Confusion From Ancient Islamic History

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2

Technology) t& tajccHaom todw&m;A[kow k ydrk kd jrefqefpmG odjrifvm&onftcsu?f tem*gwfacwfumv

wGif MuHKawGU&rnfh bmoma&;qdkif&m tpmrausrIrsm;udk urÇmhrGwfpvifrfynm&Sifrsm;u tifwmeufrSaeí ajz&Sif;today;vsuf&Sd&m? rsm;rMumrDaomumvonf tvdrftnmrsm; uGufuGufuGif;uGif; aysmufuG,f oGm;rnfjzpfonf/ þusr;f onf ,if; odaYk vm odaYk vm [laom 0J*,ufwiG f epfjrKyf tcsed u f ek cf rf;aeaom olwt Ykd wGuf tv,ftvwff vrf;aMumif;rS ty tjcm;enf;vrf; r&Sad Mumif; &Si;f jyonfh usr;f jzpfaMumif;udk zwf&cI pH m;rdygaMumif; wifjyrSwcf sufcs vdu k f&ygonf/

*sm0d('f)oef; BSc. (Chem)

tpövmrfhtwdwfordkif;rS t,l0g'qdkif&m&IyfaxG;rIrsm;

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4

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OD;pd;k vGif (Nird ;f csrf;vQyfppf) tpövmrfhtwdwfordkif;rS t,l0g'qdkif&m&IyfaxG;rIrsm;

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OD;pd;k vGi(f Nidr;f csrf;vQyfppf)

6

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tdrd mrftAl[eDz[f([pf*s&D 80-150) tdrmrftAl[eDz[focifonf omaAtDefrsm; acwf udkrSDaom yk*¾dKvfjzpfonf/ 4if;\w&m;qH;k jzwfcsuo f nf omaAtDerf sm; w&m; qH;k jzwfonft h wdik ;f w&m;qH;k jzwf oljzpfonf/ xdw k &m; qH;k jzwfcsuf ynm&yfrsm;udk tD&mufEikd if ?H ulzmNrdKU *smarAvDBuD;wGif wynfah ygif; 1500 ausmfukd aeYpOfvufawGU ydcYk sco hJ jl zpfonf/ 4if;\acwfwiG f ay:aygufvmcJah om jyóemrsm;udk vufawGUusus ajz&Si;f ay;Edik cf hJ avonf/ xdkacwfrSpwifí "r®owf qHk;jzwfonfhynm&yfudk ]]zdu[f}} [kac:qdkNyD;? "r®owf qH;k jzwf&mwGif uRr;f usio f u l kd ]] zuD[f }} [kac:onf/ 4if;\ "r®owftwkid ;f vdu k ef molrsm;udk ]][ezDrZf[Af}} *dP k ;f 0ifrsm;[k ac:qdMk uonf/ 4if;onf tkrikd , f [frif;qufwiG f arG;zGm;í tAÁmqD ,[f'w k , d rif; quf cvDzm tAl*smz&ftvfrefql&f ([pf*s&D 138-159) \ cefYtyfaom w&m;olBuD;csKyf&mxl;tm; jiif;y,fonft h wGuaf Mumifh ao'Pfay;cHc&hJ onf/

rmvpfuAf ifet f eqf([pf*s&D 93-179) tdrmrfrmvpfuo f nf r'DemNrKd Uom;jzpfonf/ zdu[f"r®owf ESiyhf wfoufí ausmMf um; ouJo h Ykd ['Dqrf sm;udpk ak qmif;í MUWATTA trnfjzifh tvGeaf usmMf um;aom['Dqu f sr;f udk jyKpck hJ oljzpfonf/ 4if;onf zdu[f\ordik ;f udk qef;opfov l nf; jzpfonf/ zdu[f"r®owfq;kH jzwf&mü 4if;\ MUWATTA usr;f yg ['Dqr f sm;udk tajccHí"r®owfjyKco hJ nf/ 4if;\acwfNyKd iyf nm&Sirf sm;\ 0dik ;f 0ef;xd;k ESufjcif;udktvl;tvJcHcJh&onf/ xdkacwfynm&Sifrsm;\ cH,lcsufrSm usrf;jrwfuk&ftmefonf tv’m[ft&Sijf rwf\ zefqif;cHjzpfonfqkd aom cH,cl suu f kd tdrmrfrmvpfuu f qefu Y sif cJo h nf/ 4if;u usr;f jrwf uk&t f mefonf tv’m[ft&Sijf rwf\ tzefqif;cHr[kwf tv’m[f t&Sijf rwf\ ]] uvmrf }} pum;jzpfonf[k qdjk cif;aMumifh axmif oGi;f tusO;f csccH &hJ onf/ axmifwiG ;f ü ESyd pf ufr'I PfaMumifh axmifrv S w G í f rMumcifu, G v f eG cf &hJ onf/ 4if;\ "r®owftwdik ;f vdu k ef molrsm;udk ]] rmvDurD Zf[Af *dP k ;f 0ifrsm;}} [k ac:qdMk uonf/ ['Dqrf sm;udk yxrOD;qH;k pkaqmif;ol IBN ISHAQ ([pf*s&-D 151) onf yxrOD;qH;k ['Dqf rsm;udk pkaqmif;cJo h jl zpfonft h avsmuf 4if;ESiahf cwfNyKd if ynm &Sirf sm;u? qG[mbmrsm;? omaAtDerf sm;acwfwiG jf yKvyk f avhjyKvyk x f r&Sad om ['Dqrf sm;udk pkaqmif;jcif;tay: topf tqef;wDxiG o f [ l k ac:qdo k rkwjf cif;cHc&hJ onf/ xkyd *k Kd¾ vo f nf wrefawmfjrwf\ tw¬Kyw Ü u dÅ sr;f udk t&ADbmomjzifh yxrOD;qH;k a&;om; cJo h jl zpfonf/ pmtky\ f trnfrmS (SIRA- TUL RASU-UL-ALLAH )jzpfonf/ xdkpmtkyfuk d A. GULLAUME u t&ADbmomrS tpövmrfhtwdwfordkif;rS t,l0g'qdkif&m&IyfaxG;rIrsm;

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OD;pd;k vGi(f Nidr;f csrf;vQyfppf) 11 t*Fvyd b f momodYk THE LIFE OF MOHAMED trnfjzifh 1955 ckEpS w f iG f ENGLAND Edik if H LONh nf/ DON NrKd UrS xkwf a0cJo tdrmrf&mS zDtD ([pf*s&D 150-204) *gZma'owGifarG;zGm;í uav;b0üyif ruúmNrdKUodkY a&TUajymif; aexdkifchJonf/ zdu[fynm&yfrsm;ESihf ['Dqyf nm&yfrsm;udk r'DemNrKd U&Sd tdrmrfrmvpfux f w H iG f qnf;yl;cJo h nf/ 4if;\trnfrmS rk[r®'Af ifef tpf'&pfjzpfonf/ 4if;\tzd;k rSm uav;b0u wrefawmfjrwfujkd rifawGUcJb h ;l cJah om qG[mbm wpfO;D jzpfonf/ trnfrmS &SmzDtD jzpfonf/ rk[r®'f Aifet f pf'&pftm; tdrmrf&mS zDt[ D k ac:qdjk cif;rSm 4if;\trnf aemufq;kH wGif tzd;k \trnfuw kd í GJ rSnahf c:jcif; aMumifjh zpfonf/ zdu[f"r®owfrsm;ESifhpyfvsOf;í tdrmrf tAl[eDzmocif\ "r®owfrsm;udk twdkif; twmwpfct k xdom ESpo f ufco hJ jl zpfonf/ "r®owfq;kH jzwf&mwGiu f sr;f jrwfu&k t f mef ESihf wrefawmfjrwfacwf? qG[mbmacwf?oaAtDerf sm;acwf ['Dqrf sm;udpk k aqmif;í "r®owfq;kH jzwfjcif;u ydí k avsmu f efonf[k cH,cl o hJ jl zpfonf/ 4if;\wynfrh sm;tm; ['Dqrf sm; udpk ak qmif;&efEiS hf xd[ k 'Dqf rsm;ESiyhf wfoufywfoufík usr;f jrwfu&k t f mefukd rSwaf usmuftjzpfxm;&rnf/ vlwpfa,mufajymqdak ompum;onf rnfrQyifaumif; apumrl usr;f jrwfu&k t f mefEiS hf udu k n f D jcif;r&Syd gu xdo k \ l tqdk omvQif jzpfonf [k qdck o hJ nf/ (tvf'&l 'Gvf b[D,musr;f ? pmrsuEf mS -38) Alcg&Dusr;f udk jyKpck o hJ l rk[r®'Af ifef tpörmtDvf ac:tdrmrfAcl g&Donf tdrmrf&mS zDt\ D wynfw h pfO;D jzpfonf/ tdrmrf &SmzDtD acwfwiG M f UWATTA ac: tdrmrfrmvpfupf ak qmif;cJah om ['Dqf usr;f wpfaqmifomvQif ay:aygufco hJ nf/ tdrmrf&mS zDto D nf tAÁq, D [frif;quf cvDzm [m&Get f vf&&S'D f (A D 786-809 ) tkycf sKyf olEiS hf acwfNyKd ijf zpfonf/ tdrmrf&mS zDto D nfvnf; usr;f jrwf uk&t f mefonf tv’m[ft&Sijf rwf\ zefqif;cHr[kw[ f k cH,l csuaf Mumifh 4if;\q&m tdrmrfrmvpfuef nf;wl axmifoiG ;f tusO;f csjcif;cHc&hJ onf/ axmifrv S w G o f nfEiS hf tD*spEf ikd if u H ikd &f kd NrKd UodYk ajymif; a&TUtajccs aexdik cf o hJ nf/ 4if;\ tkw*f al e&mwGif tdrmrf&mS zDtD [lí ,aeYwidk f wnf&adS eonf/ xdt k w k *f El iS w hf v GJ suf AvDBu;D wGif tdrmrf&mS zDt\ D tw¬Kyw Ü u dÅ kd a&;om;xm;avonf/ tdrmrf tAl[eDzm uG,v f eG f aomaeYwiG f tdrmrf&mS zDtu D kd arG;zGm;cJah Mumif; az:jyxm;ayonf/ tdrmrf&mS zDt\ D "r®owftwdik ;f vdu k ef molrsm;udk ]] &SmzDtD rZf[Af *dP k ;f 0ifrsm; }} [kac:Mu avonf/

t[fr'ftpfAae[rfAvf([pf*s&D 164-241) td&mufEikd if H b*¾'g'fNrKd UwGif arG;zGm;cJo h nf/ zdu[fEiS yhf wfouf í uRr;f usio f uJo h Ykd ['Dqrf sm;udv k nf; pkaqmif;cJo h jl zpfonf/ rGqef 'ftrnfjzifh ['Dqu f sr;f jyKpck o hJ jl zpfonf/ 4if;\acwfwiG f "r®owfjyK&mü usr;f jrwfu&k t f mefEiS hf ['Dqu f sr;f rsm;yg ['Dqrf sm;udk tajccHonfph epfukd rGwpf vifraf vmuwpfcv k ;kH uJo h Ykd us,u f s,f jyefjY yefU a&mufapcJo h jl zpfonf/ 4if;onf tAÁmqD,[frif;quf rmrGeAf ife[ f m&Get f vf&&S'D f ([pf*s&D 192 -230)ESiahf cwfNyKd ijf zpfonf/ usr;f jrwfu&k t f mefonf tv’m[ft&Sijf rwf\ zefqif;cHr[kwf [laom cH,cl suaf Mumifh axmifoiG ;f tusO;f csccH &hJ onf/ 4if;\ "r®owftwdik ;f vdu k ef musio hf ;kH olrsm;udk ]][rfAvD rZf[Af*P kd ;f 0ifrsm; }} [kac:qdMk uonf/

tpövmrfhtwdwfordkif;rS t,l0g'qdkif&m&IyfaxG;rIrsm;

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OD;pd;k vGi(f Nidr;f csrf;vQyfppf)

12

ý, .   ù5   (ac:) tpövmrfOh ya'

tpövmrfomoemwGiXf ? (ac:) Oya'a&;qJo G rl mS tv’m[f t&Sijf rwfomvQif jzpfonf/ tv’m[ft&Sijf rwfa&;qJcG ahJ om tajccH Oya'rSm usr;f jrwfu&k t f mefjzpfonf/ xdu k sr;f yg Oya'rsm;udk vufawGUtaumiftxnfaz:jyjcif;? trlt&mrsm;tm;jzif?h EIwt f m;jzif?h tao;pdwf usiMhfut H m;xkwjf ycJah om wrefawmfjrwf\ aqmif&u G f csuf rsm;udk pGE[ é [ f ak c:onf/ az:jyyg usrf;jrwfuk&ftmefOya'rsm;ESifh uk&ftmef ygOya'rsm;tay: tao;pdwf aqmif&u G jf ycJah om wrefawmfjrwf\vkyaf qmifcsupf EG [ é rf sm;udk tajccHí qG[mbmrsm;? omaAtDef rsm;\w&m;qH;k jzwfcsurf sm;udý k ,. ù5 ac:tpövmrfh Oya' [k ac:onf/ ý,. ù5 ac: tpövmrfOh ya'udk avhvmvdu k pf m;&m ü t"du uJjG ym;jcm;em;aom tcsuEf pS cf suu f o kd &d efrmS tvGet f a&;yg aomudp&ö yfjzpfayonf/ 1/ ýY  Q   ø   ac: wdusaocsmaom taxmuf txm;ESichf ikd v f pkH mG qH;k jzwfcsu/f 2/ ý$;  ø    ac:xifjrif,q l csut f m;jzifh qH;k jzwfcsu/f tdrmrfBu;D av;yg;pvH;k \ "r®owfrsm;wGif ýY  Q   ø   ac: wdusaocsmaom taxmuftxm;ESihf cdik v f pkH mG qH;k jzwfcsurf sm;wGiw f pfO;D ESiw hf pfO;D uJv G cGJ surf &S/d wlnMD uayonf/ ý$; ø  ac: xifjrif,l qcsuftm;jzifh qHk;jzwfcsufrsm;wGifwpfOD;ESifh wpfOD; uJv G cGJ su&f MdS uayonf/ xdu k o hJ Ykd uJv G cGJ su&f MdS uaom ý$;   ø    rSm tpövmrfo h m oemwGif r&Srd jzpf ta&;ygaom udp&ö yfrsm;r[kwaf y/ xdu k o hJ Ukd Oya'rsm;udk avSe"H g;xpf w&m;ao0g'tjzpf vdu k ef musio hf ;kH &rnf[k rnfonft h rd mrfrsm;urS rdeq Yf x dk m;cJjh cif; tvsO;f r&Scd ahJ y/ tdrmrftAl[eDzmocifu qdo k nfrmS uREfyk fonf pum;wpf ckuq k d k\ d / (odrYk [kw)f qH;k jzwfcsuw f pfcu k kd qH;k jzwf\/ xdak jymqdk csu?f xdq k ;kH jzwfcsuo f nf usr;f jrwfu&k t f mef\ rnfonft h m,wf? wrefawmf jrwf\ rnfonfhpGEé[f? qG[mbmrsm;? omaAtDefrsm;\ rnfonfh td*sfaor[f ]]pHn k cD &kH ;kH qH;k jzwfcsu}f }rS ud;k um;onfukd rodyJ rnforl Q uREykf \ f qH;k jzwfcsut f wdik ;f yHw k u l ;l í rqH;k jzwf&/ uREykf \ f qH;k jzwfcsux f ufaumif;aom "r®"Xd mefusaom qH;k jzwf csuu f kd awGUygu uREykf \ f qH;k jzwfcsuu f kd y,fí uREykf \ f qH;k jzwfcsuf xufaumif;aom qH;k jzwfcsuu f v kd ufcyH g[k rdeq Yf ckd o hJ nf/ (tvf'&l 'Gvb f [D,[fusr;f ? pmrsuEf mS -38) ýY  Q   ø    wdusaocsmaom taxmuftxm;qdo k nf rSm usr;f jrwfu&k t f mefwiG v f nf; ð$ [kac:aom rl&if;tom;ygonft h aMumif;t&mrsm;? Oyrm qGvmof? Zumof? [*s?f qd, G mrf uJo h Ykd aompmom;rsm;yg0ifNy;D ? xdu k pd &ö yfrsm;udk tao;pdwaf qmif&u G jf y&Hk oufoufr[kwyf ?J wrefawmfjrwfu qG[mbmrsm;ESihf twl b0wnfaqmufcjhJ cif;tm;jzifh a&muf&v dS maom Oya'rsm;wGif qGvmofig;Burd ?f &umofrsm;uJhodkY udpö&yfrsm;ESifh pyfvsOf;NyD; tdrmrf BuD;rsm;toGif uJGvJGrIr&Sday/ uJGvJGp&mvnf; taMumif;r&Sad y/ tb,faMumifq h akd omf? usr;f jrwf uk&t f mef pl&[f(5) tm,wf(3)?>$%È& ù5 N(ý7"ù5 ,NC ù5$ù5 N 1   ]] ,aeYaomfum; igt&Sijf rwfonf toifwt Ykd zdYk toifw\ Ykd 'Deo f memudk Ny;D jynfph akH wmfrcl ahJ vonf/ 4if;tjyif igt&Sifjrwfonf tpövmrfomoemudk toifwdkYtzdkY 'Defb0wnfaqmufrI vrf;pOf tjzpfoabmwlEpS Nf rK§d Uawmfrcl aJ vonf }} az:jyyg tm,wfonf wrefawmfjrwf ruG,v f eG rf D tvsif (81) &uftvdw k iG f usa&mufcjhJcif;onf/ tpövmrfhtwdwfordkif;rS t,l0g'qdkif&m&IyfaxG;rIrsm;

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OD;pd;k vGi(f Nidr;f csrf;vQyfppf) 13 wrefawmfjrwfoufawmf xif&Sm;&SdpOfuyif? tpövmrfomoemonf NyD;jynfhpHkNyD; jzpfavonf/ tpövmrfomoemwGif r&Srd jzpf vdt k yfcsurf sm;[lí uGuv f yf rsm;tjzpfuse&f adS ecJjh cif; tvsO;f r&Scd ahJ y/ tdrmrfrsm;twGif; uJGvJGcsuf&SdcJhaom ý$; ø  rsm;udkjyefvnf prf;ppfMunfhrnfqdkvQif tpövmrfomoemwGif r&Srd jzpfvt kd yf csurf sm; r[kwo f uJo h Ykd wrefawmfjrwfacwf? qG[mbmrsm;acwf? omaAtDerf sm;acwfwiG f r&Scd ahJ om jyóemtopfrsm; jzpfayonf/ usr;f jrwfu&k t f mefonf zefqif;cH[w k ?f r[kwq f ak d om jyóem ESiph f yfvsO;f í tdrmrftAl[eDzmocif vufxufwiG f ay: aygufcjh Jcif; yif r&Scd ah J o;ay/ tdrmrftAl[eDzmocif\ "r®owft& qHyifaq;qd;k jcif; onf >cif;csurf &Sd wm;jrpfcsuf ]][&mrf}} jzpfonf/ 4if;\ ausmMf um; aomwynfEh pS Of ;D jzpfMuonfh tdrmrfr[ k r®'Ef iS hf tdrmrf,q l zG w f Ykd acwf wGif >cif; csujf zifh qHyifaq;qd;k ydik cf iG &hf o dS nf/ xdu k o hJ Ykd q&m\ t,l tqESiw hf ynfw h \ Ykd t,ltquJv G jGJ cif;onf q&mESifhwynfhwdkYMum; y#dyu©jzpfjcif; r[kwf/ rdrdwdkY\ ywf0ef;usif umvHa'oHt*¾Ht&? t,l tquJv G jGJ cif;jzpfayonf/ xd k u d p ö & yfESifh p yfv sOf; NyD; tjcm;td r mrf o H k ; yg;pvH k ; u qHy if aq;qd k ; jcif; ES i f h p yfv sOf; NyD ; aq;qd;k ydik cf iG &hf o dS nf[k cH,Ml uonf/ tb,f aMumifq h akd omf? tdrmrfrmvpfu\ f MUWATTA usr;f wGif wref awmfjrwfu qHyiftm; teDa&mif'ef;qdk;aMumif; ['Dqfyg0ifonf/ [pf*s&D 179 ckESpf? tdrmrfrmvpfufocifESifh tdrmrf&SmzDtDocifwdkYvufxufwGif MUWATTA usrf;wpfckwnf;om ay:ao;onf/ tdrmrf tAl[eDzmocifvufxufwiG f ['Dqrf sm;udk wpfpw k pfpnf;wnf; usr;f tjzpfay: aygufcjhJ cif;yif r&Sad o;ay/ tdrmrf t[fr'f tpfA ae[rfAvfocifvufxufwiG f MUWATTA ([pf*s&-D 189)? MUSNAD ([pf*s&-D 203)? MUSNAD ([pf*s&-D 241)[lí usr;f tjzpf oH;k usr;f ay:Ny;D jzpfonf/ az:jyyg ['Dqu f sr;f rsm;wGif teufa&mifqyH ifaq;qd;k íoGm; aom olwpfO;D udk jrifawGUaom wrefawmfjrwfu vSywifw h ,fonf [k cs;D usL;cJo h nf/ tvm;wl teDa&mifqyH ifaq;qd;k xm;ol wpf a,muf udk jrifawGUaomtcg omíyif vSywifw h ,fonf[k cs;D usL; xm;aom ['Dqyf g0ifayonf/ ,aeYrsufarSmufacwfwGif tausmfMum;qHk;jzpfonfh Akcg&Dusrf;? 0wfpm;qif,ifrIu@wGif? tajctaeESihf tcsed t f cgay:wGif rlwnfí qHyifaq;qd;k &ef trderYf sm;ay;xm;aom ['Dqrf sm;yg 0ifayonf/ xdu k o hJ Ykd udp&ö yfrsm;ESiphf yfvsO;f í tdrmrfBu;D rsm;twGi;f ? "r®owf rsm; uJjG ym;jcm;;em;cJMh uonf/ xdu k o hJ Ykd uJ G j ym;jcm;em;jcif ; onf ý $ ;  ø  xif j rif , l q csuf t ay: qH k ; jzwf c suf u J G v J G j cif ; jzpf o nf / xdu k o hJ u Ykd v GJ aGJ omtaMumif;t&mrsm;onfvnf; tpövmrfomoem wGif r&Srd jzpfvt kd yfcsurf sm;r[kwaf y/ usr;f jrwfu&k t f mef pl&[f(4) tm,wf(101)wGi?f [K '   ú#    Q C 4  \  ] $ )ù5   , 2    0 ^   ¾   ý0ù7 +  (   *   ]] 4if;tjyif tMuiftcg0,f toifwo Ykd nf urÇmajrjyif0,f c&D;xGuMf uuke\ f / xdt k cg0,f toifw\ Ykd qGvmof0wfjyKru I kd avQmí h jyKjcif;tm;jzifh tjypfr&Sad cs }} az:jyygtm,wfwGif c&D;onfrsm;twGuf qGvmof0wfjyKrIudk avQmhí0wfjyKjcif;tm;jzifh tjypfwpfpw kH pf&mr&S[ d k qdx k m;aom tm,wftay: tdrmrftAl[eDzmocif\ xifjrif,q l csut f & rdik f 50 a0;uGmaomc&D;odo Yk mG ;ol rGwpf vifrw f pfO;D tzdYk ]] uq&f}}c&D; onf qGvmof0wfjyK&rnf/ 4 &umof&adS omqGvmofrsm;udk 2 &umof omvQif 0wfjyK&rnf/ tjynf0h wfjyK&efrvd/k tv’m[f t&Sijf rwfu, kd af wmfwikd u f avQmhí0wfjyK&ef rdeq Yf kx d m;onf/ tjynfh t0 0wfjyKjcif;onfrydik f [k 4if;\"r®owfwiG f qH;k jzwf xm;onf/ az:jyyg ]]uq&f}} c&D;onfrsm;twGuf tuGmta0; owfrw S &f mü tdrmrfav;yg;pvH;k \ tpövmrfhtwdwfordkif;rS t,l0g'qdkif&m&IyfaxG;rIrsm;

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OD;pd;k vGi(f Nidr;f csrf;vQyfppf) 16 jywfprJ q I ik d &f m Oya'? tarGcaG J 0rIqik d &f m Oya'? aowrf;pmqdik &f mpnf;urf;csu?f vifEiS rh f ,m;? rdbESio h f m;orD;? nDtpfuakd rmifErS ? tdref ;D em;csi;f ? rGwpf vifrt f csi;f csi;f ? rGwpf vifrrf [kwo f rl sm;ESiyhf wfoufaomusi0hf wfrsm;? a&mif;0,fazgufum;rIqdkif&mpnf;urf;csufrsm;? tajym tqdktoGm;tvm? &,farmjcif;qdkif&m pnf;urf;csurf sm;uJo h Ykd tao;pdwrf sm;yif yg0ifavonf/ az:jyyg usr;f jrwfu&k t f mef\ trdeyYf nwfcsurf sm;twdik ;f avQmufvrS ;f cJah om wrefawmfjrwf\ z0g;xyfwv l u kd cf MhJ uonfh qG[mbmrsm;\ *kP&f nfukd usr;f jrwfu&k t f mefwiG f ]] tv’m[ft&Sijf rwfonf xdo k w l t Ykd m; ESpo f ufco hJ nf/ tvm;wl xdo k w l u Ykd vnf;tv’m[ft&Sijf rwfukd ESpo f ufco hJ nf }} [k *kPjf yKrw S w f rf;wifco hJ nf/ az:jyyg qG[mbmBuD ;rsm;tkyfcsKyf c J haom acwf u d k 4 ?  tpö v mrf h O ya'ES i h f t nD tkycf sKycf ahJ omacwf[k rSnahf c:cJMh uonf/4if;wdaYk cwf tpövmrfomoemonf urÇmwpf0rS ;f 0,f aerif;\ tvif;a&mifyrm vTrf;jcHKEdkifcJhonf/ 4if;wdkYacwf tpövmrfomoem0if rGwfpvifrfqdkonfrSm urÇmv h o l m;wpf&yfv;kH twGuf pHjyacgif;aqmifrsm;jzpfcMhJ uonf/ ,aeYwikd f urÇmEh ikd if t H oD;oD;&Sd pmoif ausmif;rsm;wGif qG[mbmBu;D rsm;\ w&m;rQwrI? ud, k u f siw fh &m;rsm;ESiyhf wfoufí oifMum;ay;vsuf &Sad eayonf/

bmoma&;&Iyaf xG;rItp tkrikd , f [frif;qufonf(f A D-705 rS A D-750 )txd 45 ESpt f yk cf sKycf o hJ nf/ tAÁmqD,[frif;quf onf(A D-750 rS A D-935 )txd 185 ESpw f w d d tkycf sKycf o hJ nf/ tkrikd , f [fqo kd nfrmS qG[mbmBu;D rktm0d,[frsKd ;qufrS ay:aygufvmaomtrnf jzpfonf/ tkrikd , f [frif;qufukd cvDzm tvf0vD'(f A D -705-717)txd tkyfcsKyfcsdefrSpwifí owfrSwfcJhMuonf/ 4if;acwfrSpwifí oufOD;qdkifydkif bk & if p epf t jzpf vH k ; vH k ; vsm;vsm; pwif f c J h o nf / tk r d k i f , [f a emuf q H k ; rif ; quf r S m cvD z m 'kw, d refq&l jf zpfonf/ tkrikd f ,[frif;quf 45 ESpt f wGi;f tpövmrfomoemwGif rsm;pGmaom tkypf u k ?GJ *d k P f ; uJ G r sm; ay:ayguf c J h o nf / az:jyyg tk y f p k u J G ? *d k P f ; uJ G r sm;onf E d k i f i H a &;ud k tajccH í jzpfay:vmjcif;jzpfayonf/ tkrikd , f [facwfw&m;qH;k jzwfa&;pepfonf zdu[f"r®owftm;jzifh qH;k jzwfonf/ tkrikd , f [faemufq;kH rif;quf cvDzm 'kw, d refp&l A f D-750 tm; tAÁq, D [frif;qufcvDzm Abdul-al Abbas al Saffa (AD-750-54) utmPmod r f ; cJ h o nf / xd k t mPmod r f ; yJ G w G i f tkrikd , f [fbufawmfom;rsm; tpkvu kd t f jyKH vu kd f towfcMH u&onf/ txufyg Abdul-al Abbas al Saffa onf tAÁmqD,[frif;quf\ yxrOD;qH;k cvDzmjzpfonf/ tAÁmqD,[f[ak c:&jcif;onf wref awmfjrwf\ bBu;D awmf tAÁmqfocif\ tEG,rf q S if;oufvmoljzpfaomaMumifh jzpfonf/ Haroon al Rashid(A D, 786-809) vufxufwi G f tAÁm qD,[frif;quftyk cf sKyfro I nf txGwt f xdyo f aYkd &mufco hJ nf/ tawG;tac:ynm&yf? uAsm? ocFsm? eu©waÅ A'ESihf acwfopf\ odyHÜ ynm&yfrsm;udG k reekESihSf yriac bmomrsm;rS t&ADpmayodYk bmom jyefqckd o hJ nf/ bmoma&;qdik &f m t,l0g'onf wrefawmfjrwf acwf/ r[mom0ursm;acwfEiS hf vH;k 0uJjG ym;jcm;em;cJo h nf/ 4if;acwf rS pwif í cvDzmqdo k nfrmS urÇmajrjyifay:rS tv’m[f t&Sijf rwf\ t&dyjf zpfonfqakd om t,l0g' pwifco hJ nf/ xdak cwfcvDzmrsm;onf aoap &Siaf p[laom tmPm&So d rl sm; jzpfMuonf/

tpövmrfhtwdwfordkif;rS t,l0g'qdkif&m&IyfaxG;rIrsm;

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OD;pd;k vGi(f Nidr;f csrf;vQyfppf)

