyl cellulose. (c) Gums and Mucilages: Tragacenth, Acacia, Sodium Alginate, Agar, Pectin. 3. GLYCOSIDES: Introduction, classification, chemistry and medicinal uses of: (a) Cardioactive glycosides: Digitalis, Strophanthus and white squill. (b) Anthroquinone glycosides: Cascara, Aloe, Rhubarb, Cochineal and Senna. (c) Saponin glycosides: Glycyrrhiza, Sarsaparilla. (d) Cyanophore glycosides: Wild cherry. (e) Isothiocyanate glycosides: Black Mustard. (f) Lactone glycosides: Cantharide. (g) Aldehyde glycosides: Vanilla. (h) Miscellaneous glycosides: Gentian, Quassia, Dioscorea. 4. TANNINS: Introduction, classification, properties and chemical identity tests of Tannins and Tannin containing compounds. Detailed study of Hammamelis, Catechu and Nut Galls.

44

5. VOLATILE OILS (ESSENTIAL OILS): Introduction, significance, methods of obtaining volatile oils, chemistry and classification of: (a) Hydrocarbon volatile oils: Cubeb and Terpentine oil. (b) Alcoholic volatile oils: Peppermint, Coriander and Cardamom. (c) Aldehydic volatile oils: Bitter orange peel, sweet orange peel, lemon, cinnamon and bitter almond oil. (d) Ketonic volatile oils: Camphor, spearmint, caraway, Buchu (e) Phenolic volatile oils: Clove, Thyme. (f) Phenolic ether volatile oils: Fennel, Anise, Myristica. (g) Oxide volatile oils: Eucalyptus, chenopodium. (h) Ester volatile oils: Rosemary. (i) Miscellaneous volatile oils: Allium, Anethum. 6. RESINS AND RESIN COMBINATION: Introduction, properties and difference between glycoresins, oleoresins, oleo-gum resins and balsams. (a) Resins: Rosin, Cannabis. (b) Glycoresins: Podophyllum, Jalap, Ipomoea, Colocynth. (c) Oleoresins: Terpentine, Capsicum, Ginger. (d) Oleo-gum resins: Asafoetida, Myrrh. (e) Balsams: Storax, Peruvian balsam, Tolu balsam, Benzoin. 7. ALKALOIDS: Introduction, Properties, Cassification, Function of alkaloids in plants, Methods of extraction and identification tests. (a) Pyridine — Piperidine Alkaloids: Areca nut, Lobelia, Tobacco. (b) Tropane Alkaloids: Belladonna, Hyoscyamus, Stramonium. (c) Quinoline Alkaloids: Cinchona. (d) Isoquinoline Alkaloids: Ipecacuanha, Opium. (e) Indole alkaloids: Rauwolfia, catharanthus, nux vomica, physostigma, ergot. (f) Imidazole alkaloids: Pilocarpus. (g) Steroidal alkaloids: Veratrum. (h) Alkaloidal amines: Ephedra, colchicum. (i) Purine Bases: Tea, Coffee. 8. LIPIDS: Introduction. Detailed study of: (a) Fixed Oils: Castor oil, cotton seed oil, olive oil, peanut oil, sun flower oil, corn oil, coconut oil, Almond oil, Linseed oil, Mustard oil, Sesame oil and soybean oil. (b) Fats and Related Compounds: Theobroma oil and Lanolin. (c) Waxes: Bees wax, carnauba wax, spermaceti and Jojoba oil. 9. TUMOUR INHIBITORS FROM PLANT: Detailed study of various antitumour agents isolated from plants.

45

PHARMACOGNOSY-II (PRACTICALS) Paper 8

100 Marks

NOTE:- Practical of the subject shall be designed from time to time on the basis of the above mentioned theoretical topics and availability of the facilities, e.g. Extraction of the active constituents of crude drugs and chemical tests for their identification. Isolation and separation of active constituents of crude drugs by paper and thin layer chromatography. (Note: A minimum of 20 practicals will be conducted)

Recommended Books 1. V E Tyler, L R Brady and J E Robbers, Pharmacognosy, 9th Ed., Lea and Febiger, Philadelphia, 1988. 2. G E Trease and W C Evans, Pharmacognosy, W B Saunders, Philadelphia, Toronto, 2002. 3. K Usmanghani, Topics in Pharmacognosy, University Grants Commission Monograph Series, Islamabad, pp74, 1985. 4. T E Wellis, Text book of Pharmacognosy, CBS Publishers & Distributors, New Delhi, 1986. 5. Varro E Taylor, Pharmacognosy, Lee Febiger Philadelphia, 9th Ed. 6. Mohammad Ali, Introduction to Pharmacognosy, CBS Publishers & Distributors, New Delhi, 1986. 7. K Usmanghani, Chemical Pharmacognosy, University Grants Commission, Islamabad, 1985. 8. Youngkin H W, Text Book of Pharmacognosy, The Blakiston Co, Toronto, 6th Ed., 1948. PHARMACEUTICS-III (DISPENSING AND COMMUNITY PHARMACY) WRITTEN Paper 4 PART ‘A’

100 Marks (40+60) DISPENSING (40 Marks)

1. Basic Principles of Compounding and Dispensing Including: Weights and Measures, Calculations for compounding and Dispensing, Fundamental operations in Compounding, Containers and closures for Dispensed Products, Prescription-Handling (Parts of Prescription, Filling, Interpretation, Pricing) and Labelling of Dispensed Medication.

46

2. Extemporaneous Dispensing of: Solutions, Suspensions, Emulsions, Creams, Ointments, Pastes and gels, Suppositories and pessaries, Powders and granules and Oral unit dosage form. 3. Pharmaceutical Incompatibilities: Types of Incompatibilities, Manifestations, Correction and Prevention with reference to typical examples. 4. Classical dosage Forms. 5. I.V. Admixtures. 6. Radio-Pharmacy — Techniques and Applications. PART ‘B’

COMMUNITY PHARMACY

(60 Marks)

1. DEFINITIONS AND BACKGROUND 2. PUBLIC HEALTH AND COMMUNITY PHARMACY: Epidemeology & its Control, Preventive Health (EPI & CDC), Family Planning and Health Policy & National Drug Policy. 3. PATIENT ASSESSMENT 4. MEDICAL COMPLICATION OF DRUG TAKING: General and Socioeconomic Aspects. 5. PATIENT PHARMACIST COMMUNICATION. 6. PATIENT EDUCATION AND COUNSELLING. 7. CONTROL OF DRUG ABUSE AND MISUSE. 8. ROLE OF PHARMACIST: As Public Health Educator in the Community for Drug Monitoring and Drug Information.

PHARMACEUTICS-III (DISPENSING AND COMMUNITY PHARMACY) PRACTICALS Paper 9

100 Marks

NOTE:- Practical of the subject shall be designed from time to time on the basis of the above mentioned theoretical topics and availability of the

47

facilities, e.g. Practical introduction to prescription-handling, interpretation, filling and Labeling. Mixtures: Dispensing of simple mixtures containing soluble substances only, mixtures containing diffusible substances, indiffusible substances and mixtures forming precipitate. Powders: Dispensing of simple powders, compound powders and effervescent powders for external use. Incompatibility: Practical Importance of Incompatibilities Ointments And Creams: Dispensing of iodine and Methyl salicylate ointment. Dispensing of cold cream and vanishing creams. Cosmetics: Lipstick, talcum powder, after shave lotion, shaving cream. (Note: A minimum of 20 practicals will be conducted)

Recommended Books 1. Cooper and Guns, Dispensing, CBS Publishers & Distributors, New Delhi, 1986. 2. Hussa’s Dispensing. 3. Roy Robertson, Management of Drug Users in the Community: A practical Handbook. 4. Remington’s Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mack Publishing Company, USA, 2001 5. Martindale's Extra Pharmacopia.

PHARMACEUTICAL CHEMISTRY-II (INSTRUMENTATION) (WRITTEN) Paper 5 Note:-

100 Marks The topics will be taught with special reference to their Pharmaceutical Applications.

Theory, Instrumentation and Pharmaceutical Applications of the following Spectroscopic Methods: 1. SPECTROSCOPIC METHODS (a) Atomic Absorption and Emission Spectroscopy (b) Molecular fluorescence spectroscopy (c) Flame Photometry (d) I.R. Spectroscopy (e) Mass Spectroscopy (f) NMR Spectroscopy (g) U.V./Visible Spectroscopy

48

2. CHROMATOGRAPHIC METHODS: Column Chromatography, Thin Layer Chromatography, Gas Liquid Chromatography, HPLC and GCMS. 3. ELECTRO CHEMICAL METHODS: Potentiometry, Polarography and Radiochemical Techniques. 4. DIFFERENTIAL SCANNING CALORIMETRY PHARMACEUTICAL CHEMISTRY-II (INSTRUMENTATION) (PRACTICAL) Paper 10

100 Marks

NOTE:- Practical of the subject shall be designed from time to time on the basis of the above mentioned theoretical topics and availability of the requirements, e.g. Determination of the Purity and Composition of the unknown drugs by using at least each of the above techniques. Determination of the Purity and Composition of the unknown drugs by using at least each of the above techniques. (Note: A minimum of 20 practicals will be conducted)

Recommended Books 1. Lough W J, High Performance Liquid Chromatography, Blacki Academic Press, New York, 1996. 2. William Kemp, Organic Spectroscopy, Ellsi Horwood, London, 1990. 3. M Aminuddin & Javed Iqbal, Theory and Practice of Chromatography, University Grants Commission, Islamabad-Pakistan (2000). 4. A H Beckett and J B Stennlake, Practical Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Part I and II, the Aulton Press, London. 5. A M Knevel and F E Digangi, Jenkins’s quantitative Pharmaceutical Chemistry, McGraw-Hill Book company, New York. 6. A Braithwaite and F J Smith, Chromatographic Methods, Chapman and Hall, London. 7. E Heftmann, Chromatography, Von Nostrond Reinheld Co, New York, 1975. 8. A Pryde and M J Gilbert, Applications of High Performance Liquid Chromatography, Chapman & Hall, London, 1979. 9. E Stahl, Thin Layer Chromatography, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1969. 10. R Hamilton, Introduction to HPLC, P A Sewell, Chapman & Hall, London, 1982.

49

FOURTH PROFESSIONAL PHARMACETICS-IV HOSPITAL PHARMACY (WRITTEN) Paper 1

100 Marks

1. INTRODUCTION (a) Role of Pharmacist in Hospital (b) Minimum standards for pharmacies in Institutions/Hospitals (c) Research in Hospital Pharmacy 2. HOSPITAL AND ITS ORGANIZATION (a) Classification of Hospitals (b) Organizational Pattern (c) Administration (d) Clinical Departments (e) Nursing, Dietectic, Pathology, Blood Bank, Radiology and other supportive services etc. (f) Role of Pharmacy in Hospital (g) Hospital Finances 3. PHARMACY, ITS ORGANIZATION AND PERSONNEL (a) Pharmacy specialist (b) Drug information Centre (c) Poison Control Centre and Antidote Bank (d) Pharmacy Education (e) Determining the need of Professional and other departmental staff (f) Professional services rendered 4. PHARMACY AND THERAPEUTIC COMMITTEE. 5. THE HOSPITAL FORMULARY (a) General Principles and guidelines to develop Formulary (b) Format (c) Preparation of the Formulary & Role of Pharmacist (d) Benefits and problems (e) Keeping up to date Formulary (f) Contraceptives 6. DISPENSING TO INPATIENTS (a) Methods of Dispensing & SOP’s (b) Unit dose dispensing (c) Other concepts of dispensing, Satellite Pharmacy etc. 7. DISPENSING TO AMBULATORY PATIENTS. 50

8. DISTRIBUTION OF CONTROL SUBSTANCES. 9. DISPENSING DURING OFF-HOURS. 10. SAFE USE OF MEDICATION IN THE HOSPITAL: (a) Medication error (b) Evaluation & Precautions of Medication Error (c) Role of Pharmacist in Controlling Medication Error 11. MANUFACTURING BULK AND STERILE. 12. THE PHARMACY — CENTRAL STERILE SUPPLY ROOM 13. ASEPTIC DISPENSING TPN, I/V Admixtures, Cytotoxic Dispensing, Semi-sterile Dispensing (Eye drops, Ear drops) and Hyperailimentation. 14. ROLE OF PHARMACISTS IN SMALL HOSPITALS, NURSING HOMES ETC. 15. PURCHASING, DISTRIBUTION AND CONTROL OF HOSPITAL MEDICINES, MEDICAL & SURGICAL SUPPLIES: Purchasing, Stocking, Stock Control, Inventory Management, Drug Distribution, Relationship between purchasing, Distribution and Clinical Pharmacy Services. 16. NUCLEAR PHARMACY. 17. THE PHYSICAL PLANT AND ITS EQUIPMENT. 18. INVESTIGATIONAL USE OF DRUGS. 19. HEALTH ACCESSORIES. 20. SURGICAL SUPPLIES. 21. INSPECTION OF WARDS WITH REFERENCE TO DRUG STORAGE AND ADMINISTRATION. 22. MANAGEMENT OF ACCIDENT & EMERGENCY PHARMACY (A & E).

51

23. COMMON KNOWLEDGE OF ABOUT 100 DRUGS REGISTERED BY MINISTRY OF HEALTH, GOVERNMENT OF PAKISTAN

Recommended Books

1. William Hassan, Hospital Pharmacy, Lee & Febiger, Washington, 5th Ed., 1986. 2. N I Bukhari, Hospital Pharmacy, Aziz Book Depot, Lahore-Pakistan (2000). 3. Martin Stephen, Hospital Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Press, London, 2003. PHARMACEUTICS-V CLINICAL PHARMACY-I (WRITTEN)

Paper 2

100 Marks

1.

GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO CLINICAL PHARMACY: Terminologies, Basic Components and Scope.

2.

PATIENT PROFILE: (a) Patient disease profile (b) Taking case History (c) Drug Profile of 25 Drugs (Adrenaline, Aminoglycosides, Anti TB Drugs, Antiepileptics, Atropine, Benzodiazepines, Cepahlosporins, Chlorpheniramine, Cimetidine, Digoxin, Dobutamine, Dopamine, Fluroquinolone, Frusemide, Lactulose, Macrolides, Metoclopramide, Morphine/Pethedine, Nifedipine, NSAIDS, ORS, Penicillins, Prednisolone, Salbutamol, Vancomycin)

3.

CLINICAL TRIALS OF DRUG SUBSTANCES: Designing of clinical trials, Types of trials, Choice of patients, Exclusion of patients and Monitoring a clinical trial.

4.

EMERGENCY TREATMENT.

5.

DRUG INTERACTIONS: Mechanism, Physiological factors affecting interaction, Types and level of drug interactions, Role of pharmacist in evaluating drug interactions & its management.

6. ADVERSE DRUG REACTIONS: Adverse Drug Reactions and Side Effects: Classification, Excessive pharmacological response, Idiosyncrasy, Secondary pharmacological effects, Allergic drug reactions, General toxicity, Toxicity following drug withdrawal, Detection, reporting & Management of ADR.

52

7.

DRUG INDUCED DISEASES.

8. 9.

COMPUTERS IN CLINICAL PHARMACY. UTILIZATION OF CLINICAL DRUG LITERATURE: Introduction, Drug literature selection, Drug literature evaluation and Drug literature communication.

PHARMACEUTICS-V CLINICAL PHARMACY-I (PRACTICAL) Paper 6

100 Marks

Clerkship in the Clinical Setting. A project related to Clinical Pharmacy Practices will be completed by the students and will be evaluated by the external examiner.

Recommended Books 1. Roger Walker, Clinical Pharmacy & Therapeutics, Churchill Levingstone, London, 3rd Ed., 2003. 2. Guard Paul, A Behavioral Approach to Pharmacy Practice, Black Well, USA, 2000. 3. Herfindal Gourley, Clinical Pharmacy & Therapeutics, William & Willkins, London, 1992. 4. A J Winfield, Pharmaceutical Practice, Churchill Levingstone, London, 2nd Ed., 1998. 5. Kavin Taylor, Pharmacy Practice, Taylor & Francis, New York, 1998. 6. Deborah Rosenbaun, Clinical Research Coordinator Hand Book, 2nd Ed., Sarrison, Inc, North Carolina, USA. 7. Simon Cook, Clinical Studies Management, a Practical Guide to Success, Sue Horwood Publishing limited, West Sussex UK. 8. Joseph T Dipiro, Encyclopedia of Clinical Pharmacy. Marcel Dekker Publishing, 2003. 9. Joseph T Dipiro, Encyclopedia of Pharmacy. Marcel Dekker Publishing 2002. 10. Mellainie J Rantucci, Pharmacist Talking with Patients, 1997 11. Smith GDG and Aronson J K, Oxford Text Book of Clinical Pharmacology and Drug Therapy, Oxford University Press, UK, 1990 12. Hansten P and Horn J, Drug interactions. Lee & Febiger, Philadelphia, USA, 1989.

53

PHARMACEUTICS-VI (INDUSTRIAL PHARMACY) WRITTEN Paper 3

100 Marks

1. MASS TRANSFER. 2. HEAT TRANSFER. 3. DRYING: Theories of drying, Drying of Solids, Classification of dryers, General Methods, Fluidized Bed systems, Pneumatic systems, Spray dryer, Freeze dying. 4. MIXING: Fundamentals, Mechanisms, Mixing Equipment used in Liquid/Liquid, Liquid/Solid and solid/solid mixing, Communition (size reduction), Reasons for size reduction, Factors affecting size reduction, size analysis, Sieving, Energy Mills (Ball Mill. Endrumer, Edge Rumer, Disintegrant, Colloid Mill, Hammer Mill, Cutter Mill, and Fluid Energy Mill etc.). 5. CLARIFICATION AND FILTRATION: Theory, Filter media, Filter aids, Filter selection and Equipment (Leaf filter, Filter press, Melta filters and Rotary filters). 6. EVAPORATION: General principles of Evaporation, Evaporators and Evaporation under reduced pressure. 7. COMPRESSION AND COMPACTION: The solid-air Interface, Angle of Repose, Flow rates, Mass volume relationship, Density, Heckel Plots, Consolidation, Granulation, Friability, Compression (dry method, wet method, slugging), Physics of Tabletting, tabletting machines and other equipment required, problems involved in tabletting, tablet coating, Capsulation (Hard and Soft gelatin capsules). 8. SAFETY METHODS IN PHARMACEUTICAL INDUSTRY: (a) Mechanical, chemical and fire hazards problems. (b) Inflammable gases and dusts. 9. EMULSIONS: Mechanical Equipments, Specific formulation Considerations and Emulsion stability. 10. SUSPENSIONS: Formulation of suspensions, Equipment used in preparation and test methods for pharmaceutical suspensions. 54

11. SEMISOLIDS: Equipment used for Ointments, Pastes, Gels and Jellies. Packaging of ointments. 12. STERILE PRODUCTS: Sterile area and its Classification, Ophthalmic ointments, Preparation of praenterals (Building, Equipment), Complete Sterility (Aseptic area), air control, (Laminar flow etc.), air locks, Environmental monitoring methods, Sterilization, Filling/Packaging (Plastic and glass containers), Added substances (Preservatives, anti-oxidants, solubilizer, suspending agents, buffers, stabilizers etc.), Inprocess Quality Control of Parenterals (Sterility, leakage, pyrogens, clarity etc.). 13. STANDARDIZATION OF PHARMACEUTICALS: An understanding of quality assurance system adopted in pharmaceutical industry. Good Manufacturing Practices and Current Good Manufacturing Practices. 14. PACKING & PACKAGING: Influence of Packaging materials, Stability, Packaging Lines, Packaging Area, Packaging Equipment. 15. EQUIPMENTS USED FOR: Patches, Sprays, Implants, Sutures, Plasters and Sachet packing. 16. STUDY TOUR: A visit to the pharmaceutical industries will be an integral part of the syllabi. PHARMACEUTICS-VI (INDUSTRIAL PHARMACY) (PRACTICAL) Paper 7

100 Marks

NOTE:- Practical of the subject shall be designed from time to time on the basis of the above mentioned theoretical topics and availability of the facilities, e.g. Manufacture of Tablets by Wet Granulation Method, by Slugging and by Direct Compression. Coating of Tablets (Sugar Coating, Film coatingand Enteric Coating). Clarification of liquids by various processes. Size Reduction. Homogenization. Ampoule filling, sealing and sterilization clarity and leakage tests in injectables. Capsule filling by semi automatic machines. Manufacture of sustained action drugs. Tablets Tests like Disintegration. Dissolution. Friability. Hardness and thickness tests. Determination of weight variation in tablets. Density of powder. Particle size analysis. (Note: A minimum of 20 practicals will be conducted) 55

A Study Tour will be an integral part of the syllabus and will be arranged at the end of the session for collection of medicinal plants from Norhtern Areas of the country.

Recommended Books 1. Lackman, Theory and Practice of Industrial Pharmacy, Verghese Publishing House, Bombay, 1987. 2. Cooper and Gunn’s, Tutorial Pharmacy, CBS Publishers & Distributors, New Delhi, 1986. 3. Bentley’s Pharmaceutical Text Book, CBS Publishers & Distributors, New Delhi, 1986. 4. Remington’s Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mack Publishing Company, USA, 2001. 5. John Sharp, Good Pharmaceutical Manufacturing Practice, Rational and Compliance. PHARMACEUTICS –VII (BIOPHARMACEUTICS) (WRITTEN) Paper 4

100 Marks

1 DEFINITIONS AND TERMINOLOGY: Biopharmaceutics, Generic Equivalence, Bioavailability, Bioequivalence, Drug Disposition, Therapeutics, Pharmacokinetics, Biotransformation and Therapeutic Equivalents. 2. GASTRO-INTESTINAL ABSORPTION AND PHYSICO-CHEMICAL CONSIDERATIONS: Forces which help in transmembrane movements, pH Partition Theory, Lipid Solubility and Factors affecting Bioavailability. 3. BIOAVAILABILITY STUDIES: Purpose, Relative and Absolute Bioavailability, and Determination of Bioavailability. 4. FACTORS AFFECTING DISSOLUTION IN RESPECT OF BIOAVAILABILITY: Methods of in-vitro and in-vivo determination of rate of dissolution. 5. MULTIPLE DOSAGE REGEMIN. 6. INTRAVENOUS INFUSIONS.

56

7. BIOPHARMACEUTICAL AND PHARMACOKINETIC ASPECTS IN DEVELOPING A DOSAGE FORM. 8. INTRODUCTION TO PHARMACOKINETICS: Determination through plasma drug level studies. Application of pharmacokinetics in clinical situations. 9. CONCEPT OF COMPARTMENT(S) MODELS: One compartment open model. Two compartment open model. Three compartment open model and Non-compartmental method of analysis. 10. BIOLOGICAL HALF-LIFE AND VOLUME OF DISTRIBUTION: Concept and Methods of Determination. 11. DRUG CLEARANCE: Mechanism, determination and relationship of clearance with half-life. 12. ELIMINATION OF DRUGS: a) Hepatic Elimination. Percent of Drug Metabolized, Drug Biotransformation reactions, (Phase-I reactions and phase-II reactions), First pass effect, Hepatic clearance of protein bound drugs and Biliary excretion of drugs. b) Renal Excretion of Drugs: Renal clearance, Tubular Secretion and Tubular Reabsorption. c) Elimination of Drugs through other organs: Pulmonary excretion, Salivary excretion, Mammary excretion, Skin excretion and Genital excretion. 13. PROTEIN BINDING: Determination of plasma protein binding and Clinical significance of drug-protein binding. 14. APPLICATIONS OF PHARMACOKINETICS AND BIOAVAILABILITY IN CLINICAL SITUATIONS. 15. APPLICATIONS OF PHARMACOKIENTICS IN DISEASE STATES.

57

PHARMACEUTICS –VII (BIOPHARMACEUTICS) (PRACTICAL) Paper 8

100 Marks

NOTE:- Practical of the subject shall be designed from time to time on the basis of the above mentioned theoretical topics and availability of the facilities, e.g. Blood Sampling Techniques (In Laboratory Animals like dog, rabbits, mice etc. in human beings), In-vitro dissolution studies, Optional dose determination, Measurement of rate of Bioavailability, Determination of relative and absolute bioavailability. Plasma level-time curve (Determination of Pharmacokinetic parameters). Determination of plasma protein binding. Urinary sampling techniques. In Laboratory animals. In humans. Renal excretion of drugs or drug disposition.

Recommended Books 1. Leon Shargel, Applied Pharmacokinetics and Biopharmaceutics, Appleton & Lange, New York, 4th Ed., 1999. 2. Malcoln Rouland, Thomous N Tozer, Clinical Pharmacokinetics, William & Willkins, London, 1995. 3. Milo Gibaldi, Biopharmaceutics and Clinical Pharmacokinetics, Marchel & Dakker Inc, New York, 1982. 4. Gibbson and Skett, Introduction to Drug Metabolism, Champ & Hall, London, 1986. 5. Robert E Notari, Biopharmaceutics and Clinical Pharmacokinetics, Marchel & Dakker Inc, New York, 1988. 6. Stephen H Curry, Drug disposition and pharmacokinetics, Black Well Scientific Publishing, Oxford, 1977. 7. Avraham Yacobi, Toxicokinetics and New Drug Development, Paramount Press, New York, 1989. 8. Sarfraz Niazi, Text Book of Biopharmaceutics and Clinical Pharmacokinetics. Appleton-Century-Crofts, New York, 1985. 9. P Macheras, C Reppas and J B Dressman, Biopharmaceutics of orally administered drugs, Ellis Horwood Limited, London (1995). 10. Albert P Li, Invitro approaches for evaluation of drug efficacy and toxicity, CRC Press LLC USA, 2004. 11. Ronald D Schoenwald, Pharmacokinetics in drug discovery and Development, CRC Press LLC, USA, 2002.

58

PHARMACEUTICS-VIII (PHARMACEUTICAL QUALITY CONTROL) (WRITTEN) Paper 5

100 Marks

1. SCOPE: (a) An understanding of the testing, quality control program and methods adopted in a pharmaceutical industry, dosage form control, process control, testing programme and methods, physical, chemical and biological tests and specifications, statistical quality control. (b) General understanding of Total Quality Assurance and measures to adopt Quality Assurance. 2. QUALITY CONTROL OF SOLID DOSAGE FORMS: (a) Physical tests: Hardness, Thickness and Diameter, Friability, Disintegration, Weight Variation. (b) Chemical tests: Content uniformity, Assay of active ingredients and dissolution tests of Powders, Granules, Tablets and Capsules. 3. QUALITY CONTROL OF SYRUPS AND ELIXIRS: Viscosity, its determination and application in the Quality Control of Pharmaceuticals, Weight per ml and Assay of active ingredients. 4. EVALUATION OF SUSTAINED ACTION PRODUCTS (TABLETS & CAPSULES): Stability of viability rate during storage and In-vitro & In-vivo evaluation of sustaining action. 5. QUALITY CONTROL OF SUPPOSITORIES: Disintegration test, Uniformity of weight, Assay of active ingredients, Liquefaction time test and Breaking test. 6. QUALITY CONTROL OF STERILE PRODUCTS (PARENTERALS): Leaker’s test, Clarity test, Pyrogen test for Parenteral and other sterile preparations and Assay for active ingredients. 7. BIOLOGICAL ASSAYS: Biological methods, Standard preparations and units of activity, Bioassay of antibiotics, Bioassay of insulin injection, Assay of prepared digitalis and Assay of Vitamin D.

59

8. ALCOHOL DETERMIANTION: Alcoholometric methods, Problem during distillation of alcohol, Method for liquids containing less than 30% or more than 30% alcohol and special treatment before distillation. 9. ALKALOIDAL DRUG ASSAY: Weighing for assay, Extraction of drugs, Maceration, Percolation, Continuous extraction, Purification of Alkaloids and determination of alkaloids. 10. MISCELLANEOUS DETERMINATIONS AND TESTS: Determiantion of weight/ml, Water/Moisture content, Loss on Drying, Toxicity tests & Identification tests, Evaluation of Ointments, Ash contents and Alkalinity of Glass. 11. GENERAL KNOWLEDGE OF APPENDICES ATTACHED TO B.P., BPC, AND USP. 12. STATISTICAL INTERPRETATION OF QUALITY CHARTS DURING MANUFACTURING PROCESSES.

CONTROL

PHARMACEUTICS-VIII (PHARMACEUTICAL QUALITY CONTROL) (PRACTICAL) Paper 9

100 Marks

NOTE:- Practical of the subject shall be designed from time to time on the basis of the above mentioned theoretical topics and availability of the facilities, e.g. Assay of various spirits, tinctures, extracts, syrups and elixirs, Assay of Ointments and suppositories, Assay of tablets and capsules, Test for alkalinity of glass, Determination of alcohol contents in the Pharmaceutical preparations and Pyrogen test. Sterility test, Determination of Ash contents, Determination of Moisture contents, Determination of total solids, Determination of viscosity of syrups, gels, etc., Determination of emulsion types. (Note: A minimum of 20 practicals will be performed)

Recommended Books 1. A H Beckett and J B Stennlake, Practical Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Part-I and II. The Alton Press, London. 2. A M Knevel and F E Digangi, Jenkin’s Quantitative Pharmaceutical Chemistry, McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York. 3. K A Connors, A Text Book of Pharmaceutical Analysis, John-Wiley and Sons, New York.

