Core - Poultry - Unit Of Competency 1

COMPETENCY BASED LEARNING MATERIAL

Sector:

AGRICULTURE AND FISHERY SECTOR

Qualification Title: Animal Production (Poultry-Chicken)NC II Unit of Competency: Module Title:

Maintain Poultry House

Maintaining Poultry House

KWR PERMACULTURE SCHOOL FOR PRACTICAL FARMING, INC. FLORIDA, KAPALONG, DAVAO DEL NORTE

HOW TO USE THIS COMPETENCY-BASED LEARNING MATERIAL The unit of competency, “Maintain Poultry Environment”, is one of the competencies of ANIMAL PRODUCTION (POULTRY-CHICKEN) NCII, a course which comprises the knowledge, skills, and attitudes required for a TVET trainee to possess. The module, Maintaining Poultry Environment, contains training materials and activities related to conduct preparation activities, maintain poultry house and facilities, maintain farm area and perform completion activities. In this module, you are required to go through a series of learning activities in order to complete each learning outcome. In each learning outcome are Information Sheets, Self-checks, Operation Sheets, Task Sheets, and Job Sheets. Follow and perform

ANIMAL PRODUCTION (POULTRYCHICKEN) NC II MAINTAIN POULTRY HOUSE/ENVIRONMENT

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the activities on your own. If you have questions, do not hesitate to ask for assistance from your facilitator. Remember to: 

Read information sheet and complete the self-checks.



Perform the Task Sheets, Operation Sheets, and Job Sheets until you are confident that your outputs conform to the Performance Criteria Checklists that follow the said work sheets.



Submit outputs of the Task Sheets, Operation Sheets, and Job Sheets to your facilitator for evaluation and recording in the Achievement Chart. Outputs shall serve as your portfolio during the Institutional Competency Evaluation. When you feel confident that you have had sufficient practice, ask your trainer to evaluate you. The results of your assessment will be recorded in your Achievement Chart and Progress Chart.

You must pass the Institutional Competency Evaluation for this competency before moving to another competency. A Certificate of Achievement will be awarded to you after passing the evaluation. You need to complete this module before you can perform the module on Brood and Grow Chicks.

ANIMAL PRODUCTION (POULTRYCHICKEN) NC II MAINTAIN POULTRY HOUSE/ENVIRONMENT

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ANIMAL PRODUCTION NC II COMPETENCY BASED LEARNING MATERIALS LIST OF COMPETENCIES No. 1

2

3

4

Unit of Competency

Module Title

Code

MAINTAIN POULTRY

MAINTAINING POULTRY

HOUSE/ENVIRONMENT

HOUSE/ENVIRONMENT

BROOD AND GROW

BROODING AND GROWING

CHICKS

CHICKS

PERFORM PRE-LAY AND

PERFORMING PRE-LAY

LAY ACTIVITIES

AND LAY ACTIVITIES

TRIMM BEAK

ANIMAL PRODUCTION (POULTRYCHICKEN) NC II MAINTAIN POULTRY HOUSE/ENVIRONMENT

AFF622101 AFF622102 AFF622103

TRIMMING BEAK

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AFF622104

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MODULE CONTENT UNIT OF COMPETENCY:

MAINTAIN POULTRY HOUSE/ENVIRONMENT

MODULE TITLE:

MAINTAINING POULTRY HOUSE/ENVIRONMENT

MODULE DESCRIPTOR: This module covers the knowledge, skills and attitudes in maintaining poultry environment. It includes conducting preparation activities, maintaining poultry house and facilities, maintaining farm area and performing completion activities. Nominal Duration: 40 hours Learning Outcomes: At the end of this module, the trainee/students MUST be able to: 1. 2. 3. 4.

Conduct preparation activities. Maintain poultry house and facilities. Maintain farm area. Perform completion activities.

ASSESSMENT CRITERIA 1. Farm layout of poultry house and facilities are determined with reference to the housing plan. 2. Poultry housing and facilities are checked according to enterprise procedures. 3. Conditions of poultry housing and facilities are reported to the immediate authority and in compliance with Environmental Compliance Certificate. 4. Tools, materials and equipment are prepared according to maintenance requirements and instruction of authority. 5. Poultry housing and facilities are cleaned and disinfected in regular basis. 6. Minor repairs and maintenance are done as per instruction of the authority and per work requirements. 7. Major malfunctions and irregular conditions in the poultry house and facilities are reported immediately. 8. Wearing of personal protective equipment(PPE) is practiced prior to succeeding is practiced following OSHS procedures. 9. Safety measures are practiced according to Occupational Safety and Health Standards(OSHS). 10. Maintenance of farm area and vicinities are done according to production management and enterprise procedures. 11. Vermin and insects control is performed according to Fertilizer and Pesticides Authority guidelines and DENR regulations.

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12. Maintenance of farm vegetation are conducted to avoid common vermins and insects proliferation. 13. Records are kept and updated for reporting inventory purposes following enterprise procedures. 14. Tools and equipment are cleaned and stored according to manuals and enterprise procedures. 15. Housekeeping is practiced following 5S principles and enterprise procedures. 16. Wastes are manage following 3Rs principles and DENR regulations.

ANIMAL PRODUCTION (POULTRYCHICKEN) NC II MAINTAIN POULTRY HOUSE/ENVIRONMENT

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LEARNING OUTCOME #1

CONDUCT PREPARATION ACTIVITIES

CONTENTS:  Poultry house and facilities  Materials, tools and equipment for maintenance requirements. ASSESSMENT CRITERIA: 1. Farm layout of poultry house and facilities are determined with reference to the housing plan. 2. Poultry housing and facilities are checked according to enterprise procedures. 3. Conditions of poultry housing and facilities are reported to the immediate authority and in compliance with Environmental Compliance Certificate 4. Tools, materials and equipment are prepared according to maintenance requirements and instruction of authority.

CONDITIONS: Trainees must be provided with the following:   

Learning modules Visual aids Materials and tools needed

ASSESSMENT METHODS: 

Written Examination



Demonstration with question



Oral evaluation

Learning Experiences

Learning Outcome 1

Carry-out Preparatory Activities

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Learning Activities

Special Instructions

Read Information Sheet 1.1-1: “Planning for a poultry house” Answer Self-check 1.1-1 Read Information Sheet 1.1-2: “Basic equipment, tools and materials” Answer Self-check 1.1-2 Task sheet 1.1-2 “Identify poultry equipment, tools and materials” Perform Criteria checklist 1.1-2

This Learning Outcome deals with the development of the Institutional Competency Evaluation Tool which trainers use in evaluating their trainees after finishing a competency of the qualification. Go through the learning activities outlined for you on the left column to gain the necessary information or knowledge before doing the tasks to practice on performing the requirements of the evaluation tool. The output of this LO is a complete Institutional Competency Evaluation Package for one Competency of Animal Production NC II. Your output shall serve as one of your portfolio for your Institutional Competency Evaluation for Maintain Poultry Environment. Feel free to show your outputs to your trainer as you accomplish them for guidance and evaluation. After doing all the activities for this LO, you are ready to proceed to the next LO: Maintain poultry house and facilities.

Information Sheet 1.1-1 Planning for a poultry house Learning Objectives: After reading this information sheet, the trainee must be able to identify different kinds of poultry house.

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Work Area This is the place where the bird is raised and taking good care of the assign poultry personnel.

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Storage Room This is the dry storage area where the feeds, vaccines and other materials are place to prevent contamination of bacteria.

Growing Area

Brooding Area

Brooding Is the process of supplying artificial heat to the chicks from the time they are taken out from the incubators up to the time their bodies can control their heat requirements and they are covered with feathers. Male and female chicks are usually reared separately until about 4-5 weeks of age. They are then reared so that they can work out who is boss (adjust the peck order), which means they will be less likely to fight with one another later on.

Growing The growing period for layer breeders is from five to 20 weeks of age and is about four weeks less than for meat breeders. During the growing period, feed is restricted to prevent feed wastage and, for layer breeders, to improve egg production. It is even more important for meat breeders because they become too fat to breed efficiently if on full feed. Restricted feeding begins at about six weeks of age and continues until birds have commenced laying. When birds are at 5-10% egg production, a breeder ration is supplied. Birds that have been gown on restricted feed are often call ‘control fed.

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Self-Check 1.1- 1 True or False

1. The growing period for layer breeders is from five to 20 weeks of age and is about four weeks less than for meat breeders. 2. Growing the process of supplying artificial heat to the chicks from the time they are taken out from the incubators up to the time their bodies can control their heat requirements and they are covered with feathers. 3. Work area is the place where the bird is raised and taking good care of the assign poultry personnel. 4. Restricted feeding begins at about 20 weeks of age and continues until birds have commenced laying. 5. Birds that have been gown on restricted feed are often call control fed.

Answer Key to

ANIMAL PRODUCTION (POULTRYCHICKEN) NC II MAINTAIN POULTRY HOUSE/ENVIRONMENT

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Self-Check 1.1-1 1. True 2. True 3. False 4. False 5. True

Information Sheet 1.1-2 Basic equipment, tools and materials in poultry farming

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Learning Objectives: After reading this information sheet, you must be able to identify different tools, materials and equipment in the poultry house.

TOOLS Carpentry Tools is used in repair and maintenance in the poultry house.

Wheel Barrow a small cart with a single wheel at the front and two supporting legs and two handles at the rear, used typically for carrying loads in building-work or gardening.

Chick Guard are designed to keep the baby chicks from wandering away from the source of heat. The chick guards (Plastic Poultry Equipment) are used during the initial days and can be removed by the end of the first week. It can be set up in form of a ring, a little away from the edge of the hover.

Shovel a tool with a broad flat blade and typically upturned sides, used for moving coal, earth, snow or other material.

Spade a tool with a sharp-edged, typically rectangular, metal blade and a long handle, used for digging or cutting earth, sand, turf, etc.

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Crow Bar a long metal bar, usually with a bent, often forked, wedge-shaped end, used as a lever for prying.

Electrical Tools this is used in repairing and checking electrical connections.

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MATERIALS Sponge a piece of a soft, light, porous substance originally consisting of the fibrous skeleton of an invertebrate but now usually made of synthetic material. Sponges absorb liquid and are used for washing and cleaning

Scrub a materials used to remove (dirt or stains) by hard rubbing.