17 Haroon al Rashid acwf

zdu[f"r®owf

usr;f jrwfu&k t f mefonf tvGew f &mrS El;nHo h rd af rGUaomESv;kH om;ydik &f iS f wrefawmfjrwftay:odYk uscahJ om usr;f jzpfonf/ usr;f jrwfu&k t f mefukd zwf&w G o f &Zösm,fjcif;tm;jzifh tv’m[ft&Sijf rwf tm; zl;awGUEdik o f nf/ usrf;jrwfu&k t f mef\ teuft"dymÜ ,fukd zGiq hf Ekd ikd cf iG &hf o dS lrsm;rSm? qlzu D sifph Ofrsm;udk usiMhf ut H m;xkwNf y;D emrfyikd ;f qdik &f mwd;k wufjrifrh m;olrsm;uom zGiq hf ckd iG &hf o dS nfqakd om t,l0g'rsm;pwif cJo h nf/ bmoma&;qdik &f m oif&;kd ñTe;f wrf;rsm;wGif oifMum;ay;aomzdu[f"r®owfrsm;twGi;f wGif Aristotle ESifh Plato wd\ Yk tawG; tac:rsm; a&maxG;cJo h nf/ 4if;acwf ynma&;pepfonf usr;f jrwfu&k t f mefyg Oya'rsm;udk trsm;rGwpf vifrrf sm;vdu k ef mvku d pf m;rIrjyKEikd af om enf;pepfqo D Ykd OD;wnfonf/ cvDzmtrnfcH oufO;D qHyik d b f &k ifpepfwnfjraJ &;rSm rGwpf vifrt f rsm;pk usr;f jrwfu&k t f mefyg t"dymÜ ,frsm;ESih f uif;a0;ae&efrmS t"duta&;ygaom tcsujf zpfayonf/ tb,faMumifq h akd omf? usr;f jrwfu&k t f mefwiG f oufO;D qHyikd t f yk cf sKyaf &;pepfonf omoemydik pf epf? vly*k Kd¾vw f pfO;D wpfa,muftm;,HMk unfu;kd pm;vGe;f aompepf? tcGix hf ;l cHvw l ef;pm; pepfrsm;udk jyif;jyif;xefxef xm;jrpfxm;aom usr;f jzpfonf/ trsm;rGwpf vifrrf sm;usr;f jrwfu&k t f mefyg Oya'rsm;ESiahf 0;avav 4if;wd\ Yk cvDzmtrnfco H ufO;D qHyikd pf epfonf oufwrf;&Snaf vavqdak om rl0g'rsm;udk usio fh ;kH jcif;tm;jzifh tAÁmqD,[frif;qufoufwrf; 185 ESpMf umtkycf sKyEf ikd cf o hJ nf/ tkrikd , f [frif;qufEiS hf tAÁmqD,[frif;qufrsm;onf trnftm;jzihf uJjG ym;jcm;em;aomfvnf; tkycf sKyo f nfph epfonfum; twlwyl ifjzpfayonf/ xdrk if;qufEpS q f ufpvH;k onf tazcvDzm\ t&du k f t&mudk 4if;wd\ Yk om;rsm;u qufcaH om pepfukd usio hf ;kH cJMh uonf/ tAÁmqD,[frif;qufwpfavQmuf ay:aygufcJhaom bmom a&;qdkif&m jyóemrsm;rSm usr;f jrwfu&k t f mefonf zefqif;cHjzpfonfqakd omolrsm;ESihf zefqif;cHr[kwf qdak omolrsm;twGi;f y#dyu©rsm; yifjzpfonf/ usr;f jrwfu&k t f mefyg tv’m[ft&Sijf rwf\ ]]t&&S}f } ]]uk&q f }D } [laoma0g[m&rsm;udk zGiq hf &kd mü tv’m[ft&Sifjrwfxdkif aomyv’if[k zGifhqdkolrsm;ESifh tv’m[ft&Sifjrwf\ tcsKyftjcmtmPm[k zG i f h q d k o l r sm;twG i f ; y#d y u© r sm;? usrf ; jrwf u k & f t mef y g ig; rzrf ; &ef owf r S w f a omaeY ü ig;zrf;olrsm;arsmufjzpfomG ;onf [l aomtm,wftay: trSew f u,f arsmufowÅ0grsm;jzpfomG ;onf [k,lqolrsm;ESifh trSefwu,f arsmufowÅ0grsm; jzpfoGm;jcif;r[kwf?arsmufESifhcdkif;EdIif;jcif;om jzpfonfqakd omolrsm;twGi;f y#dyu©? tvm;wl rGwpf vifrrf sm;twGi;f tjiif;yGm;rIrsKd ;pHk &Iyaf xG;cJo h nf/ 4if;acwf zdu[f"r®owfrsm;twGi;f wGif usr;f jrwfu&k t f mefEiS hf pGE[ é u f kd tajcrcHyJ 4if;wd\ Yk ø ý Q, (ac:) rdrw d \ Ykd ÓPf&nfukd tajccHíqH;k jzwfMuonf/

tAltvf[peftvft&S&f D

(A D- 935)

tAltvf[pef tvft&Sf&Donf tAÁmqD,[frif;quf wpfavQmufay:aygufcJhaom jyóemajrmufrsm;pGmteufjyóemtcsKd U udak jz&Si;f ay;Edik cf o hJ nf/ usr;f jrwfu&k t f mefonf zefqif;cHjzpfonf? rjzpfonfqakd om jyóemESiyhf wfoufí usrf;jrwfu&k t f meftm,wfrsm;onf tv’m[ft&Sijf rwf\ EIwu f ygwfawmfjzpfí tv’m[f\zefqif;cHr[kw/f usr;f jrwfu&k t f meftm,wfrsm;udk a&;om;aompuúL rsm;? rSirf sm;onf tv’m[ft&Sijf rwf\ zefqif;cHjzpfonf[k qH;k jzwfrt I ay: t,ltqrwlnaD om tkypf Ek pS pf t k wdik ;f twmwpfct k xd nDñw G af pcJo h nf/ tpövmrfhtwdwfordkif;rS t,l0g'qdkif&m&IyfaxG;rIrsm;

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OD;pd;k vGi(f Nidr;f csrf;vQyfppf)

18

[ezD0g'onf tkrikd , f [frif;qufrS pwifay:aygufcNh Jy;D tAÁmqD,[frif;quftwGi;f wGif vltrsm;qH;k vdu k ef musio hf ;kH aom0g'jzpfco hJ nf/ aemufyikd ;f rmvuD? &SmzDt?D [rfAvD0g'rsm;ay:aygufvmcJo h nf/ xd0k g'rsm;\ aemufvu kd rf sm;twGi;f tkypf u k rGJ sm;jzpfcMhJ uonf/ rdrw d q Ykd ikd &f m0g'rsm;udk a&SUwef;wifí nDñw G rf NI yKd uv GJ su&f o dS rl sm;udk tdrmrfav;yg;pvH;k \ 0g'vrf;pOfrsm;udk vufc&H rnf/ vdu k ef musio hf ;kH &mü rdrw d EYkd pS o f uf&m 0g'wpfcck u k kd vdu k ef musio fh ;kH olrsm;ud]k ]tJ[af vpGE[ é 0f vf*srmtof}} ac: pGEréD sm;jzpfonf[k qH;k jzwfrt I ay:0g'rwlnaD omolrsm;udk nDñw G af pcJo h jl zpfonf/4if;\acwfwiG f ['Dqpf ak qmif; olrsm;? rsm;jym;vmavonf/ tpövmrf"r®owfqHk;jzwf&mwGif ['Dqfrsm;udk vHk;vHk;vsm;vsm;tajccHí Oya'jyKaompepfjzpfco hJ nf/ ['Dqu f sr;f rsm;yg wrefawmfjrwf\tao;pdwf oGm;vmaexdik yf rkH sm;udk xdak cwf rGwpf vifrx f t k wGi;f oGwo f iG ;f ay;Edik cf o hJ l jzpfonf/ wref a wmf j rwf o nf qif ; &J o nf h b 0ud k ES p f o uf o nf / qif ; &J o nf h b 0onf csrf ; omonf h b 0xuf yd k j rwf o nf / csrf ; omol o nf / csrf;omonfhtavsmuf Zumof? [*sf? ckduf&mofuJhodkY aomtvSL 'gersm;udk qif;&Jolrsm;xuf ydrk jkd yKvyk af omfjim;vnf;? *sEo é f okcbHo k 0Ykd if&mü qif;&Jom;rsm;xuf ESpaf ygif;ig;&maemufusNy;D rS 0if a&muf&rnfqakd om ['Dqrf sm;onf xdak cwf tAÁq, D [fcvDzmrsm;&JUtkycf sKyaf &;atmufü vltrsm;pkjzpfaom qif;&Jom;rsm;twGupf rGJ ufz, G &f m ['Dqrf sm;jzpfco hJ nf/ az:jyyg tAÁmqD,[fcvDzmrsm;acwfwiG f qif;&Jaomb0 a&muf&jdS cif;yifvQif uHx;l olrsm;[k cH,o l rl sm;jym;vmcJo h nf/

qlz0D g' tAÁmqD,[fvufxufwiG f ausmMf um;aom trsKd ;orD;qlzD olawmfpifrmS Rabiah (A D- 801) ay:aygufco hJ nf/ Abu YazidBustami(AD-874), Hasan al Mansur Anal Haq(AD-922), Junaid Bugdadi(AD-910) wdo Yk nf tAÁmqD,[facwfwiG f ay: xGe;f cJah om ausmMf um;onfh qlzrD sm;jzpfMuayonf/ tAÁmqD,[ftyk cf sKycf sed w f iG f rGwpf vifrw f pfO;D tzdYk rdrEd pS o f ufaom ]]wG&u D m}}ac: qlzv D rf;pOfwpfcck u k kd vufcHusifhoHk;&onf/ xdk]]wG&Dum}} vrf;pOfudkOD;aqmifol a&S(cf)\ trdefYynwfcsuftwdkif; wpfaoGrwdr;f vdu k ef míb0wnfaqmufru I kd ]]zemaza&S(cf)}}[kac:onf/ xdu k o hJ Ykd vdu k ef m usio hf ;kH jcif;onf ]]zemaz&plv}f } ac: wrefawmfjrwf\trdeyfY nwfawmftwdik ;f vdu k ef musio fh ;Hk jcif;rnfonf[k cH,Ml uonf/ xd k u J h o d k Y a omol o nf ]]zemazv’ m [f } } tv’ m [f t &S i f j rwf \ trd e f Y y nwf awmf t wd k i f ; vdkufemusihfoHk;jcif;jzpfonf/ tpövmrfusihfpOfusihf&yfqdkif&m Oya'rsm;ESifhywfoufí xdkacwf rGwpf vifrrf sm;\ cH,cl surf mS ]]tdvaf rheAl0of}} ESihf ]]Ela&eAl0of}} [lí ynm&yf ESprf sKd ;ESppf m;&So d nf/ ]]tdvfarheAl0of}} qdkonfrSm wrefawmfjrwf\ usifhMuHtm;xkwfcsuf? a[majymcsufqdkonfh ynm&yfrsm;uqG[mbmBuD;rsm; rSwpfqifv h ufqifu h rf;a&muf&v dS maom omoemESiyhf wfoufaom? trsm;ESio hf ufqikd o f nfh ynm&yf[k ac:onf/ ]]Ela&eAl0of}} qdo k nfrmS wrefawmfjrwf\ oD;oefY usiMhf uw H &m;tm;xkwrf rI sm;udk wrefawmfjrwfEiS hf tvGeef ;D pyfaom qG[m bmBu;D rsm;teufrS tenf;i,frQaom ta&twGujf zpfonfh qG[m bmBu;D rsm;u usiMfh ut H m;xkwcf jhJ cif;tm;jzifh ESv;kH om;rSEv S ;kH om;odv Yk ufqifu h rf;a&mufvmaom usipfh Ofusi&fh yfqikd &f m ynm&yf[ak c:qdo k nf/ Oyrmtm;jzihf wifjy&rnfqv kd Qi.f ....,aeYvt l rsm;od xm;aom ]]um'&d,[f wG&u D m ESihf usp&f w fS , D [fw&G u D m}} qdak om wG&u D m usipfh Ofusi&hf yfrsm;onf tvDocifu wrefawmfjrwfxrH t S xl;oD;oef&Y &Sx d m;aom wrefawmfjrwf\ tpövmrfhtwdwfordkif;rS t,l0g'qdkif&m&IyfaxG;rIrsm;

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OD;pd;k vGi(f Nidr;f csrf;vQyfppf) 19 txl;usipfh Of usi&hf yf rsm;jzpfonf/ wG&u D m0ifwikd ;f wdo Yk nf tcsed w f ikd ;f xGuo f ufEiS 0hf if oufwikd ;f ü tv’m[f t&Sijf rwftm; ]] Zdu&d f }} wo owd& Muonf/ ]]euf&AfS ED, ´ [f? rk*s''´ , D [f}} ac:wG&u D musiphf OfrmS ? wrefawmfjrwf\ txl;usiMhf uH tm;xkwf csurf sm;rS? qG[mbmBu;D tAl buú&o f cifu oD;oef&Y &Scd ahJ om usiphf Ofjzpfonf/ xdw k &G u D m0ifwo Ykd nf rdrw d \ Ykd ESv;kH cHEk eI ;f wdik ;f ü ]]tv’m[f}} [lí ]]Zdu&d }f } wo owd&Muonf/ ]] tdvaf rheAl0of }} ac: wrefawmfjrwf\ jrifawG&Y aom jyifyqdik &f m ynm&yfrsm;twdik ;f vku d ef musio fh ;kH jcif;onf wrefawmfjrwf\ &kyyf ikd ;f qdik &f m pGE[ é rf sm;udk taumiftxnfaz:jcif;jzpfonf/ ]]Ela&eAl0of}} onf wrefawmfjrwf\ pdwyf ikd ;f qdik &f m usipfh Ofjzpfonf/ xdu k o hJ Ykd wrefawmfjrwf\ pdwyf ikd ;f qdik &f m usipfh Ofusi&fh yfrsm;qdik &f m ynm&yfrsm;udk ydcYk saom wG&u D m wpfcck rk S a&SUaqmifenf;jy jzpfol ]]a&S(cf)}} \trdeyfY nwfcsut f wdik ;f b0wnfaqmufjcif;onfwrefawmfjrwf\ pdwyf ikd ;f qdik &f m pGE[ é rf sm;udk taumiftxnfaz:Edik af yrnf/ az:jyyg wrefawmfjrwfxrH S a&muf&v dS maom ynm&yf ESprf sKd ;pvH;k udk vdu k ef musio fh ;kH í wrefawmfjrwf\ &kyyf ikd ;f qdik &f mESiphf w d yf ikd ;f qdik &f m pGE[ é rf sm;ESiyhf wfoufaom ynm&yfrsm;udk wwfajrmufjcif;? vdu k ef musio fh ;k H í tvif;&&Sad omynm&Sirf sm;uomvQi?f usr;f jrwfu&k t f mefyg trdeyYf nwfcsurf sm;udk zGiq hf ckd iG hf &SMd uonf/ Hasan al Mansur (922) onf Zdu&d f tv’m[ft&Sijf rwf tm; wo owd&&if; yDwad omrewÅpcef; wpfco k Ykd a&muf&cdS o hJ nf/xdt k csed w f iG f 4if;olawmfpOfBu;D \EIwrf S ]] Anal Haq }} ]]÷ " }}]] igtv’m[f}} ]] igonf rSefuefaom opöw&m;}} [líxGufcJhavonf/ xdkacwftpövmrfh "r®owfynm&Sifrsm;u ao'Pfay;cJo h nf/ xdu k o hJ Ykd xdo k al wmfpifBu;D EIwrf x S u G v f maom ]]igtv’m[f}} qdak oma0g[m&ESihf ywfoufí tpfAaet&ADocifu ]]0[f'[f0*sL'f}} ac:tv’m[ft&Sijf rwfEiS hf tv’m[f\zefqif;cHwt Ykd Mum; twdik ;f twm tqift h wef;ay:wGirf w l nfí twm;tqD;r&Sd xdawGUa&m>yrf;pdr0hf if íESpu f , kd w hf pfpw d (f 0g) ESpu f ed ;f rSwpfued ;f jzpfomG ;aom tcsed w f iG x f u G af y:vmaom a0g[m& jzpfonf[k zGiq hf ckd o hJ nf/ 4if;u yrmcdik ;f íjyonfrmS rD;awmufr;D vQx H o J Ykd oHw;kH wpfw;kH udk xnfv h u dk f xdo k w H ;kH onf rD;xJwiG af &mí rD;ESichf jGJcm;í r&Ekid o f nft h jzpfrsdK;jzpfomG ;onf[t k xufyg olawmfpifBuD;\ jzpf&yfukd axmufccH o hJ nf/ xdu k o hJ Ykd t,ltqrsm;udk vufcaH om qlzrD sm;vnf; &Sad yonf/ Junaid Bugdadi(910) onf xdkuJhodkYaom t,ltqrSjyef vnfqkwfcGmcJholjzpfonf/ tv’m[ft&Sijf rwfEiS hf tv’m[ft&Sijf rwf wd\ Yk tMum;wGif rnfonht f ajcaewGirf Q xdawGUa&m>yrf;jcif;? ESpfudk,fhwpfpdwfjzpfjcif;(0g)ESpfudef;rSwpfudef;rjzpfEdkif[k cH,loljzpfonf/ tv’m[ft&Sifjrwf\ oufaovu©mPmrsm;ESifh tv’m[ft&Sifjrwf \zefqif;cHwdkY pyfMum;üomvQif a&m>yrf;pdrfh0ifjcif;? xdawGUjcif;qdak om]]0[f'[f&[ S 'l }f } qdak om0g'udk vufccH o hJ nf/ wG&u D musipfh Ofrsm;twGi;f ü ]]0[f'[f0*sL'f}} (ac:) tv’m[ft&Sijf rwfEiS t fh v’m[ft&Sijf rwf\ zefqif;cHwdkYpyfMum; xdawGUa&m>yrf;pdrfh0ifjcif; (0g)ESpfudef;rSwpfudef;jzpfoGm;jcif; qdkaomudpö&yfudk vufcHolrsm;&Sdvm ouJhodkY ]]0[f'[f&S[l'f}} (ac:) tv’m[ft&Sifjrwf\oufaovu©Pmrsm;ESifh tv’m[fzh efqif;cHwYkd pyfMum;üomvQix f ad wGUa&m>yrf;pdr0hf ifjcif;(0g)ESpu f , kd w hf pfpw d jf zpfEikd o f nf qdak omt,l tq ESpcf pk wifí uJjG ym;jcm;em;cJo h nf/ txufaz:jyyg udp&ö yfrsm;ESiphf yfvsO;f í aemufyikd ;f wGif Ahmed Sarhind(1625) \ `+75# trnf&Sd wG&DumESifhywfonfh&Sif;vif;csufwGif wifjyxm;onfrSm usrf;jrwfuk&ftmef pl&[f(6) tm,wfawmf(103)ü?]] pu©Krsm;onf xdt k &Sijf rwftm; (pdwif )kH rdEikd o f nfr[kw?f od&Yk mwGif xdt k &Siu f pu©Krsm;udk tpövmrfhtwdwfordkif;rS t,l0g'qdkif&m&IyfaxG;rIrsm;

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OD;pd;k vGi(f Nidr;f csrf;vQyfppf)

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(pdwif )kH rdvsu&f \ dS }} xdt k v’m[ft&Sijf rwftm; pdwif í kH r&Edik ?f wenf;tm;jzifh pdwu f ;l ESiyhf ifreS ;f qí r&Edik /f rSe;f qí&ygu xdt k &Siv f nf;r[kw?f xdk t&Sio f nf rSe;f qí&jcif;? jrifawGUí&jcif;? xdawGUjcif;qdak omt&m rsm;rS uif;pifaom t&Sijf zpfayonf/ usr;f jrwfu&k t f mef pl&[f(53) tm,wfawmf(68)ü?]]{uefrvJG xdktaz:onf 4if;tm;zefqif;arG;jrLawmfrlaomt&Sif\ BuD;us,fvSpGmaom oufaovu©Pmawmfrsm;udk awGUjrifcahJ yownf; }} xdktm,wfawmft& wrefawmfjrwfonfyifvQif tv’m[f t&Sifjrwf\ BuD;us,fqHk;aom oufaovu©Pmawmfuo kd mawGUjrif cJ&h avonf/ az:jyygtm,wf r sm;ud k ud k ; um;í az:jyyg ]]0[f'[f0*sL'f}}t,l0g'udk qefUusií f a&;om;xm;avonf/ az:jyyg tAÁmqD,[facwfrS pwifcahJ om jyómemaygif; ajrmufrsm;pGmonf ,aeYxufwikd jf yóemtjzpf rGwpf vifrrf sm;\ &d;k wGi;f csOq f x D o J Ykd pdr0hf ifaepJjzpf ayonf/ Yaqoob Ibn Ishaaq al Kindi(AD-870)

4if;onf rGwfpvifrfrsm;twGif;wGiftvGefausmfMum;aom EdkifiHjcm;tawG;tac:ynm&Sif wpfO;D jzpfonf/ tD&mufEikd if H ulzmNrKd UwGif arG;zGm;Ny;D bmq&mNrKd UwGif ynmqnf;yl;cJo h nf/ rGwpf vifrf avmuwGif yxrOD;qHk; Aristotle ESifh Plato wdkY\ tawG;tac: 0g'rsm;tm;jzifh edpöxm0& tv’m[ft&Sijf rwfwnf&adS eaMumif;udk wifjycJo h jl zpfonf/ xdak cwf tAÁmqD,[fcvDzmrsm; vufxufwiG f tpövmrf "r®owfrsm;twGi;f Edik if jH cm;tawG;tac:0g'rsm;udk yg0if apcJo h jl zpfonf/ az:jyyg EdkifiHjcm; tawG;tac:rsm;ESifh wnfaqmufxm;aomOya'rsm;udk tpövmrfh "r®owfOya'trnfwyfí w&m;qHk;jzwfcJhMuonf/ rGwfpvifrftcsif;csif; tjiif;yGm;rIrsm;twGif; tcsed u f ek v f eG af pjcif;? rSeu f efaom ynm&Sirf sm; uGurf sucf &H jcif;? axmifoiG ;f tusO;f csjcif;cH Mu&ayonf/ //////////////

Oya'rsm; azgif;yGraI cwf (AD 786) rS (AD 935) twGi;f wGif usr;f jrwfu&k t f mef onf zwf&w G o f &Zösm,f&aomusr;f tjzpf

wnf&SdcJhonf/ vlom;wdkYa&;onfhusrf;ESifh vlom;wdkYa&;onfhOya'rsm;onf vdkufemusifhoHk;&aom usrf ; rsm;tjzpf aygrsm;azgif ; yG v mcJh o nf / xd k a cwf xd k u mvrsm; &S d tpö v mrh f O ya'rsm;[k ac:qdkaom"r®owfOya'rsm;rSm usrf;jrwf uk&ftmefudk Oya'tjzpftajccHaomvrf;aMumif;rS vH;k vH;k vsm;vsm;cJcG mG cJah om acwfjzpfayonf/ az:jyyg usr;f jrwfu&k t f mefudk tajcrcHaom vlraI &; usr;f trsKd ;rsKd ;wdt Yk m;jzifh rGwpf vifrx f t k wGiw f iG f tkypf u k ?GJ *dP k ;f *euJrG sm;vnf; ay:rsm;azgif;yG vmcJo h nf/ az:jyyg rwlnaD om tkypf u k ?GJ *dP k ;f *euJrG sm;u rdrw d Ykd pdwx f ufoef&m 0g'vrf;pOf rsm;udk uJjG ym;jcm;em;onfh ausmif;rsm;zGií hf oifMum;ay;jcif;tm;jzifh t,ltqrwlnaD om ynm&Sirf sm;onfvnf; aygrsm;azgif; yGvmcJMh uayonf/ xdu k o hJ Ykd uJjG ym;jcm;em;aom ynm&Sirf sm;u 4if;wd\ Yk ausmif;awmf0g'pJ?G q&m0g'pJrG sm;udk a&SUwef;wifí a[majymjcif;?a&;om;jcif;rsm;tm;jzifh t,ltqrwlnMD uaom rGwpf vifrrf sm;onf vnf; aygrsm;azgif;yGvmcJah wmhonf/ tpövmrfhtwdwfordkif;rS t,l0g'qdkif&m&IyfaxG;rIrsm;

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OD;pd;k vGi(f Nidr;f csrf;vQyfppf)

21

vla&;usr;f [lonf uJv G rGJ nfom usr;f jrwfu&k t f mef pl&[f(4) tm,wfawmf(82)wGi?f -


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tpövmrfh tifyg,mBu;D oH;k ydik ;f uJjG cif; AD 1500 rS 1700 tMum;wGif tD&efEikd w f iG f Safavidtifyg,m(ac:)yg&Se;f tifyg,m? tdE, ´d wGif r*dktifyg,mESifh Anatolia (ac:) wl&uDwGif atmfwdkreftifyg,m[lí tpövmrf tifyg,m

oH;k ydik ;f uJcG ahJ vonf/ SAFAVID (ac:) yg&Se;f tifyg,m

,cif tAÁmqD,[frsm; enf;wl oufO;D qHyikd f bk&ifpepfjzifh tkycf sKycf o hJ nf/ tkycf sKyo f l vlwef;pm;onf urÇmajrjyifay:rS tv’m[f t&Sijf rwf\ t&dyrf sm;jzpfonfqakd om 0g'udk jyefvnftoufoiG ;f cJh onf/ Shah Abbas I (AD 1585-1629)tkyfcsKyfcsdew f iG f Safavid tifyg,m txGwftxdyfodkY a&mufco hJ nf/ 4if;acwfwiG f atmfwrkd eftifyg,m\ tcsut f jcmusaom e,fajrrsm;udk odr;f ydu k Ef ikd cf o hJ nf/ 4if;tkycf sKyaf om NrKd UawmfrmS Isfahan NrKd Ujzpfonf/ 4if;acwf,Ofaus; rIrmS Pre-Islamic Persian Cultpövmrfhtwdwfordkif;rS t,l0g'qdkif&m&IyfaxG;rIrsm;

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OD;pd;k vGi(f Nidr;f csrf;vQyfppf) 22 k rf D yg&Se;f ,Ofaus;rItwdik ;f jzpfonf/ 4if;NrKd Uawmf&dS taqmuftOD;rsm;? yef;jcH ture (ac:) tpövmrfrwdi rsm;? AvD0wfausmif;rsm;? wuúov kd rf sm;ESihf eef;awmftygt0if taqmuftOD;tm;vH;k udk a&S;yg&Se;f tEkynmvuf&mrsm;jzifh yHak z:xm;onf/ qlz0D g'udt k ajccHaom tpövmrf"r®owfjziht f yk cf sKycf o hJ nf/ Mohamed Baqir Majlisi(1700) acwfwiG q f zl 0D g'udk ESyd u f yG Nf y;D ?tawG;tac:ynm&yfrsm;udk tajccHaom "r®owfrsm;jzifh jyKjyifajymif; vJtkyfcsKyfcJhonf/ xdktawG;tac:ynm&yfrsm;udkvnf; bmoma&;ausmif;rsm;wGif tajccHí oifMum;ay;aompepfukd usio hf ;kH cJo h nf/ xdak usmif;rsm;rS tawG;tac:ynm&Sirf sm;ESihf ,cif&&dS if;pJq G zl 0D g'udk tajccH a om ynm&S i f r sm;\ rwl n D a om 0g'vI d i f ; *,uf r sm;onf Safavid twG i f ; &S d trsm;rGwpf vifrrf sm;twGi;f odYk &du k cf wfvmjcif;tm;jzihf pnf;vH;k nDñw G rf I NyKd ucGJ o hJ nf/ MIRDIMAD(AD-1631) ESihf 4if;\wynfh MULLAHSADR(1640) wd\ Yk acwfwiG af wG; ac:rIynmESihf qlz0D g'ESprf sKd ;aygif; í zdu[f"r®owfrsm; a&;qJcG MhJ uonf/ 4if;wd\ Yk tawG;tac:t,ltq rsm;rSm Aristotle ESihf acwfopfoyd u HÜ kd tajccHaom zdu[fynm &yfjzpfonf/ (Al Afsan al Arabaab)THE FOUR FOLD JOURNEY ac: av;zufjrif bHpk cef;odYk c&D;aygufjcif;qdak om t,ltqudk pwifco hJ nf/ az:jyygpcef;odYk aygufa&muforl sm;u omvQif tkycf sKyaf &;? bmoma&;? w&m;qH;k jzwfa&;udprö sm;udk aqmif &Gucf iG &hf o dS nfqakd om t,l0g'rsm;udk qJu G ikd cf o hJ nf/ xdu k o hJ Ykd topftqef; ay:aygufvmcJah om t,l0g' rsm;tm;jzihf ynm&Siw f MYkd um;0d0g' uJcG MhJ uonf/ trsm;rG w f p vif r f r sm;\ vd k t yf c suf j zpf a om vl r I a &;? pD ; yG m ; a&;? ynma&;rsm;wG i f 4if;wd\ Yk "r®owfrsm;u uGyu f rJ t I m;enf;vm onft h ay: Safavid tifyg,monfvnf; tm;enf;arS;rSed cf hJ &avonf/ r*dk tifyg,m r*dktifyg,mudkHumayun\om;Akbar(1542-1605 AD) u tdEd´,EdkifiHajrmufydkif;rS pwifco hJ nf/ 4if;\tkycf sKyaf &;pepfwiG f pGvw f ef(ac:)bk&ifpepfjzifh tdE, ´d ajrmufyikd ;f yef*smAfjynfe,f? rvfAm&fEiS hf Deccan wdw Yk iG f w&m;rQwpGm tkycf sKyEf ikd cf o hJ nf/ 4if;\tkycf sKyaf &;atmufwiG f rGwpf vifr?f [dEL´ ? c&pf,mef? Ak'b ¨ mom?JainbmomESihf Zoroastrian bmom0ifrsm; &Scd MhJ uonf/ rwlnaD om vlrsKd ;? bmomtm;vH;k wef;wltcGit hf a&;rsm; &&Scd MhJ uonf/ 4if;\ppfwyfwiG f vlrsKd ;aygif;pHyk g0ifco hJ nft h wGuf ppfwyfo;kH bmompum;wpfcu k kd wDxiG cf o hJ nf/ xdb k mompum;udk t&AD? zg&pD? [if'?D ygVd? t*Fvyd f bmomrsm;rS aumufEw I í f wDxiG cf jhJ cif;jzpfonf/ xdpk pfwyfo;kH bmompum;rSm ,aeYtrsm;oH;k aeaom ]]tG&'f }l } bmompum;jzpfonf/ 4if;onf bmom w&m;tm;vH;k udk av;pm;oljzpfonf/ (AD- 1575) ESpw f iG f House of Worship bmomaygif;pHck spMf unfa&; AdrmefBu;D udk wnfaqmufcahJ vonf/ 4if;rSm qlz0D g'udk avhvmvdu k pf m;oljzpfonf/ 4if;acwf w&m;&H;k qH;k jzwforl sm;rSm omoemhynm&Sirf sm;jzpfMuonf/ Abufizal Allami (AD, 1551-1602)tawG;tac: ynm&SiEf iS hf aygif;zufro d nf/ Akbar ESihf Abufizal Allami wdaYk ygif;í ]] 'Daetdvm[D }} (ac:) bmomw&m;tm;vH;k onf tv’m[ft&Sijf rwfwpfyg;wnf;xHrS jzpfonfqakd om 0g'udk pwifco hJ nf/ xdaYk emuf Sulb-e-Kull (ac:) pMu0Vmjird ;f csr;f a&;? Mohabattee-Kull (ac:) pMu0VmcspMf unfa&;qdak om acgif; pOfrsm;jzifh 0g'opfrsm;wnfaxmifco hJ nf/ 4if ; \acwf w G i f rG w fp vif r fr [k w f o lr sm;tm; ]] *spf Z ,m }} uif ; vG w f c G i f ha y;cJ h o nf / tpövmrfomoemqdik &f m ynm&yf rsm;udk oifMum;ay;onfh ausmif;rsm; wGif zg&pD(ac:) yg&Se;f pmayudk tpövmrfhtwdwfordkif;rS t,l0g'qdkif&m&IyfaxG;rIrsm;

