Cow Dung And Coconut Husk.docx

CHAPTER I 1.1 Introduction A brick is building material used to make walls, pavements and other elements in masonry construction. Nowadays, people adds different materials to increase the strength of the bricks, there are those who adds burnt rice husk, crushed glasses and other crushed and burnt materials, trying to search for the right mixture that will fully increase the strength of the material. In this study, the researchers believe that anything in this world can be utilized and use to create something, that’s why the researchers are going to use dried pulverized cow dung and coconut husk, two things that are almost thrash for some of the people. Cow dung and coconut husks are both fibrous materials. Mixing fibers to concrete creates Fiber-Reinforced Concretes which are, according to research, has higher structural integrity. Cow dungs have naturally processed fibers, produced by cows through eating grasses which is a fibrous material, it is under natural fiber. Fibrous materials are used to control cracking due to plastic shrinkage and to drying shrinkage. They also educed the permeability of concrete and thus reduce bleeding of water. This study will provide further information as to how much increase in strength, the fibrous materials to be used, can give the concrete block. This study is important for us to be able to determine whether adding more amount of fibrous materials can further increase the properties of the brick or if there is a specific amount or ratio to be follow. The researchers also think that this study can help those who are taking care of cows, that instead of throwing the dungs, they can make profit out of it. This study was not new to everyone, because there are previous researchers who already conduct this kind of study. What’s new to this study is

that we are going to mix pulverized cow dung and coconut husk and add it to the concrete mixture. This will not cost the researchers a lot because cow dungs are always available and coconut husk can be found in almost every part of the Philippines due to its tropical weather that the coconut requires to be able to grow. 1.2 Statement of the Problem The statement of the problem targets to the address the following question “How does cow dung and coconut husk help to improve a brick in construction?” The researcher aims to address the following specific questions pertaining to the methods and processes that take place: 1. What are the components of the cow dung and coconut husk that can provide the needs in improving bricks? 2. Amount of cow dung and coconut husk to be added for a single brick. 3. Lifespan of a brick with cow dung and coconut husk. 4. Specific species of cow that produce cow manure. 5. Specific kind of coconut husk to be used in the material. 6. Are there any components of the materials to be minimized? 7. Advantages and disadvantages of using these materials in brick. 8. Criteria for a brick to be acceptable for using it in construction. 9. Does this modified brick affect the health of the user?

1.3 Objectives of the Study The primary objective of this study is to prove that adding cow dung and coconut husks, which are fibrous materials, can increase the strength of the common concrete block. Specifically, the proposed study aimed: 

To design a brick that has a higher strength test than the normal bricks in the industry.

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To create something useful out of things that are almost thrash for all people.

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To test the performance limits of the modified brick in terms of compressive, shearing, and flexural stresses.

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To evaluate whether the brick will be utilized according to its function, to test whether it’ll be reliable in terms of constructions and how efficient and effective this modified brick will be whenever used in the normal constructions.

1.4 Significance of the Study The population of the Philippines have increased in high rate which has led to an increase in the number of residential, educational, hospitals, public utilities, commercial, small scale,, medium industry, infrastructural structure and multi-storeyed apartments. In our country construction materials are quite expensive and some of us especially in the provinces that some poor people lives. They intended to use lumbers from forest to construct their own house that we cannot assure the life span and strength to fight weather and any phenomenon that can destroy it. So this study is made to provide help to others to have a simple construction material to help them in their own needs. 1.4 A. Environmental

Cow dung and coconut husk are known as biodegradable material and in our country it is considered as waste and cannot be used. This material is a eco-friendly because this country produces tons of coconut every day and there is no specific place to dump those husk but even thou some people use it as “bunot”. When this research is prove to be useful it can help this waste to be lessened. For the cow dung, other used it as an fertilizer and it is good also because it they recycled the cow manure into new material but this concept is good because the material to be made is for long term use. 1.4 B. Social The beneficiary of this research in society is the people because we can find an alternative uses of those materials that are known waste. It can help them because they can used cow dung and coconut husk n making bricks that can find everywhere instead of the pure mixture of the concrete. For the farmer it can be extra income for them because they have cow that produce manure and others are farmer in a coconut farm. 1.4 C Economic This can be a big impact for the economic aspect of life of a person because instead of buying expensive materials for construction we can buy less and have alternative materials that can use in making bricks instead of pure mixture of sand gravel and cement. Nowadays, population increases in high rate and the demand of the construction materials increases too because of the demand that causes the materials to become expensive. Some people needs a house but they cannot afford because of the expensiveness and this maybe a big help for them. 1.4D Industrial