Broomstick and Broom a long-handled brush of bristles or twigs used for sweeping.

Trash Can a container for the disposal of dry waste matter.

Sacks a bag, especially one made of strong material for holding grain or objects in bulk.

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Dust pan a short-handled pan or scoop into which dust is swept.

Pipes a hollow cylinder or tube used to conduct a liquid, gas, or finely divided solid.

Pail and Basin a watertight cylindrical vessel, open at the top and fitted with a handle; a bucket.

Disinfectant an agent, such as heat, radiation, or a chemical, that destroys, neutralizes, or inhibits the growth of disease-carrying microorganisms.

ANIMAL PRODUCTION (POULTRYCHICKEN) NC II MAINTAIN POULTRY HOUSE/ENVIRONMENT

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Detergent a cleansing substance that acts similarly to soap but is made from chemical compounds rather than fats and lye.

Bleaching Agent an agent that makes things white or colorless.

Water Hose hosepipe or simply hose is a flexible tube used to convey water.

Drum a material use in storing water.

EQUIPMENT ANIMAL PRODUCTION (POULTRYCHICKEN) NC II MAINTAIN POULTRY HOUSE/ENVIRONMENT

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Electric fans it is used to cool down a particular place.

Lighting Equipment is used to provide light in the poultry house.

Feeders is used for the uniform, continuous feeding and conveyance of pourable bulk materials and fine powders.

Waterers are used to provide water to the birds.

Knapsack Sprayer a spraying apparatus consisting of a knapsack tank together with pressurizing device, line, and sprayer nozzle, used chiefly in fire control and in spraying fungicides or insecticides.

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Power Sprayer is a high-pressure mechanical sprayer used to remove loose paint, mold, grime, dust, mud, and dirt from surfaces and objects such as buildings, vehicles and concrete surfaces.

Electric Generator is a device that converts mechanical energy to electrical energy for use in an external circuit.

Heater provides artificial heat in the poultry that makes the bird comfortable.

Self-Check 1.1- 2

1.___________is used for the uniform, continuous feeding and conveyance of pourable bulk materials and fine powders. a. waterers

b. feeders

c. feed bin

ANIMAL PRODUCTION (POULTRYCHICKEN) NC II MAINTAIN POULTRY HOUSE/ENVIRONMENT

d. feed cart

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2. Is a high-pressure mechanical sprayer used to remove loose paint, mold, grime, dust, mud, and dirt from surfaces and objects such as buildings, vehicles and concrete surfaces. a. knapsack sprayer b. sprayer

c. power sprayer d. all of the above

3. An agent, such as heat, radiation, or a chemical, that destroys, neutralizes, or inhibits the growth of disease-carrying microorganisms. a. disinfectant

b. detergent

c. bleaching agent d. all of the above

4. A short-handled pan or scoop into which dust is swept. a. dust pan

b. broom

c. broom stick d. scrub

5. A tool with a sharp-edged, typically rectangular, metal blade and a long handle, used for digging or cutting earth, sand, turf, etc. a. Shovel b. spade c. crow bar

d. sponge

Answer Key to Self-Check 1.1-2 1. b 2. c 3. a ANIMAL PRODUCTION (POULTRYCHICKEN) NC II MAINTAIN POULTRY HOUSE/ENVIRONMENT

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4. a 5. b

TASK SHEET 1.1-2 Title: Identify poultry farm tools, equipment and materials Performance Objective: Must be able to identify poultry equipment, tools, and materials according to their uses. Supplies/Materials

:

Equipment

:

Paper, pencil

Steps/Procedure: 1.

Prepare necessary poultry equipment.

2.

Prepare necessary tools and materials.

3.

Identify equipment, tools and materials.

4.ANIMAL Identify each uses. PRODUCTION (POULTRYCHICKEN) NC II MAINTAIN POULTRY HOUSE/ENVIRONMENT

Assessment Method: Lecture

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Performance Criteria Checklist 1.1-2 CRITERIA

YES

Did you….

NO

1. Prepare necessary poultry equipment. 2. Prepare necessary tools and materials. 3. Identify equipment, tools and materials. 4. Identify each uses.

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LEARNING OUTCOME #2 MAINTAIN POULTRY HOUSE AND FACILITIES

CONTENTS:  Minor repairs and maintenance in the poultry house.  Major malfunctions and irregular conditions in the poultry house . ASSESSMENT CRITERIA: 1. Poultry housing and facilities are cleaned and disinfected in regular basis. 2. Minor repairs and maintenance are done as per instruction of the authority and per work requirements. 3. Major malfunctions and irregular conditions in the poultry house and facilities are reported immediately.

ANIMAL PRODUCTION (POULTRYCHICKEN) NC II MAINTAIN POULTRY HOUSE/ENVIRONMENT

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4. Wearing of personal protective equipment(PPE) is practiced prior to succeeding is practiced following OSHS procedures. . Safety measures are practiced according to Occupational Safety and Health Standards(OSHS). CONDITIONS: The student/trainee must be provided with the following:   

Learning modules Visual aids Materials and tools needed

ASSESSMENT METHODS: 

Written Test



Demonstration with question



Oral Evaluation

Learning Experiences Learning Outcome 2

Maintain poultry house and facilities

Learning Activities Read Information Sheet 1.2-1: “Minor repairs and maintenance in the poultry house” Answer Self-check 1.2-1 Read Information Sheet 1.2-2: “Major malfunctions and irregular conditions in the poultry house.” Answer Self-check 1.2-2

Special Instructions This Learning Outcome deals with the development of the Institutional Competency Evaluation Tool which trainers use in evaluating their trainees after finishing a competency of the qualification. Go through the learning activities outlined for you on the left column to gain the necessary information or knowledge before doing the tasks to practice on

ANIMAL PRODUCTION (POULTRYCHICKEN) NC II MAINTAIN POULTRY HOUSE/ENVIRONMENT

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performing the requirements of the evaluation tool. The output of this LO is a complete Institutional Competency Evaluation Package for one Competency of Animal Production NC II. Your output shall serve as one of your portfolio for your Institutional Competency Evaluation for Maintain Poultry Environment. Feel free to show your outputs to your trainer as you accomplish them for guidance and evaluation. After doing all the activities for this LO, you are ready to proceed to the next LO: Maintain farm area.

Information Sheet 1.2-1 Minor Repairs and Maintenance Learning Objectives: After reading this information sheet, you must be able to determine the different minor repairs and maintenance in the poultry house.

Minor Repair Roof Repair

Pipe Repair

ANIMAL PRODUCTION (POULTRYCHICKEN) NC II MAINTAIN POULTRY HOUSE/ENVIRONMENT

Floor Slat Repair

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Curtain fixing

Net repair

Feeder Repair

Net repair Waterer Repair

Maintenance All personnel and visitors entering an establishment should follow a biosecurity procedure. The preferred procedure is for visitors and personnel to shower and change into clean clothes and footwear provided by the establishment. Where this is not practical, clean outer garments (coveralls or overalls, hats and footwear) should be provided. Before entering and after leaving a poultry house, personnel and visitors should wash their hands with soap and water and use a properly maintained disinfectant footbath. The disinfectant solution in the footbath should be changed on a regular basis to ensure its efficacy, according to the manufacturer’s instructions.

Cleaning and Disinfecting

ANIMAL PRODUCTION (POULTRYCHICKEN) NC II MAINTAIN POULTRY HOUSE/ENVIRONMENT

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Kills germs that cause diseases.  Visitors, growers, and employees must wash hands before entering and leaving the farm. Acceptable methods include waterless gels, disinfecting hand wipes, or soap and water.  Clean work clothes should be worn to prevent the spread of disease.  Proper clothing requirements for visits to a commercial poultry operation are disposable coveralls, hairnet, gloves, and plastic boots. The disposable clothing should be disposed of on the farm before the individual leaves the premises.  Hands should be disinfected before leaving the dressing area and before entering each house. Growers and their workers, living on the farm premises, should have designated clothing to be worn while on the poultry farm. If a person leaves the premises they should change clothes, including footwear, before leaving.  If a grower has employees who live off the farm premises, these employees should shower, prior to entering the farm, and wear clothing designated, including footwear, for farm use only. Special care should be taken to ensure contamination (disease) is not brought to the farm from outside the farm premises.  Hands should be disinfected before leaving the dressing area and before entering each house.  Boots should be dipped in the footbath between each house.  All equipment used inside the poultry houses should be cleaned and disinfected prior to entering and after exiting the houses. This includes equipment used for clean out and new flock set up.  Equipment should not be shared between farms, unless thoroughly cleaned and disinfected.

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Self-Check 1.2- 1 True or False

1. Boots should be dipped in the footbath between each house. 2. All personnel and visitors entering an establishment are exempted to follow a biosecurity procedure. 3. The disinfectant solution in the footbath should be changed on a weekly basis to ensure its efficacy, according to the manufacturer’s instructions. 4. Hands should be disinfected before leaving the dressing area and before entering each house. 5. Equipment should not be shared between farms, unless thoroughly cleaned and disinfected.

Answer Key to ANIMAL PRODUCTION (POULTRYCHICKEN) NC II MAINTAIN POULTRY HOUSE/ENVIRONMENT

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Self-Check 1.2-1 1. True 2. False 3. False 4. True 5. True

Information Sheet 1.2-2

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Major Malfunctions and Irregular Conditions Learning Objectives: After reading this information sheet, you must be able to determine the different minor repairs and maintenance in the poultry house.