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OD;pd;k vGi(f Nidr;f csrf;vQyfppf)

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t"dubmomtjzpfoif Mum;aom pepfukd usio hf ;kH cJo h nf/ t&AD pmayESi&hf cdS ahJ om usr;f jrwfu&k t f mef? ['Dqfrsm;? zdu[fusrf;rsm;udkyg yg&Sef;pmaytm;jzifh oifMum;cJhonf/ 4if;acwfrSpwifí tpövmrfomoemESifhywfoufaoma0g[m& tawmfrsm;rsm;onf yg&Sef;pmay tac:ta0:rsm; yg0ifvmcJo h nf/ Oyrm- usr;f jrwf uk&t f mefyg tv’m[fqakd oma0g[m&udk zg&pDbmompum; ]] ck'g}} [lívnf;aumif;? qGvmofqakd om a0g[m&udk ]] ermZf }}[lí vnf;aumif;? qd, G mrfqakd oma0g[m&ud]k ] &dZk m }} [lí vnf;aumif;? vdik v f wGvu f '&f jrifjh rwfaomnudk ]] ,SaAb&mof }} [lívnf; aumif;? vdik v f wGvaf rh&m*su f kd ]] ,SaAarh&m*sf }} [lívnf;aumif; ponfjzifh rsm;pGmaom usr;f jrwf uk&t f mefyg a0g[m&rsm;udk zg&pD tac:ta0:rsm;tm;jzihf ajymif;vJac:a0:oH;k pJaG om pepfukd pwif cJo h jl zpfonf/ pGvw f ef(ac:)bk&ifqo kd o l nf tv’m[ft&Sijf rwf\ urÇmajrjyifay:rS t&dyjf zpfonf[k cH,cl o hJ nf/ xdkuJhodkY tv’m[ft&Sifjrwf\t&dyfjzpfaom pGvfwefbk&ifa&SUodkY tcpm;0ifoltm;vHk; OD;ñGwfí t&dt k aoay;aompepfukd pwifco hJ jl zpfonf/ Shah Jahan(1627-1658) vuf x uf w G i f rG w f p vif r f r sm;\od y Ü H q d k i f & mpmtk y f r sm;ES i f h hJ nf/ 4if;acwfü wnfaqmufcahJ om ]]om*srf [vf [if'u D Asmrsm;udk San Skrist bmomodjYk yefqckd o }}taqmuf tOD;onf [dEL´ ESirhf w G pf vifrf &d;k &mESprf sKd ;aygif;íxm;onfAh o d u k m vuf&m jzpfayonf/ 4if;acwftkyfcsKyfyHk enf;pepfESifh bmoma&;qdkif&m cH,lcsuf onf 4if;tzdk; Akbar vufxufuusio hf ;kH oGm;onft h wdik ;f z0g; xyfwl vdu k ef musio fh ;kH cJo h nf/ Ahmed Sarhind(1625)

4if;onf txufrSwifjycJhonfh t,l0g'vrf;pOfrsm;udk qefY usifonfh omoemhynm&Sif qlzw D pfyg;jzpfavonf/ 4if;\cH,cl surf mS usr;f jrwfu&k t f mefEiS hf pGE[ é rf sm;tm;jzifh tajccH&&S t D mOya'u omvsif rGwpf vifrrf sm;udk vrf;rSeo f yYkd aYkd qmifEikd rf nf/ vlom;wd\ Yk tawG;tac:t,l0g'rsm;tm;jzifh wnfaqmufzUGJ pnf;xm;aom 0g'vrf;pOfrsm;onf rGwpf vifrrf sm;udk tusKd ;rjyKEikd o f nft h jyif vrf;rSm;zuf odaYk c:aqmifomG ;onfh vrf;pOfrsm;jzpfonf[k trsm;rGwpf vifrrf sm;twGi;f odYk xd;k azgufEikd cf o hJ jl zpfayonf/ Shah Jahan bk & if \ teD ; wG i f tMuH a y;rsm;jzpf M uaom ]]tk v rmatpl ; }} (ac:) tojymomoemhynm&Sif rsm;tm; vnf; aumif; 0efBu;D tzJUG tm;vnf;aumif;? tdyzf iG ahf y;pm rsm;ay;ydcYk o hJ nf/ 4if;\rSefuefaom w&m;ppfw&m;rSefrsm;udk Mum;em&aom trsm; rGwfpvifrfrsm;tzdkY wpfaeY xufwpfaeYw;kd yGm;í Ahmed Sarhind \w&m;yJrG sm;odYk pk&;kH vmMuonf/ 4if;\ Khankah (ac:) w&m;bm0empD;jzef; aom "r®&yd f omodYk pk&;kH vmjcif;rsm;udk od&o dS mG ;aomSha Jahan bk&ifonf Ahmed Sarhind tm; eef;awmfoYkd tcpm;0if&ef trdex Yf w k cf o hJ nf/ Ahmed Sarhind tm; 4if;\a&SUarSmufwiG f OD;ñGwt f &dk taoay; jcif;udk qefu Y siaf omaMumifh axmifoiG ;f tusO;f cs cH&av onf/ 4if;\ ]] rufob l moftrd mrf&AÁmeD }}usr;f onf ausmMf um; onfu h sr;f wpfusr;f jzpfonf/ Aurang Zebe(AD 1658-1707) onf Ahmed sarhind

\t,ltqrsm;udkESpfoufcJhavonf/ bk&ifa&SUarSmufwGif OD;ñGwfí t&dktaoay;aompepfudk 4if;\acwfwiG f y,fzsucf o hJ nf/ 4if;\acwfwiG f Edik if w H umqufqaH &; tvGeaf umif;rGecf hJ onf/ acwfrw DS ;kd wufaom enf;ynmrsm;ESit hf wl &d;k &m,Ofaus;rItopf tqef;rsm;vnf; a&muf&v dS mcJo h nf/ 4if;\ Edik if t H wGi;f üyif,cif&dS &if;pJG uJjG ym;jcm;em;aom &d;k &m,Ofaus;rIrsm;u rGwpf vifrrf sm;twGi;f odYk tpövmrfhtwdwfordkif;rS t,l0g'qdkif&m&IyfaxG;rIrsm;

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OD;pd;k vGi(f Nidr;f csrf;vQyfppf)

24

vufOD;rqGuyif vTrf;rdk;cHcJh&NyD; jzpfavonf/ xdkuJhodkY wdkif;wpfyg; rS topfa&muf&Sdvmaom ,Ofaus;rIrsm;tm;jzifh bmom? omoem qdik &f m "avhx;kH wrf;pOfvmrsm;udk tjrpfrES w I jf cif; cH&ouJo h Ykd rl&if; aysmufí rsKd ;jyKe;f cJ&h avonf/ az:jyyg &d;k &m,Ofaus;rIrsm;udk tajccHaom0g'rsm;u xdak cwftpövmrf"r®owfOya'rsm;twGi;f odyYk if xd;k azgufae&m0if,cl ahJ yonf/ trsKd ;orD;rsm;onf trsKd ;om;rsm;xuf edru hf sonf/ trsKd ; orD;rsm;onf trsKd ;om;rsm;enf;wl AvD0wfausmif;rsm;? tpf'*grsm;? odkY 0ifa&muf0wfjyKjcif;? uA&pwefrsm;twGif; 0ifa&mufaZ,m &ofjyKjcif;rsm;udk wm;qD;ydwyf ifjcif; zof0grsm;onf r*db k &k ifrsm;acwf?4if;wdYk \ywf0ef;usirf S vlrsKd ;rsm;\ &d;k &m,Ofaus;rIrsm;jzpfayonf/ r*db k &k ifrsm;wGif zof0gay;ydik cf iG &hf adS om ynm&Sirf sm;vnf;&Scd o hJ nf/ xdb k &k ifrif;qufrS bk&if tmvrf*&D \ D zof0grsm;udk tdE, ´d Edik if &H dS tcsKd Uaom bmoma&;ausmif;rsm;wGif ]] zof0gtmvrf*&D D }}trnfjzifh oifMum;vsu&f adS yonf/ txufraS z:jycJah om trsKd ;orD;rsm; AvD0wfausmif;rsm;odYk wufa&muf0wf jyKa&;qdkif&m wm;jrpfxm;aompmtkyfrsm; wGif taxmuftxm;tjzpf ]] zof0gtmvrf*D&D ac: tmvrf*&D b D &k if\ zof0grsm;udk ud;k um;í wm;jrpfonfwu Ykd akd wGU&ayvdrrhf nf/ acwftqufquf rGwpf vifro f ufO;D qHyikd b f &k ifrsm; tmPmwnfjraJ &;twGuf omoemhynm &Sirf sm;\ taxmuftyHo h nf ta&;ygaomu@rS yg0ifcahJ vonf/ xdak cwfausmif;rsm;wGif tav;ay;í oifMum;ay;aom ynm&yfrsm;teuf tcsKd Uudk wifjy&rnfqykd gu omoemhynm&Sirf sm;onf eADwref awmfrsm;\ t&du k t f &mrsm;udk qufccH ahJ om tarGpm;tarGcrH sm;jzpfonf/ wrefawmfjrwf\ tGro ® f om;rsm;teufrS omoemhynm&Sirf sm;onf AeDtpö&mtDvf vufxufryS ifay:cJah om eADwrefawmfrsm;ESihf tqift h wef;wlno D nfqakd om ['Dqrf sm;udk OD;pm;ay;í oifMum;ay;jcif;? rGwpf vifrt f rsm;pktwGi;f odYk xdu k o hJ Ykd ['Dqrf sm;udk a[majymjcif;tm;jzifh pnf;&H;k Edik cf ahJ vonf/ xd k a cwf r G w f p vif r f r sm;onf az:jyyg['D q f r sm;t& ynm&S i f r sm;\ tqd k t rd e f Y r sm;ud k wpfaoGrwdr;f vdu k ef mMuonf/ xdu k o hJ aYkd omynm&Sirf sm;u rGwpf vifrf oufO;D qHyikd b f &k ifrsm;twGuf rnfuo hJ t Ykd axmuftuljyKonfukd avhvmMunfrh nfqykd gu ------tAÁmqD,[fcvDzmrsm; tmPmouf&n S Mf uma&;twGuf xdb k &k ifrsm;\ ajrm§ ufpm;jcif;cH&aom ynm&Sirf sm;u aomMumaeY cGwAÅ [fwiG f ^¾   ý ,  ' øb  /6  c     ]] cvDzm[lonf urÇmajrjyifay:rS tv’m[ft&Sijf rwf\ t&dyjf zpfonf }} [k qkawmif;ay;Muonf/ r*db k &k ifrsm;onf pGvw f eftrnfjzifh tkycf sKyo f rl sm;jzpfonf/xdk r*db k &k ifrsm;\ ajrm§ ufpm;jcif;cH&aom ynm&Sirf sm;u aomMumaeYcw G AÅ [fwiG f ^¾  ý ,   ' øb  4Y      ]] pGew f efb&k ifrsm;onf urÇmajrjyifay:rS tv’m[ft&Sijf rwf\ t&dyjf zpfonf }} [k qkawmif;ay;Mu&Hrk u  ' 4Y    tv’m[ft&Sijf rwf\bk&if [kyifwifpm;í qkawmif;ay;cJah om cGwAÅ [frsm;udk ]] cGwAÅ [fusr;f }} tcsKd Ubmoma&;ausmif;rsm;wGif oifMum;ay;vsu&f adS eMuonf/ usrf;jrwfuk&ftmefwGif tv’m[ft&Sifjrwfu ]]igt&Sifonfbk&ifrsm;\bk&ifjzpfonf/ w&m;qH;k jzwfaom w&m;olBu;D rsm;\ w&m;olBu;D jzpfonf }} [k rdeq Yf x kd m;ayonf/ az:jyyg tm,wfrsm; ESiq fh efUusií f  ' 4Y    = pGew f efonf tv’m[ft&Sijf rwf\bk&if jzpfonf qdak om toH;k tEIe;f rsKd ;udk tAÁq, D [fcvDzmrsm;acwfüyif oH;k EIe;f cJjh cif; r&Scd ahJ y/ xdu k o hJ Ykd r*db k &k ifrsm; acwfwpfavQmuf tpövmrfOya'rsm;ESiq hf efu Y siaf om vJrG mS ;onfh t,l0g'rsm;udk tpövmrfhtwdwfordkif;rS t,l0g'qdkif&m&IyfaxG;rIrsm;

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OD;pd;k vGi(f Nidr;f csrf;vQyfppf)

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uGuu f u G u f iG ;f uGi;f axmufjyí trSew f &m;rsm;udk ydcYk scahJ om Ahmed Sarhind \ aemufyikd ;f wGif SHAH VALLIULLAH(1703-1763) u Ahemed Sarhind \t,ltqudk tajccHí usr;f jrwfu&k t f mefEiS hf pGE[ é f Oya'rsm;udk trsm;rGwpf vifrrf sm;twGi;f odYk jyefvnf a&muf &Sad pcJo h jl zpfayonf/ 4if;\ BuKd ;yrf;rI t&Sed t f [keo f nf ESpq f ,f &mpkwikd f wnf&cdS ahJ vonf/ acwftqufquf oufOD;qHydkifbk&ifrsm;acwfwGif ]] tkvrmatpl; }} (ac:) tojym omoemhynm&Sirf sm;ay:ayguf ouJo h Ykd ]]tkvrmat[uf }} (ac:) trSew f &m;ESiyhf wfoufí wifjy&mwGif rdrw d \ Ykd toufpnf;pdrrf sm;udyk ifvQif tv’m[ft&Sijf rwftwGu?f rSeu f efaom omoemtwGu?f trSew f &m; twGuf pGev Yf w T pf eG pYf m;íwifjycJah om rSeu f efonfh omoemynm&Sirf sm;vnf; ay:aygufchJ avonf/

atmfwrkd ef tifyg,m atmfwrkd ef tifyg,mudk (1453-AD)wGif Constantinople ,ck Istanbul rSpwifí qD;&D;,m;? tD*sp?f ajrmuftmz&du? ta&;AD;,m;ESihf Oa&mywGif pGvw f efb&k ifpepfjzifh tkycf sKycf o hJ nf/ 4if;atmfwrkd ef\ tkycf sKyfraI tmufwiG f rGwpf vifr?f c&pf,mef? *sL;? t&Af? wl&uD ukeo f nf? tGvrf m? wG&u D muJo h Ykd t,ltqrwlol tm;vH;k Nird ;f csr;f pGm twl,OS w f í GJ aexdik Ef ikd cf o hJ nf/ rdrw d \ Ykd ,HMk unf&mudk vGwv f yfpmG vkyyf ikd cf iG &hf NdS y;D wpfO;D ESiw hf pfO;D ? wpfzUGJ ESiw hf pfzUGJ y#dyu©toGiaf qmifaom tajymtqd?k ta&;tom;rsm;udk cGirhf jyKcahJ y/ Sulaiman Qumuni(1520-1566 AD) vufxufwi G f atmfwrkd efonf acwftrSq D ;kH aom tajctaeud k a&muf & S d c J h o nf / aq;buf q d k i f & mwuú o d k v f r sm;? eu© w Å a A'arQmf p if r sm;ES i f h odyq HÜ ikd &f mvkyif ef;rsm;udk wd;k wufapcJo h nf/ 4if;acwf atmfwrkd efonfurÇmh tvnfwiG f pHjyjzpfco hJ nf/ tajccHOya'tjzpf usr;f jrwfu&k t f mefujkdyXmef;onf/ tpövmrfw h &m;&H;k rsm;wGif ý(= (ac:) w&m;olBu;Dd u w&m;qH;k jzwfonf/ Oya'tMuaH y;rsm;tjzpf tkvrmomoemhynm&Sirf sm;ESihf acwfopf Oya'ynm&Sirf sm;udk yl;wJí G ceft Y yfco hJ nf/ 4if;\acwfwGif rGwfpvifrfwdkif; usrf;jrwfuk&ftmefudk em; vnfvdkufpm;a&;wm0efudk tkvrmynm&Sirf sm;u wm0ef,Ml u& onf/ bmoma&;ausmif;rsm;wGif usr;f jrwfu&k t f mefukd t"du bmom&yftjzpf jyXmef;cJo h nf/ ['Dq?f zdu[fusr;f rsm;ESihf acwfopf 0dZmÆ ? odyEHÜ iS hf tawG;tac:ynm&yfwo Ykd nf yl;wJo G ifMum;ay;aom pepfukd usio hf ;kH cJo h nf/ usr;f jrwfu&k t f mef abmiftwGi;f rS acwfrw DS ;kd wufaomenf;ynmudk tajccHí vlraI &;? pD;yGm;a&;? tkycf sKyfa&;pepfukd wnfaxmifco hJ nf/ 4if;acwf 0efBu;D rsm;tzJUG wGif tvTmaygif;pHrk S vlrsKd ;toD;oD; yg0ifco hJ nf/ 4if;\acwf w&m;qH;k jzwfa&;rSm usr;f jrwfu&k t f mefuk d vH;k 0tajccHí acwfEiS t h f nDay:aygufvmaom jyóemrsm;udk ajz&Sif;ay;EdkifcJhonf/ atmfwdkrefvufatmufwGif rSDwif;aexdkifMuukefaom t,l0g'rwlorl sm;? bmoma&;rwlorl sm;? vlrsKd ;rwlorl sm;twGi;f wpfajy;nD tcGit hf a&;rsm; &&Scd o hJ nf/ w&m;rQwrI &So d nf/ 4if;acwftyk cf sKyaf &;rsm;ESihf w&m;qH;k jzwfa&;rsm;onf qG[mbmBu;D rsm;? omaAtDerf sm; acwfEiS hf teD;pyfq;kH tkycf sKyEf ikd cf o hJ nft h wGuf atmf wdrk efonf txGwt f xdyo f Ykd a&muf&cdS o hJ nf/ Abu al Sand Khola Chelebi(1490-1574) acwfwi G f atmfwrkd efwiG f tkvrmynm&Sirf sm;\ MoZmonf vTr;f rd;k vmcJo h nf/bmoma&;ausmif;rsm;wGif oifMum;vsu&f adS om oif&;kd ñTe;f wrf;rsm; tm; jyKjyifajymif;vJco hJ nf/ tAÁmqD,[frsm;vufxufwiG f oifMum;cJah om zdu[f"r®owfrsm;udk t"du bmom&yftjzpfoifMum;Ny;D acwfopf 0dZmÆ odyyHÜ nm&yfrsm;ESihf tawG;ac:ynm&yfrsm;udk oif&;kd ñTe;f wrf;rS tpövmrfhtwdwfordkif;rS t,l0g'qdkif&m&IyfaxG;rIrsm;

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xkwfy,fcJhonf/ usrf;jrwfuk&ftmefyg tajccHOya'rsm;ESifh uif;a0;apaompepfudk jyefvnf toufoiG ;f cJo h nft h wGuf 4if;acwf w&m;Oya'rsm;wGif bufvu kd rf rI sm;? w&m;rrQwrIrsm; a&m>yrf;vmcJh jcif;aMumifh atmfwrkd efwiG f twlvufwí GJ yl;aygif;aqmif&u G cf ahJ om vlrsKd ;rwl? bmomt,l0g'rwlorl sm;pyf Mum;wGif ,cifr&Scd b hJ ;l aomjyóemrsm; ay:aygufvmcJo h nf/ az:jyyg atmfwrkd efacwf tkvrmrsm;onf qlz0D g'udk ydrk t kd av;ay;aompepfukd usio fh ;kH onf/ 4if;acwf tkvrmrsm;\ zof0gt& bmoma&;qdik &f m pmtkyrf sm;udk yHEk ydS pf ufjzif&h u kd Ef ydS jf cif;udk wm;jrpfcJhonf/ acwfopf toHk;taqmifypönf;rsm;udk oHk;pJGjcif;? a&mif;0,fazgufum;jcif;? wnfxiG jf cif;rsm;onf 4if;wk\ Yd "r®owft& w&m;awmfEiS q hf efu Y sio f nf/ az:jyyg t,l0g' tawG;tac:rsm;udk bmoma&;ausmif;rsm;wGif oifMum;ay;cJo h nf/ tvm;wl trsm; rGwpf vifrrf sm;twGi;f odv Yk nf; xdu k o hJ Ykd tawG;tac: t,ltq rsm;udk oGwo f iG ;f ay;cJjh cif;tm;jzifh wpfcsdew f pfcgu tvGeaf cwf rScD ahJ om atmfwdkrefonf pD;yGm;a&;? EdkifiHa&;? tkyfcsKyfa&;? ynma&; ponfwdkYwGif tzufzufrS ,dk,Gif; ysupf ;D cJ&h avonf/ xdu k o hJ Ykd zGUH NzKd ;wd;k wufru I t kd [eft Y wm;jyKaom Oya'rsm;onf atmfwrkd eftwGi;f rSw D if;aexdik Mf uukeaf om jynforl sm;\ vdt k yfcsurf sm;udk "r®"Xd mefusus ajz&Si;f ay;Edik jf cif; r&Scd ahJ y/ xdu k o hJ Ukd t,l0g'tm;jzifh ESiyhf if 18 &mpkoaYkd &muf&cdS ahJ vonf/

*dP k ;f *Prsm;\ tedXm&Hpk pfwrf; wrefawmfjrwf\ BudK;yrf;vIy&f mS ;cJah om oufwrf;rSm umvtm;jzih(f 23)ESpw f mom&Scd o hJ nf/ ,if;BuKd ;yrf;csuf vkyif ef;twdik ;f twmxda&mufrrI mS rl ud,mrofwikd f us,0f ef;vSayonf/ wref awmfjrwf\ b0wmrSm wpfpuúeUf [laom tcsed u f av;onfyifvQirf w G pf vifrw f \ Ykd ESpaf ygif;axmifaomif;ruxuf ydo k nf[k qdk &ayrnf/ 23 ESpw f mteuf oufwrf;wpf0ufausmjf zpfaom 13 ESpu f mvudrk l ruúmNrKd UwGif &ke;f uefvyI &f mS ;&if;om ukeq f ;kH cJah vonf/ þumvtwGi;f aMumufcref;vdvd ab;tEÅ&m,f'u k r© sKd ;pHk ud&k ifqikd f cJ&h Ny;D cufcaJ om ordik ;f aMumif;udk trsm;todjzpfayonf/þrQ toufab;ESiehf ;D vSonfh tEÅ & m,f t 00ud k MuH h M uH h c H & if q d k i f N yD ; Bud K ;yrf ; tm;xk w f c J h & onf h t wG u f &v'f r S m rl rGwpf vifrrf [kwaf omvlo;kH &m cefu Y kd tpövmrfh at;&dyq f m,matmufoYkd ta&mufyaYkd qmifEikd cf hJ avonf/ 13 ESpaf emufyikd ;f [pf*s&ofjyK Ny;D r'DNrKd UwGi(f 10)ESpw f mtxd]]'tf0tf}} ydcYk sco hJ nf/ þNrKd U&Sd rGwpf vifrv f el nf;pk\ a&SUa&;twGuv f nf;aumif;? tzd;k xku d w f efvo S nfh omoemwnfwefY ckid jf raJ &; twGuv f nf;auif;? wrefawmfjrwfEiS hf r[mom0ursm;taejzifh wdu k yf aGJ ygif;rsm;pGm qifEcJT &hJ avonf/ xdw k u kd yf rGJ sm;wGif rsm;pGmaomtouft;kd tdrpf nf;pdrrf sm; pGev Yf w T cf MhJ u&avonf/ þodjYkzifh wrefawmfjrwf\ aemufvu kd af emufyg &Jabmf &Jbufrsm;jzpfMuaom qG[mbmMu;D rsm;onf jrLrIet Yf pdwt f ydik ;f uav;rSonf tGro ® w f nf;[laom rGwpf vifrv f Ul abmifxk a&tvsiu f kd wpfoiG o f iG f pD;jzmrysuf&adS pcJo h nf/ þodjYk zifh wpfpxufwpfptiftm;wd;k yGm;vm&mu BuD;rm;us,fajymvSonfh ork'&´ mBu;D tvm;yif us,jf yefUvmcJah yonf/ þyk*Kd¾vt f m;vH;k wdt Yk ay: tv’m[ft&Sijf rwfEpS Nf rK§dUawmfryl gap/ xdq k [ G mbmBuD;rsm;\ vkyaf qmifcsuf onf urÇmwnfoa&GUwnf&adS ernfrmS trSeyf ifjzpfayonf/ wrefawmf jrwf\ pHtwdik ;f tkycf sKycf ahJ om cvDzmBu;D rsm;acwfwiG f tkycf sKyaf &; ESib hf moma&;udk 'Gew f NGJ y;D usr;f jrwfu&k t f mef? wrefawmfjrwf\pGE[ é f ESit hf nD ppfreS af om cdvmzoftyk cf sKyaf &;pepfjzifh tkycf sKycf hJ avonf/ tpövmrfhtwdwfordkif;rS t,l0g'qdkif&m&IyfaxG;rIrsm;

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usr;f jrwfu&k t f mef pl&[f(30) tm,wf(32)wGi?f
4   0  ù8    +  -+   ø  1  e?   " 1ù 8 $    = 0 ú   :   ú# ]] 4if;wdt Y k eufrS xdo k w l o Y k d nf rdrw d \ Y k d 'Deo f moemudk tpdwpf w d t f >rm§ >rm§ jyKvyk cf Mh JuNy;D *dP k ;f *PtrsKd ;rsKd ; jzpfomG ;cJMh uuke\ f / xd*k P kd ;f *PtoD;oD;wdo Yk nf rdrw d üYkd &Sad om0g'vrf;pOfrsm;ESiyhf if auseyf0rf;ajrmufvsuf &SMd uayonf }} usr;f jrwfu&k t f mef pl&[f(6) tm,wf(159)wGi?f >A+ý?  ý  0ù8 $ # N      ?   " 1ù 8 $    = 0 ú   :   4   ]] pifppf{uef tMuifow l o Ykd nf omoemudk tpdwpf w d t f >rm§ >rm§ cJyG pfcMhJu\/ 4if;aemuf xdo k w l o Ykd nf *dP k ;f *PtoD;oD;uJMG u\/ toifonf xdo k w l EYkd iS hf rnfoUdk rQ rywfoufay }} usr;f jrwfu&k t f mefwiG f *dP k ;f *Prsm;ESiphf yfvsO;f Ny;D xdu k o hJ Ykd wifjycJjh cif;rsm;pGmteuf az:jyyg tm,wfEpS yf 'kd u f kd az:jyjcif;tm;jzifh tpövmrfomoem\ &yfwnfcsut f rSeu f kd odEikd af yonf/ txufrS wifjyNy;D jzpfaom acwftqufqufrS ay:ayguf vmcJah om cvDzmtrnfcH oufO;D qHyikd f bk&ifpepfwnfjraJ &;onfomoemydik 0f g'pepfay:wGif tajccHvsu&f cdS o hJ nf/ az:jyyg 0g'ESpcf o k nf wpfct k ay:wpfck trSo D [JjyKíom &Sio f efEikd af om 0g'rsm;jzpfayonf/ xd0k g'ESpcf \ k qd;k arGrsm;onf wrefawmfjrwfEiS hf qG[mbmBuD;rsm;? omaAtDerf sm;? touf td;k tdrf pnf;pdrft00ESifh tEÅ&m,ftoG,foG,fudk cg;pD;&ifqdkifNyD;rS jyKpkysdK; axmif xm;cJhaom tpövmrfh yef;O,smOfBu;D twGi;f rS rGwpf vifryf ef; rmvmrsm;udk wpfyiG chf si;f wpfyiG chf si;f wpfppD wpfppD zJah cRcahJ vonf/ tpövmrfhordkif;udk avhvmoHk;oyfMunfhrnfqdkygu vGefcJh aom ESpfaygif;wpfaxmifESifh wpfaxmifEh pS &f mpyfMum;umvwGif umzd&rf sm;ESihf ppfjzpfraI Mumifh aoG;ajrusc&hJ aom rGwpf vifrOf ;D a&u enf;Ny;D rGwpf vifrt f csi;f csi;f 0g'a&;&muJjG ym;jcm;em;rI ay:aygufvmaom ppfyrGJ sm;aMumifh aoG;ajrusc&hJ aom rGwfpvifrfOD;a&u ydkrdk rsm;jym;onfudk &ifeifhzG,f&mawGU&Sd&ayonf/ xdkuJhodkY jzpf&jcif;rsm;onf usr;f jrwfu&k t f mefu ydwyf ifwm;qD;xm;aom *dP k *f PpJ0G g' rsm;aMumifh jzpfayonf/

acwfopftawG;tac:ESih f rGwpf vifrrf sm; Abu Hamid Muhammed al Ghazzali(AD-1111) onf tD&mufEdkifiH? b*¾'g'fNrdKU&Sd

aeZmrD,mausmif;rS ausmif;q&mjzpf onf/ tpövmrf"h r®owfrsm;ESihf ywfoufí uRr;f usio f jl zpfonf/ rG w f p vif r f r sm; bmoma&;ynmrsm;ud k qnf ; yl ; &rnf j zpf o uJ h o d k Y acwf o pf y nm&yf r sm;ES i f h tawG;tac:ynm&yfrsm;udv k nf; wwfajrmuf&rnf[k tapmqH;k wifjycJo h jl zpfonf/ rGwfpvifrfrsm;twGif;wGif bmoma&;ynm&Sifrsm;&Sd&ef vdktyfouJhodkU taqmuftOD;rsm; wnfaqmuf&ef Adou k mynm&Sirf sm;? aq;0g;uko&ef aq;ynm&Sirf sm;? avmua&;&mudp&ö yfrsm;wGif vdk tyfaom acwfopfynm&yfrsm;udk wwfuRrf;onfh ynm&Sirf sm;vnf; &S&d rnf[k qdck o hJ jl zpfayonf/ 4if;jyKpak &;om;cJah om I Yah-a-lum ad-deen ]] omoemjyefvnfxeG ;f um;a&; }} qdo k nfu h sr;f udk jyKpck o hJ l jzpfonf/ rGwpf vifrrf sm;onf usr;f jrwfu&k t f meftvdEk iS hf ['Dqf usrf;rsm;NyD;vQif 4if;\usrf;tm; ud;k um;a&;om;ajymqdrk I jyKMuonf/4if;tm; rGwpf vifrt hf awG;tac:ynm&Sif tjzpf taemufwikd ;f om; wdu Yk odMuayonf/ Ahmed ibn Taymiya(1263-1328 AD) onf tD&mufEidk if ?H b*¾'g'fNrKd UwGiaf rG;í qD;&D;,m;Edik if H 'rwfpuwfNrKd UwGif ynm qnf;yl; cJo h nf/ 4if;onf [rfAvDrZf[Af0ifjzpfonf/ 4if;\zdu[f"r®owfrsm;onf ,cif&cdS ahJ om rZf[Afav;ckpvH;k rS pwifcx GJ u G cf o hJ jl zpfonf/ usr;f jrwfu&k t f mefukd t"dutajccHí tpövmrfhtwdwfordkif;rS t,l0g'qdkif&m&IyfaxG;rIrsm;