It can help the industry to become more productive because the alternative materials used can only find in the environment and easily to find. It is abundant in places with farm. The cost of this material can be cheaper because of being abundant of those materials. The farmer can make this bricks for their extra income. They will become more productive because their occupation is the primary source of the materials. 1.4E Academics The beneficiary of this study are those students, they can improve this research and find other materials to add to make a more modified bricks. They can also use this study also for their research projects and thesis. 1.5 Scope and Delimitations SCOPE OF THE STUDY 

The system will examine the effectiveness of Cow dung and coconut husk as reinforcements.

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The system will provide economical material for construction.

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The materials are locally abundant and that can reduce the cost of producing bricks.

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The cement industry is responsible for some of emission of carbon-dioxide leading to global warming, reducing pollution by using this modified bricks.

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The system will provide a functional construction material that is eco-friendly.

DELIMITATIONS 

The researchers limit the study by using only coconut husk fibers and sun dried cow manure.

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The bricks will be tested by means of compressive and tensile strength only.

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The mixture type will be A, 1 cubic meter of cement and 2 cubic meters of sand.

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Maximum of 8 – 10 percent of cow dung and coconut husk must be on the mixture.

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Durability can’t be tested due to lack of time frame of the study

LIMITATIONS 

Cow manure has different types of water content.

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Water absorption due to rainy weather condition will not be considered.

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The increase in fire conduction is neglected.

CHAPTER II 2.1 Introduction Cow dung and coconut husk are very abundant in many places in the Philippines that can be converted into usable material like bricks, which can be useful as an alternative construction material. These are proven to be effective. Linda Crampton a writer and a teacher with an honors degree in biology writes an article titled “ The Many Uses of Cow Dung: A Natural and Renewable Resources”, “The Uses of Coconut Fibre in the Production of Structural Lightweight Concrete” a research conducted by Sadiquil Nasal, Habibur Rahman Sobuz and “Home Constructed With Cow Manure? In Village of the Maasai People of Kenya, Yes an article written in The Gate by Brian Cohen a Famous adventurer and reasercher. Cow dung can be helpful in warm places like Philippines; Linda Crampton said “a cow dung formed a waterproof layer that avoid heat to enter”. Cow dung is considered as waste and the only known for being a fertilizer. It contains fibrous components which are good for binding materials. It is often use by Maasai people in Kenya in building houses due to lack of materials or maybe poverty. They uses soil and cow dung as an alternative reinforcement. 2.2 Related Theories and Literature According to Vandna Sharma, Bhanu M.Marwaha, Hemant K.Vinayakb (2016), “stated in their article ‘Enhancing durability of adobe by natural reinforcement for propagating sustainable mud housing’, Low durability and compressive strength of adobe blocks leads to frequent maintenance problem associated with rural house wall construction. This forms the

main reason of abandonment of vernacular mud housing building technology in rural areas today. The present paper presents an attempt to improve upon the low durability of adobe blocks by addition of natural reinforcement of Grewia Optiva and Pinus Roxburghii which otherwise are treated as waste material in rural areas. Experimental investigations were carried out for cylindrical and cubical stabilized and unstabilized soil samples. Durability tests conducted included wetting and drying test, water absorption and expansion test, sponge water absorption test, spray test, total absorption test, and water strength coefficient tests carried out as per Indian standards and international research. Results indicated that durability of stabilized soil samples increases by 72% and 68% for fibers of Grewia Optiva and Pinus Roxburghii as compared with unstabilized soil samples. The results recommend that fibers of Grewia Optiva and Pinus Roxburghii can be advantageously added in adobe blocks for improving durability. This would propagate durable mud housing on a large scale thereby reducing housing shortage especially in developing countries, economizing use of natural resources, reducing energy consumption during manufacturing of modern construction materials and most importantly provide sustainable way of living.” Literature studies (Galan et al., 2010; Ogunye and Boussabaine, 2002; Hall, 2007; Ola, 1990; Walker, 2004) involving different experimental investigations give a comparative analysis of properties of earth products before and after modifications. Studies by Ogunye and Boussabaine (2002), Mbumbia and Tirlocq (2000), Ola (1990), Obonyo and Baskaran (2010), Donkor and Obonyo (2015), Villamizar et al. (2012), Prasad et al. (2012), Yetimoglu et al. (2005) all ascertain considerable improvement in mechanical and physical properties of soil after treatment. Table 2.1 gives a literary review of comparative improvement in properties of soil after treatment (stabilization and reinforcement).