60

4. A Braithwaite and F J Smith, Chromatographic Methods, Chapman and Hall, London. 5. G D Christian, Analytical Chemistry, John Wiley and Sons, New York. 6. Karamt A Javaid, Pharmaceutical Quality Assurance in Class, Industry and Market, Aziz Publishers, Lahore-Pakistan (1993). 7. Gil Bismuth and Shosh Neumann, Cleaning Validation, A practical approach. CRC Press, LLC, USA, 2003. 8. J T Carstersen and C T Rhodes, Drug Stability: Principles and Practices, 3rd edition (revised and expanded) Mercel Dekker, New York. 2000. 9. Sydney H Willig, Good Manufacturing Practices for Pharmaceuticals. Marcel Dekker Publishing. 10. Bryant R, The pharmaceutical Quality Control Hand Book, Aster Publishing Corporation, Eugene, 1989. 11. Braun R E, Introduction to Instrumental Analysis, McGraw-Hill Book Co, NY, 1987.

61

FINAL PROFESSIONAL PHARAMCEUTICAL CHEMISTRY-III (MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY) (WRITTEN) Paper 1 Note:

100 Marks The topics will be taught with special reference to their Pharmaceutical Applications.

1. INTRODUCTION TO MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY: Chemical constitution and biological activity: (Receptor, Theory, Structure Activity Relationships (SAR) and Drug Metabolism). 2. CLASSIFICATION OF SYNTHETIC DRUGS: Drug Design and recent approaches to the synthesis of drugs (a brief concept of methods and reactions of synthesis of various drugs). 3. GENERAL PROPERTIES, CHEMISTRY BIOLOGICAL ACTION, STRUCTURE ACTIVITY RELATIONSHIP AND THERAPEUTIC APPLICATIONS OF THE FOLLOWING: (a) Alicyclic Compounds: Cyclopropane, Terpenes, Citral, Pinene, Camphor, Menthol, Carotenes. (b) Alkaloids: Atropine, Morphine and related compounds (Codeine, Thebaine), Ergotamine, Reserpine, Ephedrine. (c) Vitamins: Water Soluble Vitamins (B1, B2, B6, B12, Folic acid, Nicotinic acid, Biotin, Pantothenic acid and Ascorbic acid) Fat Soluble Vitamins (A, D, E, and K). (d) Hormones: Steroidal Hormones (Testosterone, Progesterone, Estrogen, Aldosteron and Cortisol), Proteinous Hormones (Insulin, Glucagon, Oxytocin and Vassopressin). (e) Anti-neoplastic Agents: Tamoxifen, Fluorouracil, Mercapturine, Methotrexate and Vincristine. (f) Sedatives and Hypnotics: Benzodiazepines, Barbiturates, Paraldehyde, Glutethimide, Chloral hydrate, and alcohols. (g) Anaesthetics: Local anaesthetics (Procaine, Lignocaine, Eucaine, Cocaine and Benzocaine), General anaesthetics (Cyclopropane, Halothane, Nitrous oxide, Chloroform, Thiopental Sodium, Ketamine, Methohexital, Thioamylal Sodium, Fantanyl Citrate, Tribromo ethanol). (h) Analgesics and Antipyretics: Paracetamol, Salicylic acid analogues, Quinolines derivatives, Pyrazolone and Pyrazolodiones, Narylanthranilic acids, Aryl and heteroaryl acetic acid derivatives.

62

(i) Antiseptics: Phenols and related compounds, Halogens and Halogen compounds, Aromatic acid and esters, Dyes, Nitrofuran derivatives, Formaldehyde and its derivatives, Mercurochrome and Thiomersal. (j) Sulphonamides: Prontosil, sulphanilamide, Sulphapyridine, sulphadimidine, Sulfamethoxazole, Sulfadiazine and Sulfafurazole. (k) Antimalarials: 4-Aminoquinolines, 8-Aminoquinolines, 9-Amino acridines, Biguanides, Pyrimidine analogues, Mefloquine and Cinchoha alkaloids. (l) Anthelmintics: Phenols and related compounds, Piperazine derivatives, Thiabendazole, Mebendazole and Pyrantal. (m) Diuretics: Mercaptomerin, Meralluride, Thiazides, Sprironolac-tone, Theophylline, Furosemide, Acetazolamiode, Ethacrynic acid and Triameterene. (n) Antitubercular Drugs: Ethambutol, Isonicotinic acid, Hydrazid, Rifampacin, Thioguanine, Pyrazinamide, cycloserine, Ethunamide, Cytarabine, 5-Flourouracil and Dacarbazine. (o) Antiviral Drugs: Acyclovir, Tromantadine Hydrochloride and Ribavirin. (p) Immunosuppressant Agents: Azathioprine and Cyclosporin. 4. ANTIBIOTICS: Penicillins, Cephalosporins, Streptomycin, Chloramphenicol, Tetracyclines, Kanamycin and Erythromycin. 5. OCCURANCE, PROPERTIES, PREPARATION AND APPLICATION OF OFFICIAL INORGANIC COMPOUNDS: Aluminium Hydroxide, Ammonium Chloride, Sodium Carbonate, Magnesium Carbonate, Lithium Carbonate, Sodium Nitrite, Calcium Gluconate, Antimony Gluconate, Ferrous Fumarate, Ferrous Sulfate and Silver Nitrate. PHARMACEUTICAL CHEMISTRY-III (MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY) (PRACTICAL) Paper 7

100 Marks

NOTE:- Practical of the subject shall be designed from time to time on the basis of the above mentioned theoretical topics and availability of the facilities, e.g. Estimation of functional groups; Carboxylic, Hydroxy, Amino and Nitro groups; Determination of Molecular weights of Organic Compounds. Synthesis of Paracetamol, Salicylic Acid, Methyl salicylate, Azobenzene, Benzoic Acid, 5-Hydroxy-1, 3benzoxazol-2-one, Aspirin, P-nitrosophenol, 3-nitrophthalic acid, o63

Chloro-benzoic acid. Assay of the Drugs like Sulpha drugs, Aspirin, Paracetamol, Benzyl Penicillin. Inorganic Preparations. (Note: A minimum of 20 practicals will be conducted)

Recommended Books 1. Martin and Cook, Remington Practice of Pharmaceutical Science, Mack Publishing Company, USA, 2001 2. Foye W O, Principles of Medicinal Chemistry, Verghese Publising House, Bomby, 1995. 3. Tyagi, Text Book of Synthetic Drugs, Anmol Publications, Delhi, 1990. 4. Alferd Burger, Medicinal Chemistry, Jhon Willey & Sons, New York, 1996. 5. Block, Roche, Soine and Wilson, Inorganic and Medicinal Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Verghese Publishing House, Bombay, 1986. 6. Block, Roche, Soine and Wilson. Inorganic and Medicinal Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Lee & Febiger, Philadelphia, USA, 1983. PHARMACEUTICS-IX (CLINICAL PHARMACY-II) (WRITTEN) Paper 2

100 Marks

1. RATIONAL USE OF DRUGS: Rational Presribing, Rational Dispensing, Problems of Irrational Drug Use, Learning about drug use problem, Sampling to study drug use, Indicators of drug use. 2. INTRODUCTION TO ESSENTIAL DRUGS: Criteria for selection, Usage and Advantages. 3. DRUG UTILZATION EVALUATION & DRUG UTILIZATION REVIEW (DUE/DUR): Development of protocol of use of few very low therapeutic index drug groups like Steroids, Vancomycin and Cimetidine. 4. DRUG ABUSE & MISUSE. 5. PRACTICAL PHARMACOKINETICS: Therapeutic Drug Monitoring of Digoxin, Theophyline, Gentamycin, Lithium, Phenytoin, Cabamazepine, Phenobarbitone, Primidone, Walparic Acid, Cyclosporins and Vancomycin. 6. PHARMACOECONOMIC STUDIES. 7. PHARMACEUTICAL CARE, ITS SCOPE, MANAGEMENT AND APPLICATION OF CARE PLAN: 64

8. ROLE OF CLINICAL PHARMACIST IN COMMUNITY PHARMACY 9. CLINICAL THERAPEUTICS: (a) General Strategy: Terminology of Disease. Management and Treatment. Drug Selection. (b) Basic introduction of some clinical situations, their clinical features, etiology, pathophysiology and treatment of causes: Common Cold, Pharyngitis and Tonsillitis, Pneumonia, Tuberculosis, Diarrhea, Malaria, Meningitis, Tetanus, Typhoid Fever, Measles, Rabies, AIDS, Congestive cardiac failure, Conjunctivitis, Anemia, Gout, Asthma, Ulcer, Diabetes mellitus, Hypertension, Hepatitis, Dermatology (Scabies, Fungal diseases). 10. CLINICAL TOXICOLOGY: (a) General information. Role of pharmacist in treatment of poisoning and general management of poisoning & over dosage. Role and Status of Poison Control Centre. (b) Antidotes and their mechanism of action. 11. SAVE INTRAVENOUS THERAPY & HAZARDS OF INTRAVENOUS THERAPY. 12. NON-COMPLIANCE: Definition, introduction and importance, Extent of non-compliance, Methods of assessment, Reasons for non-compliance, Strategies for improving compliance and Designing of compliance trials. PHARMACETICS-IX CLINICAL PHARMACY-II (PRACTICAL) Paper 8

100 Marks

Clerkship in the Clinical Setting. A project related to Clinical Pharmacy Practices will be completed by the students and will be evaluated by the external examiner.

Recommended Books 1. Roger Walker, Clinical Pharmacy & Therapeutics, Churchill Levingstone, London, 3rd Ed., 2003. 2. Guard Paul, A Behavioral Approach to Pharmacy Practice, Black Well, USA, 2000. 3. Herfindal Gourley, Clinical Pharmacy & Therapeutics, William & Willkins, London, 1992. 65

4. A J Winfield, Pharmaceutical Practice, Churchill Levingstone, London, 2nd Ed., 1998. 5. Kavin Taylor, Pharmacy Practice, Taylor & Francis, New York, 1998. 6. Deborah Rosenbaun, Clinical Research Coordinator Hand Book, 2nd edition, Sarrison, Inc, North Carolina, USA. 7. Simon Cook, Clinical Studies Management, a Practical Guide to Success, Sue Horwood Publishing limited, West Sussex, UK. 8. Joseph T Dipiro, Encyclopedia of Clinical Pharmacy. Marcel Dekker Publishing, 2003. 9. Joseph T Dipiro, Encyclopedia of Pharmacy. Marcel Dekker Publishing, 2002. 10. Mellainie J Rantucci, Pharmacist Talking with Patients, 1997. 11. Smith GDG and Aronson J K, Oxford Text Book of Clinical Pharmacology and Drug Therapy, Oxford University Press, UK, 1990. 12. Hansten P and Horn J, Drug interactions. Lee & Febiger, Philadelphia, USA, 1989. PHARMACEUTICAL TECHNOLOGY (WRITTEN) Paper 3

100 Marks

1. PRINCIPLES OF PHARMACEUTICAL FORMULATION AND DOSAGE FORM DESIGN: Product Formulation, Need for Dosage Form and Preformulation Studies. 2. FORMULATION DEVELOPMENT: Pharmaceutical Aerosols, Ophthalmic Preparations, and Parenteral Preparations. 3. ADVANCED FORMULATION TECHNIQUES: Development of a formulation methodology and flow plan for the new product. New technologies in drug delivery system. 4. NOVEL DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS: a) Introduction to the Drug Carrier: Liposome, Noisome and Biodegradable polymers. b) Active & Passive Drug Delivery System. c) Other Novel GIT Systems. 5. MODIFIED DRUG RELEASE DOSAGE FORM: The concept of sustained release, First order release approximation, Multiple dosing, Implementation of designing, Approaches based upon dosage form modification, Product evaluation and testing, Matrices tablets, Control release technology, Micro encapsulation, Method of particle coating and Instrumentation in granule manufacturing. 66

6. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOTECHNOLOGY: Biotechnological aspects in the product development, Fundamentals of Genetic Engineering and its Application in Medicine, Principle, Synthesis and Application of Monoclonal, Antibodies, Introduction to Gene therapy, Immobilized Enzymes and their application in Medicine, General Principle and Methods of Microbial Assay. PHARMACEUTICAL TECHNOLOGY (PRACTICAL) Paper 9

100 Marks

NOTE:- Practical of the subject shall be designed from time to time on the basis of the above mentioned theoretical topics and availability of the requirements, e.g. Various techniques to develop the formulation, Granulation technology, Study of drug delivery systems, Biotechnological aspect of product development, In-vitro Quality Control of various dosage forms. Microbial assay, Particle size analysis using various methods, Stability studies of Pharmaceuticals, Coating of particles and To prepare, examine and control specifications of packaging materials.

Recommended Books 1. Anya M. Hellery, Drug delivery and targeting, Taylor & Francis, London, 2001. 2. Joseph R Robinson Controlled drug delivery, Marcel & Dakker Inc, New York, 2nd Ed., 1987. 3. T V Ramabhadran, Pharmaceutical design and development, Ellis Horwood, New York, 1994. 4. M E Aulton, Pharmaceutics: Science of Dosage Forms Design, ELBS/Churchill Livingstone, London, 1998. 5. Banker, Modern pharmaceutics, Marchell Dakker Inc, New York, 1990. 6. John A Bontempo, Development of biopharmaceutical parenteral dosage forms, Marchell Dakker Inc, New York, 1997. 7. N K Jain, Controlled and Novel drug delivery, CBS Publishers & Distributers, New Delhi, 1997. 8. Ansel, Pharmaceutical Dosage Form in Drug Delivery System, Lee & Febiger, London, 1990. 9. Attaurahman and M I Chaudry, Bioassay techniques for drug development, CRC Press, LLC, USA, 2001. 10. Pramod K Gupta, Inject able drug development, CRC Press, LLC, USA, 1999.

67

11. H John Smith, Introduction to the principals of drug design and action, CRC Press, LLC, USA, 1998. 12. Rong Liu, Water Insoluble Drug Formulations, CRC Press, LLC, USA, 2000. 13. Peter Blaisdell, Twenty First Century Pharmaceutical Development. CRC Press, LLC, USA, 2000. 14. Lachman L, Theory and Practice of Industrial Pharmacy, Lee & Febiger, Philadelphia, 3rd Ed., 1986. FORENSIC PHARMACY (WRITTEN) Paper 4

100 Marks

1. STUDY OF DRUG LAWS: (a) The Drugs Act 1976 and rules framed there under. (b) Provincial Drug Rules (Respective Drug Rules will be taught in the relevant province). (c) Advertisement rules. (d) Other related rules and Legal aspects. 2. THE PHARMACY ACT, 1967. 3. THE DANGEROUS DRUGS ACT, 1930. 4. THE FACTORY LAW 1934. 5. SHOPS AND ESTABLISHMENT ORDINANCE, 1969 WITH RULES. 6. THE POISONS ACT, 1919. 7. CONTROL OF NARCOTICS SUBSTANCES ACT 1997.

Recommended Books 1. R Z Hussain, The Manual of Drug Laws in Pakistan, Irfan Law Book House, Lahore-Pakistan (2003). 2. The Pharmacy Act 1967. 3. The Poisons Act 1919. 4. The Dangerous Drugs Act 1930. 5. The Factory Law 1934. 6. Shop and Establishment Ordinance 1969. 7. Control of Narcotics Substances Act 1997. PHARMACEUTICAL MANAGEMENT & MARKETING (WRITTEN) Paper 5

100 Marks

68

1. MANAGEMENT: a) Nature and Principles of Management b) Types and Functions of Managers c) Planning: Purpose and types of Planning, Steps in Planning d) Organizing e) Management Control Systems. Purpose: Steps in the Control Process, Forms of Operations control. Requirements for adequate control, Critical control points and standards f) Motivation g) Innovation and creativity h) Communication 2. PRODUCTION MANAGEMENT: (a) Material Management. 3. MARKETING MANAGEMENT: Marketing channels, Promotion and Advertising and Salesmanship. 4. SALES MANAGEMENT: Personnel, Buying, Receiving, Pricing, Sales promotion and Customer Services. 5. PHARMACY LAYOUT DESIGN: Objectives of Layout Design, Types of Community Pharmacies (Pharmaceutical Centre, Prescription-oriented Pharmacies, Traditional Pharmacies and The Super Drug Store), Consumer goods and purchases, Classes of Layout designs, Principles and characteristics of Layout Design and Traffic Flow analysis.

Recommended Books 1. M Ahmad & N I Bukhari, Pharmaceutical Management and Marketing, Tariq Academy, Faslabad-Pakistan, (2002). 2. C Patrick Tharp & Pedro J Lecca, Pharmacy Management for students and practitioners, The C V Mosby Company, St. Louis, Toronto, London, (1979). 3. Harry A Smith, Principles & Methods of Pharmacy Management, Lea & Febiger, Philadelphia, 1986. COMPUTER AND ITS APPLICATION IN PHARMACY (WRITTEN) Paper 6

50 marks

69

1. Fundamentals basic concept of computers: History of Data Processing, Types of Computers, Components of a Computer, Computer System and Business Computer System, Backing Storage Devices, Unit of Memory, Viruses and Anti-viruses Issues. 2. System Analysis and Design: What is a System?, Steps in system life cycle, Data Gathering and Data Analysis, Designing a New System, Development and Implementation of New System, Documentation. 3. Data Processing: Data Processing, The Data Processing Cycle, The Collection and Computing of data, Manual collection of data, The main methods of data input, Devices used to collect data, Data Verification, Data Validation, Output and Recording of data, Types of data processing systems, Types of Computer Operation, Batch Processing and Real-time Processing. 4. Data Communication: Applications of Data Communication, Components of a data communication system, Rate of data Transmission, Computer Networks, Network Topology, Gateway, E-mail/Internet concepts. COMPUTER AND ITS APPLICATION IN PHARMACY (PRACTICAL) Paper 10

50 marks

1. Internet and E-mail: Internet and Microsoft Internet Explorer 5, Addresses, Links and Downloading, Searching the Internet, E-mail and Newsgroups, Favorites, security and Customizing Explorer. 2. Web Page Development: Introduction to Front-page, Creating a First Web site, Basic Formatting Techniques, Manipulating Tables within Front-page, Front-page, Picture and Multimedia, Hyper linking, Bookmarks and Image Maps, Introducing Front-page “components”, Front-page and Frames, Managing your Web, Good site design, Publishing and publicizing. 3. Complete Statistical Package like SPSS. 4. Languages: At least two prevailing languages will be taught.

Recommended Books 1. Elias M System Analysis. Award Galgotia Publications, New Delhi, 1989. 2. Peter Norton, Inside IBM PC. Brady Computer Books, New York, 1988. 70

3. Dennis N, MS-DOS. Jump Practice Hall Press, New York, 1987. 4. Peter Norton, PC-DOS. Brady Computer Books, New York, 1985. NOTE: The candidates are required to work for a minimum of 300 hours in Pharmaceutical Manufacturing unit, Retail/Community Pharmacy/ Hospital setting after the final year examination. They must maintain a diary of work signed daily by the Manager.

71

SCHEME OF COURSES FOR PHARM-D FOR SEMESTER SYSTEM 1st Professional Pharm-D 1st Semester Course Subject No.

301 303 305 307 309 311 313 315 317 319

Pharmaceutical Chemistry-I (Organic-I) [Th.] Pharmaceutical Chemistry-I (Organic-I) [Lab.] Pharmaceutical Biochemistry-I [Th.] Pharmaceutical Biochemistry-I [Lab.] Pharmaceutics-I (Physical Pharmacy-1) [Th.] Pharmaceutics-I (Physical Pharmacy-1) [Lab.] Physiology & Histology-I [Th.] Physiology & Histology-I [Lab.] Anotomy Pharmaceutical Mathematics Total Cr. Hr.

Cr. Hr. 3

2nd Semester Course Subject No.

1

304

3

306

1

308

3

310

1

312

3

314

Pharmaceutical Chemistry-II (Organic-II) [Th.] Pharmaceutical Chemistry-II (Organic-II) [Lab.] Pharmaceutical Biochemistry-II [Th.] Pharmaceutical Biochemistry-II [Lab.] Pharmaceutics-II (Physical Pharmacy-I1) [Th.] Pharmaceutics-II (Physical Pharmacy-I1) [Lab] Physiology & Histology -II [Th.]

1 3 2 21

316 318

Physiology & Histology -II [Lab.] Biostatistics

302

Total Cr.Hr.

Cr. Hr. 3 1 3 1 3 1 3 1 4 20

2nd Professional Pharm-D Ist Semester Course Subject No. Pharmaceutics-III (Pharmaceutical 401 Preparations-I) [Th.]

Cr. Hr. 3

403

Pharmaceutics-III (Pharmaceutical Preparations-I) [Lab.]

1

405

Pharmacology & Therapeutics-I (General-I) [Th.]

3

407

Pharmacology & Therapeutics-I (General-I) [Lab.]

1

409 411 413

Pharmacognosy-I [Th.] Pharmacognosy-I [Lab.] Pharmaceutical Microbiology-I [Th.]

3 1 3

415 417

Pharmaceutical Microbiology-I [Lab.] Pakistan Studies Total Cr. Hr.

1 3 19

2nd Semester Course Subject No. Pharmaceutics-IV 402 (Pharmaceutical Preparations-II) [Th.] Pharmaceutics-IV 404 (Pharmaceutical Preparations-II) [Lab.] Pharmacology & 406 Therapeutics-II (GeneralII) [Th.] Pharmacology & 408 Therapeutics-II (GeneralII) [Lab.] Pharmacognosy-II [Th.] 410 Pharmacognosy-II [Lab.] 412 Pharmaceutical 414 Microbiology-II [Th.] Pharmaceutical 416 Microbiology-II [Lab.] Islamiyat 418 Total Cr.Hr.

Cr. Hr. 3 1 3 1 3 1 3 1 3 19

72

3rd Professional Pharm-D 1st Semester Course Subject No. 501 Pathology [Th.]

Cr. Hr. 3

503

Pathology [Lab.]

1

505

3

509

Pharmacology & Therapeutics-III (Systemic Pharmacology-I) [Th.] Pharmacology & Therapeutics-III (Systemic Pharmacology-I) [Lab.] Pharmacognosy-III [Th.]

511

Pharmacognosy-III [Lab.]

1

513

Pharmaceutical Chemistry-III (Instrumentation-I) [Th.] Pharmaceutical Chemistry-III (Instrumentation-I) [Lab.] Pharmaceutics-V (Dispensing Pharmacy) [Th.] Pharmaceutics-V (Dispensing Pharmacy) [Lab.]

3

Total Cr. Hr.

19

507

515 517 519

1 3

1 2 1

2nd Semester Course Subject Cr. No. Hr. 502 Computer and its Applications in 3 Pharmacy [Th.] 504 Computer and its Applications in 1 Pharmacy [Lab.] 506 Pharmacology & Therapeutics-IV 3 (Systemic Pharmacology-II) [Th.] 508 Pharmacology & Therapeutics-IV (Systemic Pharmacology-II) [Lab.] 1 510 Pharmacognosy-IV [Th.] 3 512 Pharmacognosy-IV [Lab.] 1 514 Pharmaceutical Chemistry-IV (Instrumentation-II) [Th.] 3 516 Pharmaceutical Chemistry-IV (Instrumentation-II) [Lab.] 1 518 Pharmaceutics-VI (Community Pharmacy) [Th] 4 Total Cr. Hr.

20

Fourth Professional Pharm-D 1st Semester Course Subject No. 601 Pharmaceutics-VII (Hospital Pharmacy-I) [Th.] 603 Pharmaceutics-VIII (Clinical Pharmacy-I) [Th.] 605 Pharmaceutics-VIII (Clinical Pharmacy-I) [Lab.] 607 Pharmaceutics-IX (Industrial Pharmacy-I) [Th.] 609 Pharmaceutics-IX (Industrial Pharmacy-I) [Lab.] 611 Pharmaceutics-X (Biopharmaceutics-I) [Th.] 613 Pharmaceutics-X (Biopharmaceutics-I) [Lab.] Pharmaceutics-XI 615 (Pharmaceutical Quality Management-I) [Th.] Pharmaceutics-XI 617 (Pharmaceutical Quality Management-I) [Lab.]

Cr. Hr. 3 3 1 3 1 3 1 3 1

2nd Semester Course Subject No. 602 Pharmaceutics-VII (Hospital Pharmacy-II) [Th.] 604 Pharmaceutics-VIII (Clinical Pharmacy-II) [Th.] 606 Pharmaceutics-VIII (Clinical Pharmacy-II) [Lab.] 608 Pharmaceutics-IX (Industrial Pharmacy-II) [Th.] 610 Pharmaceutics-IX (Industrial Pharmacy-II) [Lab.] 612 Pharmaceutics-X (Biopharmaceutics-II) [Th.] 614 Pharmaceutics-X (Biopharmaceutics-II) [Lab.] Pharmaceutics-XI (Pharmaceutical 616 Quality Management-II) [Th.] Pharmaceutics-XI (Pharmaceutical Quality Management-II) [Lab.] 618

19

Cr. Hr. 3 3 1 3 1 3 1 3 1

19

Final (Fifth) Professional Pharm-D 73

1st Semester Course Subject Cr. No. Hr. 701 Pharmaceutical Chemistry-V 3 (Medicinal-I) [Th.] 703 Pharmaceutical Chemistry-V 1 (Medicinal-I) [Lab.] 705 Pharmaceutics-XVII (Clinical 3 Pharmacy-III) [Th.] 707 Pharmaceutics-XVII (Clinical 1 Pharmacy-III) [Lab.] 709 Pharmaceutics-XVIII 3 (Pharmaceutical Technology-I) [Th.] 1 711 Pharmaceutics-XVIII (Pharmaceutical Technology-I 3 [Lab.] 713 Pharmaceutics-XIX (Forensic 3 Pharmacy-I) [Th.] 715 Pharmaceutics-XX(Pharmaceutical Management & Marketing-I) [Th] Total Cr. Hr.

18

2nd Semester Course Subject

Cr. Hr. 3

No.

702 704 706 708 710 712 714 716

Pharmaceutical Chemistry-V (Medicinal-II) [Th.] 1 Pharmaceutical Chemistry-V (Medicinal-II) [Lab.] 3 Pharmaceutics-XVII (Clinical Pharmacy-IV) [Th.] 1 Pharmaceutics-XVII (Clinical Pharmacy-IV) [Lab.] 3 Pharmaceutics-XVIII (Pharmaceutical Technology-II) 1 [Th.] Pharmaceutics-XVIII (Pharmaceutical Technology-II) 3 [Lab.] 3 Pharmaceutics-XIX (Forensic Pharmacy-II) [Th.] Pharmaceutics-XX (Pharmaceutical Management & Marketing-II) [Th] Total Cr. Hr. 18

NOTE: 1. 2. 3. 4.

Two credit hours of mathematics will be equal to 40 marks. Four credit hours of Biostatistics will be equal to 60 marks. Two credit hours of dispensing will be equal to 40 marks while one credit hour of practical will be equal to 60 marks. In general, three credit hours of theory will be equal to 50 marks. One credit hour of practical will also be equal to 50 marks. Moreover, four credit hours will be equal to 100 marks. One credit hour of practical means that there will be one practical class in a week and one practical class will not be less than 3hours.

PHARM-D. CR. HRs.

1st SEMESTER CR. HRs.

1st Prof. 2nd Prof. 3rd Prof. 4th Prof. Final Prof. Total: -

21 19 19 19 18 98

2nd SEMESTER TOTAL CR. HRs. 20 19 20 19 18 98

41 38 39 38 36 192

74

DETAILS OF COURSES FOR PHARM-D (SEMESTER SYSTEM) FIRST PROFESSIONAL FIRST SEMESTER 301

PHARMACEUTICAL CHEMISTRY-I (ORGANIC-I) [Theory] Cr. Hr. 03

Note: The topics will be taught with special reference to their Pharmaceutical Applications. 1. BASIC CONCEPTS: Conjugation, hyperconjugation, steric effect, inductive effect, mesomeric effect, hydrogen bonding, Theory of resonance. Effect of structure on reactivity of compounds. Tautomerism of carbonyl compounds. 2. NUCLEOPHILIC AND ELECTROPHILIC SUBSTITUTION REACTION IN ALIPHATIC AND AROMATIC SYSTEMS. 3. ORIENTATION IN ELECTROPHILIC REACTIONS ON BENZENE RING.

SUBSTITUTION

4. ORGANIC REACTIONS: Baeyer-Villiger oxidation; Diels Alder reaction; Grignard’s reaction, Metal hydride reduction and Wolf Krishner reduction, Friedel Craft’s reaction, Perkin reaction, Cannizzaro reaction, Wolf Kishner reduction. 5. CARBONIUM ION REARRANGEMENTS & THEIR STABILITY: Pinacol-pinacolone, Wagner-Meerwein, Wolf, Hofmann and Beckmann rearrangements. 6. CARBANIONS & THEIR STABILITY: Condensation reaction (Aldol condensation; Favorskii rearrangement; Witting reaction).

303

PHARMACEUTICAL CHEMISTRY-I (ORGANIC-I) 75

[Laboratory]

Cr. Hr. 01

NOTE:- Practicals of the subject shall be designed from time to time on the basis of the above mentioned theoretical topics and availability of the facilities, e.g. Organic analysis: Identification of unknown simple organic compounds.