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"r®owfq;kH jzwfojl zpfonf/ oH;k wGvmof wpfBurd w f nf;ay;jcif;udk vH;k 0wGvmuf txrajrmufaMumif; 4if;\"r®owfwiG f jyXmef;onf/ wGvmuf taMuif;ESiphf yfvsO;f í usr;f jrwfu&k t f mefwiG f pl&[fwv G muf[í l u@wpf c k t jzpf tus,f w 0if h a z:jyí &S i f ; vif ; xm;NyD ; jzpf o nf / tvm;wl Al c g&D u srf ; wGvmufu@wGifvnf; pl&[fwGvmufESifhpwifzGifhqdkxm;onf/ tGr®&focif\om;u 4if;\ZeD; ud, k rf oefcY sed w f iG f wGvmufay;cJo h nfh taMumif;udk tGr&® o f cifu wrefawmfjrwftm;avQmufxm;&m wrefawmfjrwfu toif\om;tm;ajymvdu k ?f ud, k rf oefcY sed w f iG f wGvmufay;jcif;onfrydik ?f jyefaygif;vdu k jyefaygif;? jyef raygif;vdu k aemufwpfBurd f ud, k rf oefcY sed u f kd xyfapmif?h jyefvnfí ud, k o f efcY sed w f iG f wGvmufay; [k rdeq Yf x kd m;aom['DqEf iS hf pwifxm;onf/ usrf;jrwfuk&ftmeft&vnf;aumif;? ['Dqfusrf;t&vnf; aumif;? wGvmufay;jcif;qdkif&m Oya'&SNd y;D jzpfonf/ az:jyyg Oya'rsm;ESiq hf efu Y sií f wGvmufay;jcif;? qefUusií f ay;aom wGvmufukd ydik o f nf[k ,lqjcif;rsm;onf usrf;jrwfu&k t f mefEiS hf ['Dqu f q kd efu Y sifjcif;jzpfonft h jyif rnforl qdk usr;f jrwfu&k t f mefEiS q hf efUusií f ajymqdak ompum;rsm;udk vufrcH&/ vufc&H efrvd[ k k jywfjywfom; om; qdck o h J jl zpfonf/ 4if; (MAJMU FATWA) onf acwfopf ay:aygufcah J om jyóemrsKd ;pHu k k d "r®"Xd mefusus ajz&Si;f xm;aomusr;f jzpfonf/ (t[fav['Dqrf sm;onf 4if;\zof0gaygif;csKyu f sr;f tm;jzifh ajz&Si;f Muonf/ 4if;\ TAQI-AD-DIN IBN TAYMIYYAH (ac:) omoem&Sif;vif;csuf[laomusrf;onf acwftqufquf tpövmrh"f r®owfOya'rsm;twGi;f pdr0hf ifcahJ om Ekid if jH cm;tawG;tac:ynm&yfrsm;udk az:jyxm;aom usr;f jzpfonf/ xdpk mtkyo f nf tD*spEf ikd if H tvftZf[&fwuúov kd &f dS q&m rsm;\ vufqpGJ mtkyjf zpfayonf/ Sir Sayed Ahmed Khan (1817-1898)

4if;onf tdE, ´d Edik if w H iG f arG;zGm;onf/ usr;f jrwf uk&f tmefwiG o f bm0ody[ HÜ al om obm0 "r®taMumif;rsm;ESihf pyf vsO;f í &Si;f vif;csurf sm;yg0ifonfh rGwpf vifrw f ikd ;f acwf ynm qnf;yl;&rnf? bmoma&;ausmif;rsm;wGif acwfynmyl; wJo G if Mum;aom pepfukd pwifco hJ jl zpfonf/ tdE, ´d Edik if w H iG f ALIGARH wuúov kd f [lí wnfaxmifNy;D acwfynmESib hf moma&;ynmudk yl;wJo G ifMum; aom pepfukd pwifcahJ vonf/ rGwpf vifrrf sm; acwf ynmwwf&rnf/ usr;f jrwfu&k t f mefut kd ajccHí acwfrw DS ;kd wuf aom acwfa&pD; aMumif;ESit hf nD rdrw d \ Ykd ,Ofaus;rIEiS hf taemuf wdik ;f ,Ofaus;rIrS pwifcx GJ u G af pcJo h jl zpfonf/ 4if;acwf omoem ynm&Sit f rsm;pk\ "r®owft& rGwpf vifrf t*Fvyd pf m oif Mum;jcif;onf umzd&af oGznf olw\ Ykd usiphf Of[ck , H cl hJ aomumv jzpfonf/ tdE, ´d Edik if &H dS bHak b? uvuwÅm;ESihf r'&mqfNrKd Uwdw Yk iG f 1855 ckEpS rf pS wifí wuúov kd f rsm;zGihf vSpcf NhJ y;D jzpfaomfvnf; 1878 ckEpS f tvD*&fwuúov kd t f w k jf rpf csonft h csed f txdrw G pf vifrb f UGJ & pkpak ygif; 20 OD;omvQi&f cdS o hJ nf/ xdt k csed w f iG f [dEL´ vlrsKd ;rsm;wGif bJUG & 131 OD;&Sad eNyjD zpfonf/ xdak cwfwiG f acwfopfynm&yfrsm;jzpfaom 0dZmÆ odyyHÜ nm&yfrsmk ;ESihf pD;yGm;a&;qdik &f m ynm&yfrsm;udk qnf;yl;Edik pf rG ;f cGio hf nf rGwpf vifrw f w Ykd iG f r&&Scd ahJ y/ bmoma&;qdik &f m ausmif;Bu;D rsm;&Sd aomfvnf; ,if; ausmif;rsm;wGif ['DqMf o0g'awmfrsm;ESihf xdMk o0g'awmfrsm;qdik &f m &Si;f vif;csuu f sr;f rsm;ESihf [ezD"r®owf wpfrsKd ;wnf;udk tav;ay;oifMum;cJah om umvjzpfonf/ az:jyyg bmoma&;ausmif;rsm;rS atmifjrifvmMu aom q&mrsm;onf AvD0wfausmif;rsm;wGif a&SUaqmifjyKjcif;? bmoma&;ausmif;cJrG sm; xyfqifzh iG jhf cif;? tpövmrfhtwdwfordkif;rS t,l0g'qdkif&m&IyfaxG;rIrsm;

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OD;pd;k vGi(f Nidr;f csrf;vQyfppf) 29 xdak usmif;rsm;wGif xyfqifí h pmjyjcif; rsm;udo k m jyKvyk v f su&f cdS o hJ nf/ az:jyyg ausmif;rsm;wGif bmoma&;oufoufoifMum;rIjyK&jkH zif?h udv k edk eD ,fcsUJ avmif;&dyaf tmufrS &ke;f xGuEf ikd rf nfr[kw?f &ke;f xGuEf ikd rf nfeh nf;vrf;onf rGwpf vifrw f ikd ;f acwfynmwwf&rnf/ acwf kd Bf u;D udk ynmwwfrsm;jzpfro S mvQif udv k ekd rD sm;ESihf &ifabmifwef;Edik rf nf[k cH,í l ALIGARH wuúov wnfaxmifco hJ jl zpfonf/ az:jyyg acwfopfynm&yfrsm;ESihf yl;wJo G ifMum;aom bmoma&;wuúov kd w f nfaqmufjcif;ESihf pyfvsO;f í tdE, ´d Edik if &H dS omomemhynm&Sit f rsm;pku Sayed Ahmed Khan tm; umzd&zf of0gay;cJh Muonf/ xdu k o hJ Ykd 4if;tm; ay;cJah om zof0grsm;teuf armfvmemu&Drv G m’ [f\zof0gwGi(f þausmif;Bu;D udk wnfaqmufjcif;? wnf aqmufrIwGif yg0ifjcif;? ajrae&mESifh wdkufwmtaqmufttHkay;jcif;?þ npfjirf;aomae&m taqmufttHt k rnfukd r'&fqm[kowfrw S jf cif;onf vlom;jzpfjcif;rS EIwo f rd ;f cH &jcif;jzpfonf/ þodw Yk nf aqmufro I nf *s[Eérif &Jbu kH kd wnfaqmufjcif;jzpfonf/) [kzof0gay;cJo h nf/ xdu k o hJ Ykd omoemhynm&Sit f rsm;pkonf zof0gqdak om vufeufut kd oH;k jyKí acwfrt DS pövmrfh wuúov kd Bf u;D jzpfay:vma&; udk t[eft Y wm;jyKcMhJ uonf/ Sayed Ahmed onf ravQmafh omZJjG zifh rGwpf vifrrf sm;xH tvSLcHc&hJ m tcsKd Uae&mrsm;wGif tvSLaiGtpm;cJrsm; zdeyfrsm;jzifh aygufjcif;cHc&hJ onf/ 4if;onf ravQmah omZJu G &kd if;Ny;D acwfrb DS mom&yfrsm;ESihf yl;wJo G ifMum;aom bmoma&;wuúov kd f Bu;D udk wnfaxmifEikd cf o hJ nf/ xdak usmif;Bu;D rSm 1880 jynfEh pS w f iG f pwifí bJUG cs;D jri§ Ehf ikd cf o hJ nf/ xdak usmif;Bu;D rS bJGU&olrsm;onfvnf;?tdE´d,EdkifiHtwGif;&Sd tpdk;&&Hk;rsm;? w&m;a&;Xmersm;wGif tjcm;olrsm;enf;wl trIxrf;cGi&hf &Scd MhJ uonf/ xdak usmif;Bu;D rSwpfqifh t*FvefEikd if H uif;b&pf*sEf iS hf atmufpzd(Yk 'f)uJo h aYdk om wuúodkvfBuD;rsm;odkY rGwfpvifrfrsm; yg&*lajrmuf ynmqnf;yl;rI tcGifhtvrf;rsm; &&SdcJhMu onf/ xdak usmif;Bu;D rS tajccHí rGwpf vifraf cwfynmwwfrsm; wd;k yGm;vmcJah vonf/ qdu k , f 'fqal vrefe'f0?D &SpAf vDEt k rf meD? armifvmem [mvD?a'gufwmtAÁ'v G [ f [ kd ?f uJo h aYkd om urÇmhusrf;jyKrsm;udk xdkausmif;BuD;rS arG;xkwfay;cJhonf/ ,aeUacwfumvwGifSayed Khan \ awmfveS af omtjrifrsm;? vkyaf qmifcsurf sm;udk jyefvnfprf;ppf Munfah omtcg 4if;\ vlraI &;ESiEhf ikd if aH &; vkyaf qmifjycsurf sm;udv k yk f aqmifjyonfomru? tESpEf pS t f vvu ydwaf ecJah om rGwpf vifrf wd\ Yk wkeq Yf ikd ;f aeonfh *smrGww f cH g;udk cufcpJ mG zGihf ay;Edik cf jhJ cif; yifjzpf onf/ 4if;\awG;ac:rIonf ESpaf ygif; 600 tvsiu f rGwpf vifrf wd\ Yk &S&d if;pJt G awG;tac:omvQif jzpfco hJ nf/ xdt k awG; tac:onf b*¾ ' g'f u sqH k ; cef ; ES i f h t wl rG w f p vif r f r sm;twG u f c sd w f y d w f cH c J h & aom wH c g;jzpf avonf / ESpaf ygif;rsm;pGmuwnf;u tydwcf cH hJ &aomwHcg; udk zGijhf cif;rSm tvGecf ufcaJ om udpjö zpfayonf/ Sayed Khan u rGwpf vifrw f o Ykd nf usr;f jrwfu&k t f mefukd tajccHaom b0wnf aqmufrv I rf;pOfukd rjyKEidk af om umvywfv;kH edru hf srb I 0rS vGwf xGuEf ikd v f rd rhf nfr[kw[ f k ,HMk unfojl zpfonf/ armifvmem[mvD\ ]] [,mao*sma0'f }} (ac:) Sayed Khan \ tw¬Kyw Ü pdÅ mtkyw f iG f Sayed Khan \ tqdw k pf&yfuw kd ifjycJo h nfrmS ]] uREykf t f m; bmomrJ'h Xd [ d k ac:a0:jcif;onf tHMh ozG,&f m r[kw/f taMumif;rlum; uREykf w f Ykd vlUtzJUG tpnf;0ifwo Ykd nf wpfyg;wnf;aom tv’m[ft&Sijf rwfrw S pfyg; rdrw d \ Y k d bk;d ab;pOfqufrS "avht,ltqrsm;udk t&Sio f ciftaejzifh vufccH Mh Ju\/ aemufq;k H wrefawmfjrwf rk[r®'(f )rSví GJ olwb Ykd mom wrefawmfrsm;? ocifBu;D rsm;udk arG;xkwEf ikd cf o hJ nf/ tv’m[ft&Sijf rwf\ usr;f jrwfu&k t f mef rSví GJ tjcm;usr;f rsm;udk tm;ud;k wpfBu;D &if0,fyu kd Mf u\/uREykf w f Ykd onf bk&m;wk? usr;f wk? wrefawmfwrk sm;udk azsmufzsu&f efenf;vrf; rSm uREykf w f \ Ykd wrefawmfBu;D tDA&m[Dr(f f) u vkyf tpövmrfhtwdwfordkif;rS t,l0g'qdkif&m&IyfaxG;rIrsm;

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OD;pd;k vGi(f Nidr;f csrf;vQyfppf)

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aqmifcahJ om enf;vrf;yifjzpf&ygvdrrhf nf/ uREfkyfwdkYonf ppfrSefaomtv’m[f? ppfrSefaomwrefawmf? ppfrSefaomusrf;jrwfuk&ftmefudk vlom;wdUk twGuf tm;ud;k rIjyKxu kd f aomt&mrsm; tjzpfwnfaqmufjyjcif;onf þodaYk om ,HMk unfcsuf rsm;aMumifh uREykf w f u Ykd kd tjrifusO;f olwu Ykd 'dXb d momrJ[ h k qdjk cif;rSm qdx k u dk yf gonf/ uREykf w f o Ykd nf olww Ykd nfaqmufxm;aom? owfrw S x f m;aom twkta,mifrsm;udk vufcrH nf r[kwyf g }} e0gAf rk[pf efrmvpfux f H ay;ydUk aom pmwGiaf &;om;yHu k ?]] uREykf w f t Ykd m; w&m;ao0g'avmuf rnfonft h &murQ qH;k &H;I rI rjzpfapcJyh g/ w&mao0g'onf tpövmrf, h MkH unfcsut f wGuf tqdyt f awmufEiS hf wlv\ S / uREykf w f o Ykd nf twdwu f mv ,[l'D rsm;uJo h Ykd bmoma&;vkyfudkif pm;aomufolrsm;udk tv’m[fESifh wpfwef;? wpfpm;wnf; owfrSwfcJhMuonf/ þBu;D rm;vSaom tjypfrsm;rS uif;a0;atmif tv’m[ft&Sijf rwfu u,fawmfryl gap/ tu,fí tv’m[ft&Siu f uREykf w f t Ykd m; w&mao0g'\ vrf;vJv G rf;rsm;rS rvGwaf jrmufapyJ pl;prf;wwfaomtjrifudk ray;cJhvQif? trSefyif bmomrJhjzpfoGm;NyDjzpfonf/ uREfkyftzdkY tpövmrfh vrf;ñTerf w I &m;onf aerif;Bu;D xufyif awmufyaom tvif;udk ay;onft h &m tjzpfc, H yl gonf }} [k az:jycJo h nf/ 1884 ckEpS f vm[dNk rKd U vlxak [majymcsuw f iG ?f usrf;jrwfu&k t f mef\ oGeo f ifq;kH rcsufonf EGm;ausmif;om;wpfO;D ESihf qku d a&;wD;uJo h aYkd om tawG;tac:ynm&SiBf u;D wdik af tmif?,if;usr;f udzk wf&NI y;D tusKd ;cHpm;cGihf &&Sad yrnf/ usr;f jrwfu&k t f mef omvQif þodYk tm;vH;k aomvlwu Ykd kd wpfnw D pfñw G w f nf; vrf;ñTejf yo onfh xl;jcm;aom 0daoo&So d nfh usr;f jzpfonf/ ynmrwwf aom vlwpfO;D jzpfap? ynm&So d ck rdeBf u;D jzpfap? usr;f jrwfu&k t f mef\t"dymÜ ,fEiS hf vrf;ñTecf suu f kd &,lEidk yf gonf/ usr;f jrwfu&k t f mef\ vrf;ñTecf su?f ydUk cscsuo f nf obm0ESiv hf nf; qefu Y sijf cif;r&Sad y/ urÇmay:wGif vlNyed ;f wpfO;D ESihf tqifjh rifah om 'óeynm&Sif wdYk wef;wlnrD Q oabmwlaomusr;f &Syd goavm/ ,if;usr;f onf zwfcsipf zG,v f nf; jzpf&rnf/ tm;vH;k udk nDñw G pf mG tusKd ;jyK&rnf/tm;vH;k udk xda&mufaom vTrf;rdk;rIjzpfap&rnf/ þodkYaom usrf; onf usrf;jrwfuk&ftmefomjzpfonf/ usr;f jrwfu&k t f mefüomvQiaf z:jyyg t&nftcsi;f rsm;yg0ifayonf/ þonfyifvQif usr;f jrwf uk&t f mef\ tHzh , G jf zpfonf/ usrf ; jrwf u k & f t mef o nf vl o m;wd k Y urÇ m BuD ; ud k aepMu0VmuvS n f h y wf a eonf [ k qdak omacwfwiG v f nf; rSeu f efouJo h Ykd urÇmBu;D u aeudv k n S yhf wfaeygonf[k qdak omacwfwiG v f nf; rSeu f efvsu&f ydS gonf/ rGwpf vifrw f t Ykd zdYk usr;f jrwfu&k t f mefomvQif rSwaf usmufjzpf í rnfonfrh w S w f rf;rSw&f myifjzpfap? usr;f jrwfu&k t f mefrw S af usmufwiG f pHwifMunfyh g/ udu k n f v D Qif wrefawmfjrwfEiS hf ywfoufaom tppftrSefjzpfrnf/ usrf;jrwfuk&ftmefESifh qefYusifzufjzpfvQifrl? þonftpövmrfh&efolwdkY\ twdwu f mvu xd;k ESucf su[ f í l yifjzpf onf[-k ---taemufwikd ;f om;wdu Yk wrefawmfjrwfEiS hf ywfoufNy;D vkyfMuHa&;om;csufudk Sayed Khan u ]] ozfqD&Gvfuk&ftmef }} usrf;wGif ajzMum;csufudk aumufEw I w f ifjyxm;jcif;jzpfonf/ Mohamed Abduh (AD 1849-1905) onf tD * spf E d k i f i H r S y nm&S i f w pf y g;jzpf o nf / 4if;\t,ltqrSm cvDzmBu;D rsm;acwfwiG u f sr;f jrwfu&k t f mefukd tajccHOya'tjzpf vufuikd jf yKNy;D wrefawmf tpövmrfhtwdwfordkif;rS t,l0g'qdkif&m&IyfaxG;rIrsm;

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OD;pd;k vGi(f Nidr;f csrf;vQyfppf)

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jrwf\ usihfoHk;yHkpGEé[ftwdkif; usifhoHk;cJhjcif;tm;jzihf bmoma&;tjiif;yGm;rIrsm;rS uif;a0;cJhonf/ rGwpf vifrt f csi;f csi;f pnf;vH;k nDnw G rf &I o dS nf/ 4if;wkYd avQmufvrS ;f cJah om b0wnfaqmufrpI epfonf acwfrw DS ;kd wufq;kH aom vrf;pOfjzpfco hJ nf/ rGwpf vifr[ f o l nf urÇmv h o l m;rsm;twGuf pHjyjzpfco hJ nf/ usr;f jrwfu&k t f mefonf acwfro DS nf/ acwfwikd ;f ESihf tH0if *Giu f sonf/ wrefawmfjrwfu, kd af wmfwikd f usrf;jrwfuk&ftmef\vrf;aMumif;ay:odkY avQmufvSrf;cJhonf/ qG[mbmMuD;rsm;udkvnf; xkd vrf;aMumif;ay:odYk wifay;cJo h nf/ oAghomaAtDef rsm;uvnf;txufyg omaAtDeBf u;D rsm;enf;wl usr;f jrwfu&k t f mef\ vrf; aMumif;ay:odYk qufvufavQmufvrS ;f cJjh cif;tm;jzifh urÇmwpf0rS ;f twGi;f &Sd ae&mwdik ;f vlrsKd ;wdik ;f twGi;f odYk tpövmrf [laom at;&dyf qm,mu vTr;f jcKH Eikd cf o hJ nf/ tpövmrfonf bufvu kd rf u I if; í vlwikd ;f twGuf pJrG ufz, G &f m jzpfco hJ nf/ tpövmrfh *kPaf &mifonf urÇmh tv,fwiG f yJv G ,fwifch o hJ nf/ az:jyyg tv’m[ft&Sijf rwfu cif;ay;aom acwfrv SD rf; aMumif;ay:rS vlom;rsm;cif;aom jyóemvrf;aMumif;rsm; tay:odYk ta&mufyaYkd y;Muolrsm;rSm acwftqufquf oufO;D qHyikd pf epfEiS hf omoemydik pf epfwjYkd zpfonfukd Mohamed Abduh u av;av; eufeuf odxm;oljzpfonf/ az:jyyg pepftwdik ;f &mpkEpS rf sm;pGm jzwfausmv f mcJMh uaom rGwpf vifrrf sm;\ t,l0g'tpJrG sm;udk a&wdpk rD u H ed ;f jzifh wdu k zf suí f r&Ekid af Mumif;udv k nf; cefrY eS ;f Edik cf o hJ l jzpfonf/ tjcm;wpfzufwGif vnf; tD*spfEdkifiHESifh rGwfpvifrfrsm;udk udkvdkeDavmif;&dyfatmufrS vGwaf jrmufap&ef wm0efu&Sad o;onf/ xdu k o hJ Ykd udv k ekd aD vmif;&dyaf tmufrv S w G &f efenf;vrf;onf rGwpf vifrw f ikd ;f acwfynmwwf uRr;f Ny;D 4if;wdEYk iS &hf ifabmifwef;Edik &f rnf[k cH,o l jl zpfonf/ xdu k o hJ Ykd acwfopfoyd EHÜ iS hf tawG;tac:ynm&yfrsm;udk tD*spEf ikd if u H o hJ Ykd bmoma&;ausmif;rsm;wGif t&Sed t f [kejf zifh tpm;xd;k í rvG,u f al Mumif;udv k nf; odxm;oljzpfonf/ xdt Yk wGuaf Mumifh tajccH r'&fqmausmk if;rsm;ESihf tpövmrfyh nma&;&m tMuaH y;tzJUG 0ifrsm;twGi;f odYk usr;f jrwfu&k t f mefukd tajccHonfh acwfopfynm a&;pepfukd xd;k azguf0ifa&mufapcJo h l jzpfonf/ 4if;ESiahf cwfNyKd if Rashid Dida(1865-1935) onf owif; pmq&m? a&SUaebJUG &olvnf; xdu k o hJ Ykd acwfrw DS ;kd wufaomt,l0g'rsm;udk t&AfEikd if rH sm;twGi;f odyYk if xk;d azguf0ifa&mufapcJo h jl zpfonf/ 4if;\ acwfwiG f acwfopfoyd yHÜ nm&yfrsm;? tawG;tac:ynm&yfrsm;?tjynfjynfqikd &f m Oya'rsm;? tpövmrfo h rdik ;f ? urÇmo h rdik ;f ESihf t,l0g'qdik &f m ynm&yfrsm;udk tpövmrft h xufwef;auskmif;rsm;? aumvdyf rsm;wGif yl;l wJo G ifMum;ay;onftxd acwfrDS wd;k wufvmcJo h nf/ Mohamed Iqbal (1876-1938)onf tdEd´,EdkifiHrS uAsm q&mtawG;tac:ynm &Sif wpfO;D jzpfonf/ a&SUaebJUG udk t*FvefEikd if H rS &&Scd NhJ y;D Ph. D. bJUG udk *smrPDEikd if H jrLepfwuúov kd rf S &&Scd hJ oljzpfonf/ 4if;onfvnf; usrf;jrwfuk&ftmefudk tajccHí acwfrSDwdk;wufaomrGwfpvifrf acwfynmwwfrsm; ay:xGuv f ma&;udk MuKd ;yrf;cJo h jl zpf onf/ 4if;\ THE RECONSTRUCTION OF RELIGIOUS THOUGHT IN ISLAM (LAHORE-1989) pmtkyf wGi?f ]] tpö v mrf o moemonf arG ; zG m ;oef Y p if u wnf ; u acwf r S D w d k ; wuf r I u d k t ajccH a om omoemjzpfonf/ tpövmrfonf rSm;,Gi;f aomt,l0g'rsKd ;pHt k wGi;f epfarsmvsu&f adS om t&Afrsm;udk acwfrSDwdk;wufí om,m0ajymaom b0wnfaqmufrIvrf;pOfay:oYdk ta&muf ydkUay;cJhonf/ xdt k &Afrsm;rSwpfqifh urÇmv h rl sKd ;aygif;pH\ k pJrG ufav;pm;zG,&f m jzpfco hJ nf/ t,l0g' uJjG ym;jcm;Ny;D &eforl sm; tjzpf&SdcJhMuaom vlom;rsm;udk tpövmrfu wpftlwHkqif; nD&if; tpfudk armif&if;tpfrtjzpfodkY tpövmrfhtwdwfordkif;rS t,l0g'qdkif&m&IyfaxG;rIrsm;

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OD;pd;k vGi(f Nidr;f csrf;vQyfppf)