Table 2.1 Improvement in properties of soil after treatment.

Reference

Property improvement

Treatment

Results

Stabilizer

Reinforcement

Vilane (Vilane, 2010)

Compressive strength

Ordinary Portland Cement

Molasses, cowdung, sawdust

Soil samples with molasses and Ordinary Portland Cement shown improved compressive strength

Ngowi

Strength of earth construction

Cement, lime, bitumen

Fibers, cow-dung

Specimen of lime and cement show improved strength

Heathcote

Durability of adobe

Cement; different proportions (2.5%, 5%, 7.5%)

–

Specimens of 7.5% cement show improved durability

Ren

Durability of adobe

Sodium silicate – solution, silioxane and silicone emulsion

Treated specimens show better durability than untreated samples

Turnali and Erdogan

Structural behavior of adobe

–

Load carrying capacity increased by addition of straw, fly-ash and plaster reinforced mesh

Binci et al.

Compressive strength, heat conductivity, earthquake resistance

Cement, Plastic fibers, Specimens reinforced with gypsum, straw, plastic fibers showed basaltic pumice polystyrene fabric increased compressive strength, thermal insulation, elasticity and earthquake resistance

Ramírez et al.

Durability, compressive strength, flexural strength

Lime

Sugarcane bagasse ash (SCBA)

Specimens with 10% lime + 10% SCBA showed improved properties

Muntohar (Muntohar, 2011)

Compressive strength

Lime

Rice husk ash

Specimens with 1:1; lime : rice hush addition showed improved compressive and flexural strength

Kumar et al.

Compressive strength

–

Plain and Fibers reinforced samples crimped polyester showed improved fiber compressive strength

Ghavami et al. (Ghavami et al., 1999)

Compressive strength

Guettala et

Durability, strength

Straw, fly ash, plaster reinforcement

Coconut and sisal Fibers reinforced samples fibers showed improved compressive strength Cement, lime,

–

Samples stabilized with 5%

Reference

Property improvement

al.

Treatment Stabilizer

Results Reinforcement

resin

cement and resin showed better durability

Danso et al.

Compressive and tensile strength

Coconut, Addition of coconut and oil bagasse, oil palm palm fibers showed fibers increase in strength

Taallah et al.

Mechanical properties and hygroscopicity of compressed earth blocks

Cement

Date palm fibers

Specimen with .05% fiber + 8% cement showed improved properties

Tang et al. (Tang et al., 2007)

Compressive strength and mechanical properties

Cement

Discrete short polypropylene fiber

Reinforced Specimens both cemented and uncemented showed increased compressive strength, shear strength, decrease in stiffness and loss in post-peak strength

Investigation on the Use of Clayey Soil Mixed with Cow Dung to Produce Sustainable Bricks, D.P. Katale, V.S. Kamara and A.A. Adedeji, (2014) The strength of the soil cow dung mixture decreases as the percentage of cow dung content increases. A local maxima in strength was observed at 20% cow dung content. This could conversely be read as a local minima at 10% cow dung content.

Curing of the soil cow dung mixture did not produce a great deal of difference in strength up to about 40% soil content. The strength difference became bigger for clay content greater than 40% and for curing between 14 and 30 days.

This is part of an investigation into the engineering behavior traditional Namibia construction methods and materials. It would therefore be necessary to extend this study by carrying out durability testing of the bricks and wall systems made using them. Thermal testing to see,

how the heat dissipates through the bricks and hence the walls would also be part of this extended investigation.