Recommended Books 1. Peter Sykes, A Guide Book to Mechanism in Organic Chemistry, Longman, New York, 1st Ed., 1991. 2. E L Eliel, Stereochemistry of Carbon Compounds, Tata MacGrawHill, New Delhi, 1992. 3. Rehman and M Younis, Organic Chemistry for B.Sc. students, Ilmi Kitab Khana, Lahore, 1997. 4. L Finar, Organic Chemistry Vol I, Person Education Asia, 6th Ed., New Delhi, 2001. 5. Raj K Bansel, Organic Reaction Mechanism, Tata MacGraw-Hill, New Delhi, 1992. 6. Furaiss Brian, Practical Organic Chemistry, 5th Ed., ELBS, London. 7. Sykes A P, Guide Book to Mechanism in Organic Chemistry, 5th Ed., Lonsmen Co, UK, 1970. 8. Roberts J D and Caserio M C, Basic Principles of Organic Chemistry, 1990. 9. Naser-ud-Din, Introduction to Stereochemistry, Ghafoor Stationary Mart, Peshwar, 1994. 10. Bhal B S, Text Book of Organic Chemistry, S Chand & Co. New Delhi, 14th Ed., 1995. 305

PHARMACEUTICAL BIOCHEMISTRY-I (Theory)

Cr. Hr. 03

1. GENERAL INTRODUCTION AND BASIC BIOCHEMICAL PRINCIPLES Role of pharmaceutical biochemistry in the health profession. Nature of biochemical reactions. 2. BASIC CHEMISTRY OF BIOMOLECULES (Nature, Classification etc.) (a) Carbohydrates: Chemistry, Classification, Reactions of Carbohydrates, Optical activity, Biological and pharmaceutical importance of carbohydrates. (b) Lipids: Chemistry of Fatty acids and Lipids, Classification (Saponifiable and non-saponifiable lipids, Simple, Complex and

76

derived lipids), Reactions of Fatty acids and other Lipids, Essential fatty acids, Biological and pharmaceutical importance of lipids. (c) Proteins and Amino acids: Chemistry, Classification of proteins and amino acids, Reactions of proteins and amino acids, Organizational levels, Macromolecular nature of proteins, Biological and pharmaceutical importance of proteins and amino acids. (d) Nucleic acids: Chemistry, Types (DNA, RNA, Mrna, Trna, Rrna), Purine and Pyrimidine bases, Nucelosides, Nucelotides, Structures of nucleic acids, Biological and pharmaceutical importance of nucleic acids. (e) Vitamins: Chemistry, Classification (Fat-soluble and water-soluble vitamins), Biological and pharmaceutical importance of vitamins. (f) Hormones: Chemistry, Classification (Proteinous and nonproteinous hormones, amino acid derivatives, steroids), Biological and pharmaceutical importance of hormones. (g) Enzymes: Chemistry, Classification, Mode of action, Kinetics (Michaelis Menten Equation and some modifications), Inhibition, Activation, Specificity, Allosteric enzymes, Factors affecting the rate of an enzyme-catalyzed reaction, Biological and pharmaceutical importance, Mechanism of action of some important enzymes (Chymotrypsin, Ribonuclease). 307

PHARMACEUTICAL BIOCHEMISTRY-I (Laboratory) Cr. Hr. 01

NOTE:- Practicals of the subject shall be designed from time to time on the basis of the above mentioned theoretical topics and availability of the facilities, e.g. Qualitative analysis of: Carbohydrates, Amino acids, Peptides and Proteins, Lipids and Sterols (Cholesterol) Bile salts and billirubin, Blood analysis – Sugar, Uric acid, Billirubin, Cholesterol and Creatinine.

Recommended Books 1. M N Chaterjea, Medical Biochemistry, Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers, New Delhi, 2003. 2. Roberk Murray, Daryl K, Granner, Peter A Mayes, Victor W Rodwell Harper’s Biochemistry, Appleton and Lange, Lange Medical Publications, NewYork, 2000. 3. Albert L Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry, CBS Publisher, Delhi, 1993. 4. Lubert Stryer, Biochemistry, W H Freeman and Company, 2002. 5. Pamela C Champe, Richard A Harvey, Illustrated Biochemistry, J Lippincot Company, 1994. 6. Harper’s Biochemistry, Print-Hall, New Jersey, 1996. 7. M Rafiq, Biochemistry, The Carvan Book House, Lahore, 1st Ed. 8. Montogomary, Clinical Chemistry, The C V Mosby Company, 5th Ed. 77

9. Conn and Stumpf, Outlines of Biochemistry, John Willey & Sons, New York, 5th Ed., 1999. 10. Lehninger, Biochemistry, Worth Publishers Co, New York. 11. Ahmed M Essentials of Medical Biochemistry, Merit Pub, Fasilabad, 1991 12. West E S, Todd R W and Van Bruggen T J, Text Book of Biochemistry, The MacMillan Co, 1996. 309

PHARMACEUTICS-I (PHYSICAL PHARMACY-I) Cr. Hr. 03 (Theory)

1. PHARMACY ORIENTATION: Introduction and orientation to the Professional of pharmacy in relation to Hospital Pharmacy, Retail pharmacy, Industrial pharmacy, Forensic pharmacy, Pharmaceutical education and research etc. 2. HISTORY AND LITERATURE OF PHARMACY: (a) A survey of the history of pharmacy through ancient, Greek and Arab periods with special reference to contribution of Muslim scientists to pharmacy and allied sciences. (b) An introduction of various official books. 3. PHYSIOCHEMICAL PROCESSES: (a) Precipitation: Process of precipitation and its applications in Pharmacy. (b) Crystallization: Types of crystals, Mechanism and methods of crystallization and its applications in Pharmacy. (c) Distillation: Simple, fractional, steam distillation, vacuum distillation, destructive distillation and their applications in Pharmacy. (d) Miscellaneous Processes: Efflorescence, deliquescence, lyophillization, elutrition, exiccation, ignition, sublimation, fusion, calcination, adsorption, decantation, evaporation, vaporization, centrifugation, dessication, levigation and trituration. 4. PHYSICO-CHEMICAL PRINCIPLES: (a) Solutions: Introduction, types, concentration expressions, ideal and real solution, colligative properties, their mathematical derivations and applications in pharmacy, molecular weight determinations, distribution co-efficient and its applications in pharmacy. (b) Solubilization: Solubility, factors affecting solubility, surfactants, their properties and types. Micelles, their formulation and types. (c) Ionization, pH, pH indicators, pka, buffers, buffer’s equation, isotonic solutions and their applications in pharmacy. 78

(d) Hydrolysis, types and protection of drugs against hydrolysis. (e) Micromeritics: Particle size and shapes, distribution of particles methods of determination of particle size and importance of particle size in Pharmacy. 311

PHARMACEUTICS-I (PHYSICAL PHARMACY-I) (Laboratory)

Cr. Hr. 01

NOTE:- Practicals of the subject shall be designed from time to time on the basis of the above mentioned theoretical topics and availability of the facilities, e.g. Experiments to demonstrate some of the physicochemical processes like simple distillation, steam distillation, crystallization and dialysis. Determination of particle size. Preparation of buffer solutions and isotonic solutions.

Recommended Books

1. Martin, Physical Pharmacy, B I Waverly PVT, Delhi, 4th Ed., 1994. 2. Cooper and Gunns, Tutorial Pharmacy, CBS Publishers & Distributors, New Delhi, 1986. 3. Bentley’s Pharmaceutics, All India Traveler Book Seller, New Delhi, 1996. 4. Martin P, Bustamante P and Chun, Physical & Chemical Principles of Pharmaceutical Science, AHC, 4th Ed., (1999), New York. 5. Martin AMN, Banker G S and Chun AHC Advances in Pharmaceutical Sciences. Academic Press, London, 1985. 6. Mill C C Casson, N, Rehology of dispress systems. Pergamon Press, New York, 1975. 7. Rienger M and Scott-Blair G W, Rehology. Academic Press, London, 1990. 8. Barry B W Advances in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Academic Press, London, 1990. 9. Sherman P, Emulsion Science, Academic Press, London, 1972. 10. Martin A, Swarbrick J and Cammatra A, Physical Pharmacy, 3rd Ed. Lee & Febiger, Philadelphia, 1983. 11. Attwood D and Flocence A T, Surfactant Systems. Chapman and Hall Ltd, London, 1982. 313 PHYSIOLOGY & Histology-I (Theory) Cr. Hr. 03

Physiology 1. BLOOD: Composition of blood (RBC, WBC and Platelets), Functions and Genesis of the formed elements, Fate of Red Blood cells, Jaundice, Reaction of Blood, Blood groups, Rh factors, ESR Blood volume,

79

Functions of Spleen, Blood coagulation, Hemophilia. Anaemias — classification. 2. CIRCULATORY SYSTEM: Properties of the cardiac muscle. Origin and conduction of the heart beat. Cardiac cycle. ECG. Heart sounds. Cardiac output. Stroke volume and heart rate. Nerve supply of the Heart. Coronary, Pulmonary, and skin circulation. Blood pressure, vasomotor system. Arterial pulse. Venous pulse, capillary circulation. Axon reflex, Triple response. Haemorrhage. Circulatory changes in exercise. Composition and circulate of lymph. Haemorrhage & Shock. 3. RESPIRATORY SYSTEM: Mechanics of respiration. Intrathoracic, intrapulmonary pressure, pulmonary ventilation. Lungs volume and capacities. Composition of Inspired air, expired air and alveolar air, carriage of O2 and CO2 by the blood. Regulation of breathing (Nervous & Chemical control). Respiratory changes in exercise, pneumonias, emphysema and bronchial asthma. 4. DIGESTIVE SYSTEM: Mastication, Deglutation, Digestive juicessaliva, Gastric juice, Pancreatic juice. Bile and intestinal juices; their composition, Functions and mechanism of secreation, Movements of the stomach and intestines. Functions of large intestine. Defecation. Functions of liver and gall bladder. 5. URINARY SYSTEM: Urine formation — composition of urine — GFR Urea clearance. Formation of concentrated and diluted urine. Histology 1. Introductin of cell: General structure of tissues in different systems of Body. 2. Basic Tissues: Epthelium (classification, shape, distribution and function). Supporting/connective tissue including bones and cartilage. (Classification, Distribution and Function) Muscular Tissue. (Types, distribution and function) Nervous Tissue (neuron and its types Neuroglia — classification and distribution). 3. Gastrointestinal tract: GIT including exocrine organs: Liver, pancreas and Gall Bladder. 4. Respiratory system: Respiratory system including Nasal cavity, Larynx, Trachea, Lung. 5. Cardio vascular System: Heart, Artery, Vein, Lymphatic. 315

PHYSIOLOGY & HISTOLOGY-I (Laboratory)

Cr. Hr. 01 80

NOTE:- Practicals of the subject shall be designed from time to time on the basis of the above mentioned theoretical topics and availability of the facilities. Physiology 1. Blood: Determination of Haemoglobin (Hb), ESR, RBC Count, WBC Count, DLC (Differential Leucocyte Count), Bleeding Time, Coagulation Time and Determination of blood groups. 2. Respiration: Estimation of vital capacity and its relation to posture and standard vital capacity. Determination of tidal volume. Demonstration of artificial respiration. 3. CVS: Recording of Arterial Pulse, Recording of Arterial Blood Pressure and Electro-cardiogram. Histology 1. Demonstration of preparation and staining of slides. Histological examination of slides, epithelium, connective tissues, muscle tissues, Organ system – Lung, appendix, Gall bladder, Stomach, Intestine, Heart, Artery, Vein, Lymphatic, etc.

Recommended Books Physiology 1. Arthur C Guyton, M D, Text Books of Medical Physiology, W B Saunders Company, 9th Ed., 1996. 2. William F Ganong, Review of Medical Physiology, Prentice Hgall international Inc, 17th Ed., 1995. 3. Chandi Charan Chatterjee, Human Physiology, Medical allied agency, 1994. 4. Samson Wright’s Applied Physiology. Revised by Cyril A Keele and Eric Neil. 5. Spence A P and Mason E B, Human Anatomy and Physiology, Beajamin/Cumming Publishing Inc Clifornia, 3rd Ed. 6. Snell R S, Clinical Anatomy for Medical Students, Litle Brown & Co Inc USA, 1992. Histology 1. Bradbury S, Hewer’s Text Book of Histology, ELBS, London, 1984. 2. Reference Book: Tissues of the body by Legros Clerks. Publisher Oxford at the Clarendon Press, London. 3. Cormack H D, Essential Histology, J B Lippincott Co Philadelphia, 1993. 4. Hammersen F, Histology; color Atlas Of Microscopic Anatomy, Lee & Febijer Co, Pennsylvania, 1985.

81

317

ANATOMY (Theory)

Cr. Hr. 03

1. Introduction: Anatomical Terminology: Definition. Cell, tissue, organ system. 2. Cardiovascular System: (a) Heart: Structure of Heart, Location of Heart, Blood Supply to Heart. (c) Blood Vessels: Main blood vessels arising & entering the heart. Types of blood vessels with examples. 3. Respiratory System: Name and structures of different parts of respiratory system and their inter-relationship. 4. Elementary System: Name and structure of different parts of elementary system and their inter-relationship. 5. Urinary System: Name and structure of organs of urinarysystem and their inter-relationship. 6. Reproductive System: Male ande Female reproductive systems. Name, structure and association of the organs. 7. Endocrine System: (a) Pituitary gland, structure and relation to hypothalamus. (b) Thyroid gland, structure. (c) Adrenal gland, structure. 8. Nervous System: Introduction: Cells of Nervous System (Neuron), Accessory cells of NS Organisation of Nervous System: (a) Central Nervous System: Brain — Meninges (Cerebrum — cerebral Lobes, Ventricals, Cerebellum — Anatomy of Cerebellum, Brain Stem — Mid-Brain, Pons, Medulla Oblongata, Diencephalon, Thalamus, Hypothelamus, Cranial Nerves, Spinal Cord — Meninges. CSF Internal Structure. Sensory and Motor Pathway. Spinal Reflexes. Peripheral Spinal Nerves). (b) Autonomic Nervous System: Sympathetic Nervous System and Parasympathetic Nervous System.

Recommended Books 1. Romanes, G J, Cunningham’s Manual of Practical Anatomy. Humphary Kalfom, Oxford, Oxford University Press, London, 3 volumes, 1996. 82

2. Gray’s Anatomy, Descriptive and Applied. Longman’s Green and Co, London, 1996. 3. J G Romanes, London, Cunningham’s Textbook of Anatomy. Oxford University Press, 1996. 4. Snell, R.S. Clinical Anatomy, Boston, Little, Brown and Company, 1996. 5. Keith L More and TVN Persaud, Philadelphia, Clinically Oriented Human Anatomy. W B Saunders, 1996. 6. B Grant, A Method of Anatomy, Bailliere Tinal and Co, Ltd, London. 7. W J Hamilton, A textbook of Anatomy, Macmillan and Co, London. 8. R J Last, Anatomy, Regional and Applied, J and A Churchill Ltd, London. 319

PHARMACEUTICAL MATHEMATICS (Theory)

Cr. Hr. 02

1. ALGEBRA: (a) Sets and Functions: Elementary concepts of sets. Concept of Functions, Domain and Range of a Function. Different types of Functions. Graphical representation of a function. Some applications of Functions. (b) Solution of Linear and Quadratic Equations. Equations reducible to Quadratic Form. Solution of simultaneous Equations. (c) Arithmetic, Geometric and Harmonic Progressions. Arithmetic, Geometric and Harmonic Means. (d) Permutations and combinations. (e) Binomial Theorem: Simple application. 2. TRIGONOMETRY: Measurement of Angles in Radian and degrees. Definitions of circular functions. Derivation of circular function for simple cases. 3. ANALYTICAL GEOMETRY: Coordinates on point in a plane. Distance between two points in a plane. Locus, Equations of straight line, Equation of Parabola, Circle and Ellips. 4. DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS: Concept of Derivations. Rules of Differentiation. Examples on the evaluation of Derivations. Derivatives of Exponential and Logarithmic Functions, Partial Derivations. Higher Order Derivatives. Maxima & Minima points of Inflections. 5. INTEGRAL CALCULUS: Concept of Integration. Rules of Integrations. Integrations of Algebric and Trignomatric functions by using different techniques. 83

Recommended Books 1. C H Edvards Jr and David E Penney, Calculus and Analytic Geometry, Prentice-Hall, Inc, A division of Sinon & Schustor Englewood Gliffs, New Jersey 07632, USA, 1995. 2. Ahmed B and Khan M, Mathmactics for Pharmacists, Arsalan Paper Mart, Multan, 1993. SECOND SEMESTER 302 Note:

PHARMACEUTICAL CHEMISTRY (Organic-II) (Theory)

Cr. Hr. 03

The topics will be taught with special reference to their Pharmaceutical Applications.

1. Stereochemistry: Stereoisomerism, optical isomerism; Molecules with more than one chiral center. Geometrical isomerism, Resolution of racemic mixture. Conformational analysis. 2. Free radicals: Introduction, structure and stability, preparation and properties. 3. General methods of preparations, properties, identification test and pharmaceutical applications of the following classes and their analogues: Alcohols, Phenols, Ethers, Aldehydes, Ketones, Acids, esters, Amines and Aniline, Lactones, Lactams, Amides, Imides, Diazonium salts. 4. Preparation and properties of medicinally important heterocyclic compounds such as: Pyrrol, Furan, Thiophene, Pyridine, Pyrimidine and Pyrazine. 5. Preparation and properties of heterocyclic compounds in which benzoring is fused with five and six membered ring containing one heteroatom; Indole, Quinoline and Isoquinoline.

84

304

PHARMACEUTICAL CHEMISTRY (Organic-II) (Laboratory)

Cr. Hr. 01

NOTE:- Practicals of the subject shall be designed from time to time on the basis of the above mentioned theoretical topics and availability of the facilities, e.g. Organic Preparations like Benzoic acid, Aspirin, Acetanilide, Iodoform, Nitrophenol, 3-nitrophthalic acid, Benzhydrol, 2, 4-Dinitro-chlorobenzene.

Recommended Books 1. Peter Sykes, A guide Book to Mechanism in Organic Chemistry, Longman, New York, 1st Ed., 1991. 2. E L Eliel, Stereochemistry of Carbon Compounds, Tata McGraw-Hill, New Delhi, 1992. 3. Rehman and M. Younis, Organic Chemistry for B.Sc. students, Ilmi Kitab Khana, Lahore, 1997. 4. L Finar, Organic Chemistry Vol I, Person Education Asia, 6th Ed., New Delhi, 2001. 5. Raj K Bansel, Organic Reaction Mechanism, Tata McGraw-Hill, New Delhi, 1992. 6. Furaiss Brian, Practical Organic Chemistry, 5th Ed., ELBS, London. 7. Sykes A P, Guide Book to Mechanism in Organic Chemistry, 5th Ed., Lonsmen Co, UK, 1970. 8. Roberts J D and Caserio M C, Basic Principles of organic Chemistry, 1990. 9. Naser-ud-Din, Introduction to Stereochemistry, Ghafoor Stationery Mart, Peshawar, 1994. 10. Bhal B S, Text Book of Organic Chemistry, S Chand & Co, New Delhi, 14th Ed., 1995. 306

PHARMACEUTICAL BIOCHEMISTRY-II (Theory)

Cr. Hr. 03

1. Metabolic fate of Biomolecules (Anabolism and Catabolism) (a) Carbohydrates: Introduction to metabolism, Brief introduction to the digestion and absorption of carbohydrates, Aerobic and anaerobic breakdown of Glucose, Glycolysis, Pentose Phosphate Pathway, Glycogenolysis, Glycogenesis, Gluconeogenesis, Citric acid cycle, Energetics of various metabolic processes. (b) Lipids: Brief introduction to the digestion and absorption of lipids, Oxidation of fatty acids through β-oxidation, Biosynthesis of fatty acids, neutral lipids and cholesterol.

85

(c) Proteins and Amino acids: Brief introduction to the digestion and absorption of proteins and amino acids, Metabolism of essential and non-essential amino acids, Biosynthesis and catabolism of Haemins and porphyrin compounds. (d) Bioenergetics: Principles of bioenergetics. Electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation. 2. Regulation of Metabolic Processes (a) Role of Vitamins: Physiological role of Fat-soluble (A, D, E and K) and Water-soluble (Thiamin, Riboflavin, Pantothenic acid, Niacin, Pyridoxal phosphate, Biotin Folic acid, Cyanocobalamin – members of B-complex family – and Ascorbic acid), Coenzymes and their role in the regulation of metabolic processes. (b) Receptor mediated regulation (Hormones): Mechanism of action of hormones, Physiological roles of various hormones, Site of synthesis and target sites of hormones. (c) Secondary Messengers: Role of cAMP, Calcium ions and phosphoinositol in the regulation of metabolic processes. (d) Gene Expression: Replication, Transcription and Translation (Gene expression) Introduction to Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Basic principles of Recombinant DNA technology, Pharmaceutical applications. Balance of Catabolic, Anabolic and Amphibolic processes in human metabolism, Acid-Base and Electrolyte Balance in Human body. 308

PHARMACEUTICAL BIOCHEMISTRY-II (Laboratory)

Cr. Hr. 01

NOTE:- Practicals of the subject shall be designed from time to time on the basis of the above mentioned theoretical topics and availability of the requirements, e.g. Quantitative analysis of: Carbohydrates – Glucose (reducing sugar) and any other carbohydrate using Benedict and Anthrone method. Amino acids, Peptides and Proteins using Biuret and Ninhydrin (Spectrophotometric) method. Analysis of normal and abnormal components of Urine including Sugar, Uric acid, Bilirubin, Cholesterol and Creatinine.

Recommended Books 1. M N Chaterjea, Medical Biochemistry, Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers, New Delhi, 2003. 2. Roberk Murray, Daryl K, Granner, Peter A Mayes, Victor W Rodwell Harper’s Biochemistry, Appleton and Lange, Lange Medical Publications, NewYork, 2000. 86

3. Albert L Lehninger, Principles of Biochemistry, CBS Publisher, Delhi, 1993. 4. Lubert Stryer, Biochemistry, W H Freeman and Company, 2002. 5. Pamela C Champe, Richard A Harvey, Illustrated Biochemistry, J Lippincot Company, 1994. 6. Harper’s Biochemistry, Print-Hall, New Jersey, 1996. 7. M Rafiq, Biochemistry, The Caravan Book House, Lahore, 1st Ed. 8. Montogomary, Clinical Chemistry, The C V Mosby Company, 5th Ed. 9. Conn and Stumpf, Outlines of Biochemistry, John Willey & Sons, New York, 5th Ed., 1999. 10. Lehninger, Biochemistry, Worth Publishers Co, New York. 11. Ahmed M Essentials of Medical Biochemistry, Merit Pub Faisalabad, 1991. 12. West E S, Todd R W and Van Bruggen T J, Text Book of Biochemistry, The MacMillan Co, 1996. 310

PHARMACEUTICS-II (PHYSICAL PHARMACY-II) Cr. Hr. 03 (Theory)

1. DISPERSED SYSTEM: (a) Colloids: Types, methods of preparation, properties (optional, kinetic, electrical) Dialysis and artificial kidney, stability of colloids, protection and sensitization phenomenon and application of colloids in Pharmacy. (b) Emulsions: Types, theories of emulsification. Emulsifying agents, their classification and stability of emulsion. (c) Suspensions: Type, Methods of Preparation, Properties, Suspending agents, their classification and stability. (d) Adsorption Techniques: Adsorption techniques and processes of adsorption in detail. 2. RHEOLOGY: (a) Definition and Fundamental concept. (b) Properties contributing to rheological behaviour. (c) Graphic presentation of rheological data. 3. RATE and ORDER OF REACTIONS. 4. KINETIC PRINCIPLES AND STABILITY TESTING: THEORETIC CONSIDERATIONS: Degradation: (a) Physical Factors: Influence of pH, temperature, ionic strength, acidbase catalysis, U.V. light. (b) Chemical Factors: Complex chemical reactions. Oxidation-reduction, hydrolysis. 87

312

PHARMACEUTICS-II (PHYSICAL PHARMACY-II) Cr. Hr. 01 (Laboratory)

NOTE:- Practicals of the subject shall be designed from time to time on the basis of the above mentioned theoretical topics and availability of the facilities, e.g. Determination of Emulsion systems. Determination of %age composition of solutions by specific gravity method. Determination of Partition-coefficient, surface tension, viscosity.

Recommended Books

1. Martin, Physical Pharmacy, B I Waverly PVT, Delhi, 4th Ed., 1994. 2. Cooper and Gunns Tutorial Pharmacy, CBS Publishers & Distributors, New Delhi, 1986. 3. Bentley’s Pharmaceutics, All India Traveler Book Seller, New Delhi, 1996. 4. Martin P, Bustamante, P and Chun, Physical & Chemical Principles of Pharmaceutical Science, AHC, 4th Ed., (1999), New York. 5. Martin AMN, Banker G S and Chun AHC Advances in Pharmaceutical Sciences. Academic Press, London, 1985. 6. Mill C C, Casson N, Rehology of dispress systems. Pergamon Press, New York, 1975. 7. Rienger M and Scott-Blair G W, Rehology. Academic Press, London, 1990. 8. Barry B W, Advances in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Academic Press, London, 1990. 9. Sherman P. Emulsion Science, Academic Press, London, 1972. 10. Martin A, Swarbrick J and Cammatra A Physical Pharmacy, 3rd Ed., Lee & Febiger, Philadelphia, 1983. 11. Attwood D and Flocence A T, Surfactant Systems. Chapman and Hall Ltd, London, 1982.

314

PHYSIOLOGY & HISTOLOGY-II (Theory)

Cr. Hr. 03

Physiology 1. PHYSIOLOGY OF NERVE AND MUSCLE: Chemical change in Muscle on contraction. Action Potential. 2. NERVOUS SYSTEM: Spinal reflexes. Reflex regulation of movement and posture. Cerbral cortex functions. Voluntary movements. Descending tracts of spinal cord. Basal ganglia, Cerbellum. Autonomic Nervous system. Thalamus. CSF.

88

3. SKIN: Structure, Functions of skin, Temperature regulation by Skin. 4. SPECIAL SENSE: Elementary knowledge of structure and function of the special senses. 5. ENDOCRINOLOGY: Definition of Hormone. Nature of different types of hormone. Mechanism of action of hormone. (a) Pituitary hormones: Growth Hormone, Prolactin, ACTH, TSH, ADH, Oxytocin. Acromegaly, Giantism, PanHypopituitrism. (b) Thyriod Gland: Thyroxin, Tri-iodothyronin, Format and functions of thyroid hormones. Hyperthroidism, Myxodema. (c) Para thyriod Hormone: (d) Pancreatic Hormone: Insulin, Glucagon, Diabetes mellitis. (e) Adrenal Glands: Mineralocorticoids, Glucocorticoids, Anabolic Steroids, Adrenalin, Nor-adrenalin, Cushing syndrome, Addison disease. (f) Sex Hormones: Female Sex Hormone: Structure and function. Male Development of secondary sex characteristics, spermatogenesis. Composition of semen. Female Development of secondary characters. Menstruation, (Ovarian cycle). Oogenesis. (Dysmanorrhea, etc.). Histology 1. Skin: Types of skin, Derivatives of skin including Nail, sebaceous glands, sweat glands and Hair follicles. 2. Lymphoid Tissue: General structure of Lymphoid organs: Lymph node, spleen, palatine tonsil and thymus. 3. Excretory system including Kidney, Ureter, and Urinary bladder. 4. Reproductive system: Male reproductive organs, (Testes, Genital tract). Female reproductive organs, (Ovary, and female genital tract). 5. Endocrine system: Pituitary gland, Adrenal gland, Thyroid gland, Parathyroid gland, Endocrine part of pancreas. 316

PHYSIOLOGY & HISTOLOGY-II (Laboratory)

Cr. Hr. 01

NOTE:- Practicals of the subject shall be designed from time to time on the basis of the above mentioned theoretical topics and availability of the facilities. Physiology 1. Eye: Visual activity, far vision and near vision. Field of vision (Perimetry). 2. CNS: Nerve Muscle Preparation in frog. Effect of Temperature on muscle. Demonstration of spinal reflexes. 89

Histology Demosntration of preparation and staining of slides. Histological examination of slides. Organ system – Skin, Spleen, Tonsil, thymus, Reproductive system, Endocrine system, etc.

Recommended Books Physiology 1. Arthur C Guyton, M D, Text Books of Medical Physiology, W B Saunders Company, 9th Ed., 1996. 2. William F Ganong, Review of Medical Physiology, Prentice Hall International Inc, 17th Ed., 1995. 3. Chandi Charan Chatterjee, Human Physiology, Medical allied agency, 1994. 4. Samson Wright’s Applied Physiology. Revised by Cyril A Keele and Eric Neil. 5. Spence A P and Mason E B, Human Anatomy and Physiology, Beajamin/Cumming Publishing Inc, Clifornia, 3rd Ed. 6. Snell R S, Clinical Anatomy for Medical Students, Little Brown & Co Inc, USA. 1992. Histology 1. Bradbury S, Hewer’s TextBook of Histology, ELBS, London, 1984. 2. Reference Book: Tissues of the body by Legros Clerks. Publisher Oxford at the Clarendon Press, London. 3. Cormack H D, Essential Histology, J B Lippincott Co. Philadelphia, 1993. 4. Hammersen F, Histology; colour atlas of microscopic anatomy, Lee & Febijer Co, Pennsylvania, 1985. 318

BIOSTATISTICS (Theory)

Cr. Hr. 04

1. DESCRIPTION OF STATISTICS: Descriptive Statistics: What is Statistics? Importance of Statistics. What is Biostatistics? Application of Statistics in Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences. How samples are selected? 2. ORGANIZING and DISPLAYING DATA: Vriables, Quantitative and Qualitative Variables, Univariate Data, Bivariate Data, Random Variables, Frequency Table, Diagrams, Pictograms, Simple Bar Charts, Multiple Bar Charts, Histograms.