32

zefw;D ay;cJo h nf/ jzwfoef;vmaom acwfpepfrsm;\ qd;k arGrs;aMumifh tpövmrf \ tESpo f m&rl&if;aysmufq;kH &jcif;udk apmaMumrdojl zpfonf/ 4if; onfvnf; usr;f jrwfu&k t f mefukd tajccHí acwfopfynm&yfrsm; tm;jzifh tpövmrfomoemudk jyefvnfacwfrv DS o kd l wpfO;D jzpfonf/ Hasan al Banna (1906-1949) onf tD*spEf ikd if rH S ausmif;q&mwpfO;D jzpfonf/ rGwpf vifrw f ikd ;f acwfopfynm&yfrsm;udk wwfuRr;f &rnf/ usr;f jrwfu&k t f mefukd tajccHí vlraI &;? Edik if aH &;? w&m; qH;k jzwfa&;rsm;udk acwfEiS t hf nD jyKjyifajymif;vJ&rnf/ bmoma&; ausmif;rsm;wGif acwfopfynm&yfrsm;udyk g yl;wJGoifMum;ay;aompepfudk tD*spfEdkifiHrSpwifí tjcm;rGwfpvifrfEkdifiHrsm; vufcHvma&;udk BuKd ;yrf;cJo h jl zpfonf/ 4if;\&nf&, G cf surf mS tD*spEf ikd if u H kd acwfrw DS ;kd wufaom pHjytpövmrft h yk cf sKyaf &;pepf wnfaxmifí tjcm;rGwpf vifrf Edik if rH sm;twGi;f okYdk xdpk epfa&muf&adS &;jzpfonf/ pl;tufa'owGif taemufwdkif;om;vlenf;pku acwfrSD taqmuftOD;rsm;twGif;rSxdkifí tD*spv f rl sKd ;pk t k m; aeylxw J iG f tckid ;f taprsm;tjzpf yifyef;Bu;D pGm tvkyMf urf;vkyu f ikd af eonfukd jrifawGUírsuf a&usonftxd 0rf;enf;aMuuGcJ &hJ oljzpfonf/ xdu k o hJ Ykd tD*spf rsm; qif;&J&jcif;onf bmoma&;jyóem[k ,HMk unfojl zpfonf/ xdk acwfumvwGif bmoma&;ESiphf yfvsO;f aom ynm&yfrsm;rSví GJ tjcm;acwf opfynm&yfrsm;udk oif,jl cif;onf tpövmrfOhf ya'ESiq hf efu Y sio f nf[k cH,cl MhJ uonf/ [peftvfbefemESihf taygif;tygwdo Yk nfxakd cwfumvuyifvQif usr;f jrwfu&k t f mefukd acwfEiS t hf nD zGiq hf Ekd ikd cf o hJ rl sm;jzpf Muayonf/ [pefbefem\ ,HkMunfcsufrSm rGwfpvifrfwdkY vlaerItqifh twef;jrifhrm;a&;twGuf t"duvdktyfcsufrSm pmrwwfol yaysmuf a&;yifjzpfonf/ &yfuGuf? aus;&Gm NrdKUjyrsm;rusef nausmif;rsm;zGijhf cif;? txufwef;ynm&yfrsm;udk vlwikd ;f oifMum;cGi&hf &Sad &;twGuf vkyf om;aumfvyd rf sm;zGijhfcif;/ xdn k ausmif;rsm;rS txufwef;wufciG hf pmar;yJrG sm; ppfaq;ay;jcif;? acwfopfynm&yfrsm; oifMum;vdpk w d af y: ayguf&ef vHUI aqmfw&m;a[majymjcif;/ tusKd ;aqmiftzJUG rsm; zJUG pnf;ay;jcif;/ xdt k zJUG 0ifwrYkd S trsKd ;orD;rsm;yg0ifvma&;wdu Yk kd pnf;&H;k ay;jcif;/ usrf;jrwfuk&ftmefyg Oya'rsm;taMumif;udk trsdK;om;? trsdK;orD;? uav;? vlBuD; tm;vHk; tm; oifMum;ay;jcif;tm;jzifh acwfraDS om tawG;tac: tarsm§ f tjrifrsm; udk xnfo h iG ;f ay;cJo h jl zpfonf/ xdktzGJUuav;rS vlrIa&; udpö&yfrsm;wGiftrsm;rGwfpvifrfrsm;udk yg0ifapjcif;/ wpfOD;ESifhwpfOD; ,dik ;f yif;ulnrD jI yKjcif;/ aiGaMu;wwfEikd o f rl sm;udk puf&ikH ,fuav;rsm; pwifwnfaxmifí? xdpk uf&rkH sm;wGif rGwfpvifrfvkyfom;rsm;udk vkyftm;c ydkay;jcif;tmjzifh ulnD,dkif;yif;jcif;/ xdkpuf&Hk tvkyf&Hkrsm;rS ydv k QaH iGrsm;jzifah us;vufaq;ay;cef; zGiahf y;jcif;rsm;udk aqmif&u G f cJah vonf/ 4if;\ BudK;yrf;aqmif&GufrIaMumifh usrf;jrwfuk&ftmefudk tajc cHí acwfrSDwdk;wufaom tpövmrfv h al erIpepfukd ESpo f uforl sm;jym;vmcJo h nf/ rGwpf vifrrf sm; pnf;vH;k nDñw G rf &I v dS monf/ xdu k mv wGif tD*spEf ikd if w H iG o f mru teD;ywf0ef;usif Ekid if rH sm;uyg xdpk epfuEkd pS o f uf vufcv H mcJMh uonf/ 1949 ckEpS w f iG f [peftvfbefemtm;vlwpfp\ k vkyMf uHrI aMumifh toufi,fi,f&, G &f , G Ef iS yhf if uG,v f eG f oGm;cJ&h mS avonf/ [peftvfbefem uG,v f eG jf cif;onf tD*spEf ikd if H om;rsm;twGuo f m ru urÇmrh w G f pvifrt f rsm;pktwGuf qH;k &I;H rI wpf&yf jzpfayonf/ [peftvfbefem\ BuKd ;pm;rItcsed f twdik ;f twmonf wdak wmif; aomfjim;vnf; 4if;\ &nf&, G f csujf zpfaom rGwpf vifrw f ikd ;f acwf ynm wwfajrmufa&;? tpövmrfhtwdwfordkif;rS t,l0g'qdkif&m&IyfaxG;rIrsm;

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OD;pd;k vGi(f Nidr;f csrf;vQyfppf) 33 bmom a&;ausmif; rsm;wGif acwfopf 0dZmÆ odyyHÜ nm&yfrsm;yl;wJG oifMum;a&;qdak om rl0g'onfum; tD*spf Edik if H tygt0ifajrmufrsm;pGmaom rGwpf vifrEf ikd if rH sm;wGif ay:ayguf vmcJah vonf/ Sayed Qutb(1906-1966) onfvnf; tD*spE f ikd if o H m; ynm &Siw f pfO;D jzpfonf/ txufrS az:jycJah omacwf opftjrif&dS onfh yk*Kd¾ vrf sm;uJo h Ykd usr;f jrwfu&k t f mefukd tajccHí acwfrw DS ;kd wuf aom b0wnfaqmufrpI epfukd wnfaxmifvo kd jl zpfonf/ rGwf pvifrw f ikd ;f acwfynmwwf&rnf/ tpövmrfomoemonf acwfro DS nf/ tpövmrft h ajccHOya'jzpfaom usr;f jrwfu&k t f mefonf acwf rSo D nf/ xdu k sr;f udk vufawGUtao;pdwf taumiftxnfaz:jy aom wrefawmfjrwfonf acwfro DS nf/ txl;ojzifh rGwpf vifrw f u Ykd kd a&SUaqmifa&SU&Gujf yKorl sm; acwfynmwwfuRr;f &rnf/ odrYk o S musr;f jrwfu&k t f mefukd tajccHí acwfa&pD;aMumif;ESit hf nD tpövmrfv h al erIpepfwnfaxmif&mü OD;aqmifO;D &Gujf yKEidk Mf urnf[k cH,o l l jzpfonf/ zD;aZGvmvpfvu f &k t f mef(ac:) ]] usr;f jrwfu&k t f mef\ t&dy0f ,f }} [laom t&ADpmayjzifh usr;f jrwfu&k t f mefudk zGiq hf ckd hJ onf/ ]] &SA[ f ofrifa[mif;vGvt f pövmrf }} [laompmtkyo f nf vnf;tvGef ausmMf um;aom pmtkyjf zpfonf/ 4if;\pmtkyrf S aumufEw I fí ]] ordik f;pmrsufESmay:rS oifcef; pmrsm; }} trnfjzifh? q&m OD ; jrwf o l \ aqmif ; yg;ud k rl & if ; twd k i f ; az:jyygrnf / xd k a qmif ; yg;ud k tpö m vrf h A d r mef ESpo f ;kH q,ftxl;xkwrf *¾Zif;rS ul;,lí az:jyjcif;jzpfonf/ ordik ;f pmrsuEf mS ay:rS oifcef;pmrsm; tpövmrfomoemudk ouf0if,MkH unfaom rGwpf vifrw f Ukd onf ajrjyift&yf&yfwiG f aexkid Mf uNy;D vlrsKd ;toD;oD;jzpfvsuv f nf;aumif;? ,Ofaus;rI toD;oD;jzpfvsuf vnf;aumif;? pum;tajym tqdk uJjG ym;vsuv f nf;aumif; &Sv d ifu h pm; wpfyg;wnf;aom ud;k uG,&f mt&Sit f jzpf tv’m[ft&Sijf rwfukd ouf0if,MkH unfMuavonf/ aemufq;kH ay:xGe;f cJah om wrefawmfjrwfr[ k r®'(f )\aemufvu kd t f jzpf vnf;aumif;? rsuEf mS rl&mt&yf wpfcw k nf;udk rsuEf mS rl&mwGif vnf;aumif;? wpfapmifwnf;aomusr;f udk jynh0f ukv H jkH ynfph akH om b0vrf;nTet f jzpf vdu k ef m&mwGiv f nf;aumif;? xyfwx l yfrQjzpfMuukeo f nf/ ud, k u f siw fh &m;wGif tjrwfq;kH ? usiphf Ofusi&hf yfwiG f tpifMu,f qH;k ? vlraI &;wm0efwiG f tyDjyifq;kH ? vlt Y usKd ;jyK&mwGif txufjrufq;kH tkypf t k jzpf twdwo f rdik ;f u oufaocHvsu&f o dS nf/ urÇmo h rdik ;f rSww f ikd rf sm;teuf twdtusrw S w f ikd w f pfcu k kd axmuf jy&aomf? 1882 ckEpS f tD*spEf ikd if \ H ]] aomuf zD;uf opömazgufrt I a&;}} aMumifh NAdwo d Qwdo Yk nf tpövmrfomoem0ifw\ Ykd e,fajrrsm; teuf trmcH a'owpfcjk zpfaom? tD*spfEikd if u H kd pwifwu kd cf u kd f odr;f ydu k Ef ikd cf o hJ nf/ rGwpf vifrw f zYkd ufrS tl&l mbD acgif;aqmifrjI zifh jyefveS f wdu k cf u kd cf ahJ omfvnf; acwfrv DS ufeuftiftm; rrQwrIaMumihrf w G f pvifrw f pkY d pf&;IH Ny;D NAw d o d Qwo Ykd nf e,fajrwpfcu k kd ajcukwf &cJo h nf/ vufeuftiftm;aMumifh wpfBudrfxdk;azguf0ifa&muf Edkifvifh upm; rGwfpvifrfwdkYonf Ed;k Mum;xufrsuw f uf
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OD;pd;k vGi(f Nidr;f csrf;vQyfppf) 34 rGwpf vifrrf sm;\ e,fajrrsm;udq k ufcgqufcg odr;f ydu k f Ekid af &;twGuf NAw d o d QwYkd tjyif;txef quf vufavh vmMuav awmhonf/ ppfyrGJ sm;tyJyG EGJ NJT y;D toufaygif;rsm;pGm aoqH;k Ny;D rS atmifjrifjcif;xuf &efojl zpforl sm;uyif tnHch v H ufajrm§ uft&H;I ay;Ny;D uRef awmfwrYkd w G pf vifrrf sm;twGuf toifwNYkd Aw d o d Qrsm;om tkycf sKypf ;kd rd;k ol t&Sifocifrsm;jzpfonf[k rGwfpvifrfwdkY\ vufawGUb0 uyif ouf aocHvm&avmufatmif BuKd ;yrf;aqmif&u G cf suw f pf&yfukd jyKvyk cf hJ avonf/ omreftm;jzifah jym&vQif vdrrf myg;eyfonf[k qdEk ikd af omf vnf; tMuyH ufpufaom NAw d o d QwrYkd mS todÓPfjzifh y&d,m,fukd oH;k pJ&G mwGif tvGex f ufjrufavonf/ wpfzufom;tay: vdrv f nfvn S jf zm; &mwGif wpfzuf&efou l tvdrcf &H onf[k rxifonft h jyifaus;Zl;&Si[ f yk if xifrw S v f m&ef jyKEikd pf rG ;f &S\ d / &efolonf rdrdESifh aemifvmaemufom; tquftEG,frsm;udkyif ,if;tarGqdk;udk rufrufarmarm vdv k ckd sicf siq f ufcH ,lapMuonf/ e,fcsJUNAdwdoQwdkYonf xdyfwdkufawGUae&aom rGwfpvifrftiftm;pk ta&;ESifhywfoufí aumif;pGmavhvmqnf;yl;Ny;D xdt k csed x f kd tcgu NAw d o d Qtpd;k &\ eef;&if;0ef ]] 0Dvst H uf('f)0g'f*vufpwH;k (1809-1898)onf rdr\ d ygvDrefwiG f rGwpf vifrw f t Y k d ay: xm0pOfatmifEik d af &; okawoepmwrf;wpfapmif wifoiG ;f cJo h nf/ rpöwm? *vufpwH;k onf NAw d o d QygvDrefvw G af wmfwiG f rdecYf eG ;f ajymMum;&if; usr;f jrwfu&k t f mefukd rdrv d ufwiG f udik v f su?f ]] &JabmfwYkd tJ'u D sr;f pmtky[ f m rGwpf vifrw f b Ykd 0 wnf aqmufrt I wGuf Oya' jzpfw,f/ rGwpf vifraf wG[m 'Dusr;f udo k abmaygufNy;D vufawGUvdu k ef musio hf ;kH aeorQ umvywfv;kH uREykf w f Ykd NAw d o d Qrsm;tygt0if rnfonfv h rl sKd ;rQ rGwpf vifrw f u Ykd kd zdEydS t f yk cf sKyaf eEdik rf mS r[kw/f 4if;wdw Yk eYkd ,fajrrsm;wGif ydkifydkifEdkifEdkif at;csrf;pGmBuD;pdk;EdkifMurSmr[kwfbl;/ bmaMumifhvnf;qdkawmh rGwfp vifrfwdkY\ tawG;tac:tarQmt f jrif? vky&f nfuikd &f nfrsm;udk xuf jrufjrifrh m;atmif oGeo f if&mrSm b,fvyk f ief;wm0ef0wÅw&m;eJY aqmif&u G rf aI wGvyk &f if;jzifh b0wnfaqmuf&w,fvYkd wpfaoG rwdr;f vdu k ef m&ef rGwfpvifrf a,musfm;rdef;rwdkYtm; 'Dusrf;u jyXmef;xm;w,f? 'Dawmh NAdwdoQtmPmydkifawG[m a&mufav&mt&yfrmS &Sw d rhJ w G pf vifraf wGtwGuf tvdrm® w&m;oH;k NyD; atmufygynma&;rl0g'wpfcu k kd rjzpfjzpfatmif BuKd ;pm; taumiftxnfaz:Mu&r,f }} NAw d o d Qeef;&if;0ef *vufpwH;k u rGwpf vifrw f t Ykd wGuf ynm a&;rl0g' jyXmef;csurf mS ?(1) tpövmrfomoemonf rGwpf vifrt f m;vH;k udk aeYpOfEiS w hf pfoufwmywfv;kH tv’m[ft&Sijf rwf tm; woowd&vsu?f 0wf jyKvsu?f &Sad e&rnfjzpfonf/ wpfu, kd &f nf wpfum, w&m; b0em pD;jzef;Ny;D þavmu tvS u d k &G H & S m rk e f ; wD ; rI u d k o m jyXmef ; aMumif ; aumif ; pG m oabmayguf a p&rnf / þvlaY bmifavmuonf tuk odv k t f wdNy;D vsu&f NdS y;D aumif;rIEiS rhf aumif;rIukd em;vnfonfu h ,fwif&iS f vrf;jyrsm;udk &SmazGNy;D wynfch v H u kd ef mMu&rnf[k oifMum;ay;&rnf/ (2) uk&t f mefonf tvGejf rifjh rwfaomusr;f jzpfonf/ vlwikd ;f ESirhf qdik /f vlwikd ;f ravhvm&/ omrefvo l m;rsm; avhvmyguvrf;vJo G mG ;rnf/ usr;f jrwfukd zGiq hf &kd efrmS bmoma&;ynm&Sif tvif;&yk*K¾ v d f rsm;om zGiq hf Ekd ikd o f nf/ xdyk *k Kd¾ vw f \ Ykd oifMum;jyorIuo kd m cH,&l rnf/ omrefrw G pf vifrrf sm;tzdYk &Gwzf wf o&Zösm,f&jkH zifh vmbf vmbwd;k yGm;Ny;D vH;k avmufvNS y[ D o k m oifMum;ydUk csay;&rnf/ tpövmrfhtwdwfordkif;rS t,l0g'qdkif&m&IyfaxG;rIrsm;

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OD;pd;k vGi(f Nidr;f csrf;vQyfppf)

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OD;pd;k vGi(f Nidr;f csrf;vQyfppf) 39 rnfoyYkd ifqakd p rGwpf vifru f sr;f yg ['DqMf o0g't& vnf; aumif;? tv’r[fqal vrefe'f0\ D ]] &[froGvfvpfvftmvrDef }}usr;ft&vnf;aumif;? wrefawmfjrwfacwfwGif &SdMuukefaom qG[m bmBu;D rsm;\ rSww f rf; wifxm;aom ['DqMf o0g'rsm;onf &SEd ikd f awmhrnf r[kwaf y/ &Sad ecJrh nfqykd guvnf; txufrmS az:jycJah om[pf*s&D 179 ckEpS rf S [pf*s&D 558 ckEpS t f wGi;f ay:aygufcah J om ['DqMf o0g'usr;f rsm;wGif ul;í,lí az:jyMurnfom jzpfayonf/ ['DqMf o0g'rsm;udk qifjh yefou l kd E  [kac:onf/ t"dymÜ ,frmS taMumif;t&m tjzpftysuf wpfcu k kd qifu h q J ifu h ?hJ wpfqifMh um;od&onft h wdik ;f qifjh yefojl zpfonf/ xdq k ifjh yefo\ l qifjh yefcsuu f kd /  [kac:onf/ t"dymÜ ,frmS qifjh yefcsu?f az:jycsujf zpfonf/ xdak z:jycsuf qifjh yefcsuo f nf rdru d , kd f wdik jf rifawGU&aom taMumif;t&m r[kwo f uJo h Ykd rdru d kd jyefvnfajymMum;oluvnf; qifu h q J ifu h J Mum;cJ&h aom taMumif;t&m tjzpftysujf zpfayonf/

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OD;pd;k vGi(f Nidr;f csrf;vQyfppf) 40 az:jyyg ['DqfMo0g'awmfrsm;udk trsm;rGwfpvifrfrsm; twGuf tus,fwpf0ifhzGifhqdkrnfh rnfonfyh nm&Sirf qdk atmufaz:jy yg ['Dqrf sm;ESihf ywfoufaom ynm&yfrsm;udk rvJrG aoGem;vnf &rnfrmS wm0efwpf&yfjzpfonf[k ['Dqyf nm&Sirf sm;u rdeq Yf x kd m; ayonf/ ['D q f r sm;ud k avh v mvd k u f p m;&mrS m aomf v nf ; aumif ; ? wpf q if h jyef v nf oif M um; yd k Y c s&mrS m aomf v nf ; aumif ; ? t"d u ta&;BuD ; qH k ; tcsuf r sm; rd r d u d k , f w d k i f u t&AD p mayud k wwfoed m;vnfojl zpf&rnf/ odrYk o S m ['DqMf o0g'rsm;\ &nf&, G cf suf &nfñeT ;f csuw f u Ykd kd aphipkH mG od&EdS idk f rnfjzpfonf/ 1/

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OD;pd;k vGi(f Nidr;f csrf;vQyfppf) 9/

41

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OD;pd;k vGi(f Nidr;f csrf;vQyfppf)

42

r&qdo k nfh ['Dqrf sm;udk cJjG cm;pdwjf zmwwfaomtwwf/ Oyrm?- Alcg&Dusr;f oefpY ifru I @wGi?f A6?HÄ ý0A  $) ý040 ,-$ ùn  O 0ù1 ?ý0+: ô= *  xd[ k 'Dqu f kd wrefawmfjrwfxrH S tAl[&k ikd f&[f ocifuqifh jyefco hJ nf/ ]]toifwt Ykd euf wpfO;D wpfa,muf\ aomufo;kH &mcGux f o J Ykd ,ifaumifwpfaumifusomG ;ygu xd, k ifaumifukd aomufo;kH aomt&nfxo J Ykd ESpjf rK§ yv f u kd yf g/ xdaYk emuf ,ifaumifuykd pfvu kd yf g/,ifaumif\tawmifwpfzufwiG f tqdy&f í dS tjcm;tawmifwpf zufwiG f tqdyaf jzaq;&So d nf }} [kred q Yf ckd o hJ nf/ az:jyyg ['DqftrsdK;tpm;onf ;, (ac:) trdefYynwfcsufr[kwf/ H (ac:) cGijhf yKcsujf zpfonf/ rdrad omufo;kH vsu&f adS omt&mxJoYkd ,ifaumifusomG ;ygu vTiyhf pfciG v hf nf; &So d nf/ qufvuf aomufo;kH cGiv hf nf;&So d nf/ rdrpd w d Bf uKd uq f ;kH jzwfyikd cf iG &hf adS om ['Dqjf zpfonf/ 11/ g  `Q!Mù , ['Dqsf rsm;\ tqift h wef;ESif q h ifjh yefol E  tay:,HMk unfpw d cf sEikd rf I tenf;trsm;udk csichf sed Ef ikd af om twwf/ Oyrm?- C 7  g (ac:) wrefawmfjrwfvufxufwiG q f [ G mbmaygif; wpfodef;ausmfrS omaAtDefaygif; oef;ausmfodkYcg; qufjywfjcif;r&Sd vufqifhurf;a&muf&Sdvmaom Oya'ynwf csuf qdik &f m ['Dqrf sm;udk em;vnfjcif;twwf/ (Oyrm?- qGvmof? Zumof? qG, d mrf? [*sf uJhodkYaom usrf;jrwfuk&ftmefyg Oya'rsm;udkwrefawmfjrwfu qG[mbmBuD;rsm;ESifhtwl vufawGUvdu k ef maqmif&u G f jcif;tm;jzifh a&muf&v dS maom &Sio f efvsu&f o dS nfh ynwfcsuq f ikd &f m ['Dqrf sm;) tjcm;trsKd ;tpm;jzpfaom ¾   !c g ['Dqrf sm;/ wrefawmfjrwfxHrS wpfOD;wpfa,mufujzpfap? vlenf;pkujzpfap? qifhjyefaom ['Dqfrsm;udk cJjG cm;od&&dS ayrnf/ 12/   ù , ['Dqw f pfy'k u f kd Munfjh cif;tm;jzifh txufrS az:jycJah om C 7  g wrefawmfjrwfxrH S vltrsm;qifjh yefaom ['Dqf trsKd ;tpm; odrYk [kwf ¾   !c g wrefawmfjrwfxrH S wpfO;D wpf a,mufjzpfap? vlenf;pkjzpfap? qifjh yefaom ['Dqt f rsKd ;tpm;udk cJjG cm;od&rnf/ xdv k el nf;pk qifjh yefonfh ['Dqt f rsKd ;tpm;wGif  8 .      ausmMf um;onfh ['Dqrf sm;? ú     aumif;jrwf oifah vsmf aom['Dqrf sm;? <I  qifjh yefol uGi;f qufjywfaom tm;enf;onfh ['Dqrf sm;ukd cJjG cm;pdwjf zmEdik af om twwf/ 13/ ö 7c  ö Cû  ù , taMumif;t&mwpf&yfwiG f qifjh yefow l pfO;D wnf;rS trdeYf ESprf sKd ;xGuaf paom a0g[m&wdjYk zifh wifjycsu/f (odrYk [kw)f qifjh yefoEl pS Of ;D u uJjG ym;jcm;em;aom a0g[m& jzifh trdew Yf pfrsKd ;wnf;udk wifjycsuf wdt Yk ay: cJjG cm;&I jrifwwfaom twwf/ 14/ 9-$ ù , tMuif['Dqu f kd wrefawmfred &Yf jcif;\ aemufct H aMumif;&if;ESihf tajctaeudak vhvmonfh ynm&yfwYkd jzpfonf/ ['Dqrf sm;ESiphf yfvsO;f í odoifo h t d yfaom ynm&yfrsm;udk em;vnfxm;rSomvQif ['Dqrf sm; ESiyhf wfoufNy;D trsm;rGwpf vifrf rsm;udk &Iaxmifph rkH S rl&if;t&St d wdik ;f &Si;f vif;wifjyEdik rf nf jzpfayonf/ odrYk [kwyf gu ['Dqq f w kd ikd ;f Oya'jzpfonf? vku d u f kd vdu k ef m&rnf?rvdu k ef mygu ['Dqjf iif;y,forl sm;jzpfonf? ['Dqfudk jiif;y,fyguumzd&f aoGznfoljzpfonfqdkaom a0g[m& wpfvHk;wnf;udk avSeH"g;xpf tpövmrfhtwdwfordkif;rS t,l0g'qdkif&m&IyfaxG;rIrsm;

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OD;pd;k vGi(f Nidr;f csrf;vQyfppf) 43 qJu G ikd x f m;ygu trsm;rGwpf vifrsm;tzdYk ['Dqrf sm;udk vdu k ef m? vdu k pf m;vdpk w d f wpfaeYxufwpfaeU avQmeh nf;vmrnfrmS trSeyf ifjzpfayonf/ ['Dqfrsm;ESifhpyfvsOf;NyD; ar;vmonfhar;cGef;rsm;udk "r®"dXmefususajzqdkEkdifrI? ['Dqfrsm;\ t&Su d t kd &St d wdik ;f &Si;f vif;jyoEdik rf rI sm;udk tajccHro S m trsm;rGwpf vifrrf sm;uvnf; qnf;yl;vdpk w d ?f vdu k ef mvdpk w d rf sm; ay:aygufvmrnfjzpfayonf/ tvm;wl vdu k ef musio hf ;kH vsu&f adS om ['Dqrf sm;tay: vGwv f yfpmG jyefvnfo;kH oyfyikd cf iG ?hf vdu k ef musio fh ;kH & jcif;\ taMumif;&if; (0g) tESpo f m&rsm;udk ud, k w f ikd f wwfoed m;vnf cHpm;Edik Mf urnfjzpfayonf/ odrYk [kwyf gu acwftqufquf bd;k ab;? rdbrsm;vufxuf rS ,aeYwikd f tqufrjywf vdu k ef m usio hf ;kH vmaom ['Dqrf sm;yg tcsKd Uynwfcsurf sm;onf rnfonfh twGuaf Mumifh vdu k ef musio hf ;kH &rSeS ;f udk rdrv d nf;rod? odEikd rf nf[k ,lq&aom wm0ef&o dS rl sm;xHoo Ykd mG ;a&mufar;jref;jcif;tm;jzifv h nf; wdusaocsm aom tajz wpfpkH wpf&m r&&So d nft h ay: ['Dqrf sm;ESiyhf wfoufí pdw0f ifpm;rIenf;yg;vmonfukd awGU&S&d ayonf/ tcsKd Uacwfynmwwf vli,fv&l , G rf sm;tMum;wGif ['Dqf rsm;qdo k nfrmS rGwpf vifrw f pfO;D &ydik cf iG hf vkyyf ikd cf iG rhf sm;udk usO;f Muyfapwpf&m r&&So d nft h ay: ['Dqrf sm;ESiyhf wfoufí pdw0f ifpm;rIenf;yg; vmonfukd awGU&S&d ayonf/ tcsKd Uacwfynmwwf vli,fv&l , G rf sm;tMum;wGif ['Dqf rsm;qdo k nfrmS rGwpf vifrw f pfO;D &ydik cf iG hf vkyyf ikd cf iG rhf sm;udk usO;f Muyfapaom Oya'rsm;[kyif xif[yfapaomtqifo h yYkd if a&muf&cdS yhJ gonf/ yrmtm;jzifh wifjy&rnfqykd gu? 0wfpm;qif,ifrq I ikd &f m ['Dqrf sm;xJrS a,musmf ;uav;rsm; ajcrsuaf phtyk o f nft h xd t0wf0wfqifjcif;udk jyif;xefonfh jypf'Pfrsm;cH&rnft h aMumif;? rsm;pGm aom ['Dqrf sm;wGif tckid t f rm az:jyxm;ygonf/ az:jyyg ['Dqrf sm;ESiphf yfvsO;f Ny;D tpövmrfomoemudk tvGeaf v;pm;í pdwt f m;xufoefaom rGwfpvifrfrsm;u t0wf0wfqif&mü ajcrsufaphrzHk;rd&ef txl;owdxm;tav;ay;NyD; cyfwdkwdk 0wfqifMuygonf/ tcsdKUaom acwfynmwwf vli,fvl&G,frsm;u? xdk['Dqf onf rGwfpvifrfrsm;tay:odkY tiftm;oH;k Ny;D Ncrd ;f ajcmufonfh toGiaf qmifonf[k tjrif&MdS uonf/ 4if;wdu Yk apm'u wufonfrmS tMuifow l pfO;D onf 4if;0 wfqifaomt0 wfu ajcrsuaf phtay:odt Yk yk o f mG ;jcif;tm;jzifh rnfuo hJ Ykd tusKd ;,kwEf ikd o f enf;/ odrYk [kwf ajcrsuaf phukd rzH;k rdap&ef wdw k 0kd wfqifjcif;tm;jzifh rnfuo hJ aYkd om tusKd ;aus;Zl;rsm; &Edik yf goenf;qdak om apm'utay: Alcg&Dusr;f ESirhf w G pf vifru f sr;f yg ]] udomAGvv f b d mqf }} (ac:) 0wfpm;qif,ifrI tay: wrefawmfjrwf\ rdeaYf cRcsuf ['Dqrf sm;tm;vH;k udk pkaygif;Ny;D aom Oya'rsm;[kyif xif[yfapaomtqifo h yYkd if a&muf&cdS yhJ gonf/ yrmtm;jzifh wifjy&rnfqykd gu? 0wfpm;qif,ifrq I ikd &f m ['Dqrf sm;xJrS a,musmf ;uav;rsm; ajcrsuaf phtyk o f nft h xd t0wf0wfqifjcif;udk jyif;xefonfh jypf'Pfrsm;cH&rnft h aMumif;? rsm;pGm aom ['Dqrf sm;wGif tckid t f rm az:jyxm;ygonf/ az:jyyg ['Dqrf sm;ESiphf yfvsO;f Ny;D tpövmrfomoemudk tvGeaf v;pm;í pdwt f m;xufoefaom rGwfpvifrfrsm;u t0wf0wfqif&mü ajcrsufaphrzHk;rd&ef txl;owdxm;tav;ay;NyD; cyfwdkwdk 0wfqifMuygonf/ tcsdKUaom acwfynmwwf vli,fvl&G,frsm;u? xdk['Dqf onf rGwfpvifrfrsm;tay:odkY tpövmrfhtwdwfordkif;rS t,l0g'qdkif&m&IyfaxG;rIrsm;