Electrical Problem Preventing Common Electrical Problem Poultry houses and the equipment in them have evolved through the years, but in too many cases the electrical systems have not kept up with the technology upgrades that have been made to the rest of the house. Many farmers are living with a false sense of security and think that just because the power is on and the equipment runs in their houses that their electrical system is in good condition. The reality is that there are many houses operating with electrical systems that are close to causing a catastrophic failure. Learning about the importance of a properly sized, installed and maintained electrical system will help prevent system failures. A tripping breaker or hot power panel, indicates something is wrong and must be repaired. In an environmentally controlled house, regular electrical maintenance has to be part of the production program. Quality power starts with planning the electrical service. However, a large number of houses built and wired some years ago and not maintained are extremely vulnerable to a system failure, which can lead to a significant loss of birds. These areas are wires, wire connections, panel boards and breaker s. Wires Main feeder wires are the electrical conductors that deliver electricity to our houses. When these wires are overloaded they begin to heat up and exceed the temperature rating of the insulation that protects them. Repeated overheating of the insulation causes it to become brittle and break apart and the conductor will short circuit if it comes in contact with the metal enclosure or another conductor. Another problem with electrical feeder wires is that they were often directly buried in the ground and not installed in protective conduit. Heavy truck traffic over driveways will often cause shifting of the surrounding fill dirt. Over time the insulation is damaged and the conductor fails. Buried feeder wires should be installed in protective conduit to eliminate such problems. There is no quick fix for failure of a feeder wire to a turkey house. Excavation has to take place and new materials need to be assembled and installed. Also, special attention should be taken when retrofitting older houses with new tunnel fans and equipment. Sometimes the older 100 amp rated feeder wires are used to feed 200 amp panels that supply the more powerful equipment, see Photo 2. The old conductors are not rated to handle the new load but will work or get by for a while. The correct action is to replace the wires serving the panel. This is an expensive fix and is often not done. Have a qualified electrician size and install new feeder wires and use copper if at all possible.

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Electrical Connections Over time the resistance of this connection increased, the junction began to heat up, and the two conductors burned apart. This could have been aggravated by moisture causing corrosion of the aluminum, or by unequal expansion and contraction of the metals. Whatever the specific cause, the split bolt connector splice failed. Since the failure was down stream of the generator, power to the turkey house being served by that set of conductors was lost. As stated previously, there is no fast fix for a failed feeder to a turkey house. Split bolt connectors have been commonly used in retro-fitting electrical systems to join old buried conductors to new panels. They are often protected by electrical tape and might even be buried or hidden in a piece of electrical conduit. This makes them difficult to inspect. Most likely sooner or later these connections will cause trouble. If you have them in your wiring system, you need to plan to replace them. Photo 4 shows how electrical connections should be connected in a protective junction box where the wires can be fastened by an electrical lug kit that can be torqued to meet the manufacture’s recommendations using a torque wrench. These connections are far more reliable and can be easily inspected and maintained. The lug kit assures a good metal to metal contact with minimal electrical resistance. Heating of connections made in this manner should not be a problem. Problems Panel Boards Many houses built 10 – 15 years ago were wired with 100 amp or less rated electrical panels. Ventilation was natural and electrical loads were much smaller than those installed in today’s houses. Most panels installed were lighter duty ones – that is, not designed for continuous loads at or near their rated maximums. These non-commercial type panels are acceptable for residential use, but when placed in a poultry house with 8-12 fan motors and other motors running, they will most likely not hold up well over time. Circuit breakers that snap into aluminum bus bars often do not make good connections. Over time these connections degrade and develop resistance to current flow, causing heat build-up in the breaker sand panels. The panel board should be replaced with a commercial grade model properly sized for the connected loads. Main Breakers Most molded case circuit breakers are designed to operate at a maximum temperature of 104°F (40°C). If the breaker is in a panel or enclosure that is hotter than the maximum temperature the breaker is likely to trip prematurely, even if there is no electrical current overload. The cause of overheating may be a defective breaker or problems with wiring or connections. Many growers remove panel covers or even blow fans on breakers to keep them cool.

Ventilation Problem The ventilation system is one of the most important, yet least understood components in a livestock or poultry barn. Its main functions are to remove respired moisture, excess heat, gases, odors and dust while maintaining a comfortable, draft-free environment. This environment should provide comfort for the animals - not just for the operator. The behavior and productivity of animals are the best clues to ventilation performance; if ANIMAL PRODUCTION (POULTRYCHICKEN) NC II MAINTAIN POULTRY HOUSE/ENVIRONMENT

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they are comfortable, they will look and act comfortable. For example, huddling and panting are common animal reactions to temperature extremes (too cold or too hot respectively). Ventilation is not a simple, exact science. Obviously, problem identification and problem solving became easier with time and experience. If you have difficulty in solving a problem, contact someone with ventilation expertise. First try the equipment supplier, who should be able to correct any equipment malfunctions. Often the equipment is installed and/or wired incorrectly; contact your building contractor and/or electrician for these types of problems. Agricultural extension engineers and power company personnel can also help. One must also appreciate that ventilation problems tend to be interrelated - one problem often causes another. For example, consider the situation where a cross flow air inlet is open too wide. The main problem will be poor air distribution within the barn, but several other related problems will develop. Colder incoming air will fall to the floor very quickly, creating drafts. Temperatures may not be uniform throughout the barn and the air will become damp because the respired moisture is not being adequately mixed and exhausted through the fans. By reducing the size of the air inlet, the incoming air is jetted into the barn, creating better mixing and a good air circulation pattern. Not only has the air distribution problem been solved, but there is no longer a floor draft or uneven temperatures and more water vapor is being carried to the exhaust fan by the better mixed air. Sometimes such interrelationships can make the analysis of ventilation problems more difficult. Often you must make several changes to completely solve a problem.

Lighting System Problem Well-designed artificial lighting systems allow workers to perform tasks easily, efficiently and safely. This is also true for related agri-industry processing plants often located in rural areas close to producers. Great emphasis placed on consumer protection and satisfaction brings strict sanitary practices in food processing facilities. Proper illumination helps achieve these objectives. Lighting systems must provide proper quantity, quality and color of light. Worker comfort and safety is important, but light is also needed for production efficiency and for poultry protection, whether birds are housed or reared on the range.

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Good lighting for farm or industry must be planned with the following factors evaluated:  Lighting levels desired to perform specific tasks.  Factors affecting light quality. 

Room characteristics and reflectivity factors.



Type of lamps and luminaries used.



Illumination level and lamp output relationships.



Room height and lamp spacing relationships.



Types of supplementary lights for specific jobs.



Care and maintenance of the system once it is installed. The tasks that workers and poultry specialists perform require different levels of illumination, some low and some extremely high. Recent studies by a joint Farm Lighting Committee (members of the American Society of Agricultural Engineers, and the Illuminating Engineering Society) provide new guidelines for designing good lighting systems. Specific levels of illumination in Table 1 relate to worker productivity, not to bird growth or egg production. A lighting system should provide the recommended footcandle level at any time during the life of the lamps, even after the lighting system has depreciated or has collected dust and dirt. Good quality light prevents glare. Glare is controlled by shading windows, shielding lamps and by painting interior surfaces with a flat, non-glossy paint for a "matte" finish. When practical, improve light quality and obtain more useful light by painting ceilings, walls, floors, and equipment with a white or light color. Ceilings should reflect 80 percent of the light striking them; walls, 40 to 60 percent; and floors at least 20 percent. As a guideline, the reflective value of white cement is about 50 percent. Color reflectance charts are available from most paint dealers. Great differences in brightness between a lighted task area and the remainder of the room can be annoying and often uncomfortable. Therefore, it is desirable to have a brightness ratio between light and dark areas of 2 to 1 for difficult seeing jobs; a ratio of 5 to 1 for less critical tasks.

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Generator Malfunctions Generators and transfer switches have become an important part of our life. In order for this equipment to perform as expected, it must be maintained. There should be an expert quality preventive maintenance services on all types of generator systems. Unexpected malfunctions with your emergency power system can be life threatening and/or costly.

Possible malfunctions of the generator, their reason and ways of elimination Cause of defect

Way of elimination

The control lamp does not light up at ignition inclusion. Control devices do not work Has fused safety lock F19 in the assembly block

Replace a safety lock

Breakage in a feed circuit of a combination of devices:

Do the following:

- Check up a wire "About" and its - Pressure from the assembly block connections from to a combination of devices does not the assembly block move; to a combination of devices;

- Pressure from the ignition switch to the assembly block does not move

- Check up a wire «ГП» and its connections from the switch of ignition to the assembly block

Does not work the ignition switch

Check up, replace

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Faulty contact part The ignition switch The control lamp does not light up at inclusion of ignition and does not burn at engine work. Control devices work. The storage battery is discharged The control lamp has fused or is insufficiently dense contacts of a cartridge of a lamp Nestle on the printed-circuit board

Replace fused control lamp, turn in contacts of a cartridge of a lamp or replace it Check up "KB" a wire

Breakage in a chain between a combination of devices and generator tip "D"

And its connections from the generator To a combination of devices

Deterioration or lag of brushes, oxidation of contact rings

Replace with brushes, wipe rings a napkin moistened in gasoline

The pressure regulator (breakage between a conclusion «DF» and "weight") is damaged

Replace a pressure regulator

The wire was disconnected from a conclusion

Attach a wire

Short circuit in positive gates

Replace the block

conclusions of a winding of excitation from contact rings

Solder conclusions or replace a generator rotor

The control lamp brightly burns or is shone dimly At engine work. The storage battery is discharged

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a belt of a drive of the generator

Adjust a belt tension

The pressure regulator is damaged

Replace a pressure regulator

Gates the block are damaged

Replace the block

Diodes of a food of a winding of excitation are damaged

Replace diodes or the block

conclusions of a winding of excitation from contact rings

Solder conclusions or replace a generator rotor

Breakage or short circuit in a Replace the winding, its short circuit on "weight" generator The control lamp is shone at engine work. The storage battery is recharged The pressure regulator (short circuit Replace a pressure between a conclusion «DF» and regulator "weight") is damaged Raised the generator

Generator bearings are damaged

Replace the back bearing or a forward cover with the bearing

short circuit Or short circuit on "weight" of a winding (howl the generator)

ANIMAL PRODUCTION (POULTRYCHICKEN) NC II MAINTAIN POULTRY HOUSE/ENVIRONMENT

Replace

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Short circuit in one of generator gates