90

3. SUNNARIZING DATA and VARIATION: The Mean, The Median, The Mode, The Mean Deviatiobn, The Variance and Standard Deviation, Coefficient of Variation. 4. CURVE FITTING: Fitting a Straight Line. Fitting of Parabolic or High Degree Curve. 5. PROBABILITY: Definitions, Probability Rules,Probability Distributions (Binomial & Normal Distributions). 6. SIMPLE REGRESSION AND COORELATION: Introduction. Simple Linear Regression Model. Correlation co-efficient. 7. TEST OF HYPOTHESIS AND SIGNIFICANCE: Statistical Hypothesis. Level of Significance. Test of Significance. Confidence Intervals, Test involving Binomial and Normal Distributions. 8. STUDENT “t”, “F” and Chi-Square Distributions: Test of Significance based on “t”, “F” and Square Distributions. 9. ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE: One-way Classification, Two-way Classification, Partitioning of Sum of Squares and Degrees of Freedom, Multiple Ccompression Tests such as LSD, The analysis of Variance Models.

Recommended Books 1. Daniel W W, Bio-Statistics, Foundation for Analysis in Health Science. 3rd Ed., 1983. 2. Zar J H, Bio-Statistical analysis, Francis Hall, N J, USA. 3. Nilton J S, and Tsokos J D, Statistical Methods in Biological and Health Sciences, McGrew-Hill. 1983. 4. Chaudhry S A and Kamal S, Introduction to Statistical Theory, Part-I and Part-II, Ilmi Kitab Khana, Urdu Bazar, Lahore, 1996. 5. Samuels M, Statistics for the life sciences, Dellen Pub Co, S F, USA, 1991. 6. Walpole R E, Introdution to Statistics, Macmillam Pub Co, N Y, 1982.

91

SECOND PROFESSIONAL FIRST SEMESTER 401

PHARMACEUTICS-III (Pharmaceutical Preparations-I) Cr. Hr. 03 (Theory)

1. Introduction: Dosage form. Ingredients 2. Pharmaceutical Calculations: Some Fundamentals of Measurements and Calculations. The Metric System. The Common Systems. Conversions. Calculation of Doses. Reducing and Enlarging Formulas. Density, Specific Gravity & Specific Volume. Weights and Volumes of Liquids. Percentage Preparations. Isotonic Solutions. HLB Values. Industrial Calculations. Some calculations involving Hydrogen-ion concentration. 3. Galenical Preparations: Infusions. Decoctions. Extracts. Fluid extracts. Tinctures. Aromatic Waters. 4. Extraction Processes: Maceration: Purpose and process. Percolation: Purpose and Process. Liquid-Liquid extraction. Large scale extraction. 5. Solvents used in Pharmaceutical Preparations. 6. Oral Solutions, Syrups, Elixirs and Spirits: Solutions and their preparation, dry mixtures for solution, oral rehydrate solutions, oral colonic leverage solution. Syrup: components and preparation of Syrups. Elixirs: Preparation of elixirs, medicated and non-medicated elixirs. 7. Oral Suspensions, Emulsions, Magma and Gels: Preparations, Examples, and Importance. 403

PHARMACEUTICS-III (Pharmaceutical Preparations-I) (Laboratory) Cr. Hr. 01

NOTE:- Practicals of the subject shall be designed from time to time on the basis of the above mentioned theoretical topics and availability of the facilities, e.g. Prepartion of simple syrup, Orange syrup, Ferrous sulphate syrup, Cod Liver oil Emulsion, Liquid paraffin Emulsion, Throat paint (Mandle’s paint), Boroglycerine glycerite, Tannic acid glycerine, Spirit ammonia aromatic, Spirit of Ethyl nitrite. (A minimum of 10n practicals will be conducted)

92

Recommended Books 1. Michel E Aulton, Pharmaceutics, ELBS/Churchill Livingstone, London, 1998. 2. Bentley’s Book of Pharmaceutics, CBS Publishers & Distributors, New Delhi, 1986. 3. Pharmaceutics, the Science of Dosage Form Design. 2nd Ed., HawCourt Publisher, 2002. 4. E A Rawlins, Berdley’s Textbook of Pharmaceutics, edited by 8th (or recent edition) 1977. Macmillan Publishing Co Inc, New York. 5. Sprowl’s (Dittert L W, Eds.), American Pharmacy, 7th Ed, J B Lippincott Co, 1990. 405

PHARMACOLOGY & THERAPEUTICS-I (General-I) (Theory) Cr. Hr. 03

1. GENERAL PHARMACOLOGY (a) Introduction: History, Pharmacology and its classification and Drugs and their sources (b) Routes of drugs administration: Advantages and disadvantages of Enteral Routes, Advantages and disadvantages of Parentral Routes and Advantages and disadvantages of Topical Routes. (c) Pharmacokinetics: Drug solubility and passage of drugs across the body membranes, Plasma concentration of drugs and various factors affecting it (Absorption and factors influencing the rate of absorption (GIT and other routes) of drugs, Distribution and factors influencing the rate of distribution of drugs, Biotransformation and factors influencing the rate of biotransformation of drugs, Excretion, channels of excretion and factors influencing the rate of excretion of drugs), Definition of (Bioabvailability & Bioequivalence, Therapeutic Index, Plasma Half Life (t½), Dose-Response Curve, Area Under Curve, Volume of Distribution. (d) Pharmacodynamics: Drug receptors and theories, Mechanisms of drug action, Specificity of drug action and Factors modifying the action & dosage of drugs. 2. DRUGS ACTING ON AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM (ANS) (a) Organization of ANS its subdivisions and innervations. (b) Neurotransmitters in ANS, their synthesis, release and fate. (c) Sympathetic agonist drugs: Catecholamines and Non-catecholamines. (d) Sympathetic antagonist drugs: Adrenergics Nerve Blockers, Adrenoceptor antagonists (Alpha-adrenergic blockers and Betaadrenergic blockers). 93

(e) Parasympathetic (Cholinergic) agonists and Anticholinestrase inhibitors. (f) Parasympathetic antagonists. (g) Drugs acting on Ganglia (Ganglian stimulants and Ganglion blockers). (h) Neuromuscular blocking drugs. 3. DRUGS ACTING ON GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT: (a) Emetic. (b) Anti-emetics. (c) Purgatives: Bulk forming purgatives, Lubricant purgatives, Irritant purgatives and Saline Purgatives. (d) Anti-diarrheal Agents. (e) Treatment of Peptic & Dudenal Ulcers: Antiacids, H2-Receptor Antagonists, Antimuscarinic Agents, Proton Pump Inhibitors, Gastrin Receptor Antagonist and Cytoprotective agents. (f) Drug treatment of chronic inflammatory diseases of bowel. (g) Drugs affecting bile flow and Cholelithiasis. Note: 1. Only an introduction will be given of the banned and obsolete drug products. 2. While dealing with Pharmacology stress should be laid to the group actions of related drugs and only important differences should be discussed of the individual drugs placed in same group. 3. Newly introducted drugs should be included in the syllabus while drugs with no clinical and therapeutic values ought to be excluded from syllabus at any time. 4. The prototype drugs in each group from the latest edition of the recommended books. 407

PHARMACOLOGY & THERAPEUTICS-I (General-I) (Laboratory) Cr. Hr. 01

NOTE:- Practicals of the subject shall be designed from time to time on the basis of the above mentioned theoretical topics and availability of the facilities, e.g. Preparation of standard solution. Ringer solution. Tyrode solution. Kreb solution. Normal saline solution. To demonstrate the effects of sympathomimetic (Adrenaline) & sympatholytic drugs (Propranolol) on Frog’s heart. To demonstrate the effects of parasympathomimetic (Acetylcholine) and parasympatholytic (Atropine) drugs on Frog’s heart. To demonstrate the effects

94

of an unknown drug on Frog’s heart. Routes of Administration of drugs. (Note: A minimum of 10 practicals will be conducted)

Recommended Books 1. Goodman Gillman, Pharmacological basis of therapeutics. McGrawHill Book Company, New York, 1996. 2. Winguard and Brody, Human Pharmacology, Mosby Year Book, Boston, 1991. 3. James M Ritter and Lionel De Levis, A Text book of Clinical Pharmacology, Oxford University Press, New York, 1995. 4. R S Satorkar and S D Bhandarkar, Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapeutics, Popular Prakashan, Bomby, 1993. 5. J D Tripathy, Essential of Medical Pharmacology, Japees Brother, New Delhi, 4th Ed., 2000. 6. D R Laurance, Clinical Pharmacology, ELBS, London, 6th Ed., 1987. 7. Katzung B G, Basic and Clinical Pharmacology, McGraw-Hill Medical Publishers, New York, 8th Ed., 2001 8. Lipponcott, Pharmacology, Lippincot William & Willkin, USA, 2001. 9. Manuchair Edabi, Pharmacology, Little Brown & Company, London, 1993. 10. Qayum A, Fundamentals of Experimental Pharmacology. Ghandhara University, Peshawar. 11. Bertram G K, Basic and Clinical Pharmacology, Paramount Publishing Business & Professional Group, USA, 6th Ed., 1995. 12. William F, Ganong W F, Review of Medical physiology, Prentice Hall International Inc, New Jersey. 409

PHARMACOGNOSY-I (Theory)

Cr. Hr. 03

1. GENERAL INTRODUCTION: Historical Development and Scope of Pharmacognosy. Traditional system of Medicine/medicinal plants. Evolution of Modern system of Medicine (History of Modern System of Medicine). Classification of Crude Drugs with Special Emphasis to Chemical and Therapeutical System of Classification. Terminology Used in Pharmacognosy. Preparation of Crude Drugs for Commercial Market, Methods of Cultivation, Drying, Storage. Preservation, Packing, Deterioration and Adulteration of Crude Drugs. Evaluation of Crude Drugs I E. Organoleptic, Microscopic, Physical, Chemical and Biological. 2. THE STUDY OF THE CRUDE DRUGS BELONGING TO VARIOUS FAMILIES OF MEDICINAL IMPORTANCE 95

Families a. b. c. d. e. f. g. h. i. j.

Crude Drugs

Ranunculanceae Aconitum, Larkspur, Pulsatilla, Hydrastis. Papaveraaceae Papaver Somniferum, Sanguinaria, Canadensis. Leguminosae Acacia, Glycyrrhiza, Senna, Cassia, Tamarind. Umbelliferae Fennel, Carum, Coriander, Conium, Asafoetida. Apocynaceae Rauwolfia, Catharanthus. Solanaceae Belladonna, Hycscyamus, Stramonium Capsicum. Scrophulariaceae Digitalis, Verbascum (Mullien). Labiatae Peppermint, Thyme, Spearmint, Salvia, Ocimum. Liliaceae Garlic, Colchicum, Aloe. Zingiberaceae Ginger, Curcuma.

3. GROWTH REGULATORS: General account with special reference to Auxins, Gibberellins Abscisic acid, Cytokinins and Ethylene. 411

PHARMACOGNOSY -I (Laboratory)

Cr. Hr. 01

NOTE:- Practicals of the subject shall be designed from time to time on the basis of the above mentioned theoretical topics and availability of the facilities, e.g. Introduction of the entire and broken parts of the plant drugs (Macro and organoleptic characters). (Note: A minimum of 10 practicals will be conducted)

Recommended Books

1. V E Tyler, L R Brady and J E Robbers, Pharmacognosy, 9th Ed., Lea and Febiger, Philadelphia, 1988. 2. G E Trease and W C Evans, Pharmacognosy, W B Saunders, Philadelphia, Toronto, 2002. 3. K Usmanghani, Topics in Pharmacognosy, University Grants Commission Monograph Series, Islamabad, pp74, 1985. 4. T E Wellis, Text book of Pharmacognosy, CBS Publishers & Distributors, New Delhi, 1986. 5. Varro E Taylor, Pharmacognosy, Lee Febiger Philadelphia, 9th Ed. 6. Mohammad Ali, Introduction to Pharmacognosy, CBS Publishers & Distributors, New Delhi, 1986. 7. K Usmanghani, Chemical Pharmacognosy, University Grants Commission, Islamabad, 1985. 8. Youngkin H W, Text Book of Pharmacognosy, The Blakiston Co, Toronto, 6th Ed., 1948.

413

PHARMACEUTICAL MICROBIOLOGY-I (Theory)

Cr. Hr. 03 96

Note:-

The topics will be taught with special reference to their Pharmaceutical Applications.

1. GENERAL MICROBIOLOGY: Historical Introduction, Scope of Microbiology with special reference to Pharmaceutical Sciences. Nomenclature and classification of Micro-organisms. 2. ORGANISMS: The Bacteria: General and cellular Morphology, structure and function. Classification of Bacteria. Growth curve, growth factors and growth characteristics. Nutrition, Requirements and Nutrition factors affecting growth. Culture Media, Bacterial cultures and staining Methods. The Viruses: Introduction, Classification (and detail of at least one species from every group), cultivation, and replication. 3. THE FUNGI/YEAST/MOLDS. 4. THE PROTOZOA. 5. The NORMAL FLORA: Microbiology of air, water and soil (General introduction and normal inhibitants of air, water, and soil). 413

PHARMACEUTICAL MICROBIOLOGY-I (Theory) Cr. Hr. 03

NOTE:- Practicals of the subject shall be designed from time to time on the basis of the above mentioned theoretical topics and availability of the facilities, e.g. Preparation of general and selective media and culturing of micro-organisms. Total and viable counts of microorganism. Morphological and selective biochemical characteriz-ation of some specimen. Staining of Bacteria: Gram method, Acid fast, Giemasas staining, Capsule staining, Flagella staining and Spore staining. Microbiological analysis of air, water and soil.

97

Recommended Books

1. Jawetiz, Medical Microbiology and Immunology, 5th Ed., Churchill Livingstone, London, 1998. 2. W B Hugo & A D Russell, Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Black Well Science Ltd, London, 6th Ed., 1998. 3. Lippincot. Microbiology by Lipponcott. William & Willkin, USA, 2001. 4. Alcamo. Introduction to Microbiology. John Bartlett Publishers, 6th Ed., 2003. 5. Collin and Lynes, Microbiological Methods, Vutterworth Heineman, Oxford, 1995. 6. M Mekallee, Microbiology: Essentials and Application, McGraw-Hill Inc, 2nd Ed. 7. Singleton and Sainsbury, Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular biology, John Willey & Sons, New York, 2000. 8. Pelczar, Microbiology, McGraw-Hill Inc, 1996. 9. Prescott, Harley, Microbiology, 2nd Ed., Klein Wm C Brown Publishers, 2001.

417

PAKISTAN STUDIES (Theory)

Cr. Hr. 03

As per syllabi of B.A/B.Sc. classes, approved by the respective University. SECOND SEMESTER 402

Pharmaceutics-IV (Pharmaceutical Preparations-II) Cr. Hr. 03 (Theory)

1. TRANSDERMAL DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS: Introduction of Ointments, Creams, Pastes, Poultice, Plasters, Lotions, Liniments, Topical gels, Topical Tinctures, Collodions, Topical solutions, Topical Powders, Percutaneous absorption, Transdermal systems in use. 2. OPHTHALMIC, NASAL AND OTIC PREPARATIONS: Ophthalmic solutions, suspensions, ointment, inserts, contact lens solutions. Nasal decongestant solutions, Decongestant inhalers. Ear preparations: Antiinfective, anti-inflammatory and analgesic. 3. SUPPOSITORIES AND VAGINAL SUPPOSITORIES: Semi-solid Preparations, Suppositories bases, preparation, packaging and storage, Solutions/Anemas.

98

4. AEROSOLS, INHALATIONS AND SPRAYS: Aerosol: Principle, container and valve assembly, Propellants, filling, testing, packaging, labeling and storage. 5. POWDERS, CAPSULES, TABLET DOSAGE FORMS: Preparation of Powders, mixing of powders, uses and packaging of powders, granules, effervescent, granulated salts. Hard gelatin capsules, capsule sizes, preparation of filled hard gelatin capsules, soft gelatin capsules, preparation and its application. Tablets, their types, characteristics and methods of preparation. 6. INTRODUCTION TO PARENTERALS: Official types of injections, solvents and vehicles for injections, added substances. 7. A brief introduction to oral hygiene products. 404

Pharmaceutics-IV (Pharmaceutical Preparations-II) Cr. Hr. 01 (Laboratory)

NOTE:- Practicals of the subject shall be designed from time to time on the basis of the above mentioned theoretical topics and availability of the facilities, e.g. Prepartion of Methyl salicylate ointment, Sulpher ointment, Calamine lotion, Iodine tincture, Preparations of oral hygiene products, Poultice of Kaolin, Effervescent granules, Distilled Water for injections. (A minimum of 10n practicals will be conducted)

Recommended Books 1. Michel E Aulton, Pharmaceutics, ELBS/Churchill Livingstone, London, 1998. 2. Bentley’s Book of Pharmaceutics, CBS Publishers & Distributors, New Delhi, 1986. 3. Pharmaceutics, The Science of Dosage Form Design. 2nd Ed., HawCourt Publisher, 2002. 4. E A Rawlins, Berdley’s Textbook of Pharmaceutics, edited by 8th time (or recent edition) 1977. Macmillan Publishing Co Inc, New York. 5. Sprowl’s (Dittert L W; Ed.), American Pharmacy, 7th Ed., J B Lippincott Co, 1990.

99

406

PHARMACOLOGY & THERAPEUTICS-II (General-II) Cr. Hr. 03 (Theory)

1. AUTACOIDS AND THEIR ANTAGONISTS: Histamine and Antihistamines, Serotonin and Serotonin Antagonists and Other Autocoids 2. DRUGS ACTING ON RESPIRATORY SYSTEM: (a) Drugs used for cough (Antitussives, Expectorants and Mucolytic Agents). (b) Drug treatment of Bronchial Asthma (Bronchodilators, Cromoglycate, Nedocromil, Cortecosteroids & other Anti-inflammatory drugs and Muscarinic receptor antagonists) 3. DRUGS ACTING ON CARDIO-VESCULAR SYSTEM: (a) Angina pectorus and its drug treatment. (b) Congestive heart failure & its treatment. (c) Antiarrhythmic drugs. (d) Agents used in Hyperlipidemia. (e) Coagulants and Anticoagulants. (f) Antihypertensives. (g) Diuretics. 4. DRUGS ACTING ON GENITOURINARY SYSTEM: Oxytoxic drugs, Ergot alkaloids and uterine relaxants. 5. ANTI-ANAEMIC DRUGS. Note: 1. Only an introduction will be given of the banned and obsolete drug products. 2. While dealing with Pharmacology stress should be laid to the group actions of related drugs and only important differences should be discussed of the individual drugs placed in same group. 3. Newly introducted drugs should be included in the syllabus while drugs with no clinical and therapeutic values ought to be excluded from syllabus at any time. 4. The prototype drugs in each group from the latest edition of the recommended books.

100

408

PHARMACOLOGY & THERAPEUTICS-II (General-II) (Laboratory)

Cr. Hr. 01

NOTE:- Practicals of the subject shall be designed from time to time on the basis of the above mentioned theoretical topics and availability of the facilities, e.g. To demonstate the effects of vasconstrictor drugs on Frog’s blood vessels. To demonstrate the effects of stimulant drugs on Rabbit’s intestine (Acetyl choline, Barium chloride). To demonstrate the effects of depressant drugs on Rabbit’s intestine (Atropine). To differentiate the effects of an unknown drug on Rabbit’s intestine and identify the (unknown) drug. To study the effects of Adrenaline on Rabbit’s Eyes. To study the effects of Homatropine on Rabbit’s Eyes. To study the effects of Pilocarpine on Rabbit’s Eyes. To study the effects of Local Anaesthetic drug (e.g. Cocaine) on Rabbit’s Eyes. To identify the unknown drug & differentiate its effects on Rabbit’s Eyes. (Note: A minimum of 10 practicals will be conducted)

Recommended Books 1. Goodman Gillman, Pharmacological basis of therapeutics. McGrawHill Book Company, New York, 1996. 2. Winguard and Brody, Human Pharmacology, Mosby Year Book, Boston, 1991. 3. James M Ritter and Lionel De Levis, A Text book of Clinical Pharmacology, Oxford University Press, New York, 1995. 4. R S Satorkar and S D Bhandarkar, Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapeutics, Popular Prakashan, Bomby, 1993. 5. J D Tripathy, Essential of Medical Pharmacology, Japees Brother, New Delhi, 4th Ed., 2000. 6. D R Laurance, Clinical Pharmacology, ELBS, London, 6th Ed., 1987. 7. Katzung B G, Basic and Clinical Pharmacology, McGraw-Hill Medical Publishers, New York, 8th Ed., 2001. 8. Lipponcott, Pharmacology, Lippincot William & Willkin, USA, 2001 9. Manuchair Edabi, Pharmacology, Little Brown & Company, London, 1993. 10. Prof Dr A Qayum, Fundamentals of Experimental Pharmacology. 11. Bertram G K, Basic and Clinical Pharmacology, Paramount Publishing Business & Professional Group, USA, 6th Ed., 1995. 12. William F Ganong, W F, Review of Medical physiology, Prentice Hall International Inc, New Jersey.

101

410

PHARMACOGNOSY-II (Theory)

Cr. Hr. 03

1. ALLERGENS AND ALLERGENIC PREPARATION: Introduction, case history, skin test, treatment off allergy, inhalant, ingestant, injectant, contactant, infectant and infestant allergens. Mechanism of allergy. 2. ENZYMES: Enzymes obtained from plant source. (Phytoenzymes). Papain Bromelain and Malt Extract. Enzymes obtained from Animal source. Rennin pepsin, Pancreatin and Pancrealipase. 3. POISONOUS PLANTS: General introduction of poisonous plants with special reference to Pakistan. 4. PESTICIDES: Introduction. Methods of controlling pests with special reference to natural methods. 412 PHARMACOGNOSY-II (Laboratory)

Cr. Hr. 01

NOTE:- Practicals of the subject shall be designed from time to time on the basis of the above mentioned theoretical topics and availability of the facilities, e.g. Microscopic examination of powders and sections of plant drugs. A Study Tour will be an integral part of the syllabus and will be arranged at the end of the session for collection of medicinal plants from various hilly areas of the country.

Recommended Books 1. V E Tyler, L R Brady and J E Robbers, Pharmacognosy, 9th Ed., Lea and Febiger, Philadelphia, 1988. 2. G E Trease and W C Evans, Pharmacognosy, W B Saunders, Philadelphia, Toronto, 2002. 3. K Usmanghani, Topics in Pharmacognosy, University Grants Commission Monograph Series, Islamabad, pp74, 1985. 4. T E Wellis, Text book of Pharmacognosy, CBS Publishers & Distributors, New Delhi, 1986. 5. Varro E Taylor, Pharmacognosy, Lee Febiger Philadelphia, 9th Ed. 6. Mohammad Ali, Introduction to Pharmacognosy, CBS Publishers & Distributors, New Delhi, 1986. 7. K Usmanghani, Chemical Pharmacognosy, University Grants Commission, Islamabad, 1985. 8. Youngkin H W, Text Book of Pharmacognosy, The Blakiston Co, Toronto, 6th Ed., 1948. 414 PHARMACEUTICAL MICROBIOLOGY-II 102

(Theory) Note:-

Cr. Hr. 03

The topics will be taught with special reference to their Pharmaceutical Applications.

2. INDUSTRIAL MICROBIOLOGY: Introduction to Sterilization/ Disinfection. Fermentation. Pharmaceutical products produced by fermentation process (Penicillins, Cepalosporins, Gentamycin, Erythromycin, Tetracyclines, Rifamycin, Griseofulvin) 3. IMMUNOLOGY: Introduction, Types of Imunity: Specific and nonspecific (Cellular basis of Immune response. Immunity, autoimmunity, tolerance. Antigen. Antibodies). Antigen-Antibody reactions and their clinical and diagnostic applications. Hypersensitivity and allergy. Drug allergy mechanism. Vaccination: Introduction and aims. Types of Vaccines. Current vaccine practices. 4. FACTORY AND HOSPITAL HYGIENE AND GOOD MANUFACTURING PRACTICE: Introduction, Control of Microbial contamination during manufacture, Mnaufacture of Sterile products, A Guide to Current Good Pharmaceutical Manufacturing Practices. 416

PHARMACEUTICAL MICROBIOLOGY-II (LABORATORY)

Cr. Hr. 01

NOTE:- Practicals of the subject shall be designed from time to time on the basis of the above mentioned theoretical topics and availability of the facilities, e.g. Sterilization of Glassware and pharmaceutical products by various methods. Microbiological assays of: Antibiotics and vitamins.

Recommended Books

1. Jawetiz, Medical Microbiology and Immunology, 5th Ed., Churchill Livingstone, London, 1998. 2. W B Hugo & A D Russell, Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Black Well Science Ltd, London, 6th Ed., 1998. 3. Lippincot, Microbiology by lipponcott, William & Willkin, USA, 2001. 4. Alcamo, Introduction to Microbiology, John Bartlett Publishers, 6th Ed., 2003. 5. Collin and Lynes, Microbiological Methods, Vutterworth Heineman, Oxford, 1995. 6. M Mekallee, Microbiology: Essentials and Application, McGraw-Hill Inc, 2nd Ed. 103

7. Singleton and Sainsbury, Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular biology, John Willey & Sons, New York, 2000. 8. Pelczar, Microbiology, McGraw-Hill Inc, 1996. 9. Prescott, Harley, Microbiology, 2nd Ed., Klein Wm C Brown Publishers, 2001. 418

ISLAMIYAT (Theory)

Cr. Hr. 03

As per syllabi of B.A/B.Sc. classes, approved by the respective University.

THIRD PROFESSIONAL FIRST SEMESTER 501

PATHOLOGY (Theory)

Cr. Hr. 03

1. SCOPE OF PATHOLOGY & CONCEPT OF DISEASES: 2. DEFINITION AND TERMINOLOGY: Ischemia, Hypoxia, Necrosis, Infarction, Atrophy, Hypertrophy, Hyperplasia, Metaplasia, Aplasia, Anaplasia. 3. RESPONSE OF BODY TO INJURY AND INFECTION: Acuate inflammation, Chronic inflammation, Immunity, Allergy, Hyper Sensitivity. 4. SPECIFIC: Ulcer (Peptic, Doudenal), Hypertension, Leukemia or Blood Cancer (Malignant Carcinoma, Sarcoma & Lymphomas), Diagnosis and treatment of Cancer in general, fate, survival and prognosis with tumors. 503

PATHOLOGY (Laboratory)

Cr. Hr. 01

Study of Pathological Slides of various Pathological Conditions Acute inflammation, Chronic inflammation, Chronic specific inflammation, Different types of Degeneration, Thrombosis, Embolism, Infarction, Necrosis, Gangrene, Hyperplasia, Metaplasia, Pigmentation, Calcification, CVC, Papilloma, Adenoma, Chondroma, Fibroma, Leomyoma, Neofibroma, Sq. Cell Carcinoma, Basal Cell Carcinoma, Transitional Cell Carcinoma, Adenocarcinoma, Fibrocarcinoma, Rhadomyosarcoma, Leomyosarcoma, Lymphosarcoma, Liposarcoma, Reticular Cell Sarcoma, Hodgkins disease, Breast Carcinoma, Osteogenic Sarcoma, Osteoclastoma. 104

Examiantion of different body fluids in various Pathological Conditions Urine complete Examination, stool Examination, Blood Complete Examination, Semen Examination, Cerebrospinal Fluid Examination, Pericardial fluid examination, Pleural Fluid Examination, Ascitic Fluid Examination, Blood Sugar, Blood Urea, Blood Choleterol etc. Tests for various Specimens of Clinical Importance Techniques of Clinical Blood Examination for various disases, Gastric Analysis, Tests for liver function test, Renal function test, Tests for endocrine abnormalities, Biopsies and cytologic techniques.

Recommended Books

1. Kumar Cotran Robins, Basic Pathology, 6th Ed., W B Saunders Company, Philadelphia (1992). 2. Walters and Israel, General Pathology, Churchill Livingstone, London (1998). 3. Peter S Macfarlane, Robin Reid, Robin Collander, Pathology Illustrated, Churchill Livingstone, London (1998). 4. Robbins Pathology, W B Saunders Co, London, 2nd Ed., 1962. 5. Walter G B, General Pathology, Churchill Livingstone, New York, 1996.

505

PHARMACOLOGY & THERAPEUTICS (Systemic Pharmacology) (Theory) Cr. Hr. 03 1. DRUGS ACTING ON CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM (a) CNS – Depressants: Hypnotic & Sedatives and Analgesics (Narcotic Analgesics and opioid antagonists, Analgesic, Antipyretic and Anti-inflammatory drugs [NSAID] including Disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs and Drug treatment of Gout) (b) CNS – Stimulants: Cerebral Stimulants, Medullary stimulants, Spinal Cord Stimulants, Antidepressants, Psychotomimetic or Hallucinogenics, Psychotherapeutic Agents (Anxiolytics and Antipsychotics), Drug treatment of Epilepsy and Drug treatment of Parkinsonism and other movement disorders. 2. ANAESTHETICS (a) Anaesthesia and its clinical importance. (b) General Anaesthesia, Mechanism of action and its application. (c) General Anaesthetics. (d) Local Anaesthetics. (e) Spinal Anaesthesia and drug used. (f) Techniques of Local Anaesthesia. 105

Note: 1. Only an introduction will be given of the banned and obsolete drug products. 2. While dealing with Pharmacology stress should be laid to the group actions of related drugs and only important differences should be discussed of the individual drugs placed in same group. 3. Newly introducted drugs should be included in the syllabus while drugs with no clinical and therapeutic values ought to be excluded from syllabus at any time. 4. The prototype drugs in each group from the latest edition of the recommended books. 507

PHARMACOLOGY & THERAPEUTICS (Systemic Pharmacology) (Laboratory)

Cr. Hr. 01

NOTE:- Practicals of the subject shall be designed from time to time on the basis of the above mentioned theoretical topics and availability of the facilities, e.g. To study the convulsant effects of strychnine and picrotoxin in frogs and to determine the site of action. To identify the unknown (convulsant) drug and determine its site of action. To study the effects of Adrenaline on Human Eyes. To study the effects of Pilocarpine on Human Eyes. To study the effect of Homatropine on Human Eyes. To identify and observe the effects of unknown drugs on Human Eyes. To study the effects of local anaesthetic drugs on human and the nerve plexus of frog.