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OD;pd;k vGi(f Nidr;f csrf;vQyfppf)

44

tiftm;oH;k Ny;D Ncrd ;f ajcmufonfh toGiaf qmifonf[k tjrif&MdS uonf/ 4if;wdu Yk apm'uwufonfrmS tMuifow l pfO;D onf 4if;0 wfqifaomt0 wfu ajcrsuaf phtay:odt Yk yk o f mG ;jcif;tm;jzifh rnfuo hJ Ykd tusKd ; ,kwEf ikd o f enf;/ odrYk [kwf ajcrsuaf phukd rzH;k rdap&ef wdw k 0kd wfqifjcif;tm;jzifh rnfuo hJ aYkd om tusKd ;aus;Zl;rsm; &Edik yf goenf;qdak om apm'utay: Alcg&Dusr;f ESirhf w G pf vifru f sr;f yg ]] udomAGvv f b d mqf }} (ac:) 0wfpm;qif,ifrI tay: wrefawmfjrwf\ rdeaYf cRcsuf ['Dqrf sm;tm;vH;k udk pkaygif;Ny;D wifjyvdu k yf g onf/

a,musu f av;rsm; ajcrsuaf phtyk o f nfh 0wfqifrI ,ckwifjyrnfh 0wfpm;qif,ifrI ['Dqfrsm;rSm Alcg&Dusrf;ESifhrGwfpvifrfusrf;wdkYrS jzpfonf/ Alcg&Dusr;f wpftyk v f ;kH udk tdrmrf[mzZftpfAae [*s&u f tus,zf iG q hf x kd m;aom ]] zof[v G b f m&D }} usr;f ESihf rGwpf vifru f sr;f wpftyk v f ;kH udk tus,zf iG q hf akd om tdrmrf e0g0Dw\ Ykd zGiq hf ckd surf sm;udyk g rl&if;twdik ;f wifjyxm;aom &Si;f vif;csurf sm; jzpfayonf/ tpövmrfb h 0 wnfaqmufrw I iG f a,mufsm;av;rsm; ajcrsuaf phz;kH atmif 0wfqifjcif;tm;jzif rh nfonft h wdik ;f twmtxdtusKd ;,kwo f enf;/ odrYk [kwf ajcrsuaf ph rzH;k rdap&ef 0wfqifjcif;tm;jzifh rnfuo hJ t Ykd usKd ;rsm; &&SEd ikd o f enf;/ az:jyyg a,musmf ;av;rsm; ajcrsuaf phtyk o f nfh 0wfqifjcif;iS phf yfvsO;f aom ['Dqrf sm;\t"duausm&d;k u rnfonft h csuu f kd &nfñeT ;f aeoenf;/ trSef wu,fyif ajcrsuaf phz;kH onftxd r0wfqif&[k ñTejf yaeoavmqdo k nfah z:jyyg ['Dq\ f us,jf yefUrIEiS hf t&Sw d &m;rsm;udt k &St d wdik ;f ? Alcg&Dusr;f ESihf rGwpf vifru f sr;f wdu Yk kd tus,zf iG q hf Mkd uonfh tdrmrf tpfAae [*s&Ef iS hf tdrmrfe0g0Dw\ Ykd oH;k oyfcsu?f qH;k jzwfcsu?f cH,cl surf sm;udyk g ['Dqt f rSw?f pmrsuEf mS ? twJrG sm;jzifh ao;pdwaf z:jyygrnf/ rGwfpvifrfusrf;wGif wrefawmfjrwf\ rdefYacRcsufudk tAlZ&focifu qifhjyefcJhonfrSm oH;k rsKd ;aomolrsm;udk ud,mrofaeYwiG f tv’m[ft&Sijf rwfu pum;ajymrnfr[kw?f xdo k ;kH rsKd ;aomolwrYkd mS ?(1) olwpfyg;xHrS tusKd ;arQmu f ;kd í aus;Zl;jyKo/l (2) a&mif;ukeyf pön;f udak ps;aumif;&vdí k vdrn f mNy;D used q f akd &mif;cso/l (3) t0wfukd '&Gww f u kd f pGeaf wmifqí GJ 0wfqifo/l ocifu qifjh yefco hJ nfrmS oH;k rsKd ;aomolrsm;udk ud,mrofaeYwiG f tv’m[ft&Sijf rwfu pum;ajymrnfr[kw?f xdo k ;kH rsKd ;aomolwrYkd mS ?(1) olwpfyg;xHrS tusKd ;arQmu f ;kd í aus;Zl;jyKo/l (2) a&mif;ukeyf pön;f udak ps;aumif;&vdí k vdrn f mNy;D used q f akd &mif;cso/l (3) t0wfukd '&Gww f u kd f pGeaf wmifqí GJ 0wfqifo/l (rGwpf vifru f sr;f ouf0if,MkH unfru I @ rl&if;['Dq)f tAlZ&focifu tjcm;['Dqw f pfy'k u f kd qifjh yefco hJ nfrmS oH;k rsKd ; aomoltm;? tv’m[ft&Sijf rwfu ud,mrofaeYwiG f pum;rajym ouJo h Ykd pifMu,faprnfvnf; r[kw/f xdjYk yif xdo k ;kH rsKd ;aomolrsm;tm; jyif;xefonfh jypf'Pfay;rnf[k wrefawmfjrwfu qdck o hJ nf/ (1) t0wfukd '&Gww f u kd pf eG af xmifqí GJ 0wfqifo/l (2) tusKd ;udak rQmu f ;kd í olwpfyg;udk ulno D /l (3) tusKd ;tjrwf&vdí k a&mif;ukeyf pön;f udk vdrn f mudseq f akd &mif;ol/ (rGpvifru f sr;f ouf0if,MkH unfru I @) txufyg['Dqo f nf t0wfupkd eG af xmifqí GJ 0wfqifol wdik ;f avm/ xdu k o hJ Ykd 0wfqifjcif;tm;jzif?h ppfxu G &f mü ayghyg;oGuf vufru I kd t[eft Y wm;jzpfjcif;aMumifah vm/ armufrmyvTm;rIujkd yvdk í tpövmrfhtwdwfordkif;rS t,l0g'qdkif&m&IyfaxG;rIrsm;

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OD;pd;k vGi(f Nidr;f csrf;vQyfppf) 45 0wfqifjcif;aMumifah vm/ az:jyyg['Dqo f nf txufyg taMumif;tcsurf sm; ryg0ify0J wfqifol tm;vH;k udk xdkwm;jrpfcsufutusHK;0ifrI&Sdr&Sdqdkonfh taMumif;&if;*CeP cJGjcm;NyD; odxm;&rnfrSmocifu qifjh yefco hJ nfrmS oH;k rsKd ;aomolrsm;udk ud,mrofaeYwiG f tv’m[ft&Sijf rwfu pum;ajymrnfr[kw?f xdo k ;kH rsKd ;aomolwrYkd mS ?(1) olwpfyg;xHrS tusKd ;arQmu f ;kd í aus;Zl;jyKo/l (2) a&mif;ukeyf pön;f udak ps;aumif;&vdí k vdrn f mNy;D used q f akd &mif;cso/l (3) t0wfukd '&Gww f u kd f pGeaf wmifqí GJ 0wfqifo/l (rGwpf vifru f sr;f ouf0if,MkH unfru I @ rl&if;['Dq)f tAlZ&focifu tjcm;['Dqw f pfy'k u f kd qifjh yefco hJ nfrmS oH;k rsKd ;aomoltm;? tv’m[ft&Sijf rwfu ud,mrofaeYwiG f pum;rajym ouJo h Ykd pifMu,faprnfvnf; r[kw/f xdjYk yif xdo k ;kH rsKd ;aomolrsm;tm; jyif;xefonfh jypf'Pfay;rnf[k wrefawmfjrwfu qdck o hJ nf/ (1) t0wfukd '&Gww f u kd pf eG af xmifqí GJ 0wfqifo/l (2) tusKd ;udak rQmu f ;kd í olwpfyg;udk ulno D /l (3) tusKd ;tjrwf&vdí k a&mif;ukeyf pön;f udk vdrn f mudseq f akd &mif;ol/ (rGpvifru f sr;f ouf0if,MkH unfru I @) txufyg['Dqo f nf t0wfupkd eG af xmifqí GJ 0wfqifol wdik ;f avm/ xdu k o hJ Ykd 0wfqifjcif;tm;jzif?h ppfxu G &f mü ayghyg;oGuf vufru I kd t[eft Y wm;jzpfjcif;aMumifah vm/ armufrmyvTm;rIujkd yvdk í 0wfqifjcif;aMumifah vm/ az:jyyg['Dqo f nf txufyg taMumif;tcsurf sm; ryg0ify0J wfqifol tm;vH;k udk xdw k m;jrpfcsuu f tusKH ;0ifr&I rdS &Sq d o kd nfh taMumif;&if;*CeP cJjG cm;Ny;D odxm;&rnfrmS (rGwpf vifru f sr;f ouf0if,MkH unfru I @ rl&if;['Dq)f tAlZ&focifu tjcm;['Dqw f pfy'k u f kd qifjh yefco hJ nfrmS oH;k rsKd ;aomoltm;? tv’m[ft&Sijf rwfu ud,mrofaeYwiG f pum;rajym ouJo h Ykd pifMu,faprnfvnf; r[kw/f xdjYk yif xdo k ;kH rsKd ;aomolrsm; tm; jyif;xefonfh jypf'Pfay;rnf[k wrefawmfjrwfu qdck o hJ nf/ (1) t0wfukd '&Gww f u kd pf eG af xmifqí GJ 0wfqifo/l (2) tusKd ;udak rQmu f ;kd í olwpfyg;udk ulno D /l (3) tusKd ;tjrwf&vdí k a&mif;ukeyf pön;f udk vdrn f mudseq f akd &mif;ol/ (rGpvifru f sr;f ouf0if,MkH unfru I @) txufyg['Dqo f nf t0wfupkd eG af xmifqí GJ 0wfqifol wdik ;f avm/ xdu k o hJ Ykd 0wfqifjcif;tm;jzif?h ppfxu G &f mü ayghyg;oGuf vufru I kd t[eft Y wm;jzpfjcif;aMumifah vm/ armufrmyvTm;rIujkd yvdk í 0wfqifjcif;aMumifah vm/ az:jyyg['Dqo f nf txufyg taMumif;tcsurf sm; ryg0ify0J wfqifol tm;vH;k udk xdw k m;jrpfcsuu f tusKH ;0ifr&I rdS &Sq d o kd nfh taMumif;&if;*CeP cJjG cm;Ny;D odxm;&rnfrmS tvGet f a&;ygaom t"du d aomhcsuf jzpfayonf/ (Alcg&Dusrf;wGif tAl[k&dkif&[focifuqifhjyefcJonfrSm? tMuifolonf rdrd\t0wfudk ajcrsuaf phatmufoYkd a&mufonftxd 0wfqifygu xdo k o l nf ty,fi&JoYkd 0ifa&muf&rnfjzpfonf/) (Alcg&Dusr;f 0wfpm;qif,ifru I @? ['Dqt f rSw?f 5787) tvm;wl edqmtDusrf;wGif ajcrsufaphatmufa&mufonf txd 0wfqifygu xdkolonf ty,fi&Jo0Ykd if a&muf&rnfjzpfonf/ (edqmtD tvSwefqmu@? twJG 8^208) tpövmrfhtwdwfordkif;rS t,l0g'qdkif&m&IyfaxG;rIrsm;

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OD;pd;k vGi(f Nidr;f csrf;vQyfppf) 46 az:jyyg ['Dq\ f &nfñeG ;f csuf onf cE¨mud, k af y:ü 0wfqifaomt0wftpm;\ twdik ;f twm wdjk cif;? &Snjf cif;udk qdjk cif;r[kw/f xdk 0wfpm;qif,ifo\ l vky&f yftrlt&mudo k m ajymqdjk cif;jzpfonf/(Alcg&Dusr;f tus,zf iG q hf ckd suf zof[v G b f m&Dusr;f twJ?G 10 oH;k oyfcsu-f 257)

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rmerygbJ t0wfupkd eG af xmifqí GJ 0wfjcif;u@ txufyg rmerygbJ t0 wfukd pGeaf xmifqí GJ 0wfqifrEI iS phf yfvsO;f í Alcg&Dusr;f udk zGiq hf o kd l tdrmrftpfAae[*s&fEiS hf rGwpf vifru f srf;udk tus,fziG q hf o kd l tdrmrf e0g0D wdEYk pS Of ;D onf az:jyyg 0wfpm;qif,ifrI ['Dqt f ay: tao;pdwjf yefvnf zGiq hf &kd mü wpfO;D ESiw hf pfO;D wlnaD eaomtcsurf mS 0wfpm;qif,if&mü rmeaxmifvmGT ; rIukd tajccHí 0wfqifjcif;udo k m wm;jrpfjcif;jzpfonfqakd om tcsuyf ifjzpfonf/ Alcg&Dusr;f 0wfpm;qif,ifru I @wGif rmeaxmifvmT ;rI ryg yJt0wfupkd eG af xmifqí GJ 0wfqifjcif; tcef;ü (tAÁ'Gv’m[fAifeftGr®&f ocifu qifhjyefcJhonfrSm? wrefawmfjrwfu rdefYqdk\? tMuifol onfrmeaxmifvmT ;jcif;tm;jzifh rdrt d 0wfukd pGeaf xmifqí GJ 0wfqifvQiu f , d mrofaeYwiG f xdo k t l m; tv’m[ft&Sijf rwfu Munfrh nfr[kw)f [k rdeq Yf ckd o hJ nf/ xdrk ed q Yf ckd suEf iS phf yfvsO;f Ny;D tAlbuú&o f cifu? td-k tv’m[f t&Sijf rwf\ wrefawmf uREykf o f nfvnf; t0wfukd pGeaf xmifqí GJ 0wfcyhJ gonf/ xdt k wGuaf Mumifh xdo k rl sm;uJo h Ykd tjypfusL;vGeo f rl sm;wGif yg0ifjcif; &Srd &Sd avQmufxm;&m? wrefawmfjrwfu toifonf rmeaxmifvmT ;rIjzifh 0wfqifjcif;r[kwaf omaMumifh xdt k jypfusL;vGeo f rl sm;wGif toifyg0ifjcif;r&Syd g[k ajzMum;cJo h nf/ (Alcg&Dusr;f pmrsuEf mS ? 254? ['Dqt f rSw-f 5784) Alcg&Dusr;f txufygu@üyif tAlbuú&o f cifu qifjh yefco hJ nfrmS uREykf w f o Ykd nf wrefawmfjrwf ESit hf wl &Sad ecsed w f iG f aeMuwf oGm;\/ xdt k cg wrefawmfjrwfu AvD0wfausmif;awmfoYkd uwdu k f u&du k f xGuo f mG ;\/ xdt k cg ud, k af wmf\0wf&o kH nf '&Gww f u kd pf eG af xmifqv GJ suf AvDoYkd ta&mufomG ;cJo h nf/ wzef Alcg&Dusr;f 0wfpm;qif,ifrI u@üyif (tAl[&k ikd &f [focifu qifjh yefco hJ nf/ wrefawmf jrwfu rdeaYf cRco hJ nfrmS tMuifoo l nf rmeaxmifvmT rIukd jyvkrd jI zifh 4if;\t0wfukd '&Gww f u kd q f í GJ 0wf qifygu tv’m[ft&Sijf rwfonf ud,mrofaeYwiG f xdo k t l m;Munfrh nfr[kw)f [k rdeq Yf x kd m;\/ (Alcg&Dusr;f ['Dqt f rSwf 5788) qufvufNy;D tAl[&k ikd &f [focifu qifjh yefco hJ nfrmS wref awmfjrwfu rdeaYf cRc\ hJ / tMuifoo l nf rdru d , kd rf rd d txifBu;D Ny;D trsm;a&SUwGif armf
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OD;pd;k vGi(f Nidr;f csrf;vQyfppf) 47 0wfpm;qif,ifryI pkH H }} udk qdv k jkd cif;r[kw/f xd0k wfpm; qif,ifo\ l ]]rmeaxmifvmT ;rI? armf
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OD;pd;k vGi(f Nidr;f csrf;vQyfppf) 48 vlaY bmif tzJUG tpnf;Bu;D wpfcv k ;kH wGif vlom;wdt Yk wGuf ta&;Bu;D aom vdt k yfcsurf sm;\tv,fwiG f 0wfpm;qif,ifru I @ onf ajymyavmufz, G &f m r&Sad om tvGeaf o;i,fonfh udp&ö yfomvQif jzpfayonf/ urÇmv h o l m;xkwpf&yfv;kH wGif rdrw d \ Ykd aexdik &f mobm0a&ajr? &moDOwk? "avhp&du k t f vku d f trsKd ;rsKd ;tzHzk kH uJjG ym; jcm;em;pGm 0wfqifMuygonf/ 0if&;kd pGe;f a'owGif aexdik Mf uaom tqfu;D rd;k vlrsdK;wdo Yk nf q,fEpS &f moDv;kH a&cJjyifay:wGif aexdik Mf u &jcif;rsm;aMumifh 4if;wdEYk iS hf 4if;wdu Yk o hJ aYkd om a'owGif aexdkifMuolrsm;\ 0wfpm;qif,ifrIrsm; ESifh urÇmhtDauGwma'orsm;wGif aexkdifMuolrsm;\ 0wfpm;qif,ifrIonf ob0taetxm;t& qefYusifaernfomjzpfayonf/ ,if;a'otwGif; aexdkifoltcsif;csif; twGif;üyifvQif qif;&Jolrsm;\ 0wfpm;qif,ifrIESifh csrf;omolrsm;\ 0wfpm;qif,ifrrI sm;onfvnf; wlnED ikd rf nf r[kwaf y/ acwftqufqufumG [rI &Sad ernfom jzpfayonf/ wrefawmfjrwfu rdeq Yf ckd o hJ nfrmS jzKH ;wD;rIEiS
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OD;pd;k vGi(f Nidr;f csrf;vQyfppf) 49 [mzpft&d muDw\ Ykd zGiq hf o kd ;kH oyfcsurf sm;tm; rl&if;twdik ;f az:jycJjh cif; jzpfayonf/ az:jyyg ['Dqrf sm;udk zGiq hf &kd mü wwfoed m;vnf&rnfh ynm&yfrsm;u@ESih f 0wfpm;qif,ifru I @rsm; taMumif;udk tD*spEf ikd if t H vftZf[&f tpövmrfh wuúov kd yf garmu©a[mif;? vuf&dS University of Qatar ü ]] pGE[ é Ef iS &hf &S t D m }} XmewGif 'g&du k w f mtjzpf wm0ef xrf;aqmifaeaom ]] a'gufwm ,lqzG f u&f'gG 0D }} \ /!$ /$ô# ø#7"ö1 (ac:) ]] wrefawmjrwf\pGE[ é rf sm;ESib hf 0 wnfaqmufMupdYk }} t&ADr&l if;usr;f rS jrefrmrIjyKí wifjycJjh cif;jzpfayaonf/ rGwpf vifru f sr;f udk tus,zf iG q hf o kd l tdrmrf e0g0DocifrmS [pf*s&D (631-676) jzpfonf/ Alcg&Dusr;f udk zof[v G b f m&D usr;f tjzpf tus,zf iG q hf o kd l tdrmrf [mzpf tpfAae [*s&o f cifrmS [pf*s&D (773852)jzpfonf/ ,cif tkrikd , f [fEiS t hf AÁmqD,[facwfrsm;wGif t"dutajccH&rnfh usr;f jrwfu&k t f mefukd tajcrcHyJ tawG;tac:0g'? vly*k Kd¾ vw f \ Ykd ,lqcsu0f g'rsm;udk tajccHí Oya'jyKjcif;tm;jzifh tpövmrft h ESpo f m&rsm;rS vJaG csmcf &hJ avonf/ wrefawmfjrwfEiS hf qG[mbmrsm;acwfww Ykd iG f &Scd ahJ om tpövmrf*h P k af &mifonf txufraS z:jyolw\ Ykd acwfumvrsm;ü rSm;,Gi;f aom t,l0g'rsm;aMumifh tpövmrfom oemonf urÇmt h v,fwiG f txifrmS ; tjrifrmS ;cH&aom omoemjzpfc&hJ avonf/ az:jyyg pepfrsm;rS vGwaf jrmufapvdak om tdrmrf&mS zDt?D tdrmrf [rfAvfuo hJ aYkd om tdrmrfBu;D rsm;u tpövmrfOya'jyK&mwGiv f nf;aumif;? w&m;qH;k jzwf&mwGif vnf;aumif;? usr;f jrwfu&k t f mef udk tajccH&rnf? wrefawmfjrwf\ pGEé[frsm;udk tajccH&rnf[k cH,lMuonf/ 4if;wdkY\acwfwGif &SdMuukefaom ynm&Sit f rsm;pkonf ø  ý Q,  [kac:aom rdrw d \ Y k d tawG;tac: t,ltqudk tajccHí w&m;qH;k jzwfcsuf ay;Muonf/ xdkuJhodkY rdrdwdkY\tawG;tac: t,ltqudk tajccHí w&m;qHk;jzwfjcif;xuf ? wrefawmfjrwfacwf?qG[mbmrsm;acwfw\ Ykd vkyx f ;kH vkyef nf;rsm;udk &SmazGpak qmif;í&&Scd surf sm;udk tajccHí w&m;qH;k jzwfjcif;u ydí k oifah vsmo f nf ydí k aumif;jrwfonf[k qkcd MhJ ujcif;jzpfonf/ az:jyyg tdrmrfBu;D rsm;\ aemufyikd ;f wGif ['DqMf o0g'awmfrsm;udk pkaqmif;olrsm;? rsm;jym;vmonf/ ['Dqfusrf;rsm;onfvnf;rsm;jym;vmcJhonf/wrefawmfjrwfacwf? qG[mbmBuD;rsm;acwf?om aAtDerf sm;acwfww Ykd iG f r&Scd b hJ ;l aom ['Dqu f sr;f rsm;onf[pf *s&D 197 ckEpS rf S 558 ckEpS t f wGi;f ['Dqu f sr;f aygif; 41 usr;f ay:aygufco hJ nf/ az:jyyg ['Dqu f sr;f rsm;tm;vH;k wGif yg0ifaom ['DqMf o0g'rsm;onf ]] pGE[ é f }} [kac:aom Oya'qdik &f m ['Dqrf sm;yg0ifouJo h OYkd ya'rsm;ESihf ywfoufrrI &Sad om ['Dqrf sm;vnf; yg0ifayonf/ taMumif;t&m wpfcEk iS w hf pfck qefu Y sizf uf['Dqrf sm;udv k nf; ,SOw f í GJ az:jyxm;onfukd awGU&S&d ayonf/ tcsKd U['Dqrf sm;onf vdu k ef m usio hf ;kH &ef rqdx k m;ESihf em;vnfoabmayguf&efyif cufcaJ om ['Dqrf sm;vnf; yg0ifcJhavonf/ usrf;&Siftm;vHk;onf 4if;wdkYtm;jyefvnfajymjyaomolrsm;\ tmabmftwdkif; 4if;wd\ Yk usr;f rsm;wGiaf z:jyxm;onfukd awGU&S&d ayonf/ Oyrm?- 9=1   'grSr[kw'f v D akd jymwmvnf; jzpfEikd w f ,fqo kd nfh ajymjyol\ ajymjyonft h wdik ;f wifjyxm;ayonf/ xdkusrf;rsm;ay:aygufNyD; ESpfaygif;ig;&mausmf aemufydkif; avmufwGif ['Dqfusrf;rsm;yg t"dymÜ ,fziG q hf ckd surf sm;udk zGiq hf akd om['Dqyf nm&Sirf sm; ay:aygufvmcJo h nf/ xd[ k 'Dqyf nm&Sirf sm;u wpfcEk iS w hf pfck qefu Y siv f su&f adS om ['Dqrf sm;ESihf pyfvsO;f í cJjG crf;pdwjf zmoH;k oyfNy;D &Si;f vif;usr;f rsm; ay:aygufvmcJo h nf/ xdu k o hJ yYkd if ['Dqyf nm&Sirf sm;u ['Dqrf sm;udk avhvmvdu k pf m;Edik &f ef vG,u f al prnfh Mum;cHynm&yfrsm;udk a&;om;az:jycJMh uonf/ xdu k o hJ Ydk ['Dqrf sm;udk em;vnfoabmayguf&eftwGuf ['Dqrf sm;udk tus,zf iG q hf u kd sr;f rsm;? ['Dqrf sm;udk avhvmvdu k pf m;&mü taxmuftuljyKynm&yfrsm;qdik &f m tpövmrfhtwdwfordkif;rS t,l0g'qdkif&m&IyfaxG;rIrsm;

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OD;pd;k vGi(f Nidr;f csrf;vQyfppf)

50

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uJjG ym;qefu Y siaf om ['Dqrf sm; tbDtrmrm;ocifu pdkufysdK;a&;tay: wrefawmfjrwf\ rdefYacRcsufudk Mum;od&onfrSm? pdu k yf sKd ;a&;vkyu f ikd af om tdro f Ykd tv’m[ft&Sijf rwfu *kPo f u d m© edryhf g;apolrsm;rSty? tjcm;rnfow l pfO;D wpfa,mufurkd Q 0ifaprnfr[kw[ f k rdeMYf um;cJo h nf/ (Alcg&Dusr;f pdu k yf sKd ;a&;u@) xdk['Dqfudk Munfhjcif;tm;jzifh wrefawmfjrwfonf pdkufysdK;a&;udkrESpfoufaMumif; xif&Sm;aeayonf/ pdkufysdK;jcif;onf tusdK;r&Sdaomvkyfief;jzpfNyD;? pdkufysdK;olrsm;onf tv’m[f t&Sijf rwf\xHawmfyg;wGif *kPo f u d m© edru hf saom olrsm;jzpfaeayonf/ az:jyyg ['Dqrf sm;ESiphf yfvsO;f Ny;D ? tpövmrfukd odum© csvakd omta&SUwdik ;f om;tcsKd Uu tpövmrf omoemwGif pdkufysdK;a&;ESifhpyfvsOf; aom&yfwnfcsufonf tvGef&kyfqkd;tusnf;wefvSyg\[k az:jyyg['Dqw f pfrsKd ;wnf;udk ud;k um;a&;om;Muonf/ trSew f u,fyif az:jyyg['Dqu f 4if;wdq Yk o kd uJo h Ykd &nfñeT ;f ygoavm/ odrYk [kwf tpövmrf omoemwGif pdu k yf sKd ;a&;ESiphf yfvsO;f Ny;D rnfuo hJ Ykd cH,yl goenf;qdo k nfh apm'ursm;udk xyfqifw h ifjyrnfh ['Dqrf sm;udk avhvmMurnfqv kd Qif? txufuaz:jyNyD;[ k 'DqEf iS hf ,ckwifjy['Dqrf sm;onf rl&if;pm om;ESit hf "dymÜ ,f wpfcEk iS w hf pfck zDvm qefu Y siaf eonfukd awGU&ygrnf/ r'D e mNrd K Uom; tef q G m &f q G [ mbmBuD ; rsm; tm;vH k ; vk d v d k onf pd k u f y sd K ;jcif ; vk y f i ef ; jzif h toufarG;0rf;ausmif;jyKorl sm; jzpfMuygonf/ odaYk omfjim;vnf; wrefawmfjrwfonf rnfonft h cgrQ xdk tefqmG &f qG[mbmBu;D rsm;tm; pdu k yf sKd ;a&;vkyif ef;rsm;udk pGeUf vTwMf u&ef trdeaYf y;jcif; tvsi;f r&Scd ahJ y/ tpövmrfomoemh Oya'ynwfcsurf sm;wGiv f nf; pdu k yf sKd ;a&;ESiphf yfvsO;f í wm;jrpfcsuw f pfpw kH pf&m r&Scd ahJ y/ Alcg&Dusrf;ESifh rGwfpvifrfusrf; ESpfusrf;pvHk;wGif tqdknDpGmaz:jyxm;aom ['DqfrSm? tMuifrw G pf vifrw f pfO;D onf xGe, f ufpu kd yf sKd ; cJ\ h / xdpk u kd cf if;rS oD;ESrH sm;teuf vlrsm;? iSurf sm;? wd&pämefrsm;? pm;Muygu xdpk u kd cf if;&Sit f wGuf vSL'gef;rI\tusKd ;udk &&Srd nfjzpf onf/ teqfocifu qifjh yefco hJ nf/ (Alcg&Dusr;f ? ['Dq-f 1001) rGwpf vifru f sr;f wGif tvm;wl['Dqrf sKd ;udk *smAd&o f cifu qifjh yefco hJ nf/ wrefawmfjrwfu rdeq Yf ckd o hJ nfrmS tMuifrw G pf vifrw f pfO;D onf xGe, f ufpu kd yf sd K;cJ\ h / xdpk u kd cf if;rS rnforl qdk rnfonfw h &d pämef rqdk pm;oH;k ygu pdu k yf sKd ;oltwGuf ]] qG'u ´ m }} vSL'gef;jcif;rnf\/ tu,fí wpfO;D OD;u cd;k ,lpm;oH;k jcif;? wd&pämefrsm;0ifa&muf pm; oH;k jcif;? ouf&w dS pfO;D OD;twGuf &dum© jzpfjcif;tm;vH;k tusKH ;0ifonf/ tpövmrfhtwdwfordkif;rS t,l0g'qdkif&m&IyfaxG;rIrsm;