Replace the block

Sludge Flushing Sludge treatment, reuse and disposal Sludge is produced from the treatment of wastewater in on-site (e.g. septic tank) and offsite (e.g. activated sludge) systems. This is inherently so because a primary aim of wastewater treatment is removing solids from the wastewater. In addition, soluble organic substances are converted to bacterial cells, and the latter is removed from the wastewater. Sludge is also produced from the treatment of storm water (Section 4.3), although it is likely to be less organic in nature compared to wastewater sludge. Bucket latrine and vault latrines store faecal sludge, which needs to be collected and treated. These two types of latrine are not discussed in Section 4, because no treatment is involved at the latrines. In the former case human excreta is deposited in a bucket and the content of the bucket is emptied daily, usually at night giving the term ‘night soilEto the faecal sludge. In the latter the excreta is stored in a vault for a longer period of up to two weeks before removal. The content of the vault should preferably be removed mechanically. The characteristics of sludge vary widely from relatively fresh faecal materials generated in bucket latrines to sludge which has undergone bacterial decomposition for over a year in a double pit latrine. The treatment required is therefore dependent on the characteristics of the sludge. The former may contain large numbers of pathogens, whereas the latter will contain much less due to pathogen die-off. Sludge should, however, always be handled with care to avoid contact with pathogens. Sludge may be contaminated with heavy metals and other pollutants, especially when industrial wastes are disposed into the sewer. Pre-treatment of industrial wastes is therefore essential before discharge to the sewer. Treatment of sludge contaminated with high concentrations of heavy metals or toxic chemicals will be more difficult and the potential for re-use of the sludge will be limited. Faecal sludge contains essential nutrients (nitrogen and phosphorus) and is potentially beneficial as fertilizers for plants. The organic carbon in the sludge, once stabilized, is also desirable as a soil conditioner, because it provides improved soil structure for plant roots. Options for sludge treatment include stabilization, thickening, dewatering, drying and incineration. The latter is most costly, because fuel is needed and air pollution control ANIMAL PRODUCTION (POULTRYCHICKEN) NC II MAINTAIN POULTRY HOUSE/ENVIRONMENT

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requires extensive treatment of the combustion gases. It can be used when the sludge is heavily contaminated with heavy metals or other undesirable pollutants. Prevention of contamination of the sludge by industrial wastes is preferable to incineration. A conversion process to produce oil from sludge has been developed, which can be suitable for heavily contaminated sludge (Skrypsi-Mantele, et al 2000). The costs of treatment of sludge are generally of the same order as the costs of removing the sludge from the wastewater.

Stabilization Faecal sludge collected from bucket or vault latrines has a very high biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) and is generally putrid and odorous. Primary and secondary sludge from an activated sludge treatment plant also have a high BOD and may be difficult to dewater. Even sludge from a septic tank, which has undergone bacterial decomposition over at least a year, still has a high BOD. Stabilization is the term used to denote the process of BOD reduction. The stabilization process can be carried out under aerobic or anaerobic conditions. Aerobic stabilization of primary and secondary sludge can be carried out in an aeration tank in the same manner as in an activated sludge process. Because of the high oxygen requirement, this process is energy intensive and costs are high. Aerobic stabilization requires less energy when carried out as part of a composting process. For composting of sludge, its solids content should be increased to at least 15 % so that it can be handled as a solid. Thickening and dewatering (see below) of primary and secondary sludge are required to achieve the required solids content. Faecal sludge may contain high enough solids. Mixing with dry materials such as dry sawdust may assist with achieving the required solids content as well attaining the required carbon to nitrogen ratio for composting. Composting Composting is an aerobic bacterial decomposition process to stabilize organic wastes and produce humus (compost). Compost contains nutrients and organic carbon which are excellent soil conditioners. Composting takes place naturally on a forest floor where organic materials (leaf litter, animal wastes) are converted to more stable organic materials (humus) and the nutrients are released and made available for plant uptake. The process is slow on a forest floor, but can be accelerated under optimum conditions. The optimum conditions for composting area moisture content of about 50 %, a carbon to nitrogen ratio of about 25 to 30, and temperature of 55 oC. Because wastewater sludge is rich in nutrients, its carbon to nitrogen ratio is low (5 to 10). It is also high in moisture. Addition of dry sawdust, which is very high in carbon to nitrogen ratio (500) can adjust both the moisture and carbon to nitrogen ratio. Other waste materials that can be used for this purpose are mulched garden wastes, forest wastes and shredded newspaper. ANIMAL PRODUCTION (POULTRYCHICKEN) NC II MAINTAIN POULTRY HOUSE/ENVIRONMENT

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Composting can be carried out in a specially built composter, such as an inclined rotating cylinder, fed on one end with the raw materials, and the aerated product collected at the other end. As the materials are slowly tumbled over a period of about one week, they are mixed and aerated. Because bacterial decomposition produces heat, temperatures in the insulated composter can easily reach 55oC. The immature compost is then windrowed for at least 12 weeks to allow the composting process to complete, with occasional turning of the windrow. Composting can be more simply carried out in windrows (Figure 32). Regular turning of the windrows assists with mixing of the materials and more importantly supply the oxygen to the bacteria. Temperatures can reach 55 oC, because compost has a good heat insulating property. Turning of the compost also ensures that all parts of the windrow reach the required 55oC essential for pathogen destruction. Turning is required every two to three days in the first two weeks when temperature is 55oC or above. After this period frequent turning of the compost windrow is not required as less heat is generated and less oxygen is required while the compost undergoes maturation. Anaerobic digestion Anaerobic digestion is a bacterial decomposition process that stabilizes organic wastes and produces a mixture of methane and carbon dioxide gas (biogas). The heat value of methane is the same as natural petroleum gas, and biogas is valuable as an energy source. Anaerobic digestion is usually carried out in a specially built digester, where the content is mixed and the digester maintained at 35 C by combusting the biogas produced. After digestion the sludge is passed to a sedimentation tank where the sludge is thickened. Biogas is collected from the digester (Figure 33). The thickened sludge requires further treatment prior to reuse or disposal.

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Anaerobic digestion can also be carried out at a slower rate in an unmixed tank or pond. Covering is usually by a UV resistant plastic sheet, because of the large area needed to be covered, and biogas is collected from the top of the sheet. Storage of biogas can be in a cylindrical tank with a floating roof. The cylindrical roof floats on water and its position is determined by the volume of the gas stored under the pressure of the roof. Biogas can also be stored in a balloon, but only under low pressure

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Self-Check 1.2- 2 True or False

1. The ventilation system is one of the most important, yet least understood components in a livestock or poultry barn. 2. Anaerobic digestion is a bacterial decomposition process that stabilizes organic wastes and produces a mixture of methane and carbon dioxide gas (biogas). 3. Sludge is produced from the treatment of wastewater in on-site (e.g. septic tank) and off-site (e.g. activated sludge) systems. 4. Electrical systems must provide proper quantity, quality and color of light. 5. Main feeder wires are the electrical conductors that deliver electricity to our houses.

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Self-Check 1.2-2 1. True 2. True 3. True 4. False 5. True

LEARNING OUTCOME #3

MAINTAIN FARM AREA

CONTENTS: ANIMAL PRODUCTION (POULTRYCHICKEN) NC II MAINTAIN POULTRY HOUSE/ENVIRONMENT

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 

Maintenance of farm area and vicinities. Vermin and insects control in the farm.

ASSESSMENT CRITERIA: 1. Maintenance of farm area and vicinities are done according to production management and enterprise procedures. 2. Vermin and insects control is performed according to Fertilizer and Pesticides Authority guidelines and DENR regulations. 3. Maintenance of farm vegetation are conducted to avoid common vermins and insects proliferation. CONDITIONS: The student/trainee must be provided with the following:   

sprayer heater materials needed

ASSESSMENT METHODS: 

Written examination



Oral evaluation



Demonstration with questions

Learning Experiences Learning Outcome 3

Maintain farm area

Learning Activities

ANIMAL PRODUCTION (POULTRYCHICKEN) NC II MAINTAIN POULTRY HOUSE/ENVIRONMENT

Special Instructions

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Read Information Sheet 1.3-1: “Maintenance of farm area and vicinities ” Answer Self-check 1.3-1 Read Information Sheet 1.3-2: “Vermin and insects control in the farm” Answer Self-check 1.3-2

This Learning Outcome deals with the development of the Institutional Competency Evaluation Tool which trainers use in evaluating their trainees after finishing a competency of the qualification. Go through the learning activities outlined for you on the left column to gain the necessary information or knowledge before doing the tasks to practice on performing the requirements of the evaluation tool. The output of this LO is a complete Institutional Competency Evaluation Package for one Competency of Animal Production NC II. Your output shall serve as one of your portfolio for your Institutional Competency Evaluation for Maintain Poultry Environment. Feel free to show your outputs to your trainer as you accomplish them for guidance and evaluation. After doing all the activities for this LO, you are ready to proceed to the next LO: Perform completion activities.

Information Sheet 1.3-1 Maintenance of Farm Area and Vicinities Learning Objectives: After reading this information sheet, the trainee must be able to know the maintenance of farm area and vicinities.

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Waste Disposal The method of disposal of poultry wastes plays major role in controlling and eradication of diseases. Improper approach and carelessness of this important aspect of production process in poultry, can lead to constant emergence of disease ailments on poultry farms. This results in heavy losses in the forms of mortality and reduced productive performance. Therefore, timely disposal of wastes with efficient method is an important poultry waste management tool for raising healthy and profitable poultry.

Types of Poultry Waste The various poultry waste produced in production process of poultry are as under: (1) Dead birds (2) Droppings or manure (3) Dressing waste (4) Hatchery waste.

Disposal of Dead Birds Disposal of dead birds is often neglected for want of time, fuel and labor in poultry farms. It is observed that in many instances, dead birds are just thrown away in open outside the farm on fallow land or at the corner of premises. Further bad part of it is that this is mostly practiced during critical periods of outbreaks, due to more number of dead bird posing difficulties for systematic disposal. On the contrary it is necessary to take extra care for systematic disposal of dead birds to control outbreak by checking spread of infection. Throwing dead birds in open beyond the compound is extremely dangerous for spread of infection as they are eaten by dogs, cats, wild birds and vultures to carry disease causing organisms by mechanical route from place to place and recontamination of premises also. Further there is danger of spread of infection through air also. Therefore, disposal of dead birds should be preferably done by either of following two ways:

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1. They should be deeply hurried in the soil or dumped into deep manure or carcass pit where their carrion is auto-digested by hot fermentation. 2. They should be fully burnt in incinerator to form ash, which is also a effective disposal.

Disposal of Droppings or Manure In modern method of rearing of poultry, droppings are removed from poultry houses after removal of birds in respective lots from them. This method of disposal of droppings in the form of manure is possible in case of deep litter and 3-tier reverse (Californian) cage rearing. But in case of battery cages droppings should be removed every day or once in two days to avoid filth in house. Due to storage of droppings for 3, 6 or 12 months till the disposal of batch of birds, droppings are converted into excellent manure, which can be applied directly to soil or may be utilized after storage for some period. The site of manure pit should be at corner of premises, preferably on down wind flow side to avoid recontamination of birds.