Recommended Books 1. Goodman Gillman, Pharmacological basis of therapeutics. McGrawHill Book Company, New York, 1996. 2. Winguard and Brody, Human Pharmacology, Mosby Year Book, Boston, 1991. 3. James M Ritter and Lionel De Levis, A Text book of Clinical Pharmacology, Oxford University Press, New York, 1995. 4. R S Satorkar and S D Bhandarkar, Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapeutics, Popular Prakashan, Bomby, 1993. 5. J D Tripathy, Essential of Medical Pharmacology, Japees Brother, New Delhi, 4th Ed., 2000. 6. D R Laurance, Clinical Pharmacology, ELBS, London, 6th Ed., 1987. 7. Katzung, B G, Basic and Clinical Pharmacology, McGraw-Hill Medical Publishers, New York, 8th Ed, 2001. 8. Lipponcott, Pharmacology, Lippincot William & Willkin, USA, 2001.

106

9. Manuchair Edabi, Pharmacology, Little Brown & Company, London, 1993. 10. Prof Dr A Qayum, Fundamentals of Experimental Pharmacology. 11. Bertram G K, Basic and Clinical Pharmacology, Paramount Publishing Business & Professional Group, USA, 6th Ed., 1995. 12. William F Ganong, W F, Review of Medical physiology, Prentice Hall International Inc, New Jersey. 509

PHARMACOGNOSY-III (Theory)

Cr. Hr. 03

1. SEPARATION AND ISOLATION OF PLANT CONSTITUTIONS: An introduction to chromatography and chromatographic techniques e.g. Adsorption Chromatography and Partition Chromatography. 2. CARBOHYDRATES: Introduction of carbohydrate. (a) Sucrose and Sucrose containing drugs: Sucrose, Dextrose, Liquid glucose, Fructose, Lactose, Xylose, Caramel, Honey, Starch, Inulin, Dextrine etc. (b) Cellulose and Cellulose Derivatives: Purified cotton, Powdered cellulose, Microcrystalline cellulose, Methyl cellulose, Sodium Carboxy-methyl cellulose. (c) Gums and Mucilages: Tragacenth, Acacia, Sodium Alginate, Agar, Pectin. 3. GLYCOSIDES: Introduction, classification, chemistry and medicinal uses of: (a) Cardioactive glycosides: Digitalis, Strophanthus and white squill. (b) Anthroquinone glycosides: Cascara, Aloe, Rhubarb, Cochineal and Senna. (c) Saponin glycosides: Glycyrrhiza, Sarsaparilla. (d) Cyanophore glycosides: Wild cherry. (e) Isothiocyanate glycosides: Black Mustard. (f) Lactone glycosides: Cantharide. (g) Aldehyde glycosides: Vanilla. (h) Miscellaneous glycosides: Gentian,. Quassia, Dioscorea. 4. TANNINS: Introduction, classification, properties and chemical identity tests of Tannins and Tannin containing compounds. Detailed study of Hammamelis, Catechu and Nut Galls. 5. LIPIDS: Introduction. Detailed study of:

107

(a) Fixed Oils: Castor oil, cotton seed oil, olive oil, peanut oil, sun flower oil, corn oil, coconut oil, Almond oil, Linseed oil, Mustard oil, Sesame oil and soybean oil. (b) Fats and Related Compounds: Theobroma oil and Lenolin. (c) Waxes: Bees wax, carnauba wax, spermaceti and Jojoba oil. 511

PHARMACOGNOSY-III (Laboratory)

Cr. Hr. 01

NOTE:- Practicals of the subject shall be designed from time to time on the basis of the above mentioned theoretical topics and availability of the facilities, e.g. Extraction of the active constituents of crude drugs and chemical tests for their identification.

Recommended Books

1. V E Tyler, L R Brady and J E Robbers, Pharmacognosy, 9th Ed., Lea and Febiger, Philadelphia, 1988. 2. G E Trease and W C Evans, Pharmacognosy, W B Saunders, Philadelphia, Toronto, 2002. 3. K Usmanghani, Topics in Pharmacognosy, University Grants Commission Monograph Series, Islamabad, pp74, 1985. 4. T E Wellis, Text book of Pharmacognosy, CBS Publishers & Distributors, New Delhi, 1986. 5. Varro E Taylor, Pharmacognosy, Lee Febiger Philadelphia, 9th Ed. 6. Mohammad Ali, Introduction to Pharmacognosy, CBS Publishers & Distributors, New Delhi, 1986. 7. K Usmanghani, Chemical Pharmacognosy, University Grants Commission, Islamabad, 1985. 8. Youngkin H W, Text Book of Pharmacognosy. The Blakiston Co. Toronto, 6th Ed., 1948.

513

PHARMACEUTICAL CHEMISTRY-III (Instrumentation-I) (Theory) Cr. Hr. 03

Note:-

The topics will be taught with special reference to their Pharmaceutical Applications.

Theory, Instrumentation and Pharmaceutical Applications of the following Spectroscopic Methods 1. Atomic Absorption and Emission Spectroscopy. 2. Molecular fluorescence spectroscopy. 3. Flame Photometry. 4. I.R. Spectroscopy. 108

5. Mass Spectroscopy. 6. NMR Spectroscopy. 7. UV/Visible Spectroscopy. 515

PHARMACEUTICAL CHEMISTRY-III (Instrumentation-I) (Laboratory) Cr. Hr. 01

NOTE:- Practicals of the subject shall be designed from time to time on the basis of the above mentioned theoretical topics and availability of the requirements, e.g. Determination of the Purity and Composition of the unknown drugs by using at least each of the above techniques.

Recommended Books 1. Lough W J, High Performance Liquid Chromatography, Blacki Academic Press, New York, 1996. 2. William Kemp,Organic Spectroscopy, Ellsi Horwood, London, 1990. 3. M Aminuddin & Javed Iqbal, Theory and Practice of Chromatography, University Grants Commission, Islamabad-Pakistan (2000). 4. A H Beckett and J B Stennlake, Practical Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Part I and II, the Aulton Press, London. 5. A M Knevel and F E Digangi, Jenkins’s quantitative Pharmaceutical Chemistry, McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York. 6. Braithwaite and F J Smith, Chromatographic Methods, Chapman and Hall, London. 7. E Heftmann, Chromatography, Von Nostrond Reinheld Co, New York, 1975. 8. Pryde and M J Gilbert, Applications of High Performance Liquid Chromatography, Chapman & Hall, London, 1979. 9. E Stahl, Thin Layer Chromatography, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1969. 10. R Hamilton, Introduction to HPLC, P A Sewell, Chapman & Hall, London, 1982. 517 PHARMACEUTICS-V (Dispensing Pharmacy) (Theory) Cr. Hr. 02 1. Basic Principles of Compounding and Dispensing Including: Weights and Measures, Calculations for compounding and Dispensing, Fundamental operations in Compounding, Containers and closures for Dispensed Products, Prescription-Handling (Parts of Prescription, Filling, Interpretation, Pricing) and Labelling of Dispensed Medication. 2. Extemporaneous Dispensing of:

109

3. 4. 5. 6. 519

Solutions, Suspensions, Emulsions, Creams, Ointments, Pastes and gels, Suppositories and pessaries, Powders and granules and Oral unit dosage form. Pharmaceutical Incompatibilities: Types of Incompatibilities, Manifestations, Correction and Prevention with reference to typical examples. Classical dosage Forms. I.V. Admixtures. Radio-Pharmacy-Techniques and Applications. PHARMACEUTICS-V (Dispensing Pharmacy) (Laboratory)

Cr. Hr. 01

NOTE:- Practicals of the subject shall be designed from time to time on the basis of the above mentioned theoretical topics and availability of the facilities, e.g. Practical introduction to prescription-handling, interpretation, filling and Labeling. 1. Mixtures: Dispensing of simple mixtures containing soluble substances only, mixtures containing diffusable substances, indiffusable substances and mixtures forming precipitate. 2. Powders: Dispensing of simple powders, compound powders and effervescent powders for external use. 3. Incompatibility: Practical Importance of Incompatibilities. 4. Ointments And Creams: Dispensing of iodine and Methyl salicylate ointment. Dispensing of cold cream and vanishing creams. 5. Cosmetics: Lipstic, talcum powder, after shave lotion, shaving cream. (Note: A minimum of 20 practicals will be conducted)

Recommended Books 1. Cooper and Guns, Dispensing, CBS Publishers & Distributors, New Delhi, 1986. 2. Hussa’s Dispensing. 3. Remington’s Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mack Publishing Company, USA, 2001. 4. Martindale's Extra Pharmacopoeia.

SECOND SEMESTER

110

502

COMPUTER AND ITS APPLICATIONS IN PHARMACY (Theory) Cr. Hr. 03

1. Fundamentals basic concept of computers History of Data Processing, Types of Computers, Components of a Computer, Computer System and Business Computer System, Backing Storage Devices, Unit of Memory, Viruses and Anti-viruses Issues. 2. System Analysis and Design What is a System? Steps in system life cycle, Data Gathering and Data Analysis, Designing a New System, Development and Implementation of New System, Documentation. 3. Data Processing Data Processing, The Data Processing Cycle, The Collection and Computing of data, Manual collection of data, The main methods of data input, Devices used to collect data, Data Verification, Data Validation, Output and Recording of data, Types of data processing systems, Types of Computer Operation, Batch Processing and Real-time Processing. 4. Data Communication Applications of Data Communication, Components of a data communication system, Rate of data Transmission, Computer Networks, Network Topology, Gateway, E-mail/Internet concepts. 504

COMPUTER AND ITS APPLICATIONS IN PHARMACY (Laboratory) Cr. Hr. 01 1. Internet and E-mail Internet and Microsoft Internet Explorer 5, Addresses, Links and Downloading, Searching the Internet, E-mail and Newsgroups, Favorites, security and Customizing Explorer. 2. Web Page Development Introduction to Front-page, Creating a First Web site, Basic Formatting Techniques, Manipulating Tables within Front-page, Front-page, Picture and Multimedia, Hyper linking, Bookmarks and Image Maps, Introducing Front-page “components”, Front-page and Frames, Managing your Web, Good site design, Publishing and publicizing. 3. Complete Statistical Package like SPSS. 4. Languages At least two prevailing languages will be taught.

Recommended Books 1. Elias M System Analysis. Award Galgotia Publications, New Delhi, 1989. 111

2. Peter Norton, Inside IBM PC. Brady Computer Books, New York, 1988. 3. Dennis N, MS-DOS. Jump Practice Hall Press, New York, 1987. 4. Peter Norton, PC-DOS. Brady Computer Books, New York, 1985. 506

PHARMACOLOGY AND THERAPEUTICS-IV (Systemic Pharmacology-II (Theory) Cr. Hr. 03 1. CHEMOTHERAPY (a) Classification of drugs. (b) Antimicrobials: Sulphonamides, Antivirals, Antiprotozoals (Treatment of Malaria and Treatment of Amebiasis), Antifungals, Anthelmintics, Anti-neoplastic and Immunosuppressive drugs, Drug treatment of Leprosy and Antibiotics (Penicillins, Cephalosporins, Aminoglycosides, Tetracyclines, Chloramphenicol, Macrolides, Quinolones and Miscellaneous Antibiotics). (c) Antihypertensive Drugs. (d) Steroids and Antisteroid drugs. 2. HORMONES, ANTAGONISTS AND OTHER AGENTS AFFECTING ENDOCRINE FUNCTION (a) Endocrine function and dysfunctions. (b) Drug used for therapy of Diabetes Mellitus: Insulins and Oral Hypoglycemic agents. (c) Corticosteroids. (d) Thyroid hormone and anti-thyroid drugs. 3. TOXICOLOGY (a) Pollution and its typers (water, air, food). (b) Poison and principle of treatment of poisoning. (c) Poisoning (Sign & symptom and treatment): Ethanol, Barbiturates, Digitalis, Salicylides, Strychnine, Narcotics, Nicotine, Paracetamol, Benzodiazepines and Organophosphorous compounds. (d) Chelating agents and their role in poisoning: Dimercaprol, Calcium disodium edentate, Pencillamine and Defroxamine.

Note: 1. Only an introduction will be given of the banned and obsolete drug products. 2. While dealing with Pharmacology stress should be laid to the group actions of related drugs and only important differences should be discussed of the individual drugs placed in same group. 3. Newly introducted drugs should be included in the syllabus while drugs with no clinical and therapeutic values ought to be excluded from syllabus at any time. 112

4.

The prototype drugs in each group from the latest edition of the recommended books.

508

PHARMACOLOGY AND THERAPEUTICS-IV (Systemic Pharmacology-II) (Laboratory) Cr. Hr. 01

NOTE:- Practicals of the subject shall be designed from time to time on the basis of the above mentioned theoretical topics and availability of the facilities, e.g. 1. To identify and differentiate the effects of unknown drug on human and the nerve plexus of frog. 2. To demonstrate the effects of Acetylcholine on the Rectus abdominus muscle of frog and competitive. 3. Pharmacological antagomism by Neuromuscular blocking agent e.g. Gallamine. 4. To identify the unknown drug by performing pharmacological competitive antagonism on Rectus. 5. Abdominus muscle of Frog. 6. To study the anti-coagulant effects of Heparin and oral anti-coagulants on Rabbits. 7. To identify the unknown anti-coagulant drug using Rabbits. 8. To demonstrate the graded Dose-Response curve of Acetylcholine on Rabbit intestine. 9. To identify unknown concentration of Acetycholine from graded DoseResponse curves.

Recommended Books 1. Goodman Gillman, Pharmacological basis of therapeutics. McGrawHill Book Company, New York, 1996. 2. Winguard and Brody, Human Pharmacology, Mosby Year Book, Boston, 1991. 3. James M Ritter and Lionel De Levis, A Text book of Clinical Pharmacology, Oxford University Press, New York, 1995. 4. R S Satorkar and S D Bhandarkar, Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapeutics, Popular Prakashan, Bomby, 1993. 5. J D Tripathy, Essential of Medical Pharmacology, Japees Brother, New Delhi, 4th Ed., 2000. 6. D R Laurance, Clinical Pharmacology, ELBS, London, 6th Ed., 1987. 7. Katzung, B G, Basic and Clinical Pharmacology, McGraw-Hill Medical Publishers, New York, 8th Ed., 2001. 8. Lipponcott, Pharmacology, Lippincot William & Willkin, USA, 2001.

113

9. Manuchair Edabi, Pharmacology, Little Brown & Company, London, 1993. 10. Qayum A Fundamentals of Experimental Pharmacology. Ghandhara University, Peshawar. 11. Bertram G K, Basic and Clinical Pharmacology, Paramount Publishing Business & Professional Group, USA, 6th Ed., 1995. 12. William F Ganong, W F, Review of Medical physiology, Prentice Hall International Inc, New Jersey. 510

PHARMACOGNOSY-IV (Theory)

Cr. Hr. 03

1. VOLATILE OILS (ESSENTIAL OILS): Introduction, significance, methods of obtaining volatile oils, chemistry and classification of: (a) Hydrocarbon volatile oils: Cubeb and Terpentine oil. (b) Alcoholic volatile oils: Peppermint, Coriander and Cardamom. (c) Aldehydic volatile oils: Bitter orange peel, sweet orange peel, lemon, cinnamon and bitter almond oil. (d) Ketonic volatile oils: Camphor, spearmint, caraway, Buchu. (e) Phenolic volatile oils: Clove, Thyme. (f) Phenolic ether volatile oils: Fennel, Anise, Myristica. (g) Oxide volatile oils: Eucalyptus, chenopodium. (h) Ester volatile oils: Rosemary. (i) Miscellaneous volatile oils: Allium, Anethum. 2. RESINS AND RESIN COMBINATION: Introduction, properties and difference between glycoresins, oleoresins, oleo-gum resins and balsams. (a) Resins: Rosin, Cannabis. (b) Glycoresins: Podophyllum, Jalap, Ipomoea, Colocynth. (c) Oleoresins: Terpentine, Capsicum, Ginger. (d) Oleo-gum resins: Asafoetida, Myrrh. (e) Balsams: Storax, Peruvian balsam, Tolu balsam, Benzoin. 3. ALKALOIDS: Introduction, Properties, Cassification, Function of alkaloids in plants, Methods of extraction and identification tests. (a) Pyridine — Piperidine Alkaloids: Areca nut, Lobelia, Tobacco. (b) Tropane Alkaloids: Belladonna, Hyoscyamus, Stramonium. (c) Quinoline Alkaloids: Cinchona. (d) Isoquinoline Alkaloids: Ipecacuanha, Opium. (e) Indole alkaloids: Rauwolfia, catharanthus, nux vomica, physostigma, ergot. (f) Imidazole alkaloids: Pilocarpus. (g) Steroidal alkaloids: Veratrum. (h) Alkaloidal amines: Ephedra, colchicum. 114

(i) Purine Bases: Tea, Coffee. 4. TUMOUR INHIBITORS FROM PLANT: Detailed study of various antitumour agents isolated from plants. 512

PHARMACOGNOSY-IV (Laboratory)

Cr. Hr. 01

NOTE:- Practicals of the subject shall be designed from time to time on the basis of the above mentioned theoretical topics and availability of the facilities, e.g. Isolation and separation of active constituents of crude drugs by paper and thin layer chromatography.

Recommended Books

1. V E Tyler, L R Brady and J E Robbers, Pharmacognosy, 9th Ed., Lea and Febiger, Philadelphia, 1988. 2. G E Trease and W C Evans, Pharmacognosy, W B Saunders, Philadelphia, Toronto, 2002. 3. K Usmanghani, Topics in Pharmacognosy, University Grants Commission Monograph Series, Islamabad, pp74, 1985. 4. T E Wellis, Text book of Pharmacognosy, CBS Publishers & Distributors, New Delhi, 1986. 5. Varro E Taylor, Pharmacognosy, Lee Febiger Philadelphia, 9th Ed. 6. Mohammad Ali, Introduction to Pharmacognosy, CBS Publishers & Distributors, New Delhi, 1986. 7. K Usmanghani, Chemical Pharmacognosy, University Grants Commission, Islamabad, 1985. 8. Youngkin H W, Text Book of Pharmacognosy, The Blakiston Co, Toronto, 6th Ed., 1948.

514

PHARMACEUTICAL CHEMISTRY-IV (Instrumentation) (Theory) Cr. Hr. 03

Note:-

The topics will be taught with special reference to their Pharmaceutical Applications.

1. CHROMATOGRAPHIC METHODS: Column Chromatography, Thin Layer Chromatography, Gas Liquid Chromatography, HPLC and GCMS. 2. ELECTRO CHEMICAL METHODS: Potentiometry, Polarography and Radiochemical Techniques.

115

3. DIFFERENTIAL SCANNING CALORIMETRY. 516

PHARMACEUTICAL CHEMISTRY-IV (Instrumentation) (Laboratory) Cr. Hr. 01

NOTE:- Practicals of the subject shall be designed from time to time on the basis of the above mentioned theoretical topics and availability of the requirements, e.g. Determination of the Purity and Composition of the unknown drugs by using at least each of the above techniques.

Recommended Books 1. Lough W J, High Performance Liquid Chromatography, Blacki Academic Press, New York, 1996 2. William Kemp,Organic Spectroscopy, Ellsi Horwood, London, 1990. 3. M Aminuddin & Javed Iqbal, Theory and Practice of Chromatography, University Grants Commission, Islamabad-Pakistan (2000). 4. A H Beckett and J B Stennlake, Practical Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Part I and II, the aulton Press, London. 5. A M Knevel and F E Digangi, Jenkins’s quantitative Pharmaceutical Chemistry, McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York. 6. A Braithwaite and F J Smith, Chromatographic Methods, Chapman and Hall, London. 7. E Heftmann, Chromatography, Von Nostrond Reinheld Co, New York, 1975. 8. A Pryde and M J Gilbert, Applications of High Performance Liquid Chromatography, Chapman & Hall, London, 1979. 9. E Stahl, Thin Layer Chromatography, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1969. 10. R Hamilton, Introduction to HPLC, P A Sewell, Chapman & Hall, London, 1982.

116

518

PHARMACEUTICS-IV (Community Pharmacy) (Theory)

Cr. Hr. 04

1. DEFINITIONS AND BACKGROUND. 2. PUBLIC HEALTH AND COMMUNITY PHARMACY: Epidemeology & its Control, Preventive Health (EPI & CDC), Family Planning and Health Policy & National Drug Policy. 3. PATIENT ASSESSMENT. 4. MEDICAL COMPLICATION OF DRUG TAKING: General and Socioeconomic Aspects. 5. PATIENT PHARMACIST COMMUNICATION. 6. PATIENT EDUCATION AND COUNCELLING. 7. CONTROL OF DRUG ABUSE AND MISUSE. 8. ROLE OF PHARMACIST: As Public Health Educator in the Community for Drug Monitoring and Drug Information.

Recommended Books 1. Roy Robertson, Management of Drug Users in the Community: A Practical Handbook. 2. Remington’s Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mack Publishing Company, USA, 2001. 3. Martindale's Extra Pharmacopoeia.

117

FOURTH PROFESSIONAL FIRST SEMESTER 601

PHARMACEUTICS-VII (Hospital Pharmacy-I) (Theory)

Cr. Hr. 03

1. INTRODUCTION (a) Role of Pharmacist in Hospital. (b) Minimum standards for pharmacies in Institutions/Hospitals. (c) Research in Hospital Pharmacy. 2. HOSPITAL AND ITS ORGANIZATION (a) Classification of Hospitals. (b) Organizational Pattern. (c) Administration. (d) Clinical Departments. (e) Nursing, Dietectic, Pathology, Blood Bank, Radiology and other supportive services etc. (f) Role of Pharmacy in Hospital. (g) Hospital Finances. 3. PHARMACY, ITS ORGANIZATION AND PERSONNEL (a) Pharmacy specialist. (b) Drug information Centre. (c) Poison Control Centre and Antidote Bank. (d) Pharmacy Education. (e) Determining the need of Professional and other departmental staff. (f) Professional services rendered. 4. PHARMACY AND THERAPEUTIC COMMITTEE. 5. THE HOSPITAL FORMULARY (a) General Principles and guidelines to develop Formulary. (b) Format. (c) Preparation of the Formulary & Role of Pharmacist. (d) Benefits and problems. (e) Keeping up-to-date Formulary. (f) Contraceptives. 6. DISPENSING TO INPATIENTS (a) Methods of Dispensing & SOP’s. (b) Unit dose dispensing. 118

(c) Other concepts of dispensing, Satellite Pharmacy etc. 7. DISPENSING TO AMBULATORY PATIENTS. 8. DISTRIBUTION OF CONTROL SUBSTANCES. 9. DISPENSING DURING OFF-HOURS. 10. SAFE USE OF MEDICATION IN THE HOSPITAL (a) Medication error. (b) Evaluation & Precautions of Medication Error. (c) Role of Pharmacist in Controlling Medication Error.

Recommended Books

1. William Hassan, Hospital Pharmacy, Lee & Febiger, Washington, 5th Ed., 1986. 2. N I Bukhari, Hospital Pharmacy, Aziz Book Depot, Lahore-Pakistan, 2000. 3. Martin Stephen, Hospital Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Press, London, 2003.

603 PHARMACEUTICS-VIII (Clinical Pharmacy-I) (Theory)

Cr. Hr. 03

1. GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO CLINICAL PHARMACY: Terminologies, Basic Components and Scope. 2. PATIENT PROFILE: (a) Patient disease profile. (b) Taking case History. (c) Drug Profile of 25 Drugs (Adrenaline, Aminoglycosides, Anti TB Drugs, Antiepileptics, Atropine, Benzodiazepines, Cepahlosporins, Chlorpheniramine, Cimetidine, Digoxin, Dobutamine, Dopamine, Fluroquinolone, Frusemide, Lactulose, Macrolides, Metoclopramide, Morphine/Pethedine, Nifedipine, NSAIDS, ORS, Penicillins, Prednisolone, Salbutamol, Vancomycin) 3. CLINICAL TRIALS OF DRUG SUBSTANCES. Designing of clinical trials, Types of trials, Choice of patients, Exclusion of patients and Monitoring a clinical trial. 605

4. EMERGENCY TREATMENT. PHARMACEUTICS-VIII (Clinical Pharmacy-I) 119

(Laboratory)

Cr. Hr. 01

Clerkship in the Clinical setting. A project related to Clinical Pharmacy Practices will be completed by the students and will be evaluated by the external examiner.

Recommended Books 1. Roger Walker, Clinical Pharmacy & Therapeutics, Churchill Levingstone, London, 3rd Ed., 2003. 2. Guard Paul, A Behavioral Approach to Pharmacy Practice, Black Well, USA, 2000. 3. Herfindal Gourley, Clinical Pharmacy & Therapeutics, William & Willkins, London, 1992. 4. A J Winfield, Pharmaceutical Practice, Churchill Levingstone, London, 2nd Ed., 1998. 5. Kavin Taylor, Pharmacy Practice, Taylor & Francis, New York, 1998. 6. Deborah Rosenbaun, Clinical Research Coordinator Hand Book, 2nd Ed., Sarrison, Inc, North Carolina, USA. 7. Simon Cook, Clinical Studies Management, a Practical Guide to Success, Sue Horwood Publishing limited, West Sussex, UK. 8. Joseph. T. Dipiro, Encyclopedia of Clinical Pharmacy. Marcel Dekker Publishing. 2003 9. Joseph T Dipiro, Encyclopedia of Pharmacy. Marcel Dekker Publishing 2002. 10. Mellainie J Rantucci, Pharmacist Talking with Patients.1997 11. Smith GDG and Aronson J K, Oxford Text Book of Clinical Pharmacology and Drug Therapy, Oxford Universotu Press, UK, 1990. 12. Hansten P and Horn J, Drug interactions. Lee & Febiger, Philadelphia, USA, 1989. 607

PHARMACEUTICS-IX (Industrial Pharmacy-I) (Theory)

Cr. Hr. 03

1. MASS TRANSFER. 2. HEAT TRANSFER. 3. DRYING: Theories of drying, Drying of Solids, Classification of dryers, General Methods, Fluidized Bed systems, Pneumatic systems, Spray dryer, Freeze dying. 4. MIXING: Fundamentals, Mechanisms, Mixing Equipment used in Liquid/Liquid, Liquid/Solid and solid/solid mixing, Communition (size reduction), Reasons for size reduction, Factors affecting size reduction, 120

size analysis, Sieving, Energy Mills (Ball Mill. Endrumer, Edge Rumer, Disintegrant, Colloid Mill, Hammer Mill, Cutter Mill, and Fluid Energy Mill etc.). 5. CLARIFICATION AND FILTERATION: Theory, Filter media, Filter aids, Filter selection and Equipment (Leaf filter, Filter press, Melta filters and Rotary filters). 6. EVAPORATION: General principles of Evaporation, Evaporators and Evaporation under reduced pressure. 7. COMPRESSION AND COMPACTION: The solid-air Interface, Angle of Repose, Flow rates, Mass volume relationship, Density, Heckel Plots, Consolidation, Granulation, Friability, Compression (dry method, wet method, slugging), Physics of Tabletting, tabletting machines and other equipment required, problems involved in tabletting, tablet coating, Capsulation (Hard and Soft gelatin capsules). 8. SAFETY METHODS IN PHARMACEUTICAL INDUSTRY: (a) Mechanical, chemical and fire hazards problems. (b) Inflammable gases and dusts. 609

PHARMACEUTICS-IX (Industrial Pharmacy-I) (Laboratory)

Cr. Hr. 01

NOTE:- Practicals of the subject shall be designed from time to time on the basis of the above mentioned theoretical topics and availability of the facilities, e.g. Manufacture of Tablets by Wet Granulation Method, by Slugging and by Direct Compression. Coating of Tablets (Sugar Coating, Film coatingand Enteric Coating). Clarification of liquids by various processes. Size Reduction. Homogenization.

Recommended Books 1. Lackman, Theory and Practice of Industrial Pharmacy, Verghese Publishing House, Bombay, 1987. 2. Cooper and Gunn’s, Tutorial Pharmacy, CBS Publishers & Distributors, New Delhi, 1986. 3. Bentley’s Pharmaceutical Text Book, CBS Publishers & Distributors, New Delhi, 1986. 4. Remington’s Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mack Publishing Company, USA, 2001. 5. John Sharp, Good Pharmaceutical Manufacturing Practice, Rational and Compliance. 121

611

PHARMACEUTICS-X (Biopharmaceutics-I) (Theory)

Cr. Hr. 03

1 DEFINITIONS AND TERMINOLOGY: Biopharmaceutics, Generic Equivalence, Bioavailability, Bioequivalence, Drug Disposition, Therapeutics, Pharmacokinetics, Biotransformation and Therapeutic Equivalents. 2. GASTRO-INTESTINAL ABSORPTION AND PHYSICO-CHEMICAL CONSIDERATIONS. Forces which help in transmembrane movements, pH Partition Theory, Lipid Solubility and Factors affecting Bioavailability. 3. BIOAVAILABILITY STUDIES: Purpose, Relative and Absolute Bioavailability, and Determination of Bioavailability. 4. FACTORS AFFECTING DISSOLUTION IN RESPECT OF BIOAVAILABILITY: Methods of in-vitro and in-vivo determination of rate of dissolution. 5. MULTIPLE DOSAGE REGEMIN. 6. INTRAVENOUS INFUSIONS. 7. BIOPHARMACEUTICAL AND PHARMACOKINETIC ASPECTS IN DEVELOPING A DOSAGE FORM. 613

PHARMACEUTICS-X (Biopharmaceutics) (Laboratory)

Cr. Hr. 01

NOTE:- Practicals of the subject shall be designed from time to time on the basis of the above mentioned theoretical topics and availability of the facilities, e.g. Blood Sampling Techniques: In Laboratory Animals like dog, rabbits, mice etc. In human beings, In-vitro dissolution studies, Optional dose determination, Measurement of rate of Bioavailability, Determination of relative and absolute bioavailability.