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OD;pd;k vGi(f Nidr;f csrf;vQyfppf) 51 (rGwpf vifru f sr;f ? pdu k yf sKd ;jcif;u@? ['Dq-f 1552) az:jyyg['Dqrf sm;onf ydik &f iS u f vSL'gef;jcif; ]] eD,of }} &nf&, G cf surf &Syd J olc;kd cd;k ,lpm;oH;k jcif;? wd&pämefrsm; 0ifa&mufpm;oH;k jcif;ouf&[ dS o l rQ pm;oH;k jcif;tm;jzifh ]] qG'u ´ m }} vSL'gef;rItusKd ;udk cHpm;& rnfjzpfonf/ pdu k yf sKd ;jcif;\ tusKd ;aus;Zl;ESiphf yfvsO;f Ny;D t[fr'f tpfAae [rfAvf\ rGqef 'fusr;f ESihf Alcg&Dusr;f wGif teqfocifwpfO;D wnf;u qifjh yefxm;onfrmS 4if;wdaYk cwfwiG f wpfO;D wpfa,muf\ vufxw J iG f pHyG vGeyf sKd ;yif wpfyifwnf;&Syd gu xdyk sKd ;yifwpfyifwnf;udpk u kd yf sKd ;Muyg[k wrefawmfjrwfu rdeq Y f ck d ah J vonf/(t[fr'frq G ef 'fusr;f ? twJ3G ? ['Dq-f 183? 184?195 ESih f Alcg&Dusr;f 6 S ESih f rGwpf vifrf usr;f tus,zf iG q hf ckd suf o ù=j ) az:jyyg ['Dqrf sm;tay: &Iaxmifph rkH S oH;k oyfMunfrh nfqv kd Qix f [ kd 'Dqrf sm;onf acwfwikd ;f ESihf tvGeaf vsmfnND yD; acwfrw DS ;dk wuf aomt,ltq ['Dqrf sm;jzpfayonf/ tv’m[ft&Sijf rwfonf urÇmajrBu;D udk obm0aygufyifrsm; pdu k yf ifrsm;jzifh zJUG pnf;wnf aqmufxm;jcif; jzpfayonf/ pdu k yf sKd ;a&;onf vlom;wd\ Yk b0&yf wnfcsut f wGuf r&Srd jzpf vdt k yfcsujf zpfayonf/ vlom;wpf&yfv;kH &Sio f efa&;? avmuD avmukw&Å m udp&ö yfrsm;udk aqmif&u G Ef ikd af &;rsm;onf pdu k yf sKd ;a&;ay:wGif tajccHvsuf &Sad yonf/ þonf pdu k yf sKd ;&efEiS hf pdu k yf sKd ;jcif;\tusKd ;rsm;ESihf pyfvsO;f í wrefawmfjrwf\ Mo0g'rsm;jzpfonf/ txufyg pdu k yf sKd ;a&;vkyu f ikd o f t l rd o f Ykd tv’m[ft&Sijf rwf\ *kPo f u d m© edrahf paomolrsm;rSty r0if&qdo k nfh ['Dqu f kd Alcg&Dusr;f wGif tbDtrmrm;u qifjh yefaom ['Dqjf zpfonf/ xd k [ 'D q f E S i f h tjcm;r[mom0uBuD ; rsm; qif h j yef c J h a om['D q f r sm;rS m wpf c k E S i f h w pf c k vH;k 0qefUusiv f su&f ydS gonf/ az:jyyg pdu k yf sKd ;a&;ESiphf yfvsO;f í uJv G q GJ efu Y siaf om ['Dqt f ay: Alcg&Dusr;f udk tus,zf iG q hf x kd m;aom tdrmrf tpfAae [*s&o f cif\ zof[v G b f m&Dusr;f wGif &Si;f vif;xm;onfrmS ?rGwpf vifrrf sm;twGuf *s[ d m'ftcsed w f iG f *s[ d m'fjyKjcif;om 0g*spAf f wm0efwpf&yfjzpfayonf/ xdak cwfwiG f tcsKd UrGwpf vifrrf sm;onf pdu k yf sKd ;p&dwt f m; aiGBuKd ,pl epfjzifh BuKd ,Nl y;D oD;ESaH y:csed w f iG f xdak iGtpm; oD;ESHuadk ps;avQmhí BudKwifowfrSwaf ompepfudk usifho;Hk Mu\/ (oD;ESrH pdkucf iftvsif aiGBudK,lNyD; oD;ESH\wefzdk;udk avQmhaps;jzifhBudKwifí owfrSwfjcif;onf twdk;oabmaqmifívnf;aumif;? pku d yf sKd ;yifrsm;udk jyKprk nfo h rl &Sí d pdu k yf sKd ;yifrsm;ysupf ;D oGm;ygu? olwpfyg;xHrS acs;aiGjyefrqyfEikd rf nfukd pd;k &drí f *s[ d m'fwiG f *s[ d m'fukd ausmcdik ;f olrsm;ESiphf yfvsO;f í rdeq Yf ckd ahJ om ['Dqjf zpfayonf/ tjcm;['Dqrf sm;wGif wrefawmfjrwfu rdeaYf cRco hJ nfrmS toifw\ Ykd pdu k yf sKd ;cif;rsm; qH;k &I;H jcif;u qH;k &H;I jcif;r[kw?f *s[ d m'fwiG q f ;kH &H;I ygu toifwt Ykd m;vH;k olwpfyg;\aus;uRef jzpfomG ;rnf[k rdeq Yf kd csu[ f 'Dqrf sm; yg0ifavonf/ az:jyyg ['Dqrf sm;onf umvHa'oHt H & wrefawmfjrwf\ rdeMYf um; aom['Dqrf sm;jzpfonf/ pdu k yf sKd ;a&; onf vlom;rsm;twGu?f tusKd ;&So d nf? pdu k yf sKd ;&rnf? ysKd ;yifwpfyif wnf;&Syd gu xdyk sKd ;yifwpfcw k nf;udk pdu k yf sKd ;&rnf/ *s[ d m'fumvwGif pdu k yf sKd ;cif;udpk eG í Yf *s[ d m'fwiG f yg0if&rnf/ pdu k yf sKd ;cif;qH;k &H;I jcif;onfypön;f qH;k &H;I jcif;omjzpfonf/ *s[ d m'fq;kH &H;I ygu vlrsKd ;wpfrsKd ;vH;k qH;k &H;I rnft h wGuf pdkufysdK;jcif;udk taMumif;jyKNyD; *sd[m'fudkausmckdif;cJhaomolrsm;ESifhpyfvsOf;NyD; tv’m[ft&Sifjrwf\ *kPo f u d m© edru hf sjcif;cH&ol rsm;[k qdjk cif;jzpfonf/ az:jyyg uJjG ym;jcm;em;aom ['Dqrf sm;onf t"duESio hf mrn udk tcsed t f cgay:wGirf w l nfí rdeq Yf ckd ahJ om ['Dqrf sm;jzpfayonf/ (a'gufwm ,lqzG u f &f'gG 0D\ / ! $  /$  ô #  ø# 7" ö   1  pmtky?f pdu k yf sKd ;jcif;u@rS aumufEw I w f ifjyonf/) ,,,,,,,,,,,, tpövmrfhtwdwfordkif;rS t,l0g'qdkif&m&IyfaxG;rIrsm;

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OD;pd;k vGi(f Nidr;f csrf;vQyfppf)

52

em;vnf&efcufcaJ om ['Dqrf sm;teuf Alcg&Dusr;f yg ae0if jcif;pyfvsO;f aom ['Dqw f pfy'k t f m; tdrmrf tpfAae [*s&f \ tus,zf iG q hf ckd suf ]] zof[v G &f bm&D }} usr;f wGi?f ]] tAlZ&focifonf AvD0wfausmif;wGif wrefawmfjrwfESifh twl&Sdae\/ xdktcsdefonf ae0ifcsed jf zpf\/ wrefawmfjrwfu J.   O C ú    E    C    *+   = td-k tAlZ&f? aeonf rnfonht f &yfoYkd 0ifomG ;onfukd toifoyd govm;/ tAlZ&focifutv’m[fEiS hf tv’m[f\wrefawmfu ydí k odygrnf[k ajzMum;cJ\ h / xdt k cg wrefawmfjrwfu p   NC  F    C ý  7 ' <   : C  8" 0  {ueftrSeaf eonf tv’m[f &Sijf rwf\yv’iaf wmfatmufoYkd OD;cs&ef iHUk vQKd ;oGm;jcif;jzpfonf [k rdeMfY um;cJo h nf/ tvm;wl Alcg&Dusr;f yg tjcm;['Dqw f pfy'k w f iG f aetm; aumif;uifwrefrsm;u vlw\ Ykd OD;acgif; txuf ? rd;k aumif;uifrS ae0if&m t&yfjzpfonfh tv’m[ft&Sijf rwf\ yv’iaf tmufoo Ykd ,faqmifomG ;Ny;D OD;csap\/ aemufaeY tv’m[ft&Sijf rwfu yv’if atmufrS xGuaf pcsut f rdet Yf & aeonf jyefxu G cf hJ avonf/ xdu k o hJ Ykd aeonf aeYpOfaexGu&f mt&yfrx S u G í f ae0if&mt&yfjzpf aom tv’m[ft&Sijf rwf\ yv’iaf tmufoYkd iHUk vQKd ;0ifa&mufí OD;csco hJ nf/ (Alcg&Dtus,zf iG hf zof[v G b f m&Dusr;f ? 4-231? 8-403?20-517) az:jyyg ['DqftrsdK;tpm;onf ]]qG[D[f}} qifhjyefol ]]qe'f}}tcsdwftquf rSefuefaom ['Dqrf sm;jzpfonf/ usr;f jrwfu&k t f mefp&l [f(36) tm,wf(38) wGi?f aevnfywfrEI iS phf yfvsO;f aom tm,wf udk az:jyyg['Dqrf sm;tm;jzifh (ozfp&D f tpfAaeuóD&?f [pf*s&?D 701-774)uzGiq hf x kd m;onf/ t&ADr&l if; ozfp&D u f sr;f twJ?G 3? pmrsuEf mS -589 rS 591 txdaz:jyyg ['Dqt f rsKd ;tpm; 10 yk't f m;jzifh &Si;f vif;xm; onf/

usr;f jrwfu&k t f mefyg aevnfywfyk H usr;f jrwfu&k t f mef pl&[f(36) tm,wf(38)wGi?f ]]4if;tjyif aeonfvnf; rdr\ d aeywfvrf;aMumif;xJwiG f vnfywfvsuf &Sad eonf/ þonfum; tvGew f &m Edik ef if;vTr;f rd;k awmfral om? t
eu©waÅ A' eu©waÅ A'qdik &f m pmwrf;wGif aeonfaeywfvrf;aMumif;xJ wGif vnfywfaeonfqakd om ody\ HÜ awGU&Sdcsufxuf usrf;jrwfuk&f tmefu ESpfaygif; axmifausmfapmí az:jyxm;aMumif;yg0ifonfh usr;f jrwfu&k t f mefukd zGiq hf &kd mü t&ADa0g[m&\ us,jf yefrY rI sm;udk &Iaxmifph rkH S zGiq hf Ekd ikd cf o hJ jl zpfonf/ 4if;\zGiq hf ckd suw f iG f ae\tvif;a&miftm; ]]a'G,m;tGe}f } [kvnf;aumif;? v\tvif;a&mifukd ]]El;&Ge}f }[lívnf;aumif;? usr;f jrwfu&k t f mefwiG f cJjG cm;oH;k EIe;f xm;aMumif;ESiphf yfvsO;f Ny;D ae\tvif; tpövmrfhtwdwfordkif;rS t,l0g'qdkif&m&IyfaxG;rIrsm;

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OD;pd;k vGi(f Nidr;f csrf;vQyfppf) 53 ]]a'G,m;tGef}} qdkonfrSm udk,fydkiftvif;? tjcm;t&m rsm;udknf; tvif;ay;aom tvif;a&mif[k t"dymÜ ,f&Ny;D ? v\ tvif; ]]El&eG }f } qdak om vif;a&mifjcnfonf rdr\ d ud, k yf ikd t f vif;a&mifr[kw/f tjcm;tvif;a&mif\ tvif;jyefrt I ay: vif;0 if;jcif;jzpfonf[k t"dymÜ ,f&aMumif; tvif;ESpcf u k ckd jGJ cm;í yxrOD;qH;k usr;f jrwfu&k t f mefukd acwfoyd jHÜ zifh zGiq hf ckd o hJ jl zpfonf/ Dr. Maurice Bucaille onf odyq HÜ ikd &f m &SmazGawGU&Scd surf sm;ESihf usr;f jrwfu&k t f mefyg odyq HÜ ikd &f m tm,wfrsm;udk ,SOw f í GJ az:jyEdik f cJo h jl zpfonf/ Oyrmtm;jzifh wifjy&rnfqv kd Qif pMu0VmBu;D onf tcsed f wdik ;f us,jf yefUvsu&f adS eaMumif;ud'k ' Hubble Radio Telescope''ac: tmumotEkMunfhrSefajymif;rSm ESpt f enf;i,ftvsiu f rS awGU&Scd sujf zpfayonf/ tmumoqdik &f m odyyHÜ nm&Sif rsm;u txufyg pMu0VmBu;D tcsdefwdkif; us,fjyefUvsuf&SdyHk &Sif;jy&mü avblabmif; wpfvHk;\tay:wGif a&mifpHktpuf tajymufrsm;wpfnDwpfnmwnf; a&;cs,fNyD; avblabmif;twGif;odkY jznf;jznf;avrIwfoGif;ygu avblabmif;tay:wGif a&;cs,fxm;aom tpuftajymufrsm;onfwpfckESifhwpfck [efcsufnDnD tuGmta0;tcsKd ;nDpmG a0;uGmvsu&f adS yrnf/ pMu0VmBu;D onfvnf; us,jf yefUvsu&f &dS m? pMu0VmwGi&f adS e aomN*Kd [rf sm;tm;vH;k onfvnf; [efcsun f n D D tuGmta0; tcsKd ; nDpmG us,jf yefv Y su&f adS eaMumif;udk az:jyygtEkMunfh tmumorSef ajymif;rS awGU&Scd MhJ uonf/ usr;f jrwfu&k t f mef pl&[f(5) tm,wf(47)wGi?f ]] igt&Sijf rwfonf rd;k aumif;uifukd us,jf yefv Y su&f adS om t&mtjzpf zefqif;cJ\ h }} az:jyyg pMu0VmBu;D us,jf yefaY erItay: odyaHÜ wGU&Scd suEf iS u hf sr;f jrwfu&k t f mefyg az:jyrIwu Ykd kd ,SOw f aGJ z:jyoljzpfonf/

acwfwik d ;f twGuf vrf;ñTeu f sr;f usrf;jrwfu&k t f mefonf vlom;wpf&yfv;kH twGuf ud,mrof aeYwikd f vrf;ñTev f suf&adS ernfh usr;f jzpfonf/ xdu k sr;f yg tm,wfrsm; udk acwftqufqufziG q hf ckd MhJ uaom 6 #  rsm;\zGiq hf ckd surf sm;onf 4if;wdaYk cwf? 4if;wdu Yk mvESio hf m tH0if*iG u f s jzpfayrnf/ acwfopfoyd q HÜ ikd &f m zHUG NzKd ;wd;k wufrI tavsmuf acwfopftjrifEiS hf zGiq hf ckd surf sm;onf xdak cwf xdu k mvESihf avsmn f aD om odyq HÜ ikd &f m pG,pf u kH sr;f tjzpf jrifawGU&rnfjzpfonf/ aemif ESpaf ygif;rsm;pGmaemufyikd ;f ru? ud,m rofwikd f acwfopfoyd yHÜ nm&yfrsm;ESihf acwfopfoyd q HÜ ikd &f m ynm&Sif rsm;\ a&SUrStjr&J adS ernfh usr;f jrwfjzpfonf/ usrf;jrwfuk&ftmeftm; vlom;wdkY\ b0vrf;ñTefrI &IaxmifhrS Munfhjcif;tm;jzifhvnf; urÇmOh ya'pG,pf u kH sr;f tjzpf jrifawGU&ayrnf/ usr;f jrwfu&k t f meftm; tv’m[ft&Sijf rwf\ u&kPm&vdrk I jzifh zwf&w G o f &Zösm,fjcif;tm;jzifv h nf; tv’m[ft&Sijf rwf\ u&kPmrsm;udk &&Scd pH m;&rnfjzpfayonf/ usr;f jrwfu&k t f meftm; owif;aumif;tjzpf zwf&aI vhvm rnfqv kd Qif rGwpf vifrrf sm;twGuf owif;aumif;ay;aom usr;f tjzpfawGU&Sd cHm;&rnfjzpfonf/ tb,faMumifq h akd omf------usr;f jrwfu&k t f mef pl&[f(16) tm,wf(86)wGi?f ]]igt&Sifonf toifhtay:odkY usrf;jrwfuk&ftmefudk t&mcyfodrf;wdkY\ &Sif;vif;csuf tjzpfvnf;aumif;? vrf;ñTerf t I jzpfvnf; aumif;? r[mu&kPmtjzpfvnf;aumif;? owif;aumif; tjzpfvnf;aumif;? tv’m[ft&Sijf rwftm; tyfEiS ;f olrsm;twGuf csay;cJh avonf }} usr;f jrwfu&k t f mef pl&[f(41) tm,wf(53)wGi?f ]] rMumjrifrh D igt&Sio f nf xdo k w l Ukd tm; rsuaf phwpfq;kH jrifawGU&aom rd;k ukwpf uf0ikd ;f twGi;f rsm;ü tpövmrfhtwdwfordkif;rS t,l0g'qdkif&m&IyfaxG;rIrsm;

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OD;pd;k vGi(f Nidr;f csrf;vQyfppf)

54

vnf;aumif;? xdo k w l \ Ykd cE¨mud, k u f , kd rf sm;twGi;f üvnf;aumif;? igt&Sijf rwf\ oufaovu©Pmrsm; udk jyoawmfrrl nf/ aemufq;kH wGif 4if;wdüYk {uefpifppf (usr;f jrwfu&k t f mef)rSeu f efaMumif; odomxif&mS ;í vmayrnf }}[kred q Yf x kd m;\/

wrefawmfjrwf\ wm0efonf usr;f jrwfu&k t f mef pl&[f(6) tm,wf(19)wGi?f ]] (td-k eAD) rnfo\ l oufaocHjcif;onf tBu;D us,q f ;kH jzpfygoenf;[k xdo k w l t Ykd m; ar;ygav/ toifuyif ajymMum;ygav/ tv’m[ft&Sijf rwfonfyif uREfyk Ef iS t hf oifwpYkd yfMum;wGif oufao jzpfawmfryl gonf/ pifppf uREykf \ f xH0 ,f þusr;f jrwfu&k t f mefonf(tv’m[ft&Sijf rwf xHawmfrS ) 0[Dtjzpf ydcYk scjhJ cif;jzpfayonf/ xdu k sr;f jrwfu&k t f mefjzif?h toifwt Ykd m;vnf;aumif;? xdu k sr;fjrwfu&k f tmef a&muf&adS omolwt Ykd m; vnf;aumif;? owday;Ed;I aqmf&ef jzpfayonf }} usr;f jrwfu&k t f mef pl&[f(16) tm,wf(44)wGi?f ]] xdrk w S pfyg; igt&Sijf rwfonf toifx h o H Ykd usr;f jrwfu&k t f mefukd csay;awmfrcl \ hJ / toifonf vlom;wdt Yk m; xdu k sr;f yg trdeYf ynwfcsurf sm;udk tao;pdw&f iS ;f vif;jyo&ef vnf;aumif;? xdo k w l o Ykd nf pOf;pm;qifjcifMutHah omiSm vnf;aumif;? jzpfayonf }} usr;f jrwfu&k t f mef pl&[f(4) tm,wf(105)wGi?f ]] {uef igt&Sio f nf toifx h o H Ykd usr;f jrwfu&k t f mefukd rSef uefrEI iS w hf uG csay;cJ\ h / toifonf xdo k w l pYkd yfMum;0,f tv’m[ft&Sijf rwf jyoawmfro l nft h wdik ;f qH;k jzwfygav }} usr;f jrwfu&k t f mef pl&[f(16) tm,wf(64)wGi?f ]] pifppfaomfum; igt&Sijf rwfonf toif\tay:odYk usr;f jrwf uk&t f mefukd csay;cJo h nfrmS toifonf 4if;wdt k m; uJv G GJ vsu&f dS cJMh uaom taMumif;t&mrsm;udk &Si;f vif;tHah omiSm vnf; aumif;? ouf0if,MkH unfow l t Ykd zdYk w&m;vrf;ñTet f jzpfvnf;aumif;? u&kPm tjzpfvnf;aumif; csay;awmf rlcahJ vonf }} usr;f jrwfu&k t f mef pl&[f(5) tm,wf(48)wGi?f ]] 4if;tjyif (tdk-eAD) igt&Sifonf toifhxHodkY rSefuefaom usrf; jrwfuk&ftmefudk xkwjf yefcsrw S af wmfrcl ahJ vonf/ xdu k sr;f onf4if;tvsi&f cdS ahJ om usr;f rsm;udk axmufcv H su&f \ dS / 4if;tjyif ,if; usr;f rsm;udv k nf; xde;f odr;f apmifah &Smuf\/ odjYk zpfay&m (td-k eAD)toifonf xdo k w l \ Ykd pyfMum;0,f tv’m[ft&Sijf rwf xkwjf yef csrw S cf hJ onfu h sr;f *efEiS t hf nD w&m;qH;k jzwfygav/ 4if;tjyif toif onfrrd d xHa&muf&v dS maom rSeu f efaomusr;f udpk eG Uf í 4if;wd\ Yk tvdq k E´ udk rvdu k af vESihf }} usr;f jrwfu&k t f mef pl&[f(5) tm,wf(67)wGi?f ]] td-k &plvw f refawmf toifonf rdr\ d t&Sijf rwfxrH S rdrx d H odYk csay;jcif;cH&aom a'oemrsm;udk ydaYk qmifa[mMum;ygav/ tu,fí toifonf ydaYk qmifjcif;rjyKcyhJ gvQif toifonf xdt k &Sijf rwf\ taMumif;Mum;csuu f kd ydaYk qmifonf rrnfacs/ (wenf;)eAD wrefawmfjzpfjcif;\ wm0efukd aus >yefpmG aqmif&u G o f nf rrnfacs/ txufaz:jyyg tm,wfrsm;udk Munfjh cif;tm;jzifh wrefawmf jrwfonf usrf;jrwfyg Oya'rsm;udk tao;pdwf&Sif;vif;jyol? vufawGUtao;pdwf taumiftxnfaz:jyoljzpfonf/ xdw k refawmfjrwf\usr;f jrwfyg Oya'rsm;udk tao;pdw&f iS ;f vif;jycsu?f az:jycsu?f b0 wnfaqmufjyrIrsm;udk tpövmrfhtwdwfordkif;rS t,l0g'qdkif&m&IyfaxG;rIrsm;

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OD;pd;k vGi(f Nidr;f csrf;vQyfppf) 55 ]] pGE[ é f }} [kac:qdo k nf/ xdk pGE[ é f rsm;onf usr;f jrwfu&k t f mefEiS t hf wl ud,mrofaeYwikd f &Sio f efaernfh Oya'rsm;jzpfayonf/ wrefawmfjrwfonf tv’m[ft&Sijf rwf\ ydcYk scahJ om ]] 0[D }} rSví GJ rdro d abmjzifh bmwpfcrk Q ajymqdjk cif; r&Scd ahJ y/ wrefawmfjrwf\ ajymqdjk cif;onf tv’m[ft&Sijf rwf\ xkwjf yefycYkd saom 0[Dtwdik ;f om ajymqdo k nf/ usr;f jrwfu&k t f mef pl&[f(53) tm,wf (3-4)ü?]] xdrk w S pfyg; (wrefawmf)onf (rdr)d pdwt f vdq k E´t& ajymqdk avhr&Sad y/ ,if;ajymqdrk u I m; tv’m[ft&Sijf rwf\ xkwjf yefycYkd saom ]]0[D}} xkwjf yefcsujf zpfonf }} az:jyyg tm,wf\ 0 [D qdo k nfrmS usr;f jrwfu&k t f mefuq dk jkd cif;jzpfonf/ txufwiG f wifjycJah om pl&[f(6) tm,wf(19)t&?«pifppf uREfyk x f 0H ,f xdu k srf;jrwfu&k t f mefonf (tv’m[fxaH wmfr)S 0[D tjzpfycYkd sjcif; jzpfonf/» wrefawmfjrwfxo H Ykd tv’m[ft&Sijf rwfpwif 0[DycYkd scsd ef ]] wrefawmfjrwfonf tv’m[ft&Sijf rwf\ a&G;cs,cf &H aom eADjzpfaMumif; }} trsm;olimS u ,HMk unf&efrmS t"duusaomtcsujf zpf ayonf/ xdt k csuo f nf tpövmrfomoem pwifcsed w f iG v f t kd yfaom ,HMk unfryI ikd ;f qdik &f m u@jzpfonf/ xdt k csuu f kd ,HMk unforl sm;twGuf wrefawmfjrwfxcH say;aom 0[D (ac:) usr;f jrwfu&k w f iG f az:jyxm;aom wpfyg;wnf;aomtv’m[ft&Sijf rwfukd ,HMk unfEikd rf nfjzpfonf/ xdw k pfyg;wnf;aom tv’m[ft&Sijf rwfukd vufc, H MkH unfjcif;tm;jzif?h aemifwrefveG b f 0? aumif;uifwrefrsm;? *sEo é o f ck bH?k *s[Eért f y,fi&J? ud,mrof(ac:)aoNy;D aemuf jyefvnf&iS o f efjcif;? aumif;jrwfaom usiphf Ofusi&hf yf\ &v'ftusKd ;? raumif;aom usiphf Ofusi&hf yf\ qd;k usKd ;rsm;udk tpm;ay;rnfah eY? urÇmOD;tprS acwftqufquf apvTwcf ahJ om eADwrefawmfrsm; taMumif;? xdek ADwrefawmfrsm;\ ajcz0g;xyfwl vdu k ef musio hf ;kH olrsm;udk tv’m[ft&Sijf rwf ab;tEÅ&m,ftoG,o f , G rf S umuG,cf o hJ nft h aMumif;rsm;? xdek ADwrefawmfr sm;tm; qefu Y sicf o hJ rl sm;tay: usa&mufcahJ om ab;tEÅ&,frsm;taMumif;tjyif? qGvmof? Zumof?qG, d mrf? [*sf uJhodkYaom jyKvkyfaqmif&Guf&rnfh tydkif;rsm;ESifh wm;jrpfxm;aom jypfrI'kp&kdufrsm;taMumif;rsm;udk em;vnfoabmayguf vdu k ef musio fh ;kH Ekid rf nfjzpfonf/ tv’m[ft&Sifjrwfu 0[Dtjzpf wrefawmfjrwfudk csay; aom usrf;jrwfuk&ftmefukd jyefvnfajymjyolrmS wrefawmfjrwfjzpfonf/ xdw k refawmfjrwfu ajymjycJah om uk&t f mefonf wrefawmf u olo Y abmESio hf l ajymjyjcif;r[kw/f tv’m[ft&Sijf rwfu 0[DycYkd sonft h wkid ;f om ajymjcif;jzpfonf[k tv’m[ft&Sijf rwfu vlom; wpf&yfv;kH udk av;av;eufeuf ,HMk unfEidk &f ef rdeq Yf x kd m;aomv’m[fyUkd csaom 0[Drsm;udk wrefawmfu vdw k ;kd ydak vQmh wnf;jzwfjcif;rjyKyJ twdtusajymonfrmS rSeu f efygonf/ toifwYkd ,HMk unfMu? tu,fí wrefawmfu tv’m[fycYkd saom 0[Drsm;udk wrefawmfjrwfu vdw k ;kd ydak vQmjh yKvyk cf v hJ Qi?f rnfuo hJ Ykd ta&;,lrnfqkd onfukd usr;f jrwfu&k t f mef pl&[f(69) tm,wf(44-45-46)wdüYk ?-] ]] pif p pf a omf u m; tu,f í om xd k ( eAD ) onf igt&S i f j rwf \ tcsd K Uaompum;rsm;ud k vkyMf uaH jymqdck yhJ gvQi?f igt&Sio f nf 4if;\ vuf,mudk qJaG wmfrrl nf/ xdaYk emuf igt&Sio f nf 4if;\ESv;kH aMum udk jzwfawmufawmf rlcahJ yrnf }}

0[Dqo kd nfrmS usr;f jrwfu&k t f mefwiG f ysm;rsm;xHoUkd tv’m[ft&Sijf rwfu 0[D csay;aMumif;yg0ifayonf/ tvm;wl ud,mrofaeYwiG f urÇm ajrBu;D udk 0[D ydí Yk owif;pum;udk ajymqdak prnf[k yg0ifayonf/ rlqm(f)\ rdcifxo H Ykd 0[Dcsay;aMumif;yg0ifayonf/r&f,rfocif rxHoYkd aumif;uifwrefwpfyg;udk apvTwí f ydaYk y;aaom owif; pum;onfvnf; 0[D jzpfayonf/ tpövmrfhtwdwfordkif;rS t,l0g'qdkif&m&IyfaxG;rIrsm;