Dried poultry waste – Droppings, spilled feed and broken shells and feathers – poultry feed ingredient – CP : 24-31%, TP: 11-23%, EE:1.62-2.13 fiber 11 to 14. Disposal of Poultry Manure

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1. Oxidation ditches: Aerobic fermentation of manure occurs in open ditches. Bacteria decompose organic matter into simpler substances like C11 4/NH, sludge and liquid manure. The liquid portion has NPK elements and can be used as fertilizer in field. Released N1-13 (ammonia) cannot be trapped and escapes in atmosphere. The solid sludge contains Vit. B 12 and minerals, which can be used in the animals feed up to 3-10 per cent after proper processing. 2. Lagoons: Shallow covered ponds in which manure is dumped along with liquid waste and covered are lagoons. Here, anaerobic fermentation decomposes manure and after 23 months enriched manure can be obtained. But this can lead to seepage problem in near by drinking water sources and contamination. It should be away from human habitation and wells. 3. Solid disposal: The solid manure is handled as it is, in the form of Heap The stacked heap on compression generates heat inside and kill microbes making the material sterile, which can be used as fertilizer.

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Spread Manure is scattered on ground in thin layer which dries fast and can be applied to soil. Dig in pits with compression. Keeping poultry healthy and preventing endemic infections Poultry can be affected by a variety of diseases and parasites, some of which are endemic to certain types of bird. You will need to introduce and maintain a strict hygiene program to keep diseases out of poultry. As well as carrying out stringent hygiene and biosecurity measures, you will need to carry out vaccination or medication strategies to prevent and/or control certain endemic diseases. The two most serious diseases that you must keep out of poultry flocks are Newcastle disease and avian influenza (bird flu). Other poultry diseases include chronic respiratory disease, fowl cholera, Salmonella, Campylobacter and internal parasites. Salmonella and Campylobacter, while highly contagious in poultry, are not necessarily life-threatening for fowl. These diseases can however cause serious illness in humans if they get into the food chain. Daily inspection of poultry by trained staff, in good lighting conditions, and independently of any automatic surveillance equipment, is the best method to prevent serious outbreaks of disease. Inspections will enable you to detect early signs of disease simply by noting changes in the behavior and condition of individual hens. The early signs of ill health may include changes in food and water intake, in preening, in ‘chatter’ and in activity. There may also be a drop in egg production and changes in egg quality such as shell defects. In addition to your own daily, or more frequent, inspections and those of your own veterinarian, membership in the Poultry Health Scheme requires that a mandatory annual inspection and ad hoc inspections be carried out by Animal Health and Veterinary Laboratories Agency (AHVLA) inspectors. For more information on maintaining good poultry health year-round, see the guide on poultry welfare on the farm and to ensure that poultry reaches market in the best condition, see the guide on poultry welfare off the farm.

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Weeding Weed control is the botanical component of pest control, which attempts to stop weeds, especially noxious or injurious weeds, from competing with domesticated plants and livestock. Many strategies have been developed in order to contain these plants. The original strategy was manual removal including ploughing, which can cut the roots of weeds. More recent approaches include herbicides (chemical weed killers) and reducing stocks by burning and/or pulverizing seeds. A plant is often termed a "weed" when it has one or more of the following characteristics:  

Little or no value (as in medicinal, material, nutritional or energy) Rapid growth and/or ease of germination



Competitive with crops for space, light, water and nutrients

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Self-Check 1.3-1

1. The botanical component of pest control, which attempts to stop weeds, especially noxious or injurious weeds, from competing with domesticated plants and livestock. a. biological control

b. weed control

c. natural control

d. physical control

2. It is a form of solid disposal were manure is scattered on ground in thin layer which dries fast and can be applied to soil. a. heap

b. spread

c. intact

d. flat

3. It is a form of solid disposal were the stacked heap on compression generates heat inside and kill microbes making the material sterile, which can be used as fertilizer. a. heap

b. spread

c. intact

d. flat

4. One of the most serious diseases that you must keep out of poultry flocks .

are

Newcastle disease and avian influenza (bird flu)

a. bird flu

b. salmonella

c. fowl cholera

d. internal parasites

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Self-Check 1.3-1 1. b 2. b 3. a 4. a 5. d

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Information Sheet 1.3-2 Vermin and Insects Control Learning Objectives: After reading this information sheet, the trainee must be able to identify the different vermin and insect control.

Monitor lizard

rat

snske

Vermin is a catch-all term that can be used for any small animals or insects that we think of as pests. The cockroaches you found in your bathroom were the grossest vermin you'd ever seen. The word vermin originally came from the Anglo-French word of the same spelling, meaning "noxious animals" — definitely a negative term. Rats, mice, cockroaches, along with pests to farmers and the animals they raise, like coyotes and weasels, are vermin.

Mosquitoes

flies

cockroach

ants

Insects (from Latin insectum, a calque of Greek ἔντομον [éntomon], "cut into sections") are a class of invertebrates within the arthropod phylum that have a chitinous exoskeleton, a three-part body (head, thorax and abdomen), three pairs of jointed legs, compound eyes and one pair of antennae. They are among the most diverse groups of animals on the planet, including more than a million described species and representing more than half of all known living organisms. The number of extant species is estimated at between six and ten million and potentially represent over 90% of the differing animal life forms on Earth. Insects may be found in nearly all environments, although only a small number of species reside in the oceans, a habitat dominated by another arthropod group, crustaceans.

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Guide to Vermin Control on the Farm UK studies indicate that rat populations on most farms carry organisms that are a risk to both human and animal health. These can include:  

Bacteria. Leptospirosis icterhaemorrhagiae is carried in rat urine. It causes Weils disease in humans which is potentially fatal. Protozoa: This include organisms such as Toxoplasma and Cryptosporidia, which can affect humans and animals.



Viruses: These viral agents could potentially affect humans. Rats are not a primary source of Foot and Mouth disease but they could spread it during an outbreak.



Other: Fleas, lice, tapeworms and tapeworms carried by rats are potentially transmissible to animals and humans.

Personal Safety Weils disease is readily transmissible to humans coming in contact with rat urine. Feed stores are likely to attract vermin. Take care when handling feed or cleaning stores or when working in any area likely to be contaminated by rats' urine.  

Gloves are essential if handling vermin contaminated materials or surfaces Cover cuts or broken skin with waterproof dressings/plaster



Wash after working in high risk situations. Always wash your hands before you eat (or smoke).



Don't chew grain from your grain store. Never chew maize grain from the cob or in the silage pit.



Make sure hired staff/contractors and family members are aware of risks if working in known rat infested/contaminated areas.



Make sure that children do not play in known high risk areas. Emphasize good hygiene practice before eating.

Vermin Control Procedures Survey Vermin Activity  

watch of signs of rodent activity and droppings identify runs, burrows, holes.

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Identify Weaknesses  

easy vermin access to leftover food and domestic refuse easy access to animal feed /grain stores/root crops



presence of 'tasty feeds' like maize silage



lots of clutter (older equipment, rubbish heaps etc.) and cover around the yard



open drains, lack of gulley/drain covers

Vermin Control Options Rodenticides are a major help but they are not the total solution. Vermin control should start with:  

clearing rubbish etc. Store domestic refuse in suitable containers. repair buildings and drains.



Minimize access to feed stores

Options for control include: 



Traps: Only use approved types of trap. Traps are unlikely to control heavy infestations of rodents particularly rats. Place along vermin runs. Traps should not be readily accessible to small animals or birds. Check traps daily and remove dead rodents promptly Ulstra sound repellents: Rodents communicate at ultrasonic frequencies (over 20Khz - kilohertz) that are inaudible to humans. Ultrasonic repellents emit sound frequencies designed to repel rodents. However there is some doubt about their overall effectiveness.



Pets:Cats and certain types of dogs can be useful vermin hunters. Remember that both cats and dogs can potentially transmit disease (e.g Toxoplasma abortion in sheep - cats, Neospora abortion in cattle - dogs) if they soil animal feed.



Rodenticides: See below.

Rodenticides Most rodenticides (rat poison) are based on anticoagulants which stop blood clotting leading to internal bleeding and death. Anticoagulants are divided into first generation and second generation. Significant rodent resistance has developed to many of the first generation products such as Warfarin. Resistance has not yet developed to many of the second generation products. Seek advice from suppliers or professional pest control services if in doubt about what products to use.

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Document No. Issued by: Page 52 of 73 Revision #

Guide to Bait Control 



Double perimeter baiting (two rings of bait points around the farmyard) can intercept invading rodents. Perimeter baiting is useful for long term control/prevention. If heavy infestation has already occurred more targeted baiting around the yard maybe necessary. Baiting is only effective if you reduce/remove rodent access to alternative food.



Place bait in places you are likely to find vermin (burrows, rubbish heaps, old building and discarded machinery.



Do not place bait where it is easily accessible to children, pets andwildlife or farm animals. (Pigs can be very susceptible to anticoagulants such as Warfarin)



Remove poisoned rodents promptly - they may cause secondary poisoning to other animals such as cats and dogs.



Follow manufacturer instructions on bait preparation and dosage. This is crucial, otherwise rodent resistance may increase. Only use approved rodenticides.



Inspect bait points daily and top up as necessary.



Keep and display sketch of where you have placed bait points. Keep an inspection log. This may be required for some farm assurance schemes.