2.3 Related Studies The Uses of Coconut Fiber in the Production of Structural Lightweight Concrete (Noor Md.Sadiqui Hasan, Haabibur Rahman Sobuz, Md.Shiblee Sayed and Md. Salful Islam) There is currently a great deal of interest in developing the technology for using natural fiber materials in cement composites. Natural fibers exist in reasonably large quantities all over the world and natural vegetable fibers are produced in most developing countries. Natural fibers have been used to reinforce inorganic materials for thousands of years. Examples include straw for bricks, mud and poles, plaster and reeds. During this century other fibers such as coconut, bamboo, wood cellulose fibers, wool or chips, bast fibers, leaf fibers, seed and fruits fibers have been used in cement-sand based products Fibers may be classified as either natural or man-made, and the natural fibers further divided into different groups. The use of natural fiber as reinforcement in concrete (cement-sand matrix) has been comprehensively investigated in many countries. The natural fiber reinforced materials, which can be used in the production of building materials, are presently mainly those based on coconut, bamboo, cane, henequen and sisal. The main reasons for the use of natural fibers are abundantly available and are comparatively cheap. Natural fiber composites are also claimed to offer environmental advantages such as reduced dependence on non-renewable energy/materials sources, lower pollutant emissions, lower greenhouse gas emissions, enhanced energy recovery and end of life biodegradability of components.

Using Cow Dung as a Building Material (Linda Crampton) A mud and cow dung paste is often applied to the floors of rural homes in India and may be applied to the walls as well. The mixture reportedly forms a waterproof layer that helps to insulate the house from heat entry or loss and doesn't smell unpleasant. A relatively new process is to make building bricks from cow dung mixed with straw dust. The bricks are much lighter than conventional ones. It's been suggested that the manure residue from biogas production could be used instead of sawdust to make fiberboard. The manure, which contains fibers, would be sterilized and then mixed with resin to make the board. Fiberboard has many uses. It's used to manufacture furniture and floors in homes, for example. The high fiber content of cow dung also enables people to make paper from the dung. The dung is washed to extract the fibers, which can then be pressed into paper on a screen. Some people make cow dung paper as a hobby. The paper can also be bought commercially.

2.4 Theoretical/Conceptual Framework The study wanted to prove the mixture of bricks by using cow dung and coconut husk as an additive. It exhibits a high compressive strength and can be of high durable using compressive test.

INPUT

Materials

PROCESS

OUTPUTS

•

Preparation of Materials

•

Mixing Ratios of Cement

the adequate mixing

to Cow dung and Coconut

proportion obtaining

Husk

high compressive

Test

strength material.

•

Cow dung

•

Coconut Husk

•

Cement

•

Sand

-Compressive Strength

•

Water

Test

•

•

•

Recommendation for

Comparison whether the mixture of cement,

Equipment’s

coconut husk and cow dung as bricks are

•

Mixer

more economical to

•

Molds

other bricks.

•

Weighing Scale

•

UTM (Universal

friendly construction

Testing Machine)

material.

•

•

A functional and eco-

ASTM Procedures & DPWH BlueBook if necessary

2.5 Summary of Related Theories, Literature and Studies To summarize things up, these theories, literatures and studies are all related to the research. Most of them are about how the two materials react to the way that the material handles the different experiments that it has undergone, some of them are about how the

researchers came up with the idea that these two materials can strengthen a certain concrete mixtures. One of the researchers includes a table under the related theories. This table shows a list of works that are almost related to the topic, most of the published works listed used the same fibrous materials and the cow manure as the strengthening agent. On the 5th column, listed are the results of each theory, whether the authors succeeded or not and as to how or in what aspect of strength the added materials increases/affects. A part of this chapter also shows that the usage of cow dung as a strengthening material in terms of construction was already known way back 1990’s. This proves that there are this people like the researchers who wants to utilize almost everything around this environment, that even the dirtiest things like the cow dung can be turned into a special strengthening agent that may fix issues regarding strength and durability of a material. The theories, literatures, and studies indicated above do validate this research, that there is a possibility that the researchers can conduct a successful outcome regarding the matter.