Recommended Books 1. Leon Shargel, Applied Pharmacokinetics and Biopharmaceutics, Appleton & Lange, New York, 4th Ed., 1999.

122

2. Malcoln Rouland, Thomous N Tozer, Clinical Pharmacokinetics, William & Willkins, London, 1995. 3. Milo Gibaldi, Biopharmaceutics and Clinical Pharmacokinetics, Marchel & Dakker Inc, New York, 1982. 4. Gibbson and Skett, Introduction to Drug Metabolism, Champ & Hall, London, 1986. 5. Robert E Notari, Biopharmaceutics and Clinical Pharmacokinetics, Marchel & Dakker Inc, New York, 1988. 6. Stephen H Curry, Drug disposition and pharmacokinetics, Black Well Scientific Publishing, Oxford, 1977. 7. Avraham Yacobi, Toxicokinetics and New Drug Development, Paramount Press, New York, 1989. 8. Sarfraz Niazi, Text Book of Biopharmaceutics and Clinical Pharmacokinetics. Appleton-Century-Crofts, New York, 1985. 9. P Macheras, C Reppas and J B Dressman, Biopharmaceutics of orally administered drugs, Ellis Horwood Limited, London (1995). 10. Albert P Li, Invitro approaches for evaluation of drug efficacy and toxicity, CRC Press LLC, USA, 2004. 11. Ronald D Schoenwald, Pharmacokinetics in drug discovery and Development, CRC Press, LLC, USA, 2002.

615 PHARMACEUTICS-XI (Pharmaceutical Quality Management-I) (Theory)

Cr. Hr. 03

1. SCOPE (a) An understanding of the testing, quality control programme and methods adopted in a pharmaceutical industry, dosage form control, process control, testing program and methods, physical, chemical and biological tests and specifications, statitical quality control. (b) General understanding of Total Quality Assurance and measures to adopt Quality Assurance. 2. QUALITY CONTROL OF SOLID DOSAGE FORMS: (a) Physical tests: Hardness, Thickness and Diameter, Friability, Disintegration, Weight Variation. (b) Chemical tests: Content uniformity, Assay of active ingredients and dissolution tests of Powders, Granules, Tablets and Capsules. 3. QUALITY CONTROL OF SYRUPS AND ELIXIRS: Viscosity, its determiantion and application in the Quality Control of Pharmaceuticals, Weight per ml and Assay of active ingredients.

123

4. EVALUATION OF SUSTAINED ACTION PRODUCTS (TABLETS & CAPSULES): Stability of viability rate during storage and In-vitro & In-vivo evaluation of sustaining action. 5. QUALITY CONTROL OF SUPPOSITORIES Disintegration test, Uniformity of weight, Assay of active ingredients, Liqefaction time test and Breaking test. 6. QUALITY CONTROL OF STERILE PRODUCTS (PARENTERALS) Leaker’s test, Clarity test, Pyrogen test for parenterals and other sterile preparations and Assay for active ingredients. 617 PHARMACEUTICS-XI (Pharmaceutical Quality Management-I) (Laboratory)

Cr. Hr. 01

NOTE:- Practicals of the subject shall be designed from time to time on the basis of the above mentioned theoretical topics and availability of the facilities, e.g. Assay of various spirits, tinctures, extracts, syrups and elixirs, Assay of Ointments and suppositories, Assay of tablets and capsules, Test for alkalinity of glass, Determiantion of alcohol contents in the Pharmaceutical preparations and Pyrogen test.

Recommended Books 1. A H Beckett and J B Stennlake, Practical Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Part-I and II, The Alton Press, London. 2. M Knevel and F E Digangi, Jenkin’s Quantitative Pharmaceutical Chemistry, McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York. 3. K A Connors, A Text Book of Pharmaceutical Analysis, John — Wiley and Sons, New York. 4. Braithwaite and F J Smith, Chromatographic Methods, Chapman and Hall, London. 5. G D Christian, Analytical Chemistry, John Wiley and Sons, New York. 6. Karamt A Javaid, Pharmaceutical Quality Assurance in Class, Industry and Market, Aziz Publishers, Lahore-Pakistan (1993). 7. Gil Bismuth and Shosh Neumann, Cleaning Validation, A practical approach. CRC Press, LLC, USA, 2003. 8. J T Carstersen and C T Rhodes, Drug Stability: Principles and Practices, 3rd Ed. (revised and expanded), Mercel Dekker, New York. 2000. 9. Sydney H Willig, Good Manufacturing Practices for Pharmaceuticals, Marcel Dekker Publishing.

124

10. Bryant R, The pharmaceutical Quality Control Hand Book, Aster Publishing Corporation, Eugene, 1989. 11. Braun R E, Introduction to Instrumental Analysis, McGraw-Hill Book Co, NY, 1987. SECOND SEMESTER 602

PHARMACEUTICS-VII (Hospital Pharmacy-II) (Theory)

Cr. Hr. 03

1. MANUFACTURING BULK AND STERILE. 2. THE PHARMACY-CENTRAL STERILE SUPPLY ROOM. 3. ASEPTIC DISPENSING TPN, I/V Admixtures, Cytotoxic Dispensing, Semi-sterile Dispensing (Eye drops, Ear drops) and Hyperailimentation. 4. ROLE OF PHARMACISTS IN SMALL HOSPITALS, NURSING HOMES ETC: 5. PURCHASING, DISTRIBUTION AND CONTROL OF HOSPITAL MEDICINES, MEDICAL & SURGICAL SUPPLIES: Purchasing, Stocking, Stock Control, Inventory Management, Drug Distribution, Relationship between purchasing, Distribution and Clinical Pharmacy Services. 6. NUCLEAR PHARMACY. 7. THE PHYSICAL PLANT AND ITS EQUIPMENT 8. INVESTIGATIONAL USE OF DRUGS. 9. HEALTH ACCESSORIES. 10. SURGICAL SUPPLIES. 11. INSPECTION OF WARDS WITH REFERENCE TO DRUG STORAGE AND ADMINISTRATION. 12. MANAGEMENT OF ACCIDENT & EMERGENCY PHARMACY (A & E).

125

13. COMMON KNOWLEDGE OF ABOUT 100 DRUGS REGISTERED BY MINISTRY OF HEALTH, GOVERNMENT OF PAKISTAN.

Recommended Books

1. William Hassan, Hospital Pharmacy, Lee & Febiger, Washington, 5th Ed., 1986. 2. N I Bukhari, Hospital Pharmacy, Aziz Book Depot, Lahore-Pakistan (2000). 3. Martin Stephen, Hospital Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Press, London, 2003.

604 PHARMACEUTICS-VIII (Clinical Pharmacy-II) (Theory)

Cr. Hr. 03

1. DRUG INTERACTIONS: Mechanism, Physiological factors affecting interaction, Types and level of drug interactions, Role of pharmacist in evaluating drug interactions & its management. 2. ADVERSE DRUG REACTIONS: Adverse Drug Reactions and Side Effects: Classification, Excessive pharmacological response, Idiosyncrasy, Secondary pharmacological effects, Allergic drug reactions, General toxicity, Toxicity following drug withdrawal, Detection, reporting & Management of ADR. 3. DRUG INDUCED DISEASES. 4. COMPUTERS IN CLINICAL PHARMACY: 5. UTILIZATION OF CLINICAL DRUG LITERATURE: Introduction, Drug literature selection, Drug literature evaluation and Drug literature communication.

126

606 PHARMACEUTICS-VIII (Clinical Pharmacy-II) (Laboratory)

Cr. Hr. 01

Clerkship in the Clinical setting. A project related to Clinical Pharmacy Practices will be completed by the students and will be evaluated by the external examiner.

Recommended Books 1. Roger Walker, Clinical Pharmacy & Therapeutics, Churchill Levingstone, London, 3rd Ed., 2003 2. Guard Paul, A Behavioral Approach to Pharmacy Practice, Black Well, USA, 2000. 3. Herfindal Gourley, Clinical Pharmacy & Therapeutics, William & Willkins, London, 1992. 4. A J Winfield, Pharmaceutical Practice, Churchill Levingstone, London, 2nd Ed., 1998. 5. Kavin Taylor, Pharmacy Practice, Taylor & Francis, New York, 1998. 6. Deborah Rosenbaun, Clinical Research Coordinator Hand Book, 2nd edition, Sarrison, Inc, North Carolina, USA. 7. Simon Cook, Clinical Studies Management, a Practical Guide to Success, Sue Horwood Publishing limited, West Sussex, UK. 8. Joseph. T Dipiro, Encyclopaedia of Clinical Pharmacy. Marcel Dekker Publishing, 2003 9. Joseph T, Dipiro, Encyclopaedia of Pharmacy. Marcel Dekker Publishing, 2002 10. Mellainie J Rantucci, Pharmacist Talking with Patients, 1997. 11. Smith GDG and Aronson J K, Oxford Text Book of Clinical Pharmacology and Drug Therapy, Oxford University Press, UK, 1990. 12. Hansten P and Horn J, Drug interactions. Lee & Febiger, Philadelphia, USA, 1989. 608

PHARMACEUTICS-IX (Industrial Pharmacy-II) (Theory)

Cr. Hr. 03

1. EMULSIONS: Mechanical Equipments, Specific formulation Considerations and Emulsion stability. 2. SUSPENSIONS: Formulation of suspensions, Equipment used in preparation and test methods for pharmaceutical suspensions. 3. SEMISOLIDS: 127

Equipment used for Ointments, Pastes, Gels and Jellies. Packaging of ointments. 4. STERILE PRODUCTS: Sterile area and its Classification, Ophthalmic ointments, Preparation of praenterals (Building, Equipment), Complete Sterility (Aseptic area), air control, (Laminar flow etc.), air locks, Environmental monitoring methods, Sterilization, Filling/Packaging (Plastic and glass containers), Added substances (Preservatives, antioxidants, solubilizer, suspending agents, buffers, stabilizers etc.), Inprocess Quality Control of Parenterals (Sterility, leakage, pyrogens, clarity etc.). 5. STANDARDIZATION OF PHARMACEUTICALS: An understanding of quality assurance system adopted in pharmaceutical industry. Good Manufacturing Practices and Current Good Manufacturing Practices. 6. PACKING & PACKAGING: Influence of Packaging materials, Stability, Packaging Lines, Packaging Area, Packaging Equipment. 7. EQUIPMENTS USED FOR: Patches, Sprays, Implants, Sutures, Plasters and Sachet packing. 8. STUDY TOUR: A visit to the pharmaceutical industries will be an integral part of the syllabi. 610

PHARMACEUTICS-IX (Industrial Pharmacy-II) (Laboratory)

Cr. Hr. 01

NOTE:- Practicals of the subject shall be designed from time to time on the basis of the above mentioned theoretical topics and availability of the facilities, e.g. 1. Ampoule filling, sealing and sterilization clarity and leakage tests in injectables. 2. Capsule filling by semi automatic machines. Manufacture of sustained action drugs. 3. Tablets Tests like Disintegration. Dissolution. Friability. Hardness and thickness tests. Determination of weight variation in tablets. Density of powder. Particle size analysis.

Recommended Books 128

1. Lackman, Theory and Practice of Industrial Pharmacy, Verghese Publishing House, Bombay, 1987. 2. Cooper and Gunn’s, Tutorial Pharmacy, CBS Publishers & Distributors, New Delhi, 1986. 3. Bentley’s Pharmaceutical Text Book, CBS Publishers & Distributors, New Delhi, 1986. 4. Remington’s Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mack Publishing Company, USA, 2001. 5. John Sharp, Good Pharmaceutical Manufacturing Practice, Rational and Compliance. 612

PHARMACEUTICS-X (Biopharmaceutics-II) (Theory)

Cr. Hr. 03

1. INTRODUCTION TO PHARMACOKINETICS: Determination through plasma drug level studies. Application of pharmacokinetics in clinical situations. 2. CONCEPT OF COMPARTMENT (S) MODELS: One compartment open model. Two compartment open model. Three compartment open model and Non-compartmental method of analysis. 3. BIOLOGICAL HALF-LIFE AND VOLUME OF DISTRIBUTION: Concept and Methods of Determination. 4. DRUG CLEARANCE: Mechanism, determination and relationship of clearance with half-life. 5. ELIMINATION OF DRUGS: a) Hepatic Elimination. Percent of Drug Metabolized, Drug Biotransformation reactions, (Phase-I reactions and phase-II reactions), First pass effect, Hepatic clearance of protein bound drugs and Biliary excretion of drugs. b) Renal Excretion of Drugs: Renal clearance, Tubular Secretion and Tubular Reabsorption. c) Elimination of Drugs through other organs: Pulmonary excretion, Salivary excretion, Mammary excretion, Skin excretion and Genital excretion. 6. PROTEIN BINDING: Determination of plasma protein binding and Clinical significance of drug-protein binding.

129

7. APPLICATIONS OF PHARMACOKINETICS AND BIOAVAILABILITY IN CLINICAL SITUATIONS. 8. APPLICATIONS OF PHARMACOKIENTICS IN DISEASE STATES. 614

PHARMACEUTICS-X (Biopharmaceutics-II) (Laboratory)

Cr. Hr. 01

NOTE:- Practicals of the subject shall be designed from time to time on the basis of the above mentioned theoretical topics and availability of the facilities, e.g. 1. 2. 3. 4.

Plasma level-time curve: Determination of Pharmacokinetic parameters. Determination of plasma protein binding. Urinary sampling techniques. In Laboratory animals. In humans. Renal excretion of drugs or drug disposition.

Recommended Books 1. Leon Shargel, Applied Pharmacokinetics and Biopharmaceutics, Appleton & Lange, New York, 4th Ed., 1999. 2. Malcoln Rouland, Thomous N Tozer, Clinical Pharmacokinetics, William & Willkins, London, 1995. 3. Milo Gibaldi, Biopharmaceutics and Clinical Pharmacokinetics, Marchel & Dakker Inc, New York, 1982. 4. Gibbson and Skett, Introduction to Drug Metabolism, Champ & Hall, London, 1986. 5. Robert E Notari, Biopharmaceutics and Clinical Pharmacokinetics, Marchel & Dakker Inc, New York, 1988. 6. Stephen H Curry, Drug disposition and pharmacokinetics, Black Well Scientific Publishing, Oxford, 1977. 7. Avraham Yacobi, Toxicokinetics and New Drug Development, Paramount Press, New York, 1989. 8. Sarfraz Niazi, Text Book of Biopharmaceutics and Clinical Pharmacokinetics. Appleton-Century-Crofts, New York, 1985. 9. P Macheras, C Reppas and J B Dressman, Biopharmaceutics of orally administered drugs, Ellis Horwood Limited, London (1995). 10. Albert P Li, Invitro approaches for evaluation of drug efficacy and toxicity, CRC Press, LLC, USA, 2004. 11. Ronald D Schoenwald, Pharmacokinetics in drug discovery and Development, CRC Press, LLC, USA, 2002.

130

616 PHARMACEUTICS-XVI (Pharmaceutical Quality Managements-II)(Theory)

Cr. Hr. 03

1. BIOLOGICAL ASSAYS: Biological methods, Standard praprations and units of activity, Bioassay of antibiotics, Bioassay of insulin injection, Assay of prepared digitalis and Assay of Vitamin D. 2. ALCOHOL DETERMIANTION: Alcoholometric methods, Problem during distillation of alcohol, Method for liquids containing less than 30% or more than 30% alcohol and special treatment before distillation. 3. ALKALOIDAL DRUG ASSAY: Weighing for assay, Extraction of drugs, Maceration, Percolation, Continuous extraction, Puriifcation of Alkaloids and determination of alkaloids. 4. MISCELLANEOUS DETERMINATIONS AND TESTS: Determiantion of weight/ml, Water/Moisture content, Loss on Drying, Toxicity tests & Identification tests, Evaluation of Ointments, Ash contents and Alkalinity of Glass. 5. GENERAL KNOWLEDGE OF APPENDICES ATTACHED TO B.P., BPC, AND USP. 6. STATISTICAL INTERPRETATION OF QUALITY CHARTS DURING MANUFACTURING PROCESSES. 618

PHARMACEUTICS-XVI (Pharmaceutical Quality Managements-II) (Laboratory)

CONTROL

Cr. Hr. 01

NOTE:- Practicals of the subject shall be designed from time to time on the basis of the above mentioned theoretical topics and availability of the facilities, e.g. Sterility test, Determiantion of Ash contents, Determination of Moisture contents, Determination of total solids, Determination of viscosity of syrups, gels, etc., Determination of emulsion types.

131

Recommended Books 1. A H Beckett and J B Stennlake, Practical Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Part-I and II, The Alton Press, London. 2. A M Knevel and F E Digangi, Jenkin’s Quantitative Pharmaceutical chemistry, McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York. 3. K A Connors, A Text Book of Pharmaceutical Analysis, John — Wiley and Sons, New York. 4. A Braithwaite and F J Smith, Chromatographic Methods, Chapman and Hall, London. 5. G D Christian, Analytical Chemistry, John Wiley and Sons, New York. 6. Karamt A Javaid, Pharmaceutical Quality Assurance in Class, Industry and Market, Aziz Publishers, Lahore-Pakistan (1993). 7. Gil Bismuth and Shosh Neumann, Cleaning Validation, A practical approach. CRC Press, LLC, USA, 2003. 8. J T Carstersen and C T Rhodes, Drug Stability: Principles and Practices, 3rd Ed. (revised and expanded) Mercel Dekker, New York, 2000. 9. Sydney H Willig, Good Manufacturing Practices for Pharmaceuticals, Marcel Dekker Publishing. 10. Bryant R, The pharmaceutical Quality Control Hand Book, Aster Publishing Corporation, Eugene, 1989. 11. Braun R E, Introduction to Instrumental Analysis, McGraw-Hill Book Co, NY, 1987.

132

FINAL PROFESSIONAL (FIFTH) PHARM-D FIRST SEMESTER 701

PHARMACEUTICAL CHEMISTRY-V (Medicinal Chemistry-I) (Theory)

Note:-

Cr. Hr. 03

The topics will be taught with special reference to their Pharmaceutical Applications.

1. INTRODUCTION TO MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY: Chemical constitution and biological activity: (Receptor, Theory, Structure Activity Relationships (SAR) and Drug Metabolism). 2. CLASSIFICATION OF SYNTHETIC DRUGS: Drug Design and recent appraoches to the synthesis of drugs (a brief concept of methods and reactions of synthesis of various drugs). 3. GENERAL PROPERTIES, CHEMISTRY (General methods of determination, the structure & isolation from natural source), BIOLOGICAL ACTION, STRUCTURE ACTIVITY RELATIONSHIP AND THERAPEUTIC APPLICATIONS OF THE FOLLOWING: a) Alicyclic Compounds: Cyclopropane, Terpenes, Citral, Pinene, Camphor, Menthol, Carotenes. b) Alkaloids: Atropine, Morphine and related compounds (Codeine, Thebaine), Ergotamine, Reserpine, Ephedrine. c) Vitamins: Water Soluble Vitamins (B1, B2, B6, B12, Folic acid, Nicotinic acid, Biotin, Pantothenic acid and Ascorbic acid) Fat Soluble Vitamins (A, D, E, and K). d) Hormones: Steroidal Hormones (Testosterone, Progesterone, Estrogen, Aldosteron and Cortisol), Proteinous Hormones (Insulin, Glucagon, Oxytocin and Vassopressin). e) Anti-neoplastic Agents: Tamoxifen, Fluorouracil, Mercapturine, Methotrexate and Vincristine. f) Sedatives and Hypnotics: Benzodiazepines, Barbiturates, Paraldehyde, Glutethimide, Chloral hydrate, and alcohols. g) Anaesthetics: Local anaesthetics (Procaine, Lignocaine, Eucaine, Cocaine and Benzocaine), General anaesthetics (Cyclopropane, Halothane, Nitrous oxide, Chloroform, Thiopental Sodium, Ketamine, Methohexital, Thioamylal Sodium, Fantanyl Citrate, Tribromo ethanol). h) Analgesics and Antipyretics: Paracetamol, Salicylic acid analogues, Quinolines derivatives, Pyrazolone and Pyrazolodiones, Narylanthranilic acids, Aryl and heteroaryl acetic acid derivatives. 133

703

PHARMACEUTICAL CHEMISTRY-V (Medicinal Chemistry-I) (Laboratory)

Cr. Hr. 01

NOTE:- Practicals of the subject shall be designed from time to time on the basis of the above mentioned theoretical topics and availability of the facilities, e.g. 1. Estimation of functional groups; Carboxylic, Hydroxy, Amino and Nitro groups; Determination of Molecular weights of Organic Compounds. 2. Synthesis of Paracetamol, Salicylic Acid, Methyl salicylate, Azobenzene, Benzoic Acid, 5-Hydroxy-1,3-benzoxazol-2-one, Aspirin, P-nitrosophenol, 3-nitrophthalic acid, o-Chloro-benzoic acid.

Recommended Books 1. Martin and Cook, Remington Practice of Pharmaceutical Science, Mack Publishing Company, USA, 2001 2. Foye W O, Principles of Medicinal Chemistry, Verghese Publising House, Bomby, 1995. 3. Tyagi, Text Book of Synthetic Drugs, Anmol Publications, Delhi, 1990. 4. Alferd Burger, Medicinal Chemistry, Jhon Willey & Sons, New York, 1996. 5. Block, Roche, Soine and Wilson, Inorganic and Medicinal Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Verghese Publishing House, Bombay, 1986. 6. Block, Roche, Soine and Wilson. Inorganic and Medicinal Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Lee & Febiger, Philadelphia, USA, 1983. 705 PHARMACEUTICS-XVII (Clinical Pharmacy-III) (Theory)

Cr. Hr. 03

1. RATIONAL USE OF DRUGS: Rational Presribing, Rational Dispensing, Problems of Irrational Drug Use, Learning about drug use problem, Sampling to study drug use, Indicators of drug use. 2. INTRODUCTION TO ESSENTIAL DRUGS: Criteria for selection, Usage and Advantages. 3. DRUG UTILZATION EVALUATION & DRUG UTILIZATION REVIEW (DUE/DUR): Development of protocol of use of few very low therapeutic index drug groups like Steroids, Vancomycin and Cimetidine. 4. DRUG ABUSE & MISUSE. 134

5. PRACTICAL PHARMACOKINETICS: Therapeutic Drug Monitoring of Digoxin, Theophyline, Gentamycin, Lithium, Phenytoin, Cabamazepine, Phenobarbitone, Primidone, Walparic Acid, Cyclosporins and Vancomycin. 6. PHARMACOECONOMIC STUDIES. 707

PHARMACEUTICS-XVII (Clinical Pharmacy-III) (Laboratory)

Cr. Hr. 01

Clerkship in the Clinical setting. A project related to Clinical Pharmacy Practices will be completed by the students and will be evaluated by the external examiner.

Recommended Books 1. Roger Walker, Clinical Pharmacy & Therapeutics, Churchill Levingstone, London, 3rd Ed., 2003. 2. Guard Paul, A Behavioral Approach to Pharmacy Practice, Black Well, USA, 2000. 3. Herfindal Gourley, Clinical Pharmacy & Therapeutics, William & Willkins, London, 1992. 4. A J Winfield, Pharmaceutical Practice, Churchill Levingstone, London, 2nd Ed., 1998. 5. Kavin Taylor, Pharmacy Practice, Taylor & Francis, New York, 1998. 6. Deborah Rosenbaun, Clinical Research Coordinator Hand Book, 2nd Ed., Sarrison, Inc, North Carolina, USA. 7. Simon Cook, Clinical Studies Management, a Practical Guide to Success, Sue Horwood Publishing limited, West Sussex, UK. 8. Joseph T Dipiro, Encyclopedia of Clinical Pharmacy. Marcel Dekker Publishing, 2003. 9. Joseph T Dipiro, Encyclopedia of Pharmacy. Marcel Dekker Publishing, 2002. 10. Mellainie J Rantucci, Pharmacist Talking with Patients, 1997. 11. Smith GDG and Aronson J K, Oxford Text Book of Clinical Pharmacology and Drug Therapy, Oxford University Press, UK, 1990. 12. Hansten P and Horn J, Drug interactions. Lee & Febiger, Philadelphia, USA, 1989. 709

PHARMACEUTICS-XVIII (Pharmaceutical Technology-I) (Theory)

Cr. Hr. 03

135

1. PRINCIPLES OF PHARMACEUTICAL FORMULATION AND DOSAGE FORM DESIGN: Product Formulation, Need for Dosage Form and Preformulation Studies. 2. FORMULATION DEVELOPMENT: Pharmaceutical Ophthalmic Preparations, and Parenteral Preparations.

Aerosoles,

3. ADVANCED FORMULATION TECHNIQUES: Development of a formualtion methodology and flow plan for the new product. New technologies in drug delivery system. 4. NOVEL DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS: a) Introduction to the Drug Carrier: Liposomes, Niosomes and Biodegradable polymers. b) Active & Passive Drug Delivery System. c) Other Novel GIT Systems. 711

PHARMACEUTICS-XVIII (Pharmaceutical Technology-I) (Laboratory)

Cr. Hr. 01

NOTE:- Practicals of the subject shall be designed from time to time on the basis of the above mentioned theoretical topics and availability of the requirements, e.g. Various techniques to develop the formulation, Granulation technology, Study of drug delivery systems, Biotechnological aspect of product development, In-vitro Quality Control of various dosage forms.

Recommended Books 1. Anya M Hellery, Drug delivery and targeting, Taylor & Francis, London, 2001. 2. Joseph R Robinson Controlled drug delivery, Marcel & Dakker Inc, New York, 2nd Ed., 1987. 3. T V Ramabhadran, Pharmaceutical design and development, Ellis Horwood, New York, 1994. 4. M E Aulton, Pharmaceutics: Science of Dosage Forms Design, ELBS/Churchill Livingstone, London, 1998. 5. Banker, Modern pharmaceutics, Marchell Dakker Inc, New York, 1990. 6. John A Bontempo, Development of biopharmaceutical parenteral dosage forms, Marchell Dakker Inc, New York, 1997. 7. N K Jain, Controlled and Novel drug delivery, CBS Publishers & Distributers, New Dehi, 1997. 8. Ansel, Pharmaceutical Dosage Form in Drug Delivery System, Lee & Febiger, London, 1990. 136

9. Attaurahman and M I Chaudry, Bioassay techniques for drug development, CRC Press, LLC, USA, 2001. 10. Pramod K Gupta, Inject able drug development, CRC Press, LLC, USA, 1999. 11. H John Smith, Introduction to the principals of drug design and action, CRC Press, LLC, USA, 1998. 12. Rong Liu, Water Insoluble Drug Formulations, CRC Press, LLC, USA, 2000. 13. Peter Blaisdell, Twenty First Century Pharmaceutical Development. CRC Press, LLC, USA, 2000. 14. Lachman L, Theory and Practice of Industrial Pharmacy, Lee & Febiger, Philadelphia, 3rd Ed., 1986. 713

PHARMACEUTICS-XIX (Forensic Pharmacy-I) (Theory)

Cr. Hr. 03

STUDY OF DRUG LAWS: (a) The Drugs Act 1976 and rules framed thereunder. (b) Provincial Drug Rules (Respective Drug Rules will be taught in the relevant province). (c) Advertisement rules. (d) Other related rules and Legal aspects.

Recommended Books 1. R Z Hussain. The Manual of Drug Laws in Pakistan, Irfan Law Book House, Lahore-Pakistan, 2003. 2. The Pharmacy Act, 1967. 3. The Poisons Act, 1919. 4. The Dangerous Drugs Act 1930. 5. The Factory Law 1934. 6. Shop and Establishment Ordinance 1969. 7. Control of Narcotics Substances Act 1997. 713 PHARMACEUTICS-XX (Pharmaceutical Management & Cr. Hr. 03 Marketing-I) (Theory) 1. MANAGEMENT: a) Nature and Principles of Management. b) Types and Functions of Managers. c) Planning: Purpose and types of Planning, Steps in Planning. d) Organizing. e) Management Control Systems

137

Purpose: Steps in the Control Process, Forms of Operations control. Requirements for adequate control, Critical control points and standards. f) Motivation. g) Innovation and creativity. h) Communication. 2. PRODUCTION MANAGEMENT: (a) Material Management.

Recommended Books 1. M Ahmad & N I Bukhari, Pharmaceutical Management and Marketing, Tariq Academy, Faisalabad-Pakistan (2002). 2. Patrick Tharp & Pedro J Lecca, Pharmacy Management for students and practitioners, The C V Mosby Company, St. Louis, Toronto, London (1979). 3. Harry A Smith, Principles & Methods of Pharmacy Management, Lea & Febiger, Philadelphia, 1986. SECOND SEMESTER 702

PHARMACEUTICAL CHEMISTRY-VI (Medicinal Chemistry-VI) Cr. Hr. 03 (Theory)

Note:-

The topics will be taught with special reference to their Pharmaceutical Applications.