Take necessary precautions when handling/preparing bait e.g. protective clothing, gloves. Keep bait in the original (or a clearly labelled) container and store safely from children and other risks. PEST MANAGEMENT ON POULTRY FARMS Poultry pest management is a broad topic covering everything from A to Z and we would be hard pressed to provide an in-depth treatise on the subject in this space. Instead, we will cover the main points as we see it and provide you with some proven management techniques. WHAT ARE THE POULTRY PESTS? What is a pest? It is an unwanted organism in your environment. It may be unwanted because it spreads disease, reduces productivity of the birds, wastes feed, destroys the building, is a nuisance to neighbors or any number of other reasons. The major pests associated with poultry facilities are beetles, flies, lice, mites, wild birds and rodents. Let us first identify the common insect pests. Under the heading Ectoparasites there are: The fowl mites which include northern fowl mite, chicken (red) mites, scalyleg mite and depluming mite. The chicken lice include chicken body louse, chicken head louse, chicken feather louse and turkey lice. We also have bed bugs, chiggers, sticktight flea, and fowl tick to think about. ANIMAL PRODUCTION (POULTRYCHICKEN) NC II MAINTAIN POULTRY HOUSE/ENVIRONMENT

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In confined poultry houses a variety of insects and mites will be found in the manure and litter which come under the heading of habitat pests. These include Darkling beetles, Fleas, and of course Flies. There are many types of flies to be controlled, including House flies, the little house fly, soldier flies, the black garbage fly, fruit fly, blow flies, flesh flies and the small dung fly. There are many species of wild birds that become pests, depending upon where your poultry operation is located. Some of the common bird pests are sparrows, finches, barn swallows, and waterfowl and pigeons. The last major category of pest is the rodent family. These include rats and mice. Three common species are the Norway rat, Roof rat, and the House mouse. PEST CONTROL The goal of pest control is to reduce pests to an acceptable level. Total eradication is an unrealistic goal for most farms. Integrated Pest Management (IPM) was developed to use all available management tactics or strategies to manage pests so an acceptable level of pest activity is achieved, economically, with the least disruption to the environment. IPM uses Cultural, Biological, Chemical and Mechanical methods to control pests. A systematic process of decision making must be followed in order to intelligently and effectively plan and carry out a pest management program. There are five (5) principle elements of this process: 1) Detection; 2) Identification; 3) Economic Significance; 4) Control Method Selection; and 5) Evaluation. DETECTION It is hard to overemphasize the importance of detecting pest infestations before they become a problem. Failure to do so will often result in increased cost of control, less effective or ineffective control measures and significant damage or loss. Proper detection requires frequent and careful monitoring, a knowledge of the common pests and an ability to recognize potential problems. The best monitoring methods rely on sampling devices arranged strategically around the facility. Visual appraisals are hard to quantify and can be misleading. However, due to the lack of standardized quantitative methods for all the poultry pests, beneficials and other environmental factors, visual appraisals must be used for many pest control decisions. Regular scouting (visual appraisals) to evaluate current pest problems or to discover new problems should be done daily, weekly or monthly depending upon the magnitude of the problem. IDENTIFICATION An organism should not be automatically classified as a pest until positive identification is made. Once identified, information about the pests' behavior and susceptibility to control methods can be obtained. Then an informed decision can ANIMAL PRODUCTION (POULTRYCHICKEN) NC II MAINTAIN POULTRY HOUSE/ENVIRONMENT

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be made on how and when to control the pest. There are several publications available through cooperative extension on the identification of common poultry pests. One good example is the publication Poultry Pest Management from the North Carolina Cooperative Extension Service. ECONOMIC SIGNIFICANCE Control of a particular pest should be considered only when it is believed that economic or social damage (complaining neighbors) will occur. Pests present in low numbers may have very little effect on yield or quality. Two factors that affect the economic decision making process are: 1) the economic injury level and, 2) the economic action threshold. The economic injury level is the level of pest density at which the cost to control the pest is equal to the losses that the pest causes. We do not want to wait until the economic injury level is reached before we attempt to control a pest population, because at this point the damage has been done and you have now increased the cost of control. To prevent reaching the economic injury level the economic action threshold was developed. This is the level or density of a pest population where control measures are needed to prevent the pest from causing economic damage and the cost of prevention is less than the cost of potential damage. This, of course, varies with the pest and your particular enterprise. METHOD SELECTION Once a pest problem has been detected, identified and the economic and social implications understood, the appropriate method or combination of methods can be selected to achieve effective, practical, economical and environmentally sound control. The techniques available for control come under two main categories: Natural and Applied control methods. Natural controls are those which check or destroy pests without dependence on humans. These include naturally occurring predators, parasites and pathogens; climatic factors (temperature, humidity, sunlight, rain); topographical features (urbanization, rivers, lakes, hills, woods, etc.). and Applied control includes Physical and Legal control.

Cultural,

Biological,

Chemical,

Mechanical,

Cultural control is using good routine management practices to remove the incentive for a pest to choose your poultry facility to make a home for itself. The basic concepts here are cleanliness and sanitation.

ANIMAL PRODUCTION (POULTRYCHICKEN) NC II MAINTAIN POULTRY HOUSE/ENVIRONMENT

Date Prepared: APRIL 2019 Prepared by: ROMNICK T. SALINAS

Document No. Issued by: Page 55 of 73 Revision #

OUTSIDE YOUR BUILDING Remove all trash, and sources of feed and water for the pests from the outside perimeter of your building. Keep grass and weeds mowed to two inches or less, to prevent insect growth and hiding places for rats and mice. Plug all holes in the building (other than air inlets) larger than 1/4 inch to prevent mice and rats from entering. Seal all foundation cracks. Check to see that fan louvers are properly working and close completely when the fan is not running. INSIDE YOUR BUILDING Remove feed and water sources for rats and mice by fixing leaking feeders and manage water systems to prevent leaks. Sweep the walkways in cage layer facilities to remove spilled feed, and remove all piles of trash or other possible nesting sites. Basic manure management will prevent many problems. Moisture management, sanitation and manure removal are the keys to reducing pest problems in manure. Dry manure reduces the suitability for fly oviposition (egg laying) and larval development. It also provides a suitable habitat for beneficial predators and parasites. Legal Control limits the development of pest populations by restricting human activities that may lead to pest problems, such as spreading manure, stockpiling manure, mandating setbacks, etc. This is accomplished by federal, state and local laws and regulations. These are usually a result of farmers not paying attention to the complaints from neighbors due to creeping urbanization and the perception by the public of a pest problem where one might not physically exist. With the IPM approach in mind, we will now discuss common pest problems found in different types of poultry facilities and the IPM approach to control them. ECTOPARASITES The major ectoparasites of concern of chickens are: the northern fowl mite, chicken (red) mites, chicken body louse, bed bug, chiggers, sticktight flea, scalyleg mite, depluming mite and fowl tick. To monitor ectoparasites, capture at least 20 birds at random and examine the vent areas for northern fowl mites or body louse infections. Mites will usually be seen as small, dark specks moving rapidly over the skin. Norther fowl mite egg masses appear as dirty grey areas at the base of the feathers. Lice are much larger, move more slowly and may be attached to the feathers. An average of more than one mite or louse per five birds is the economic threshold and indicates a need for treatment. If bites or lesions are clearly visible on more than two birds then bed bugs or chicken mites should be suspected. Examine nest box litter, curtain folds, cracks and crevices randomly throughout the house for eggs or other signs of pests. Moving specs indicate a problem and the need for treatment.

ANIMAL PRODUCTION (POULTRYCHICKEN) NC II MAINTAIN POULTRY HOUSE/ENVIRONMENT

Date Prepared: APRIL 2019 Prepared by: ROMNICK T. SALINAS

Document No. Issued by: Page 56 of 73 Revision #

Only a few insecticides are available for control of ectoparasites but most of them are available in liquid, dust or wettable powder formulations. Permethrins and carbaryl (Sevin) are effective against northern fowl mites, chicken mites, chicken body lice, bed bugs and fowl ticks. Tetrachlorvinphos (Rabon), RaVap and nicotine sulfate (used as a surface treatment for slats) can also be used in controlling northern fowl mites and chicken body lice. Malathion is good for chiggers, sticktight fleas bed bugs and fowl ticks. Space sprays using DDVP (Vapona) may be used to control bed bugs. Since fowl mites, chicken body lice and other ectoparasites feed at or near the skin surface of the birds, it is essential that the pesticides come into contact with the feathers or skin of the birds. Select only those pesticides which are registered for use in your state. Do not use restricteduse pesticides unless you are licensed. Always read and follow pesticide label instructions. Contact your local extension agent if you have questions concerning pesticide use. Evaluation of the effectiveness of your control program is just a continuation of your monitoring program. FLY CONTROL The fly cycle varies depending upon the species of fly and the temperature under which the pupa and larva develop. The life span of the house fly is 8 to 20 days under average summer conditions. It is therefore to your advantage to prevent optimum breeding conditions from existing on your farm. Monitoring of fly populations is easily accomplished with the use of six to 10, 3x5 white index cards placed evenly throughout the facility . As the flies land on the card, they leave a black spec. As the fly population increases so does the number of specs. Depending on farm location an average of 20 to 50 specs per card per week usually indicates you have a fly problem. Inspect and change these cards once each week. Keeping them numbered and dated in a file is a good way to keep a record of the fly activity in your facility should legal reasons require you to substantiate the fly population in your facility. Fly traps may also be used as effective fly monitoring devices. CAGE LAYER AND BREEDER FACILITIES In stacked deck systems flies are generally not a problem when manure is removed daily. However, if the manure is improperly stockpiled it can attract flies and become a breeding area. To prevent a fly population from building up stockpiled manure should be covered and kept dry. High-rise, deep-pit and slatted floor systems are common throughout the country and can be a potential source of flies. Manure management is the key to fly control in these facilities. If dry manure conditions - less than 50% moisture are maintained, manure will form a cone-shaped mound as it accumulates and only the fresh additions of manure at the peak of the cone will be suitable for fly breeding. Proper ventilation will help keep the manure dry. Although manure removal is often used as a fly-control method, the fly life-cycle must be broken for ANIMAL PRODUCTION (POULTRYCHICKEN) NC II MAINTAIN POULTRY HOUSE/ENVIRONMENT

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control efforts to be successful. Removal of manure full of fly larvae only moves the problem from inside the house to outside the building. Proper manure management reduces fly buildup and maximizes the development of beneficial parasite and predator populations. Fresh manure that accumulates within two days of clean-out is ideal for fly breeding and a severe fly outbreak may occur as soon as 5 - 6 days after cleaning during the fly season. BIOLOGICAL CONTROL Biological control can be an important aspect of fly control in production systems having prolonged accumulations of manure. A diverse population of fly predators and parasites should be developed in the manure. Beetle predators in the families Staphylinidae and Histeridae may be quite abundant in manure. The most common and abundant are histerids in the genus Carcinops, especially C. pumilio. These feed on fly eggs and first instar pupae and may consume 13 -24 house fly eggs per day, while the beetle larvae consume 2-3 eggs per day. Mite predators of fly eggs and first-instar larvae are mostly species of the families Macrochelidae, Uropodide and Parasitidae. Usually as the manure accumulates and ages the order of invasion by these mites is Parasitidae, Marrochelidae and lastly Uropodidae. The macrochelid mites are better known and are frequently very abundant in poultry manure. Most commonly found are Macrocheles muscaedomesticae and Glyptholaspis confusa Foa. The mites are found on the outermost layer of manure, particularly at the peak. Some hymenopterous parasites of the genera Muscidifurax, Spalangia and Pachycrepoideus of the family Pteromalidae are also found in poultry facilities. These parasitic wasps lay their eggs on the fly pupa within the puparium and the developing parasite larva consume the fly pupa. However, low numbers of these parasites are normally found and one must rely on the mass release of laboratoryreared parasites at specified intervals to become an effective control measure. Laboratory parasites must be released before a fly problem arises and have proper manure conditions to be effective. Most producers should concentrate on conserving and building their native predator and parasite populations by using proper management techniques and by minimizing the use of insecticides, especially in manure storage areas.

ANIMAL PRODUCTION (POULTRYCHICKEN) NC II MAINTAIN POULTRY HOUSE/ENVIRONMENT

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CHEMICAL CONTROL Chemical controls can be quite effective if used properly. However, improper timing and indiscriminate insecticide use may result in increased populations and resistance. Insecticide applications may be classified as adulticides and larvacides and by method of application such as sprays, baits and feed additives. There are six families of insecticides for use against flies and external parasites. The key to the use of insecticides is rotation between families on a regular basis to avoid resistance. To control adult flies residual surface sprays are usually the most effective and economical. For best results spray only where flies regularly rest. DO NOT indiscriminately treat all wall and ceiling surfaces. Check for fly specks on walls, ceilings, rafters, wires, etc. They indicate where flies rest and areas that should be treated. Residual spray materials include permethrin, fenvalerate, tetrachlorvinphos (Rabon) and Tetrachlorvinphos + dichlorbvos (RaVap). For quick knockdown of adult flies, fogs, mists and space sprays are effective. Houses should be sealed during treatment to ensure that the material effectively fills the house for the short time required to knock down adult flies. In warm weather, treat at night or early morning when closing houses would cause undo heat stress on the birds. Pesticides used for knockdown are not residual and must be used every few days to control fly outbreaks. This can become expensive if used for extended periods. Pesticides used for this include pyrethrins, dichlorvos, and naled. Fly baits can be used to control adult flies when numbers are low and can be used in conjunction with residual sprays. It is best to place baits in some type of a container, such as a plastic one-gallon milk jug, with four 3" holes cut into the sides. An attractant plus bait works well. No less than one bait station per 1,000 square feet should be used. These bait stations may also be used as fly number monitoring devices. Some of the common baits are tetrachlorvinphos, methomyl and naled. The last area of chemical control is larvicides. Most larvicides are broadspectrum incsecticides and may kill beneficial insects along with fly larvae, so care must be take when using these insecticides to preserve the populations of beneficial insects. For best results spray only areas where large numbers of larvae are visible, especially in wet or fresh manure. The commonly used larvicides include tetrachlorvinphos, dimethoate and tetrachlorvinphos + dichlorvos. Cyromazine (Larvadex) can be administered through the feed or as a liquid spray (2SL). Cyromazine is not harmful to the beneficial arthropods and parasites but resistance by the flies may develop when using larvadex continuously, as with all other insecticides.

ANIMAL PRODUCTION (POULTRYCHICKEN) NC II MAINTAIN POULTRY HOUSE/ENVIRONMENT

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MECHANICAL DEVICES Electrocution devices are also available to kill flies. New technology has improved the efficiency of these devices and improved designs have made them more durable and able to withstand the poultry house environment. Other mechanical devices include traps, sticky tapes and the old stand by the fly swatter. These devices are of limited value if used alone when large infestations occur but baited traps using pheromone (muscamone) attractants are gaining popularity in areas where other insect control methods are undesirable. Traps must be placed both inside and outside of the facility to be effective. (See USDA ARS AIB # 673, How to Control House and Stable Flies Without Using Pesticides for plans and information on using traps.) Some recent studies have shown the combination of electrocution devices along with traps have been effective in controlling fly populations. MANURE MANAGEMENT Proper manure management is the key to most fly control programs. Manure below 25% moisture and above 80% moisture will not support housefly breeding. So one method is to keep the manure dry to prevent fly breeding. Managing your water system is the first step to dry manure. Monitor water presser and keep it set to manufacturer specs. Replace worn valves, stems, nipples, gaskets and hoses to prevent leaks. Clean out the system by flushing regularly during clean out and during production. Removal of the manure every one to two days and stored in a lagoon or spread thinly on fields to dry will also prevent fly build up. Manure stored for longer periods, such as from high-rise or deep-pit facilities should be removed from the poultry house during cold weather, usually between November and March. Stockpiled manure should be covered with 6 ml plastic. Composting of manure will also kill the flies and larvae. Manure with infestations of pupae or larvae should be treated with pesticides prior to removal and spreading on fields or stockpiling. This will reduce the potential for moving the problem from inside the house to outside and then to neighbors. Recent research indicates that spreading manure containing fly larvae or pupae, even thinly on fields, or incorporating it into the soil immediately, may not kill all the larvae and pupae and will result in emergence of adult flies from the soil. Further research is required to verify these findings, but this may alter our previous thinking on manure management. BEETLES ASSOCIATED WITH LITTER AND MANURE Two species of beetles associated with poultry manure and litter accumulations are the lesser mealworm, or darkling beetle, Alphitobius diaperinus, a pest of stored grain products, and the hide beetle, Dermestes maculatus, long recognized as a pest of hides, skins and furs. Adults and larvae of both species can become extremely abundant in poultry manure and litter.

ANIMAL PRODUCTION (POULTRYCHICKEN) NC II MAINTAIN POULTRY HOUSE/ENVIRONMENT

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Both beetles can cause extensive damage as the mature larvae bore into structural materials, apparently seeking a safe pupation site. The lesser mealworm is also a vector (transmitter)and serves as a reservoir for several poultry disease pathogens such as acute leukosis(Marek's disease), fowl pox, numerous pathogenic Escherichia coli serotypes, several Salmonella species, and tapeworms. Large beetle populations may become a public nuisance at clean-out time because of adult migration from fields where the manure is spread into nearby residential areas. As with flies, a combination of monitoring, cultural practices and insecticides is required to properly manage beetle infestations. The larvae are very active and burrow into litter when disturbed. They may also be found in cracks and crevices or feeding on the underside of bird carcasses. The pupae are often found in the lower, compressed layer of litter, dry manure or in the soil. The adults are very active and burrow into litter when disturbed. They are also found crawling on walls, in cracks and crevices and feeding on the underside of carcasses. Less than 100 beetles or larvae scattered throughout the facility usually pose little threat, but continuous monitoring from the first week of the flock cycle until the birds are removed is required to limit infestations while the birds are in the house. Look for concentrations in the litter, on carcasses, on walls and in the insulation for signs of infestation. You can trap the beetles for counting with 2inch-diameter PVC pipe. Use a 10-12" length with a roll of corrugated cardboard inside. Evenly distribute six traps between wall, feeder and brooder locations from one end of the house to the other. Remove the cardboard from the traps and count once a week. A rapid increase in numbers indicates the need to treat. Cultural practices include cold weather (less than 30oF) and proper litter and manure handling. Remove litter and cake from the house as soon as possible after removing the birds. If applied to land, incorporate immediately and if composted, turn the compost several times to encourage multiple heatings to kill off adults and larvae. Chemical control is effective only when used properly. No one chemical consistently controls beetles for more than one flock. Therefore, control is largely a matter of treatment timing and application method. Treatment should be year round. The most commonly used products include Sevin 80WP or SL, Rabon 50WP and RaVap for use as residual sprays and Sevin 5D and Rabon 3D as litter treatments. Sevin 10B can be used as a bait broadcast over the litter while the birds are housed. Vapona 1 OS and permethrin are registered for use as dusts, sprays or both. Since only one pesticide (Sevin bait) is registered for use while birds are present, timing of application is extremely important. The pesticides must be applied to the litter within 24-48 hours of bird removal, with a second treatment just prior to placement of birds. Insecticides applied to the walls and litter at this time will retain activity long enough to suppress beetles that escaped earlier treatments.

ANIMAL PRODUCTION (POULTRYCHICKEN) NC II MAINTAIN POULTRY HOUSE/ENVIRONMENT

Date Prepared: APRIL 2019 Prepared by: ROMNICK T. SALINAS

Document No. Issued by: Page 61 of 73 Revision #

In high-rise and deep-pit layer houses the pesticides can be applied directly to the manure piles as needed and residual sprays should be applied to the walls and rafters to prevent the beetles from infesting the insulation. RODENT CONTROL Rodents, rats and mice, are not only a nuisance but spread disease and therefore must be controlled. The Norway Rat is the most common rat found around poultry farms. They usually live in burrows in the ground or under the foundation, in litter and under slats of a breeder house, under equipment, and in wood piles and other debris inside and outside the poultry house. They require water daily, and although they will eat most any food, they prefer fresh food. They are normally nocturnal and search for food just after sundown. The house mouse will also eat most any type of food, but tend to feed throughout the day, sampling many items during the feeding period, but feeding the heaviest at sunset and dawn. House mice can live without free water, obtaining what they require from the moisture in their feed. Both rats and mice can enter a hole large enough to pass their head through, as small as 1/4 inch, for mice. In general rodents have three basic requirements: food, water and harborage. If one or more is missing, rodent populations will remain small. Monitoring of the rodent population is important and is best done with cage type traps where you can count the number of rats or mice caught over a 24 hour period. Three elements are essential for a good rodent control program: sanitation, rodent proofing and rodent killing. The first lines of defense are sanitation and rodent proofing. Sanitation is removing the food, water and shelter from the rats and mice. In reality all food and water cannot be removed while birds are in the house, but availability to the rodents can be reduced by controlling feed and water spillage and properly disposing of waste eggs, dead birds and garbage. Rodent proofing is making it more difficult for rodents to enter the building by sealing or covering with wire mesh, all holes and cracks in the walls and foundations, around water pipes and drain spouts. Rodent killing is the third element of the program and a variety of methods can be used. Glue boards and traps can be used in small areas, but in larger areas (over 12,000 sq ft) baits are more practical. Rodenticides are available in a large variety of compounds and formulations (Table 2.). Single-dose and multiple-dose rodenticides are available and it is important to select the proper material for your situation. Rodenticides are formulated as pellets, bar baits, tracking powders and concentrates. The important thing to understand about rodenticides is the active ANIMAL PRODUCTION (POULTRYCHICKEN) NC II MAINTAIN POULTRY HOUSE/ENVIRONMENT