1. GENERAL PROPERTIES, CHEMISTRY, BIOLOGICAL ACTION, STRUCTURE ACTIVITY RELATIONSHIP AND THERAPEUTIC APPLICATIONS OF THE FOLLOWING: (a) Anti-septics: Phenols and related compounds, Halogens and Halogen compounds, Aromatic acid and esters, Dyes, Nitrofuran derivatives, Formaldehyde and its derivatives, Mercurochrome and Thiomersal. (b) Sulphonamides: Prontosil, sulphanilamide, Sulphapyridine, sulphadimidine, Sulfamethoxazole, Sulfadiazine and Sulfafurazole. (c) Antimalarials: 4-Aminoquinolines, 8-Aminoquinolines, 9-Amino acridines, Biguanides, Pyrimidine analogues, Mefloquine and Cinchoha alkaloids. (d) Anthelmintics: Phenols and related compounds, Piperazine derivatives, Thiabendazole, Mebendazole and Pyrantal.

138

(e) Diuretics: Mercaptomerin, Meralluride, Thiazides, Sprironolactone, Theophylline, Furosemide, Acetazolamiode, Ethacrynic acid and Triameterene. (f) Anti-tubercular Drugs: Ethambutol, Isonicotinic acid, Hydrazid, Rifampacin, Thioguanine, Pyrazinamide, cycloserine, Ethunamide, Cytarabine, 5- Flourouracil and Dacarbazine. (g) Antiviral Drugs: Acyclovir, Tromantadine Hydrochloride and Ribavirin. (h) Immunosuppressant Agents: Azathioprine and Cyclosporin. 2. ANTIBIOTICS: Penicillins, Cephalosporins, Streptomycin, Tetracyclines, Kanamycin and Erythromycin.

Chloramphenicol,

3. OCCURANCE, PROPERTIES, PREPARATION AND APPLICATION OF OFFICIAL INORGANIC COMPOUNDS: Aluminium Hydroxide, Ammonium Chloride, Sodium Carbonate, Magnesium Carbonate, Lithium Carbonate, Sodium Nitrite, Calcium Gluconate, Antimony Gluconate, Ferrous Fumarate, Ferrous Sulfate and Silver Nitrate. 704

PHARMACEUTICAL CHEMISTRY-VI (Medicinal Chemistry-VI) Cr. Hr. 01 (Laboratory)

NOTE:- Practicals of the subject shall be designed from time to time on the basis of the above mentioned theoretical topics and availability of the facilities, e.g. 1. Assay of the Drugs like Sulpha drugs, Aspirin, Paracetamol, Benzyl Penicillin. 2. Inorganic Preparations.

Recommended Books 1. Martin and Cook, Remington Practice of Pharmaceutical Science, Mack Publishing Company, USA, 2001. 2. Foye W O, Principles of Medicinal Chemistry, Verghese Publising House, Bomby, 1995. 3. Tyagi, Text Book of Synthetic Drugs, Anmol Publications, Delhi, 1990. 4. Alferd Burger, Medicinal Chemistry, Jhon Willey & Sons, New York, 1996.

139

5. Block, Roche, Soine and Wilson, Inorganic and Medicinal Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Verghese Publishing House, Bombay, 1986. 6. Block, Roche, Soine and Wilson. Inorganic and Medicinal Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Lee & Febiger, Philadelphia, USA, 1983. 706

PHARMACEUTICS-XVIII (Clinical Pharmacy-IV) (Theory)

Cr. Hr. 03

1. PHARMACEUTICAL CARE, ITS SCOPE, MANAGEMENT AND APPLICATION OF CARE PLAN. 2. ROLE OF CLINICAL PHARMACY.

PHARMACIST

IN

COMMUNITY

3. CLINICAL THERAPEUTICS: (a) General Strategy: Terminology of Disease. Management and Treatment. Drug Selection. (b) Basic introduction of some clinical situations, their clinical features, etiology, pathophysiology and treatment of causes: Common Cold, Pharyngitis and Tonsilitis, Pneumonia, Tuberculosis, Diarrhea, Malaria, Meningitis, Tetanus, Typhoid Fever, Measles, Rabies, AIDS, Congestive cardiac failure, Conjunctivitis, Anaemia, Gout, Asthma, Ulcer, Diabetes mellitus, Hypertension, Hapatitis, Dermatology (Scabies, Fungal diseases). 4. CLINICAL TOXICOLOGY: (a) General information. Role of pharmacist in treatment of poisoning and general management of poisoning & overdosage. Role and Status of Poison Control Centre. (b) Antidotes and their mechanism of action 5. SAVE INTRAVENOUS THERAPY & HAZARDS OF INTRAVENOUS THERAPY. 6. NON-COMPLIANCE: Definition, introduction and importance, Extent of non-compliance, Methods of assessment, Reasons for non-compliance, Strategies for improving compliance and Designing of compliance trials. 708

PHARMACEUTICS-XVIII (Clinical Pharmacy-IV) (Laboratory)

Cr. Hr. 01

140

Clerkship in the Clinical setting. A project related to Clinical Pharmacy Practices will be completed by the students and will be evaluated by the external examiner.

Recommended Books 1. Roger Walker, Clinical Pharmacy & Therapeutics, Churchill Levingstone, London, 3rd Ed., 2003. 2. Guard Paul, A Behavioral Approach to Pharmacy Practice, Black Well, USA, 2000. 3. Herfindal Gourley, Clinical Pharmacy & Therapeutics, William & Willkins, London, 1992. 4. A J Winfield, Pharmaceutical Practice, Churchill Levingstone, London, 2nd Ed., 1998. 5. Kavin Taylor, Pharmacy Practice, Taylor & Francis, New York, 1998. 6. Deborah Rosenbaun, Clinical Research Coordinator Hand Book, 2nd Ed., Sarrison, Inc, North Carolina, USA. 7. Simon Cook, Clinical Studies Management, a Practical Guide to Success, Sue Horwood Publishing limited, West Sussex, UK. 8. Joseph T Dipiro, Encyclopaedia of Clinical Pharmacy. Marcel Dekker Publishing, 2003. 9. Joseph T Dipiro, Encyclopaedia of Pharmacy. Marcel Dekker Publishing, 2002. 10. Mellainie J Rantucci, Pharmacist Talking with Patients, 1997. 11. Smith GDG and Aronson J K, Oxford Text Book of Clinical Pharmacology and Drug Therapy, Oxford University Press, UK, 1990. 12. Hansten P and Horn J, Drug interactions. Lee & Febiger, Philadelphia, USA, 1989.

141

710

PHARMACEUTICS-XIX (Pharmaceutical Technology-II) Cr. Hr. 03 (Theory)

1. MODIFIED DRUG RELEASE DOSAGE FORM: The concept of sustained release, First order release approximation, Multiple dosing, Implementation of designing, Approaches based upon dosage form modification, Product evaluation and testing, Matrices tablets, Control release technology, Microencapsulation, Method of particle coating and Instrumentation in granule manufacturing. 2. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOTECHNOLOGY: Biotechnological aspects in the product development, Fundamentals of Genetic Engineering and its Application in Medicine, Principle, Synthesis and Application of Monoclonal, Antibodies, Introduction to Gene therapy, Immobilized Enzymes and their application in Medicine, General Principle and Methods of Microbial Assay. 712

PHARMACEUTICS-XIX (Pharmaceutical Technology-II) Cr. Hr. 01 (Laboratory)

NOTE:- Practicals of the subject shall be designed from time to time on the basis of the above mentioned theoretical topics and availability of the facilities, e.g. Microbial assay, Particle size analysis using various methods, Stability studies of Pharmaceuticals, Coating of particles and To prepare, examine and control specifications of packaging materials.

Recommended Books 1. Anya M Hellery, Drug delivery and targeting, Taylor & Francis, London, 2001. 2. Joseph R Robinson Controlled drug delivery, Marcel & Dakker Inc, New York, 2nd Ed., 1987. 3. T V Ramabhadran, Pharmaceutical design and development, Ellis Horwood, New York, 1994. 4. M E Aulton, Pharmaceutics: Science of Dosage Forms Design, ELBS/Churchill Livingstone, London, 1998. 5. Banker, Modern pharmaceutics, Marchell Dakker Inc, New York, 1990. 6. John A Bontempo, Development of biopharmaceutical parenteral dosage forms, Marchell Dakker Inc, New York, 1997. 7. N K Jain, Controlled and Novel drug delivery, CBS Publishers & Distributers, New Dehi, 1997. 8. Ansel, Pharmaceutical Dosage Form in Drug Delivery System, Lee & Febiger, London, 1990.

142

9. Attaurahman and M I Chaudry, Bioassay techniques for drug development, CRC Press, LLC, USA, 2001. 10. Pramod K Gupta, Inject able drug development, CRC Press, LLC, USA, 1999. 11. H John Smith, Introduction to the principals of drug design and action, CRC Press, LLC, USA, 1998. 12. Rong Liu, Water Insoluble Drug Formulations, CRC Press, LLC, USA, 2000. 13. Peter Blaisdell, Twenty First Century Pharmaceutical Development. CRC Press, LLC, USA, 2000. 14. Lachman L, Theory and Practice of Industrial Pharmacy, Lee & Febiger, Philadelphia, 3rd Ed., 1986. 714

PHARMACEUTICS-XX (Forensic Pharmacy-II) (Theory)

Cr. Hr. 01

1. THE PHARMACY ACT, 1967. 2. THE DANGEROUS DRUGS ACT, 1930. 3. THE FACTORY LAW 1934. 4. SHOPS AND ESTABLISHMENT ORDINANCE, 1969 WITH RULES. 5. THE POISONS ACT, 1919. 6. CONTROL OF NARCOTICS SUBSTANCES ACT, 1997.

Recommended Books 1. R Z Hussain, The Manual of Drug Laws in Pakistan, Irfan Law Book House, Lahore-Pakistan (2003). 2. The Pharmacy Act, 1967 3. The Poisons Act, 1919 4. The Dangerous Drugs Act, 1930 5. The Factory Law, 1934 6. Shop and Establishment Ordinance, 1969 7. Control of Narcotics Substances Act, 1997. 716

PHARMACEUTICS-XXI (Pharmaceutical Management & Cr. Hr. 03 Marketing-II) (Theory)

143

1. MARKETING MANAGEMENT: Marketing channels, Promotion and Advertising and Salesmanship. 2. SALES MANAGEMENT: Personnel, Buying, Receiving, Pricing, Sales promotion and Customer Services. 3. PHARMACY LAYOUT DESIGN: Objectives of Layout Design, Types of Community Pharmacies (Pharmaceutical Centre, Prescription-oriented Pharmacies, Traditional Pharmacies and The Super Drug Store), Consumer goods and purchases, Classes of Layout designs, Principles and characteristics of Layout Design and Traffic Flow analysis.

Recommended Books 1. M Ahmad & N I Bukhari, Pharmaceutical Management and Marketing, Tariq Academy, Faisalabad-Pakistan (2002). 2. Patrick Tharp & Pedro J Lecca, Pharmacy Management for students and practitioners, The C V Mosby Company, St Louis, Toronto, London (1979). 3. Harry A Smith, Principles & Methods of Pharmacy Management, Lea & Febiger, Philadelphia, 1986.

144

CONDENSE COURSES FOR B-PHARMACY Theory Anatomy Biopharmaceutics Biostatistics Clinical Pharmacy Clinical Pharmacy-I Community Pharmacy Computer and its Application in Pharmacy Forensic Pharmacy Hospital Pharmacy Instrumentation Pathology Pharmaceutical Quality Management Pharmaceutical Technology Pharmacy Management and Marketing Practical Biopharmaceutics Clinical Pharmacy Clinical Pharmacy-II Clinical Pharmacy-III Community Pharmacy Computer and its Application in Pharmacy Instrumentation Pathology Pharmaceutical Quality Management Pharmaceutical Technology

145

COURSES FOR M.PHIL SCHEME OF STUDIES FOR M.PHIL. PHARMACEUTICS (Annual System)

PART-I THEORY

PAPER I:

Title of Paper

Marks

Pharmaceutics-I

100

PAPER II: Pharmaceutics-II

100

PAPER III: Biostatistics

100

PRACTICALS PAPER IV: Pharmaceutics-I

100

PAPER V: Pharmaceutics-II

100 ______________ Total: 500 ______________

PART-II THESIS

200 ______________ Grand Total: 700 ______________

146

M.PHIL. PAPER-I

COURSE CONTENTS PART-I PHARMACEUTICS

PHARMACEUTICS-I (Written)

100 Marks

A.

Advanced Pharmaceutics 1. Surfactants and their applications in Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms. 2. Specialized Pharmaceutical Emulsions. 3. Novel Drug Delivery System: Liposome & Niosome as drug carriers. 4. Micro encapsulation/Methods of Particles coating. 5. Cosmetics and their quality control. 6. Transdermal drug delivery system.

B.

Biopharmaceutics 1. Correlation between in-vitro and in-vivo studies of different parameters of dosage forms. 2. Biopharmaceutical and Pharmacokinetic consideration in the development of controlled release drug products. 3. Pharmacokinetic and Bioavailability Variations in disease state. 4. Application of pharmacokinetics and bioavailability in clinical situations. 5. Bioavailability of disperse dosage forms.

C.

Pharmaceutical Microbiology 1. Microbial Enzymes: Classification and Mechanism of Action, Commercial Production of microbial enzymes and their application, Immobilized Enzymes. 2. General Principles and Methods of Microbiological assays. 3. Microbial spoilage and preservation of pharmaceutical products. 4. Fundamentals of Genetic Engineering and its application in Medicine. 5. Principles, synthesis and applications of Monoclonal antibodies.

PAPER-IV

PHARMACEUTICS-I (Practical-I)

100 Marks

At least 20 practical will be conducted according to the theory and available facilities, e.g. Particle size analysis, Stability studies of Pharmaceuticals, Coating of Particles, Preparation and quality Control of cosmetics, to prepare, examine and control specifications for the packaging materials, Determination of rheological properties of pharmaceutical preparation, Crude drug assays: Humidity and Moisture determination, Evaluation of disintegration in-vitro and in-vivo and its comparison with dissolution rate in-vitro and in-vivo, Determination of plasma protein binding, Correlation between in-vitro and invivo studies of different parameters of dosage forms, Determination of drug 147

metabolites in-vitro and in-vivo samples, Development of transdermal preparation, Staining of cell wall along with other important staining techniques, Response of heat, dyes and other chemical disinfectants against bacteria, Observation of drug resistant bacteria and isolation of certain mutants by Replication technique, Preparation of media and isolation of pure cultures and performance of culture sensitivity tests, Determination of phenol coefficient, Antibiotic sensitivity tests and Microbiological assays, Assay of Microbial Enzymes, Microbial studies of sputum, Urine and blood samples.

Recommended Books 1. Martin AMN, Banker G S and Chun AHC Advances in Pharmaceutical Sciences. Vol 1, Acadamic Pess, London. 1985. 2. Mill C C Casson, N Rheology of Disperse Systems. Peragamon Press, New York, 1975. 3. Barry B W, Advances in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Academic Press, London, 1990. 4. Sherman P, Emulsion Science, Academic Press, London, 1972. 5. Martin A, Swarbrick J and Cammatra A, Physical Pharmacy, 3rd Ed., Lee & Febiger, Philadelphia, 1983. 6. Attwood D and Flocence A T, Surfactant Systems. Chapman and Hall Ltd, London, 1982. 7. Leon Shargel, Applied Pharmacokinetics and Biopharmaceutics, Appleton & Lange, New York, 4th Ed., 1999. 8. Malcoln Rouland, Thomous N Tozer, Clinical Pharmacokinetics, William & Willkins, London, 1995. 9. Milo Gibaldi, Biopharmaceutics and Clinical Pharmacokinetics, Marchel & Dakker Inc, New York, 1982. 10. Gibbson and Skett, Introduction to Drug Metabolism, Champ & Hall, London, 1986. 11. Robert E Notari, Biopharmaceutics and Clinical Pharmacokinetics, Marchel & Dakker Inc, New York, 1988. 12. Stephen H Curry, Drug disposition and pharmacokinetics, Black Well Scientific Publishing, Oxford, 1977. 13. Avraham Yacobi, Toxicokinetics and New Drug Development, Paramount Press, New York, 1989. 14. Sarfraz Niazi, Text Book of Biopharmaceutics and Clinical Pharmacokinetics. Appleton-Century-Crofts, New York, 1985. 15. P Macheras, C Reppas and J B Dressman, Biopharmaceutics of orally administered drugs, Ellis Horwood Limited, London (1995). 16. Albert P Li, Invitro approaches for evaluation of drug efficacy and toxicity, CRC Press, LLC, USA, 2004. 17. Ronald D Schoenwald, Pharmacokinetics in drug discovery and Development, CRC Press, LLC, USA, 2002.

148

18. Jawetiz, Medical Microbiology and Immunology, 5th Ed., Churchill Livingstone, London, 1998. 19. W B Hugo & A D Russell, Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Black Well Science Ltd, London, 6th Ed., 1998. 20. Lippincot, Microbiology by Lipponcott, William & Willkin, USA, 2001. 21. Alcamo, Introduction to Microbiology, John Bartlett Publishers, 6th Ed., 2003. 22. Collin and Lynes, Microbiological Methods, Vutterworth Heineman, Oxford, 1995. 23. M Mekallee, Microbiology: Essentials and Application, McGraw-Hill Inc, 2nd Ed. 24. Singleton and Sainsbury, Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, John Willey & Sons, New York, 2000. 25. Pelczar, Microbiology, McGraw-Hill Inc, 1996. PAPER-II

PHARMACEUTICS-II (Written)

100 Marks

A.

Formulation and Product Development 1. Biotechnological aspect of product development. Concepts and Techniques. 2. Radiopharmaceutical formulation techniques, Q.C. instrumentation and application in health care system. 3. Optimization Techniques in Pharmaceutical Formulation and Processing. 4. Granulation Technology. 5. Quality Control and GMP Compliance in Pharmaceutical Industry. Importance of design/layout of pharmaceutical industry. 6. Precaution in handling/storage and manufacturing of pharmaceutical products containing anti-biotics. 7. Safety tests in Pharmaceutical Preparations. 8. Stability testing. 9. Validation of sterilization procedure. 10. Calibration and Validation of instruments/equipments used in testing and manufacturing of drugs. 11. Time and Motion Study.

B.

Clinical Pharmacy 1. Latest developments and advances in the learning of clinical Pharmacy. 2. Patient Communication. 3. Surgical Supplies. 4. Total Parenteral Nutrition. 149

5. Problem Oriented Approach: cardiovascular Disorders, Infectious diseases, Renal diseases, Respiratory Diseases. 6. Specific Poisons and drugs: Diagnosis and treatment, Anti-biotics, Antidepressants, Arsenic, Benzodiazepines, Analgesics, Calcium antagonists, Digoxin, Nitroglycerin and Cyanide. 7. Pharmacy Administration. PAPER-V:

PHARMACEUTICS-II (Practical-II)

100 Marks

At least 20 practical will be performed relevant to the theory and available facilities e.g. Design and Development of Controlled Release Tablets, Design and development of controlled release formulations, Formulation of Aerosols, Ophthalmic and Parenteral Preparations, Stability studies of Finished Pharmaceutical Products, Quality control of pharmaceutical dosage forms and raw materials, Patient Drug Profile, Ward Round Report, Pharmaceutical Marketing Survey.

Recommended Books 1. Michel E Aulton, Pharmaceutics, ELBS/Churchill Livingstone, London, 1998. 2. Bentley’s Book of Pharmaceutics, CBS Publishers & Distributors, New Delhi, 1986. 3. Pharmaceutics, The Science of Dosage Form Design. 2nd Ed., HawCourt Publisher, 2002. 4. E A Rawlins, Berdley’s Textbook of Pharmaceutics, 8th Ed., (or recent edition) 1977. Macmillan Publishing Co, Inc, New York. 5. Sprowl’s (Dittert L W; Edt), American Pharmacy, 7th Ed., J B Lippincott Co, 1990. 6. Roger Walker, Clinical Pharmacy & Therapeutics, Churchill Levingstone, London, 3rd Ed., 2003. 7. Guard Paul, A Behavioral Approach to Pharmacy Practice, Black Well, USA, 2000. 8. Herfindal Gourley, Clinical Pharmacy & Therapeutics, William & Willkins, London, 1992. 9. J Winfield, Pharmaceutical Practice, Churchill Levingstone, London, 2nd Ed., 1998. 10. Kavin Taylor, Pharmacy Practice, Taylor & Francis, New York, 1998. 11. Deborah Rosenbaun, Clinical Research Coordinator Hand Book, 2nd Ed., Sarrison, Inc, North Carolina, USA. 12. Simon Cook, Clinical Studies Management, a Practical Guide to Success, Sue Horwood Publishing Limited, West Sussex, UK. 13. Joseph T Dipiro, Encyclopaedia of Clinical Pharmacy. Marcel Dekker Publishing, 2003. 150

14. Joseph T Dipiro, Encyclopaedia of Pharmacy. Marcel Dekker Publishing, 2002. 15. Mellainie J Rantucci, Pharmacist Talking with Patients, 1997. 16. Smith GDG and Aronson J K, Oxford Text Book of Clinical Pharmacology and Drug Therapy, Oxford University Press, UK, 1990. 17. Hansten P and Horn J, Drug interactions. Lee & Febiger, Philadelphia, USA, 1989. 18. Anya M Hellery, Drug delivery and targeting, Taylor & Francis, London, 2001. 19. Joseph R Robinson Controlled drug delivery, Marcel & Dakker Inc, New York, 2nd Ed., 1987. 20. T. V Ramabhadran, Pharmaceutical design and development, Ellis Horwood, New York, 1994. 21. M E Aulton, Pharmaceutics: Science of Dosage Forms Design, ELBS/Churchill Livingstone, London, 1998. 22. Banker, Modern pharmaceutics, Marchell Dakker Inc, New York, 1990. 23. John A Bontempo, Development of biopharmaceutical parenteral dosage forms, Marchell Dakker Inc, New York, 1997. 24. N K Jain, Controlled and Novel drug delivery, CBS Publishers & Distributers, New Delhi, 1997. 25. Ansel, Pharmaceutical Dosage Form in Drug Delivery System, Lee & Febiger, London, 1990.

Paper-III

BIOSTATISTICS (Theory)

100 marks.

1. Introduction: What is Biostatistics? Application of statistics in biological and pharmaceutical sciences. 2. Sample and Population: Simple random sampling, Sampling distribution and standard error, Stratified random sampling, Systemic and cluster sampling. 3. Test of Hypothesis and significance: Statistical hypothesis, Level of significance, Test of significance, Confidence intervals, Test involving binomial and normal distribution. 4. Goodness of fit test: Chi-square distribution, it properties and application, Contingency tables, Test of homogeneity. 5. Student "t" and "F" Distribution: Properties of "t" distribution and "F" distribution, Test of significance based on "t"-distribution and "F"distribution. 6. Analysis of variance: One-way classification, Partitioning of sum of squares and degree of freedom, Two-way classification, Multiple compression tests such as LSD, P-values, The analysis of variance models. 151

7. Experimental Designs: (Advantages & Disadvantages) Basic principles of experimental designs, The completely randomized designs (CR-designs), Randomized complete block designs (RCBdesigns), Latin square designs (LS-designs), Factorial experimental designs, Computer methods of statistical evaluation, Co-relation/ regression analysis.

Recommended Books 1. Nilton, J S and Tsokos, J D, Statistical Methods in Biological and Health Sciences. McGrew-Hill, 1983. 2. Sher Muhammad Chaudhry Part-I and Parrt-II, Introduction to Statistical theory. Ilmi Kitab Khana, Urdu Bazar, Lahore. 3. Remington R D Schork, M.A. Statistics with Application to the Biological and Health Sciences. Prentice Hall Inc, New Jersey, 1985. 4. Schefler W C, Statistics for Biological Sciences. Addison Wesley Pub Co, Sydney, 1979. 5. Wardlow A C, Practical Statistics for Experimental Biologists. John Wiley and Sons. New York, 1985. 6. Danniel, WJW, Biostatistics, A Foundation Analysis in the Health Sciences. 4th Ed., Wiley Series, New York, 1987. NOTE: An Industrial study tour will be an integral part of the courses of study in Pharmaceutics.

152

M.Phil. PART-II PHARMACEUTICS THESIS

200 Marks

The research work will be carried out in any branch of Pharmaceutics. The thesis shall embody the results of research, which may either be continuation to the existing knowledge of the subject, or application of known methods of research to some technical problems. This will also include seminar and viva-voce examination concerning research topics. Three copies of research thesis printed or type written shall be submitted for the examination at the end of the academic year. The candidate will retain the fourth copy of the thesis.

153

SCHEME OF STUDIES FOR M.PHIL. PHARMACOGNOSY (Annual System)

PART-I THEORY Title of Paper PAPER I:

Pharmacognosy-I

Marks 100

PAPER II: Pharmacognosy-II

100

PAPER III: Biostatistics

100

PRACTICALS PAPER IV: Pharmacognosy-I PAPER V: Pharmacognosy-II

100 100 ______________ Total: 500 ______________

PART-II THESIS

200 ______________ Grand Total:700 ______________

154

M.PHIL. PAPER-I

COURSE CONTENTS PART-I PHARMACOGNOSY

PHARMACOGNOSY-I (Written)

100 Marks

A.

Advances in Pharmacognosy: Pharmacological approaches to natural products, screening and evaluation, recent experimental and clinical data concerning anti-tumor and cytotoxic agents, problems and prospects of discovering new drugs from higher plants, Sapponins with biological and pharmacological activity. Tri-terpenoid, Saponins, Steroid Saponins, Alkaloids and Diterpene from Euphorabiaceae, Mono-, Di- and Sesquiterpenes with pharmacological and therapeutic activity, Lignans and Neo-lignans with potential biological activity.

B.

Structure Elucidation of Natural Products : Application of spectroscopic and chemical techniques to the elucidation of the structure of natural products with particular reference to alkaloids, steroids, saponins, falvenoids and terpenes.

C.

Biosynthesis of Natural Products: Introduction, mechanism and biosynthetic formations of amino acids, carotenoids and vitamin A, water soluble vitamins, phenolic plant products, terpenes, steroids, alkaloids and glycosides.

D.

Plant Toxicology: An overview of plant toxicants, study of treatment and prevention of plants toxicities, simple phytotoxins, toxicity of pyrozolidine and indozolidine alkaloids, plant teratogens, plant irritant, plant induced cardiac and pulmonary diseases.

PAPER-IV

PHARMACOGNOSY-I (Practical-I)

100 Marks

At least 20 practical will be conducted according to the theory and available sources

Recommended Books 1. H Wagner and P Wolff, New Natural Products and Plant Drugs with Pharmacological, Biological or Therapeutic Activity. Springer – Verlag, Berlin, 1977. 2. K Hostettmann and P J Lea, Biologically Active Natural Products. Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1987.

155

3. Atta-ur-Rahman, M I Choudhary, Ed: The Alkaloids, Chemistry and Pharmacology. A Brossi, Vol. 38 Academic Press, San Diago, 1990. 4. Eds K Hostettmann, A Marston. Phytochemistry of Plants used in Traditional medicine. Milard, M Hamburger, Charendon Press, Oxford, 1995. 5. J B Lambert, H F Shural, LVerbit, R G Cooks and G H Stout, Organic Structural Analysis. Macmillian Pub Co, London, 1976. 6. G Govil, C L Khetraphal & A Saran, Magnetic Resonance and Medicine. Tata-McGraw-Hill, New Delhi, 1984. 7. R B Bates & W A Beavers, Carbon-13 NMR Spectral Problems. The Humana Press, New Jersey, 1981. 8. E D Becker, Theory and Chemical Application. Academic Press, London, 1980. 9. M E Rose and RWA John Stone, Mass Spectrometry for Chemists and Biochemists. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1984. 10. R Chang, Basic Principles of Spectroscopy. McGraw-Hill, London, 1971. 11. W H Williams and I Fleming, Spectroscopic Methods in Organic Chemistry. McGraw-Hill, London. 1973. 12. R M Silverstein, G C Bassler and T C Morill, Spectrometric Identification of Organic Compounds. John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1986. 13. R J Abreaham and P Loftus, Proton and Carbon-13 NMR Spectroscopy. Heyden & Sons, London, 1978. 14. A Bax D, Two Dimensional Nuclear Magnetic Resonance in Liquids. Reidel Publishing Co, London, 1985. 15. Atta-ur-Rahman, One and Two-Dimensional Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy. Elsevier Science Publisher, Amsterdam, 1989. 16. A A Seawright, M P Hegarty, L F James and R F Keeler, Plant Toxicology. Dominion Press, Melbourne, 1984. 17. D Frohne & H J Pfander, A Colour Atlas of Poisonous Plants. Wolfe Publishing Ltd, Stuttgrt, 1983. 18. R F Keeler and A T Tu, Hand Book of Natrual Toxins. Vol. 1-2, Marcel Dekker Inc, New York. 1983. 19. R F Keeler, KRV Kampen & L F James, Effect of poisonous Plants on Livestock. Academic Press, London, 1978. 20. P R Cheeke & L R Shull, Natural Toxicants in Feeds & Food Stuff. The Avi Publication Co, Ltd, Connecticut, 1985. 21. J B Harborne, H Baxter, G P Moss, Dictionary of Toxins. John Wiley and Sons, Chichester, 1996. PAPER-II

PHARMACOGNOSY-II (Written)

100 Marks

156

A.

Phytochemicals of Natural Origin Preparation of Corticosteroids from natural products like Steroidal Saponins, Sapogenins (Diosgenin etc.). Artemisinin derivative from antemisinin. Etoposide from Podophyllotoxin, Taxol derivatives, Morphine derivatives, Lysergic acid derivatives (Ergotamine, Methyllergonovine, Hydergine etc.) and other related topics of current interest.

B.

Quality Control of Herbal Drugs Effects of enzyme action in crude drugs. Adulteration of crude drugs: Effect of faulty collection, Improper preparation for market, Improper storage conditions, Deliberate adulteration. Quantitative microscopy in quality control Monographs of crude drugs and pharmaceutical aids. Determination of important parameters in a monograph. Assay of active constituents in crude drugs. Standardization of crude drugs and pharmaceutical aids. Quality assurance procedures.

C.

Cell Biotechnology: Development in plant cell cultures and recent approaches for high production of secondary metabolites (Drugs). Elucidation and regulation of biosynthesis in cell cultures of plant species of strategic importance from both scientific and economic point of view. Biotransformation of terpenes, alkaloids and steroids. Plant tissue cultures for the production of natural drugs.

D.

Spectroscopic Techniques: Advanced treatment of major spectroscopic techniques for the characterization of organic and drug molecules by Ultraviolet and IR spectroscopy, Optical rotatory dispersion, Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, Circular dichroism and Mass spectrometery.

PAPER-V

PHARMACOGNOSY-II (Practical-II)

100 Marks

At least 20 practicals will be conducted according to the theory and available sources.

Recommended Books 1. S H Mantell and H Smith, Plant Biotechnology. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1983. 2. L G Copping, R E Martin, J A Pickett, C Bucke and A W Bunch, Opportunities in Biotransformation. Elsevier Press, London, 1990.

157

3. Eds: H Wagner and P Wolff, New Natural Products and Plant Drugs with Pharmacological, Biological or Therapeutic Activity. SpringerVerlage, Berlin, 1977. 4. Eds: K Hostetmann and P J Lea, Biologically Active Natural Products. Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1987. 5. H Wanger, Hiroshi Kikino and Norman R Farnsworth, Economic and Medicinal Plants Research (Volume II), Academic Press, London, 1988. 6. K Hostettmann, A Marston, Millard, M Hambruger, Phytochemistry of Plants used in Traditional Medicine. Charendon Press, Oxford, 1995. 7. Fereidoon Shahidi, Natural Antioxidants. AOCS Press, Champaign, 1996. PAPER-III

BIOSTATISTICS (Theory)

100 marks.

1. Introduction: What is Biostatistics? Application of statistics in biological and pharmaceutical sciences. 2. Sample and Population: Simple random sampling, Sampling distribution and standard error, Stratified random sampling, Systemic and cluster sampling. 3. Test of Hypothesis and significance: Statistical hypothesis, Level of significance, Test of significance, Confidence intervals, Test involving binomial and normal distribution. 4. Goodness of fit test: Chi-square distribution, it properties and application, Contingency tables, Test of homogeneity. 5. Student "t" and "F" Distribution: Properties of "t" distribution and "F" distribution, Test of significance based on "t"-distribution and "F"-distribution. 6. Analysis of variance: One-way classification, Partitioning of sum of squares and degree of freedom, Two-way classification, Multiple compression tests such as LSD, P-values, The analysis of variance models. 7. Experimental Designs: (Advantages & Disadvantages) Basic principles of experimental designs, The completely randomized designs (CR-designs), Randomized complete block designs (RCBdesigns), Latin square designs (LS-designs), Factorial experimental designs, Computer methods of statistical evaluation, Corelation/regression analysis.

Recommended Books 1. Nilton, J S and Tsokos, J D Statistical Methods in Biological and health Sciences. McGrew-Hill, 1983. 158

2. Sher Muhammad Chaudhry Part-I and Part-II Introduction to Statistical Theory. Ilmi Kitab Khana, Urdu Bazar, Lahore. 3. Remington, R D Schork, M A Statistics with Application to the Biological and Health Sciences. Prentice Hall Inc, New Jersey. 1985. 4. Schefler, W C Statistics for Biological Sciences. Addison Wesley Pub Co, Sydney, 1979. 5. Wardlow A C, Practical Statistics for Experimental Biologists. John Wiley and Sons. New York, 1985. 6. Danniel, WJW Biostatistics, A Foundation Analysis in the Health Sciences. 4th Ed., Wiley Series, New York, 1987. NOTE: A plant collection and study tour will be an integral part of the courses of study in Pharmacognosy. M.Phil. PART-II PHARMACOGNOSY THESIS

200 Marks

The research work will be carried out in any branch of Pharmacognosy. The thesis shall embody the results of research, which may either be continuation to the existing knowledge of the subject, or application of known methods of research to some technical problems. This will also include seminar and viva-voce examination concerning research topics. Three copies of research thesis printed or type written shall be submitted for the examination at the end of the academic year. The candidate will retain the fourth copy of the thesis.

159

SCHEME OF STUDIES FOR M.PHIL PHARMACOLOGY (Annual System) PART-I THEORY Marks

Title of Paper Paper-I

Major Pharmacology-I

100

Paper-II

Major Pharmacology-II

100

Paper-III

Biostatistics

100

Paper-IV

Major Pharmacology-I

100

Paper-V

Major Pharmacology-II

PRACTICALS:

100 ______________ Total: 500 ______________

PART-II THESIS

200 ______________ Grand Total:700 ______________

160

M.PHIL. PAPER-I

COURSE CONTENTS PART-I PHARMACOLOGY

MAJOR PHARMACOLOGY-I (Theory) 100 marks.

1. General Pharmacology Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, Pharmacological Screening and Standardization, Pharmacogenetics, Toxicity Testing, Adverse Drug Reaction, Drug Interactions, Hypersensitivity (Drug Allergy), Mutagenecity, Teratogenecity, Carcinogenicity. 2. Cardiovascular System Autonomic Nervous System, Drugs acting on cardiovascular system, Hypolipidemics, Anticoagulants, Procoagulants, Antiplatelets and Thrombolytics. 3. Biochemical Pharmacology Transcription and Translation of Genes, Neurohumoral Transmission and Signal Transduction, Eicosanoids (Histamine, Serotonin, Bradykinins & Other mediators of inflammation), Antihistamines, Anti-gout, Corticosteroids and Immunomodulators. 4. Biochemical Techniques Separation, Purification and Characterization of Proteins, Nucleic Acids and Phospholipids, Sequencing and Synthesis of Nucleic Acids and Peptides, Study of Drugs Metabolism and relevant enzyme, Radio-immunoassay, Radiolabelling, Flourescent Spectroscopy and Immunodetection.

PAPER-IV

MAJOR PHARMACOLOGY-I (Practical)

100 marks.

At least 20 practicals will be performed relevant to the theory and available facilities.

PAPER-II

MAJOR PHARMACOLOGY-II (Theory)

100 marks.

1. Chemotherapy Antibacterials, Antifungals, Antivirals, Antiprotozoals, Anthelmintics and Anticancers

161

2. Neuropsychopharmacology Drug Addiction, CNS Stimulants, CNS Depressants, Psychomimetics, Narcotic Analgesics, Neuroleptics, Antidepressants, Anti-Parkinsonians, Anti-Epileptics, General and Local Anaesthetics. 3. Microbiology Bacterial and Fungal cell culture isolation, Identification and maintenance of pure culture, Immunology, Vaccines, Sera, Toxins and Anti-toxins, Protozoal Diseases, Bacterial, fungal and Viral Origin. PAPER-V

MAJOR PHARMACOLOGY-II (Practical)

100 marks

At least 20 practicals will be performed relevant to the theory and available facilities. PAPER-III

BIOSTATISTICS (Theory)

100 marks

1. Introduction: What is Biostatistics? Application of statistics in biological and pharmaceutical sciences. 2. Sample and Population: Simple random sampling, Sampling distribution and standard error, Stratified random sampling, Systemic and cluster sampling. 3. Test of Hypothesis and significance: Statistical hypothesis, Level of significance, Test of significance, Confidence intervals, Test involving binomial and normal distribution. 4. Goodness of fit test: Chi-square distribution, it properties and application, Contingency tables, Test of homogeneity. 5. Student "t" and "F" Distribution: Properties of "t" distribution and "F" distribution, Test of significance based on "t"-distribution and "F"-distribution. 6. Analysis of variance: One-way classification, Partitioning of sum of squares and degree of freedom, Two-way classification, Multiple compression tests such as LSD, P-values, The analysis of variance models. 7. Experimental Designs: (Advantages & Disadvantages) Basic principles of experimental designs, The completely randomized designs (CR-designs), Randomized complete block designs (RCBdesigns), Latin square designs (LS-designs), Factorial experimental designs, Computer methods of statistical evaluation, Corelation/regression analysis.

Recommended Books 162

(Pharmacology) 1. Goodman Gillman, Pharmacological basis of therapeutics. McGrawHill Book Company, New York, 1996. 2. Winguard and Brody, Human Pharmacology. Mosby Year Book, Boston, 1991. 3. James M Ritter and Lionel De Levis, A Text book of Clinical Pharmacology, Oxford University Press, New York, 1995. 4. R S Satorkar and S D Bhandarkar, Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapeutics. Popular Prakashan, Bomby, 1993. 5. J D Tripathy, Essential of Medical Pharmacology, Japees Brother, New Delhi, 4th Ed., 2000. 6. D R Laurance, Clinical Pharmacology. ELBS, London, 6th Ed., 1987. 7. Katzung B G, Basic and Clinical Pharmacology. McGraw Hill Medical Publishers, New York, 8th Ed., 2001. 8. Lipponcott, Pharmacology. Lippincot William & Willkin, USA, 2001. 9. Manuchair Edabi, Pharmacology, Little Brown & Company, London, 1993. 10. Bertram GK, Basic and Clinical Pharmacology, Paramount Publishing Business & Professional Group, USA, 6th Ed., 1995. 11. William F Ganong, W F, Review of Medical Physiology. Prentice Hall International Inc, New Jersey. (Biostatistics) 1. Danniel WJW, Biostatistics, A Foundation Analysis in the Health Sciences. Fourth Edition, Wiley Series, New York, 1987. 2. Zar J H, Bio-Statistical analysis. Francis Hall, NJ, USA. 3. Nilton, J S and Tsokos, J D, Statistical Methods in Biological and Health Sciences. McGrew-Hill, 1983. 4. Sher Muhammad Chaudhry. Introduction to Statistical Theory (Part-I and Part-II). Ilmi Kitab Khana, Urdu Bazar, Lahore. 5. Milton, J S and Tsokos S D, Statistical Methods in the Biological and Health Sciences, 1983. 6. Remington, R D Schork, M A, Statistics with Application to the Biological and Health Sciences, Prentice Hall Inc, New Jersey, 1985. 7. Schefler W C, Statistics for Biological Sciences. Addison Wesley Pub Co, Sydney, 1979. 8. Wardlow A C Practical Statistics for Experimental Biologists. John Wiley and Sons, New York, 1985. NOTE: An Industrial study tour will be an integral part of the courses of study in Pharmacology.

163

M. Phil. PART-II PHARMACOLOGY THESIS

200 Marks

The research work will be carried out in any branch of Pharmacology. The thesis shall embody the results of research, which may either be continuation to the existing knowledge of the subject, or application of known methods of research to some technical problems. This will also include seminar and viva-voce examination concerning research. Three copies of research thesis printed or type written shall be submitted for the examination at the end of the academic year. The candidate will retain the fourth copy of the thesis.

164

SCHEME OF STUDIES FOR M.PHIL. PHARMACEUTICAL CHEMISTRY (Annual System)

PART-I THEORY

PAPER I:

Title of Paper

Marks

Pharmaceutical Chemistry-I

100

PAPER II: Pharmaceutical Chemistry-II

100

PAPER III: Biostatistics

100

PRACTICALS PAPER IV: Pharmaceutical Chemistry-I PAPER V: Pharmaceutical Chemistry-II

100 100 ______________ Total: 500 ______________

PART-II Thesis

200 ______________ Grand Total: 700 ______________

165

COURSE CONTENTS M.PHIL. PAPER I

PART-I

PHARMACEUTICAL CHEMISTRY

PHARMACEUTICAL CHEMISTRY-I (Written)

100 Marks

A. Electroanalytical Techniques Introduction to Electrochemical methods Classification of electrochemical methods, advantages and limitations of electrochemical methods, electrochemical terminology, Principles of electrochemical cell, Nernest equation, potential generation across membrane, ion-selective electrodes, dropping mercury electrode, rotating platinum, gold and carbon electrodes. Controlled-Potential Techniques Chronoamperometry, Chronocoulometry, D.C. polarography, Cyclic voltametry, Rotatings disc voltametry, Amperometric titrations. Controlled-Current Techniques Chronopotentiometry, Cyclic chronopotentiometry, Electrochemical sensors, photoelectrochemistry, Electrochemical analysis of substances of pharmaceutical and biological interest, Electrochemical study of the mechanism of organic reactions. B. Spectrophotometric Analysis Instrumentation: Radiation sources, monocheromators, detectors, signal processors, read-out devices, single and double-beam spectrophotometers. Ultraviolet and Visible Spectrophotometery Origin of molecular spectra, electronic transitions, solvent and steric effects, charge transfer spectra. Analysis of multicomponent systems, irrelevant absorption corrections. Difference, derivative and dual-wavelength Spectrophotometery Application in determination of molecular weight, rate constants and ionization constants; spectrophotometric titrations. Infrared spectrophotometery Near infrared spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, quantitative analysis. Fluorescence Spectrophotometery Factors affecting fluorescence, quantitative analysis of single and two component system, derivatization reactions, advantages of flourimetric methods. Transient Absorption Spectroscopy Flash spectroscopy, transient absorption spectra and life-time measurements of singlet, triplet and radical species. Analytical Development in Spectrophotometery

166

Physical and chemical properties of medicinal and Pharmaceutical substances relevant to analytical development: colorimetric, enzymatic and photochemical reactions in spectrophotometric analysis, analytical problems in Multicomponent systems and formulated products, development of stability indicating assays. C. Drug Designing And Synthesis Drug design, concept, target oriented drug design, pharmacokinetic drug design. Stereo-chemistry of drug molecules and their Pharmacologic activity. Study of drug receptor interaction with special reference to the mechanism of action of drug molecule. Some stereo chemical properties of possible receptor, with particular reference to morphine related compounds. Synthesis of compounds in accordance with molecular structure activity relationship. Structure activity relationship determined by direct bonding studies. Quantitative model construction Property based models, structure based model, properties calculated by MO theory, molecular confirmations. Computer graphic simulations. Rational drug design. Principles of molecular graphics. Principles of computational chemistry of drug. D. Drug Stability And Drug Group Analysis Drug decomposition, stabilization and preservation, Kinetics of complex reactions, accelerated storages tests, expiry dates. Effect of physical and chemical factors on drug stability Thermal and photo stability of pharmaceutical substances in solid and liquid dosage forms; photo chemical interaction, photo catalysis and photo sensitization of drugs. Oxidative, hydrolytic addition, racemisation and epimerization reactions using drug as typical examples. Application of various analytical methods to the assay of antibiotics, benzodiazepines, phenolthiazines, steroids and sulphonamides, PAPER IV

PHARMACEUTICAL CHEMISTRY-I (Practical) 100 Marks

At least 20 practicals will be conducted according to the theory and available facilities.

Recommended Books 1. P T Kissinger and W R Heineman. Laboratory Techniques in Electroanalytical Chemistry. Marcel Dekker, New York, 1984. 2. A J Bard and L R Faulkner, Electro-chemical Methods: Fundamentals and Applications. Wiley, New York, 1980. 3. A M Bond. Modern Polarographic Methods in Analytical Chemistry. Marcel Dekker, New York, 1980. 167

4. Y Y Gurevich, Y V Pleskor and Z A Rotenberg, Photoelectrochemistry. Plenum Press, New York, 1978. 5. J Fitzgerald, Ed., Analytical Photochemistry and Photochemical Analysis. Marcel Dekker, New York, 1971, Chapter 7. 6. R N Adams. Electrochemistry at Solid Electrodes, Mercel Dekker, New York, 1980. 7. D A Skoog and D M, West Principles of Instrumental Analysis. 2nd Ed., Holt-Saunders, Philadelphia, 1980, Chapters 18-22. 8. H H Bauer, G D Christian, JEO Reilly, Allyn and Bacon. Instrumental Analysis. Boston, 1978, Chapters 1-5. 9. D J Pasto and C R Johnson.Organic Structure Determination. Prentice Hall, Inc, Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 1969. 10. McLafferty W A, Interpretation of Mass Spectra. 2nd Ed., F W Benjamin, Inc, Philipsines, 1973. 11. R C Crippen. Identification of Organic Compounds with the Aid of Gas Chromatography. McGraw-Hill, Inc, New York, 1973. 12. C S Creaser and AMC Davies, Analytical Applications of Spectroscopy. Eds., Royal society of Chemistry, London, 1990, 13. K Florey, Ed. Analytical Profiles of Drug Substances. Vol 1-20, Academic Press, New York, 1972-1991. 14. A C Moffat, Ed., Clarke’s Isolation and Identification of Drugs. 2nd Ed., Pharmaceutical Press, London, 1986, pp221-250. 15. Knowles and C Brugess, Eds., Practical Absorption Spectrometry. Chapman and Hall, London, 1984. 16. J Perun and C L Propst, Computer-Aided Drug Design Methods and Applications. Marcel Dekker Inc, New York, 1989. 17. Y C Mastin, Quantitative Drug Design. Vol. 8, Marcel Dekker Inc, New York, 1978. 18. B Testa, Ed., Advances in Drug Research. Vol. 18-20, Academic Press, New York, 1990-91. 19. C Hansch, P G Sammes and J B Taylor, Comprehensive Medicinal Chemistry. Vol, 1-40, Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1990. 20. J R Smythies and R J Bradley, Receptors in Pharmacology. Marcel Dekker Inc, New York, 1978. 21. C A Connors, G L Amidon and J J Stella, Chemicals Stability of Pharmaceuticals. Willey-Interscience, New York, 1986. 22. I Lachman, H A Lieberman and J L Kanig. The Theory and Practice of Industrial Pharmacy. 3rd Eds. Lea and Febiger, Philadelphia, 1986, Chapters 26-28. 23. M S Cooper, Ed. Pharmaceutical Product Stability in: Quality Control in the Pharmaceutical Industry. Vol. 2, Academic Press, New York, 1973, pp141-238. 24. J T Carstensen, Theory of Pharmaceutical System. Vol. 1, chapter 4; Vol 2. Academic Press, New York, 1973. 168

25. K Florey, Ed, Analytical Profiles of Drug Substances, Vol. 1-20, Academic Press New York, 1972-1991. PAPER II PHARMACEUTICAL CHEMISTRY-II (Written)

100 Marks

A.

Combinatorial Chemistry 1. Introduction to reactive and functional polymers. 2. Functional bead shaped materials – synthesis and characterization. 3. Polymer – supported reactions versus solution-phase reactions. 4. Automated synthesis the breakthrough point. 5. Synthesis of polypeptides, polynucleotide. 6. Combinatorial chemistry – principles. 7. Combinatorial chemistry – methods. 8. Combinatorial chemistry – drug design and combinatorial methodology. 9. Design of new materials by combinatorial chemistry. 10. Design of new catalysts by combinatorial chemistry. 11. Possible limitations of combinatorial chemistry. 12. Redesigning combinatorial technology – from here to the unknown.

B.

Polymers In Controlled Drug Delivery Introduction to synthetic polymers. Conventional Vs. controlled release: Advantages and disadvantages, Pharmacokinetic consideration, Polymer as drug carrier. Monolithic matrix controlled systems: Dissolved drugs, Dispersed drugs, Drug dissolution/diffusion controlled system. Member controlled system: Constant activity reservoir, Unsteady state analysis (time-lag and burst effect), Drug release from multilayer membrane devices, Drug release from membrane matrix system. Swelling controlled systems: Hydro gels, Polymer degradation and erosion, Erosion/drug diffusion controlled, Swelling/erosion controlled.

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

C. Isolation Techniques For Drug Analysis General Principles: Extraction Methodology. Isolation and Separation Techniques: Chromatography: Definition and basic principles of chromatographic procedure. Adsorption Column Chromatography: Theory, stationary and mobile phase chromatography, application to the analysis of drugs and metabolites. Paper Chromatography: Ascending and descending techniques, solvent systems, visualization. Open-Bed Chromatography.

169

Thin-layer chromatography: Theory, types of stationary phases and solvents, visualization and identification qualitative and quantitative applications to the analysis of drugs and metabolite. Adsorption Column Chromatography: Theory, stationary and mobile phase chromatography, application to the analysis of drugs and metabolites. High Performance Liquid Chromatography: Theory, stationary and mobile phase, recent advances, applications to the analysis of drugs and metabolites. Gas Chromatography: Theory, retention properties of stationary phases, derivatization techniques (methylation, acylation, silylation, etc) capillary GC, GC-Mass spectrometery application to the analysis of drugs and metabolites Size Exclusion Chromatography: Theory, types of stationary phase, separation of high molecular weight organic compounds and biopolymers. D. Macromolecular Targets For Drug Action Concepts of bio-selectivity in drug. Structure and properties of macromolecules. Enzymes and receptors. Molecular targets for design and development of drug. Lead compounds, basic concept and its natural and synthetic sources. Inter-calation of drugs, monofunctional inter-caltors, antitumour, antibiotics, synthetic anti-tumour agents, acridines and anthraquinones. Polyfunctional quinozaline diacridines bisanthracycline, 4-flouroquinolones. Peptido-glycanes, main structure, cell wall model, β-lactam antibiotics. Therapeutic effects of the inhibition of sterol metabolism with specific reference to hypo-cholesterolemic drugs. PAPER V PHARMACEUTICAL CHEMISTRY-I (Practical)

100 Marks

At least 20 practicals will be conducted according to the theory and available facilities.

Recommended Books 1. Delgado J M and Remers, W A Gisvolds. Textbook of Pharmaceutical and Medical chemistry. J B Lippincott Co, 9th Ed., 1991. 2. Wolff M E Burgers Medicinal Chemistry, Wiley Interscience, 4th Ed. 1981 Ed. Vols 1–111. 3. Diversity. Michael R Pavia, The Chemical Generation of Molecular. Sphinx Pharmaceuticals. A Division of Eli Lilly, 1995. 4. Adnan M M Majalli and Barry E Toyonaga, Solid Support Combinatorial Chemistry in Lead Discovery and SAR optimization, Ontogen Corporation, 1995.

170

5. Sarvajit Chakravarty, Babu J Mavunkel, Robin andy, Donald J Kyle, Non-peptidic Bradykinin Receptor Antagonists From a Structurally Directed Non-Peptide Library. Scios Nova Inc, 1995. 6. Keith Davies and Clive Briant, Combinatorial Chemistry Library Design using Pharmacophore Diversity Chemical Design Ltd. 1995. 7. Craig James and David Weininger, A Database System for Combinatorial Synthesis Experiments. Daylight Chemical Information Systems Inc, 1995. 8. Keith Davies and Catherine White, An Information Management Architectur for Combinatorial Chemistry, Chemical Design Ltd, 1995. 9. R S Pearlman, Laboratory for Molecular Graphics and Theoretical Modelling, Novel Software Tools for Addressing Chemical Diversity. College of Pharmacy, University of Texas, 1996. 10. Yvonne Connolly Martin, Opportunities for Computational Chemists Afforded by the New Strategies in Drug Discovery: An Opinion. Computer Assisted Molecular Design Project, Abbot Laboratories, 1996. 11. Arno F Spatola, Combinatorial Chemistry and Molecular Diversity Course at the University of Louisville: A Description. Department of Chemistry, University of Louisville. 1996. 12. Michael R Pavia, Chemically Generated Screening Libraries: Present and Future. Sphinx Pharmaceuticals. A Division of Eli Lilly, 1996. 13. Michael J Sofia, Chemical Strategies for Introducing Carbohydrate Molecular Diversity in to the Drug Discovery Process. Transcell Technologies Inc, 1996. 14. Maryjo Zaborowski, Chiron Corporation and Sheila H DeWitt. Data Management for Combinatorial Chemistry. Parke-Davis Pharmaceutical Research, Division of Warner-Lambert Company, 1995. 15. Lee and Robinson, Controlled Drug delivery: Fundamentals and Applications. Marcel Dekker Inc, New York, 1987. 16. C F Simpson, Practical High-Performance Liquid Chromatography, Heydon and Sons London, 1997. 17. J N Done, I H Konox and J Lohear, Application of High Speed Liquid Chromatography, Willey New York, 1974. 18. R L Grob, Ed. Modern Practice of Gas Chromatography, WileyInterscience, New York 1977. 19. J Q Walker M T Jakson, Jr and J B Maynard Chromatographic System. 2nd Ed., Academic Press, New York, 1977. 20. E Haftmann. Chromatography. 3rd Ed., Van Nostsrand Rehinhold, New York, 1975. 21. , J M Miller, Separation Method in Chemical Analysis. Willey, New York, 1975. 22. C Hansch, Comprehensive medicinal Chemistry. Vol 1 to 6, Pergaon Press, Oxford, 1990. 171

23. I H Stockely, Drug Interaction. 2nd Ed., Black Well, Scientific Publication, London, 1991. 24. E, Mustschler and E, Winterfeld. Trends in Medicinal Chemistry. VGH Germany, 1986. 25. B Testa, Advances in Drug Research. Academic Press, New York, 1990. 26. B Stenlak, Foundation of Molecular Pharmacology. Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry. J Athline Press, London, 1979. 27. J B Stenlake. Foundation of Molecular Pharmacology. The Chemical Basis of Drug Action. Athlone Press, London, 1979. 28. Forman J C and Johanson T, Textbook of Receptor Pharmacology. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Fl. USA, 1996. 29. Roberts S M and Prince B J, Ed. Medicinal Chemistry. The Role of Organic Chemistry in Drug Research. Academic Press, 1985. Paper-III

BIOSTATISTICS (Theory)

100 marks.

1. Introduction: What is Biostatistics? Application of statistics in biological and pharmaceutical sciences. 2. Sample and Population: Simple random sampling, Sampling distribution and standard error, Stratified random sampling, Systemic and cluster sampling. 3. Test of Hypothesis and significance: Statistical hypothesis, Level of significance, Test of significance, Confidence intervals, Test involving binomial and normal distribution. 4. Goodness of fit test: Chi-square distribution, it properties and application, Contingency tables, Test of homogeneity. 5. Student "t" and "F" Distribution: Properties of "t" distribution and "F" distribution, Test of significance based on "t"-distribution and "F"-distribution. 6. Analysis of variance: One-way classification, Partitioning of sum of squares and degree of freedom, Two-way classification, Multiple compression tests such as LSD, P-values, The analysis of variance models. 7. Experimental Designs: (Advantages & Disadvantages) Basic principles of experimental designs, The completely randomized designs (CR-designs), Randomized complete block designs (RCBdesigns), Latin square designs (LS-designs), Factorial experimental designs, Computer methods of statistical evaluation, Corelation/regression analysis.

Recommended Books 172

1. Nilton, J S and Tsokos, J D Statistical Methods in Biological and Health Sciences. McGraw-Hill, 1983. 2. Sher Muhammad Chaudhry Part-I and Parrt-II, Introduction to Statistical theory. Ilmi Kitab Khana, Urdu Bazar, Lahore. 3. Remington R D, Schork M A Statistics with Application to the Biological and Health Sciences. Prentice Hall Inc, New Jersey, 1985. 4. Schefler W C, Statistics for Biological Sciences. Addison Wesley Pub Co. Sydney, 1979. 5. Wardlow A C, Practical Statistics for Experimental Biologists. John Wiley and Sons, New York, 1985. 6. Danniel WJW, Biostatistics, A Foundation Analysis in the Health Sciences. 4th Ed., Wiley Series, New York, 1987. NOTE: An Industrial study tour will be an integral part of the courses of study in Pharmaceutical Chemistry.

M.Phil. PART-II PHARMACEUTICAL CHMISTRY THESIS

200 Marks

The research work will be carried out in any branch of Pharmaceutical Chemistry. The thesis shall embody the results of research, which may either be continuation to the existing knowledge of the subject, or application of known methods of research to some technical problems. This will also include seminar and viva-voce examination concerning research topics. Three copies of research thesis printed or type written shall be submitted for the examination at the end of the academic year. The candidate will retain the fourth copy of the thesis.

173

RECOMMENDATIONS 1.

The B-Pharmacy 4 years degree must be upgraded to Pharm-D with a duration of 5 years.

2.

Pharm-D will be the first degree in Pharmacy.

3.

The Pharm-D 5 years curriculum approved by the National Curriculum Revision Committee of HEC and Pakistan Pharmacy Council will be considered as minimum standards.

4.

All the persons holding B-Pharmacy (4 years) degree should be given the opportunity to upgrade to Pharm-D (5 years) if they so desire.

5.

From 2005 there will be no admission in the B-Pharmacy (4 years) degree programme.

6.

The revision/upgradation of curriculum in pharmacy should be through the Higher Education Commission and its subsequent approval by the Pharmacy Council of Pakistan.

7.

The HEC is requested to build liaison with Federal and Provincial Governments for affiliation of hospitals with Pharmacy Institutions for imparting training of students in Pharm-D degree program which is a requirement of clerk-ship training in clinical and hospital pharmacy as a part of their curriculum.

174