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ingredient it contains, which determines how it is used. All of the multiple-dose and two of the single-dose compounds are anticoagulants that kill the rodent by causing internal bleeding. The other products affect the nervous system or other body systems, resulting in death. Multiple-dose poisons must be eaten by the rodent every day for 7 to 21 days if the rodent is to accumulate enough poison to kill it. Any break in feeding will break the cycle and they will not die. The active ingredients in multiple-dose rodenticides are: warfarin, coumafuryl, chlorophacinone and diaphacinone. Single-dose poisons will kill rats and mice in only one or two feedings and contain: brodifacoum, bromadiolone, bromethalin, or zinc phosphide as active ingredients. Cholecalciferol, if consumed in sufficient quantity over a single day, or consumed in small doses over a few days time will be lethal. The rodents usually die within 2-4 days after eating a lethal dose. Placement of the rodenticide is critical to its effectiveness. Remember that rodents will not go out of their way to eat poison bait if other food is available. Baiting methods are different for rats and mice and will be discussed separately. Baiting rats is easier than mice. Their burrows are easier to spot and can be baited by placing the rodenticide directly into the burrow. Bait stations along the walls of the house near burrows is also effective. There are many types of bait stations on the market which work well. An inexpensive bait station can be made from 1 1/2-inch diameter PVC for mice and 2-3-inch diameter for rats. Cut 12-15" sections of pipe and make a "T" from three sections. Place the stem of the "T" up against the wall and the cross section along the wall, tight to the wall. Add about 1 oz of fresh bait as needed. Place these about 20-25' apart down the wall. Mouse baiting requires placing bait on sill plates, horizontal wall braces, ceiling rafters and any other place mice are crawling. Bar baits are particularly useful in these places. Use bait stations along the walls and alleyways.

ANIMAL PRODUCTION (POULTRYCHICKEN) NC II MAINTAIN POULTRY HOUSE/ENVIRONMENT

Date Prepared: APRIL 2019 Prepared by: ROMNICK T. SALINAS

Document No. Issued by: Page 63 of 73 Revision #

Self-Check 1.3-2

1. It is a catch-all term that can be used for any small animals or insects that we think of as pests. a. vermin

b. insects

c. organism

d. mosquitoes

2. _____________ includes cultural, biological, chemical, mechanical, physical and legal control. a. natural control b. applied control c. legal control d. physical control 3. _______________ are those which check or destroy pests without dependence on humans. a. natural control

b. applied control c. legal control

d. cultural control

4._____________ limits the development of pest populations by restricting human activities that may lead to pest problems, such as spreading manure, stockpiling manure, mandating setbacks, etc. a. natural control

b. applied control c. legal control

d. cultural control

5.______________is using good routine management practices to remove the incentive for a pest to choose your poultry facility to make a home for itself. a. natural control

b. applied control c. legal control

d. cultural control

Answer Key to ANIMAL PRODUCTION (POULTRYCHICKEN) NC II MAINTAIN POULTRY HOUSE/ENVIRONMENT

Date Prepared: APRIL 2019 Prepared by: ROMNICK T. SALINAS

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Self-Check 1.3-2 1. a 2. b 3. a 4. c 5. d

ANIMAL PRODUCTION (POULTRYCHICKEN) NC II MAINTAIN POULTRY HOUSE/ENVIRONMENT

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LEARNING OUTCOME #4 PERFORM COMPLETION ACTIVITIES

CONTENTS:  Purpose of Records ASSESSMENT CRITERIA: 1. Records are kept and updated for reporting inventory purposes following enterprise procedures. 2. Tools and equipment are cleaned and stored according to manuals and enterprise procedures. 3. Housekeeping is practiced following 5S principles and enterprise procedures. 4. Wastes are managed following 3Rs principles and DENR regulations.

CONDITIONS: The student/trainee must be provided with the following:  

Learning modules Visual aids

ASSESSMENT METHODS: 

Oral Evaluation



Interview



Demonstration with questions

Learning Experiences

ANIMAL PRODUCTION (POULTRYCHICKEN) NC II MAINTAIN POULTRY HOUSE/ENVIRONMENT

Date Prepared: APRIL 2019 Prepared by: ROMNICK T. SALINAS

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Learning Outcome 4 Perform completion activities Learning Activities

Special Instructions

Read Information Sheet 2.4-1: “Purpose of Records” Answer Self-check 2.4-1

This Learning Outcome deals with the development of the Institutional Competency Evaluation Tool which trainers use in evaluating their trainees after finishing a competency of the qualification. Go through the learning activities outlined for you on the left column to gain the necessary information or knowledge before doing the tasks to practice on performing the requirements of the evaluation tool. The output of this LO is a complete Institutional Competency Evaluation Package for one Competency of Animal Production NC II. Your output shall serve as one of your portfolio for your Institutional Competency Evaluation for Maintain Poultry Environment. Feel free to show your outputs to your trainer as you accomplish them for guidance and evaluation. After doing all the activities for this LO, you are ready to proceed to the next Unit of Competency.

Information Sheet 2.4-1 Purpose of Records

ANIMAL PRODUCTION (POULTRYCHICKEN) NC II MAINTAIN POULTRY HOUSE/ENVIRONMENT

Date Prepared: APRIL 2019 Prepared by: ROMNICK T. SALINAS

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Learning Objectives: After reading this information sheet, you must be able to determine the purpose of records in the poultry house.

Records Complete records are necessary. Poultry production is as much a business as the service station on the corner or the downtown merchant. Records are necessary for computing taxes, for checking flock performance, for determining profit or loss, for determining returns on investment, for locating excessive costs, and for establishing a manure management plan. The time you spend keeping records on which to base management decisions will be one of the best investments you make

What is it to 'keep records'? To keep records is simply to collect relevant information that can help you to take good decisions and to keep track of activities, production and important events on a farm. Records can be about any performance of the animals, economic development, or any activity of the farmer or veterinarian. It is important to keep record keeping simple, and to keep records systematic. If records should be of use for the farmer, than they must be complete (none missing), they should be true (collected carefully). When record can? be trusted because they are not complete or true, time should not be spent on it at all. The records can:  

Be used in determining profitability of various techniques used at the farm. Be used to keep your memory on what you did and/or what happened.

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Be used in decision making, especially on a strategic level.

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Be used to compare the efficiency of use of inputs, such as land, labor and capital, for example when implementing a new / alternative systems.

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Help the farmer / investor in improving the efficiency of farm's operations.

The real value is to support the farmer and the advisors to keep track and take decisions. Too often, records are only kept for the purpose of official reporting, e.g. to the Ministry headquarters for the parasitical and not used as a tool on the farm/ranch for ANIMAL PRODUCTION (POULTRYCHICKEN) NC II MAINTAIN POULTRY HOUSE/ENVIRONMENT

Date Prepared: APRIL 2019 Prepared by: ROMNICK T. SALINAS

Document No. Issued by: Page 68 of 73 Revision #

making the decision in time. The records should be simple, easy and quick to interpret, and then they can be supplemented with remarks which can explain some unusual events or findings. What can records be used for? If a farmer wants to build a financially successful livestock enterprise, record keeping is a must. The records can be used to further develop the farm and the herd, and thereby the sector in the country. For many farmers, it helps to think of their farm as a business, and to see that good care and good management actually also influences the production and profitability of the farm. Records are important in (animal) farming because:  To keep track of all animals (Identification records)  Evaluation of livestock for selection (breeding records; financial records; production records) 

Control of inbreeding and aid in breeding planning (breeding records)

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Aid in selecting animals with the right characteristics for breeding (production, health, feed efficiency) to improve the herd or flock

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To rationalize labor

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Aids in feed planning and management

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Aids in disease management; keeping track about treatment (disease records)

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Aids in finding the effective treatments

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To assess profitability/losses (financial records)

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Improves bargaining power on products, because you can see the investment and the price of the production (financial records)

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Credit/loan access (financial records)

Self-Check 2.4-1 True or False ANIMAL PRODUCTION (POULTRYCHICKEN) NC II MAINTAIN POULTRY HOUSE/ENVIRONMENT

Date Prepared: APRIL 2019 Prepared by: ROMNICK T. SALINAS

Document No. Issued by: Page 69 of 73 Revision #

1. Records are necessary for computing taxes, for checking flock performance, for determining profit or loss, for determining returns on investment, for locating excessive costs, and for establishing a manure management plan. 2. Production records improves bargaining power on products, because you can see the investment and the price of the production . 3. Profit is used to compare the efficiency of use of inputs, such as land, labor and capital, for example when implementing a new / alternative systems. 4. Record help the farmer / investor in improving the efficiency of farm's operations. 5. Disease records aids in disease management; keeping track about treatment.

Answer Key to Self-Check 2.4-1

ANIMAL PRODUCTION (POULTRYCHICKEN) NC II MAINTAIN POULTRY HOUSE/ENVIRONMENT

Date Prepared: APRIL 2019 Prepared by: ROMNICK T. SALINAS

Document No. Issued by: Page 70 of 73 Revision #

1. True 2. False 3. False 4. True 5. True

References:   

CBLM www.google.com www.yahoo.com

ANIMAL PRODUCTION (POULTRYCHICKEN) NC II MAINTAIN POULTRY HOUSE/ENVIRONMENT

Date Prepared: APRIL 2019 Prepared by: ROMNICK T. SALINAS

Document No. Issued by: Page 71 of 73 Revision #

ANIMAL PRODUCTION (POULTRYCHICKEN) NC II MAINTAIN POULTRY HOUSE/ENVIRONMENT

Date Prepared: APRIL 2019 Prepared by: ROMNICK T. SALINAS

Document No. Issued by: Page 72 of 73 Revision #