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OD;pd;k vGi(f Nidr;f csrf;vQyfppf) 56 az:jyyg usrf;jrwfu&k t f meft& ? wrefawmfr[kwo f rl sm;? ysm;owÅ0grsm;? urÇmajrBuD;tm; ydcYk sonf0h [Drsm;ESihf eADwrefawmfrsm;xHycYkd say;aom 0[D rsm;\ uGmjcm;csurf sm;udk od&efrmS tvGet f a&;yg aom tcsujf zpfayonf/ az:jyyg rlqm(f) \rdcif? tDqm(f) \rdcif r&f,rfocifrwdt Yk m; csay;cJah om 0[Drsm;rSm 4if;wdEYk iS o hf mqdik af om 0[Dowif; pum;rsm; jzpfayonf/ trsm;olimS ESiq hf ikd af om 0[Drsm;r[kwaf y/ wrefawmfrsm;xHoYkd csay;aom0[Drsm;rSm xdw k refawmfrsm;ud, k pf m;jyKí yGiahf y:&aom vlrsKd ;pkrsm;? e,fy,frsm;? acwfrsm;wGi&f o dS rl sm;ESiq hf ikd af om 0[Drsm;jzpfayonf/ usr;f jrwfu&k t f mefwiG f eAD wrefawmf rsm;onf acwfwikd ;f ? ae&mwdik ;f ? vlrsKd ;wdik ;f wGif xdak cwf? xdak e&m xdv k rl sKd ;pkrsm;twGuf w&m;vrf;nTerf jI yK&ef apvTwcf ah J yonf/ az:jyyg acwfwikd ;f ? ae&mwkid ;f ? vlrsKd ;wdik ;f wGif yGiahf y:cJMh uaomeADwrefawmfrsm;xH usa&mufcahJ om 0[Drsm;onfvnf;? xdek AD wrefawmfrsm; r&So d nfah emufyikd ;f wGif rl&if;rsm; uG,af ysmufc&hJ avonf/ az:jyygwrefawmfrsm;? 4if;wdx Yk u H sa&mufcahJ om 0[Drsm;ESiw hf refawmfjrwf rk[r®'(f ) ESihf xdw k refawmfjrwfxH usa&mufaom0[D(ac:)usr;f jrwfu&k t f mef\ uGmjcm;csuu f v kd nf; odxm;&ef ta&; ygvSayonf/ usr;f jrwfu&k t f mefwiG f wrefawmfjrwftm; ú ! $  ù7H  ' ? eADwrefawmfrsm;\ OaoQmif(0g) k m;ayonf/ aemufq;kH eAD[k qdx k m; onf/ ú   '   /    pMu0VmteE´twGuf r[mu &kPm&Sif [k qdx xdw k refawmfjrwfxH 0[Dtjzpfcsay; cJah om usr;f jrwfu&k t f mefukd ú   '   1 *  pMu0Vmwpfcv k ;kH twGuf vrf;ñTeu f sr;f [kqx kd m;ayonf/ az:jyyg wrefawmfjrwfxo H Ykd 0[Dtjzpfcsay;aom uk&t f mefrmS urÇmv h o l m;rsm;ESihf qdik af om? ud,mrofaeYwikd ?f vlom;wpf&yfv;kH vdu k ef musio fh ;kH &rnfh vlom;wd\ Yk b0wnfaqmufrI Oya'usr;f Bu;D jzpfayonf/ xd0k [D Oya'Bu;D udk csay;cJjh cif;? xdOk ya'usr;f yg pum;vH;k rsm; ]] \onf rvJG }} rl&if;twkid ;f tjrx J m0& xde;f odr;f jcif;udk tv’m[ft&Sijf rwf ud, k af wmfwikd f wm0ef,x l m;ayonf/ usr;f jrwfu&k t f mef pl&[f(15) tm,wf(9)wGi?f ]] {uefpifppf igt&SifjrwfonfyifvQif qHk;rMo0g'wnf;[l aom usrf;jrwfuk&ftmefudk csay;awmfrcl \ hJ / xdrk w S pfyg; {ueftrSeif gt&Sio f nfyifvQi?f xd(k usr;f )udk xde;f odr;f apmifah &Smufawmfrrl nfh t&Sijf zpfayonf }} wref a wmf o nf aemuf q H k ; wref a wmf j zpf o nf / wref awmf j rwf \ aemuf w G i f eADyiG ahf y:&efr&Sad wmhay/ wrefawmfjrwf onf urÇmv h o l m;wpf&yfv;kH twGuf yGiahf y:cJah om eADwrefawmfjzpf onf/ urÇmv h o l m;wpf&yfv;kH twGuf aemufq;kH yGiahf y:cJah om wrefawmfjrwfxH 0[Dtjzpfcsay;cJah om usr;f jrwfu&k t f mefonfvnf; vlom;wpf&yfv;kH twGuf jynf0uHv k NkHy;D ? Ny;D jynfph o kH nfh vlom;wpf&yf vH;k twGuf b0wnfaqmufrIOya' jzpfavonf/ usrf;jrwfuk&f tmefonf vlom;b0wpfckvHk;twGuf vrf;ñTeu f sr;f jzpfonf/

wrefawmfjrwf\ pum;tm;vH;k 0[Djzpfoavm/ txufwiG f az:jycJo h nfh usr;f jrwfu&k t f mef pl&[f(53) tm,wf (3-4)wdw Yk iG ?f ]] xdkrSwpfyg; wrefawmfonf rdrd\ pdwftvdkqE´t& ajymqdkavhr&Sd/ ,if;ajymqdkrIum; tv’m[ft&Sijf rwf\ xkwjf yefycYkd saom0[D xkwjf yefcsujf zpfonf }} az:jyyg tm,wfonf wrefawmfjrwfujyefvnfajymjy aom usr;f jrwfu&k t f mefwpftyk v f ;kH udk qdjk cif;jzpfonf/ xdu k &k t f mefyg tm,wfrsm;tm;vH;k onf wrefawmfjrwfu rdro d abmESihf ajym jcif;r[kw/f tpövmrfhtwdwfordkif;rS t,l0g'qdkif&m&IyfaxG;rIrsm;

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OD;pd;k vGi(f Nidr;f csrf;vQyfppf) 57 wrefawmfjrwf\ ajymMum;csuo f nf tv’m[ft&Sif jrwfu xkwjf yefycYkd saom 0[D xkwjf yefcsujf zpfonf[k qdkjcif;jzpfonf/ txufyg 0[Dtwdkif;om wrefawmfjrwfu qdkjcif;jzpfonfqdkaomtcsufonf usr;f jrwfu&k t f mefukd qdjk cif;jzpfaMumif; 6 #  tm;vH;k tqdn k pD mG vufcx H m;ayonf/ wrefawmfjrwfu eADtjzpf pwifaMunmcsdefwGif t&AfrsdK; EG,ftm;vHk; vdkvdku apm'u wufMuonfrmS toifeADjzpfaMumif;ESihf tv’m[ft&Sijf rwfxrH S 0[Dtjzpf csay;aom tm,wfrsm; rSeu f ef aMumif;udk oufaojyyg[k qdck MhJ uonf/ xdt k csed w f iG f usr;f jrwfu&k t f mef pl&[f (6) tm,wf(19) usa&mufco hJ nf/ ]] (td-k eAD) rnfo\ l oufaocHjcif;onftBu;D qH;k jzpfygoenf;[k qdo k w l t Ykd m; ar;ygav/ toifuyif ajymMum;ygav/ tv’m[ft&Sijf rwfonfyif uREykf Ef iS fh toifwpYkd yfMum;wGif oufaojzpfawmfryl gonf/ pifppf uREfkyfxH0,f þusrf;jrwfuk&ftmefonf tv’m[fxHawmfrS 0 [Dtjzpf ydkYcscJhjcif;jzpfonf/ xdu k sr;f jrwfu&k t f meftm;jzift h oifwt Ykd m;vnf;aumif;? xdu k sr;f jrwfu&k t f mefa&muf&adS omolwYkd tm;vnf;aumif;? owday;Ed;I aqmf&ef jzpfayonf }} wrefawmfjrwfonf vlom;obm0tavsmuf ajymrSm;qdrk mS ;&Scd ahJ Mumif; usr;f jrwfu&k t f mef pl&[f(66) tm,wf(1)wGi?f ]] tdk-eADwrefawmf igt&Sifjrwfu cGifhjyKxm;onfh oefY&Sif; aomt&mrsm;udk toifu? toif\ZeD;rsm;\ tvdu k stb,f aMumifh ]] [&mrf }} [lí wm;jrpfoenf; }} tvm;wl pl&[f(18) tm,wf(23-24)wGi?f ]] td-k wrefawmf wpfpw kH pf&mESiphf yfvsO;f í tv’m[ft&Sijf rwftvdw k yl gvQiq f akd om pum;vH;k rqdyk ?J eufjzefvyk rf nf(ajymrnf)qdk onfh toH;k tEIe;f udk b,faomtcgrQ rqdak vESihf }} usr;f jrwfu&k t f mef pl&[f(18) tm,wf(110)wGi?f ]] (td-k eAD) toifajymMum;vdu k ?f uREykf o f nf toifwu Ykd o hJ aYkd om vlom;jzpfonf/ odaYk omf uREykf x f o H Ykd 0[D ydcYk sjcif;cHc&hJ onf }} Alcg&Dusr;f ESihf rGwpf vifru f sr;f wdw Yk iG f tqdn k pD mG az:jycJah om['Dqrf sm;?ù1 ;? * ý"1:0N" *04$C1ý" ù5 a#].+" "  (  ,÷67#) úCFF ùn  ,ù7 0  7 0 CÈmý0 uREykf o f nf toifwu Ykd o hJ Ykd vlom;jzpfonf/ toifwaYkd rhwwfouJo h Ykd uREykf v f nf; arhrmS ;wwfonf/ uREykf \ f qGvmofrsm;wGif rSm;,Gi;f rI&ydS gu trSm;jyifay;yg/ odrYk [kwf p*s'f [fq[l jyKyg/ az:jyyg usrf ; jrwf u k & f t mef t m,wf r sm;t& vnf ; aumif ; ? ['D q f t &vnf ; aumif ; ? wrefawmfjrwfonf vlom;wpfO;D jzpfonf/ vlom;obm0 arhrmS ;ajymqdrk rI sm; &Scd o hJ nft h wGuf usr;f jrwfu&k t f mefwiG f wrefawmfjrwftm; wdu k &f u kd f wm;jrpfcjhJ cif; jzpfayonf/

uk&t f mefrt S y tjcm;0[Drsm; wrefawmfjrwfxo H Ykd usr;f jrwfu&k t f mef 0[Dtjyif tjcm;0[Drsm; usa&mufcjhJ cif; &Srd &Sq d akd om udp&ö yfEiS phf yfvsO;f í wrefawmfxo H u Ykd rÇmv h o l m;wpf&yfv;kH ESiq hf ikd af om ud,mrofaeYwikd f wnf&adS ernfjzpf aom usrf;jrwfu&k t f mef 0[Donf vlUb0wpfavQmufv;kH twGuf NyD;jynfph ckH NhJ yDjzpfaMumif; pl&[f(5) tm,wf(3)wGi?f tpövmrfhtwdwfordkif;rS t,l0g'qdkif&m&IyfaxG;rIrsm;

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OD;pd;k vGi(f Nidr;f csrf;vQyfppf) 58 ]] ,aeYaomfum;igt&Sio f nf toifwt Ykd zdYk ]'De}f omoemudk Ny;D jynfph akH wmfrcl ahJ vonf/ 4if;tjyif igt&Sifonf tpövmrfom oemudk toifwdkYtzdkY b0wnfaqmufrIvrf;pOftjzpf oabmwl ESpNf rKd§ Uawmfrcl ahJ vonf }} txufygtm,wft& tpövmrfomoemNy;D jynfph ckH o hJ nfrmS wrefawmfjrwf ruG,v f eG rf D (8 1) &uftvdu k yif jzpfayonf/ xdu k sr;f jrwfu&k t f mef 0[Drsm;udk wrefawmfjrwfu rdru d , kd w f ikd f tm*Hk aqmif rSww f rf;wifco hJ nf/ tv’m[ft&Sijf rwfu, kd w f idk u f wref awmfjrwftm; pl&[f(87) tm,wf (6-7)wdw Yk iG ?f ]] igt&Sio f nf toift h m;zwfMum;apawmfrrl nf/ odjYk zpfay&mtv’m[fjrwf tvdak wmf&o dS nfrt S y? toifonf arhavsmrf &I rdS nfr[kwf awmhNyD }} az:jyygtm,wfonf wrefawmfjrwftm; tv’m[ft&Sif jrwfu usrf;jrwfu&k t f mef0[Dukd rarhEikd af omenf;jzifh oifMum;ay;cJjh cif;jzpfonf/ wrefawmfjrwfonf usr;f jrwfu&k t f mef 0[Drsm; pwif usa&mufcsed rf S Ny;D jynfph o kH nftxd 23 ESpv f ;kH vH;k 4if;ud, k w f ikd f tvGwu f surf w S jf cif;? qG[mbmrsm;udv k nf; tvGwfusufrSwfapjcif;? ay y&ydkufrsm;ay:wGifvnf; rSwfwrf;wifapjcif;/ xdk0[DOya'rsm;udk qG[mbmrsm;ESit hf wl b0wnfaqmufjcif;tm;jzifh vufawGU taumiftxnfaz: usio hf ;kH cJah vonf/ refawmfjrwfonf usr;f jrwfu&k t f mefuo hJ Ykd vlom;wpf&yf vH;k ESiq hf ikd af om tjcm;0[Drsm;&Scd yhJ gu usr;f jrwfu&k t f mefukd rSww f rf;wifouJo h Ykd tjcm;trsm;ESiq hf ikd af om 0[Drsm;udv k nf; rSww f rf;wifcrhJ nfjzpf ayonf/ wrefawmfjrwfxo H Ykd wrefawmfwpfO;D wnf;ESiq hf ikd af om tjcm;0[Drsm; usa&mufcahJ Mumif; usr;f jrwfu&k t f mefwiG f az:jyxm;ayonf/ usr;f jrwfu&k t f mef pl&[f(4) tm,wf(113)wGi?f ]] 4if;jyif tv’m[ft&Sifjrwfonf toif\tay:0,f usrf;jrwfuk&ftmefudkvnf;aumif;? ÓPfynmudv k nf;aumif;? csay;awmfrcl \ hJ / 4if;jyif toifrodem;rvnfcahJ om t&mrsm;udv k nf; toifh tm; oifMum;jyoawmf rlc\ hJ }} usr;f jrwfu&k t f mef pl&[f(2) tm,wf(151)wGi?f ]] igt&Sio f nf toifwx Ykd 0H ,f toifwt Ykd eufrS &plvw f pfyg;udak pvTwcf \ hJ / xdw k refawmfonf igt&Sijf rwfycYkd saom a'oemrsm;udk toifwYakd &SU0,f &Gwzf wfo&Zösm,fonf/ xdjYk yif toifw\ Ykd pdwfESvHk;rsm;udk oefYpifatmifjyKay;onf/ xdkrQru toifwdkYtm;usrf;*efESifh todtvdr®mrsm;udk oifMum;jyocJah vonf/ xdjYk yif toifwYkd rodem;rvnfaom taMumif;t&m t&yf&yfwu Ykd v kd nf; oifMum;ay;cJo h nf }} az:jyyg tm,wfrsm;t& wrefawmfjrwftm; tv’m[ft&Sijf rwfu oifMum;ay;cJo h nf/ xdu k o hJ Ykd wrefawmfjrwftm; tv’m[ft&Sijf rwfu oifMum;ay;jcif;onf 0[Dtm;jzifh oifMum;ay;cJjh cif;jzpfonf/ xd0k [Donf wrefawmfjrwfwpfyg;wnf;ESihf qdik af om 0[D jzpfayonf/ Oyrm- vlom;tm;vH;k ESihf pyfqikd af om usrf;jrwfuk&f tmefwGif qGvmof? Zumuf? [*sf uJhodkYaom Oya'rsm;udk tao;pdwaqmif&GufyHk aqmif & G u f e nf ; usrf ; jrwf u k & f t mef w G i f az:jyxm;cJ h j cif ; r&S d a y/ tv’ m [f t &S i f j rwf u wrefawmfjrwfwpfO;D wnf;ESiq hf idk f aom 0[Dtm;jzifh wrefawmftm; oifMum;ay;cJo h nf/ xd0k [Dtm;jzifh od&cdS ahJ om wrefawmfjrwfu vlom;wpf&yfv;kH ESiq hf ikd af om Oya'rsm;udk tao;pdwo f ifMum;ay;jcif;? ud, k w f ikd o f &kyjf yaqmif&u G cf jhJ cif;rsm;udk ]]pGE[ é }f } [kac:onf/ tb,faMumifhqdkaomf? pGEé[fqdkonfrSm usrf;jrwf uk&ftmef\t&if;tjrpfyifpnfrS jzmxGuv f maom tudik ;f tcuf? toD;tyGiw hf Ykd jzpfonf/ pGE[ é rf sm;onf usr;f jrwfu&k t f mefEiS hf rqdik f tpövmrfhtwdwfordkif;rS t,l0g'qdkif&m&IyfaxG;rIrsm;

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OD;pd;k vGi(f Nidr;f csrf;vQyfppf) 59 aom oD;jcm;tyifurGJ sm;r[kwaf y/ tvm;wl wrefawmfjrwfxo H 2Ykd 3 ESpw f ikd w f ikd f usr;f jrwfu&k t f mef usa&mufco hJ nf/ xdk 23 ESpv f ;kH vH;k wpfjznf;jznf;jcif; usa&mufcahJ om Oya'rsm;udk wrefawmfjrwfu tao;pdwf aqmif&Gufjcif;? qG[mbmBuD;rsm;ESifh b0wnfaqmufcJhjcif;tm;jzifh tpövmrfonf Ny;D jynfph NkH y;D jzpfonf/ xdu k o hJ Ykd Ny;D jynfph NkH y;D jzpfaom tpövmrfomoem(0g)b0wnfaqmufrv I rf;pOfBu;D onf t&Sed t f [kejf zifh urÇmk wpf0rS ;f vH;k udv k rT ;f jcKH Eikd cf o hJ nf/ wrefawmfjrwfu, G v f eG Nf y;D ESpaf ygif; ESp&f mywf0ef; usiaf vmufwiG f tpövmrfomoemtwGi;f cvDzmtrnfcH oufO;D qHyikd 0f g'rsm;ESit hf wl omoemydik 0f g'rsm;u acgif;axmifxvmcJo h nf/ þuJo h Ykd oufO;D qHyikd 0f g'ESihf omoemydik 0f g'onf twdwu f mv tpövmrf tvsiu f &Scd ahJ om 0g'rsm;jzpfonf/ xdt k csed rf pS í az:jyyg tpövmrfomoemESihf qefu Y siaf om usr;f jrwfu&k t f mefu wm;jrpfxm;aom oufO;D qHyikd 0f g'ESihf omoem ydik 0f g'u vTr;f rd;k cJo h nf/ xd0k g'rsm; wnfjraJ &;twGuf tpövmrf omoem\ tajccHOya'jzpfaom usr;f jrwfu&k t f mefonf zwf&kH oufouftjzpf wnf&cdS o hJ nf/ az:jyyg oufO;D qHyikd f cvDzmrsm; acwf omoemydik rf sm;u vla&;usr;f rsm;? vla&;Oya'rsm;udk tajccHaomOya'rsm;tm;jzifh w&m;qH;k jzwfjcif;? bmoma&;ausmif;rsm; wGif oifMum;ay;jcif;tm;jzifh trsm;rGwpf vifrrf sm;\ todÓPfrsm; udk aq;ausmfjcif;cHcJh&onf/ az:jyyg vla&;usrf;rsm;? vla&;Oya'rsm;omvQif tpövmrf\ tESpo f m&rsm;jzpfonf[k acwftqufqufc, H v l mcJMh uonf/ xdck , H cl surf sm;onf &d;k wGi;f csOq f t D wGi;f odyYk if pJaG p cJo h nf/ xdt k pJ?G xdt k ,l0g'rsm;udv k nf; acwftqufquf rufruf armarm vdv k ckd sicf sif qnf;yl;l vmcJMh uonf/ xdu k o hJ aYkd om 0g'rdiI ;f rsm;atmufwiG f ESpaf ygif;rsm;pGm? rsKd ;qufaygif;rsm;pGm? aecJMh u&onftwGuf tpövmrfomoemonf tjrJ wrf;vdt k yfcsurf sm;&Sad eonf/ xdv k t kd yfcsurf sm;udk jznfph u G af y;Edik &f efu,fwif &Sirf sm; &S&d rnfqakd om t,l0g'u vTr;f rk;dk vsu&f adS yonf/ xdak cwf omoemydik rf sm;\ qdx k ;kH &Scd o hJ nfrmS ynm&Siw f pfO;D \ qH;k jzwfcsurf eS v f Qif ukov kd q f 0gAf wpfco k mvQi&f rnf/ xdyk nm&Si\ f qH;k jzwfcsurf mS ;ygu ukov kd q f 0gAf 10 q&rnf[\ l / ynm&Sif tcsi;f csi;f tjiif;yGm;jcif;onf ]]&[frof}} [laomtqdrk sm;tm; a&SUwrf;wifcJhonf/ t,ltq uJGjym;jcm;em;aom ynm&Sifrsm;udk4if;wdkYacwfausmif;rsm;rS arG;xkwaf y;cJMh uonf/ xdt k ,ltqrwl aom ausmif;rsm;rS arG;xkwv f u kd af om ynm&Sirf sm;tcsi;f csi;f tjiif;yGm;jcif;rsm;twGi;f tcsed u f ek cf MhJuonf/ pnf;vH;k nDñw T rf NI yKd uG J vmMuonf/ t,l0g'rwlol aemufvu kd f rGwfpvifrftcsif;csif; 0g'a&;&mjyóemrsm; yGm;rsm;Muonf/ þonfrSm omoemydkif0g' ESifh oufO;D qHyikd pf epfw\ Ykd qd;k arG;rsm;yifjzpfayonf/ '''''''''''

['Dqrf sm;udk pkaqmif;jcif; ['Dqrf sm;tm;a&;om; rSww f rf;wif&ef wrefawmfjrwfu wm;jrpfc\ hJ / xdu k o hJ Ykd wm;jrpfjcif;onf usr;f jrwfu&k t f mefEiS hf ['Dqrf sm;a&maxG;oGm;rnfukd pd;k &drí f wrefawmfjrwf wm;jrpfco hJ nf/ [*sf *sov G 0f 'd [fwiG f wrefawmfjrwfu rSww f rf;wif&ef cGijhfyKco hJ nf/ wrefawmfjrwf aemufyikd ;f qG[mbmrsm;u wdik ;f jynfta&;? rGwf pvifrf ta&;wdjYk zifh &Iyaf xG;aeí wrefawmfjrwf\ ['Dqrf sm;udk rSww f rf;wif Edik cf jhJ cif;r&Sad y/ xdu k o hJ yYkd if omaAtDerf sm;acwfwYkd wGiv f nf; wdik ;f jynfta&;? tpövmrft h yk cf sKyaf &;rsm;aMumifh rSww f rf;rwifEikd cf ahJ y/ tpövmrfhtwdwfordkif;rS t,l0g'qdkif&m&IyfaxG;rIrsm;

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OD;pd;k vGi(f Nidr;f csrf;vQyfppf) 60 tGr&® Af ifet f AÁ'v G t f ZDZf ( AD 717-720 ) tkycf sKycf sed u f OD;aqmifí ['Dqrf sm;udk rSww f rf;wif&ef jyKvyk af epJ uG,v f eG o f mG ;cJo h nf/ xdt Yk wGuaf Mumifh ['Dqrf sm;udk qG[mbmrsm;? oaAtDef rsm; acwfww Ykd iG f rSww f rf;wifEikd cf jhJ cif;r&S[ d k qdck MhJ uonf/ qG[mbmrsm;ESifh pyfvsOf;NyD; usrf;jrwfuk&ftmefwGif ]]igt&Sifjrwfonf xdkolrsm;tm; auseyfEpS o f ufouJo h ?Ykd xdo k rl sm;uvnf; igt&Sijf rwftm; auseyfEpS o f ufonf }} [k qdx k m;onf/ olwo Yfkd nf wrefawmfjrwfvufxufwiG f usr;f jrwfu&k t f mef Oya' rsm;udk vdu k ef musio hf ;kH &mü wrefawmfjrwf\ z0g;xyfwl waoGrwdr;f vdu k ef musio hf ;kH cJMh uaom qG[mbmrsm;jzpfonf/ az:jyygqG[mbm Bu;D rsm;onf omoemESiyhf wfoufí jyKvyk af qmif&u G &f rnfh wm0efrsm;&Scd yhJ gu rnfonft h a&;udprö sm;yif &Sad eygap? vkyaf qmif&rnfh wm0efrsm;udk ysuu f u G Mf urnf r[kwaf y/ qG[mbmBu;D rsm;ESihf pyfvsO;f í ajrmufrsm;pGmaom ordik ;f rSww f ikd rf sm;teuf rSww f ikd w f pfcjk zpfaom yxrqH;k cvDzmBu;D tAlbuú&\ f taMumif;udk wifjyygrnf/ [*s*f sov G 0f 'd [fwiG f wrefawmfjrwfxo H Ykd usr;f jrwfu&k t f mef pl&[f(5) tm,wf(3)wGif om omeNy;D jynfph o kH nfh aemufq;kH tm,wfusa&mufc\ hJ / xkt d m,wf xdak eY xdt k csed rf pS í tAlbuú&o f cifonf rsuEf mS raumif;yJ AvD\ axmifw h pfae&mwGif rdiI af ecJonf/ tjzpftysuu f kd &dypf m;rdaom tjcm;qG[mbmrsm;u tjzpftysurf eS u f kd ar;jref;Mu\/ xdt k cg tAlbuú&o f cifu qdo k nfrmS tpövmrfo h moemjynhpf NkH y;D jzpfí wrefawmfjrwfonfvnf; uREykf w f EYkd iS t hf wl &SEd ikd af wmhrnfr[kw[ f k wrefawmfjrwf uG,v f eG af wmhrnft h aMumif;udk BuKd wifoabmayguf oljzpfonf/ (rufob l mof? tdrmrf &AÁmeDusr;f ) wrefawmfjrwf tvGet f rif; tjyif;zsm;aecsed w f iG f tdq k mr[focifO;D pD;aom ppfwyfBu;D onf ppfcsDwufrnfhta&; aESmifhaES;cJh& onf/ wrefawmfjrwf owdvpfoGm;&mrS jyefvnfowd&wdkif; tdq k mr[focif\ ppfwyfukd ppfxu G cf ikd ;f ygqdak ompum;udk xyfcg wpfvv J J qdck ahJ vonf/ aemufq;kH wrefawmfjrwf uG,v f eG cf \ hJ / wrefawmfjrwf uG,v f eG o f nfo h wif; ysUH ESUH oGm;onf ESihf a&mrrS ppfwyfwpfwyf ppfcsv D mawmhrnfowif;? tcsKd Ue,fy,frsm; u wrefawmfr&Sad wmhí *sZd , f mray;awmh [ka
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OD;pd;k vGi(f Nidr;f csrf;vQyfppf) 61 az:&rnfjzpfonf[k rdecYf eG ;f acRco hJ nf/ xdrk ed cYf eG ;f Ny;D onfEiS hf tdq k mr[focifukd jrif;ay:wufapí 4if;ujrif; ZufBuKd ;udu k ikd u f m NrKd Ujyiftxd vdu k yf cYkd o hJ nf/ az:jyyg tAlbuú&o f cif\ aqmif&u G rf aI Mumifh a&mrrS ppfaMunmcsuu f kd jyefvnf&yk o f rd ;f cJo h nf/ tb,faMumifq h akd omf? 4if;wd\ Yk ppfaMunmcsuu f kd od&ydS gvsu?f tdq k mr[focif OD;aqmif aom ppfwyfBu;D udk ppfxGufapjcif;onf rGwfpvifrfwdkYwGif tvGef tiftm;BuD;aom ppfwyfrsm;vnf; &SdaeOD;rnf[k ,lqcJah omaMumifjh zpfayonf/ (armifvmem ,lpzG f uef'v0D\ [,moGqq f [ G mAmusr;f ) wref a wmf j rwf \ qE´ u d k taumif t xnf a z:&mwG i f rnf onf h u d p ö & yf r sm;aMumif h r S t[eft Y wm;rjzpfapcJah om qG[mbm rsm;taejzifh usr;f jrwfu&k t f mefudk rSww f rf;wifouJo h Ykd usr;f jrwfu&k f tmef\ jyifyrSjzpfaom trsm;rGwpf vifrrf sm;ESiq hf ikd o f nfh 0[Drsm;udv k nf; wrefawmfjrwf\qE´twdik ;f rSww f rf;wifcMhJ urnfom jzpfay onf/ ,aeY rsuaf rSmufacwfwiG f &Sad eaom ['Dqu f sr;f rsm;wGif qG[mbmBu;D rsm; ud, k w f ikd af &;om;xm;aom rSww f rf;rSw&f m[lí wpfpw kH pf&mrS rawGUcJ&h ay/

['Dqjf iif;olrsm;ESih f qefu Y sio f rl sm; jiif;olEiS q hf efu Y sio f q l akd om a0g[m&ESprf sKd ;onf uJjG ym;jcm; em;aom a0g[m&rsm; jzpfaomfjim;vnf; t"dymÜ ,fziG q hf &kd mü wlnaD om oabmudak qmifaeayonf/ Oyrm?----- ['Dqrf sm;udk vufrcHou l kd ['Dqjf iif;y,fo[ l ak c:qdMk urnf/ tvm;wl ['DqMf o0g'yg udprö sm;ESihf qefu Y sií f jyKvyk o f rl sm;udk ['Dqq f efu Y sio f [ l k ac:qdMk urnfjzpfonf/ az:jyygjiif;olEiS hf qefu Y sio f u l kd Oya'&Iaxmifrh S Munfrh nfqykd gu ESpOf ;D pvH;k onf wlnaD om jypfru I sL;vGeo f rl sm; jzpfMuayonf/ Alcg&Dusr;f qGvmofu@wGif wrefawmfjrwfEiS t hf wl trsKd ; om;rsm;uJo h Ykd trsKd ;orD;rsm;vnf; taemufq;kH twef;rS *srmtofjzif0h wfjyKcMhJ uonf/ trsKd ;orD;rsm;ESihf ygvmaom uav;i,frsm;\ ido k aH Mumifh wrefawmfjrwfu qGvmof0wfjyKru I kd pl&[fww kd w kd í GJ tqH;k owfco hJ nf/ tvm;wl *semZ[f qGvmof0wfjyK&müvnf; trsKd ;orD;rsm;yg0ifí 0wfjyKcMhJ uonf/ ocØsKi;f rsm;wGif trsKd ;om;rsm;enf;wl trsKd ; orD;rsm;vnf; aZ,m&ofjyKvkyfcJhMuonf/ tpf'*guGif;jyifwGif wrefawmfjrwf\ OD;aqmifrIjzifh tD'q f v G mofrsm;udk trsKd ;om;rsm;enf;wl trsKd ;orD;rsm;yg pkaygif;í 0wfjyKcMhJ uonf/ ud, k rf oefaY omtrsKd ; orD;rsm;udyk if tpf'*godv Yk ma&mufciG jhf yKNy;D aemufq;kH rSaeum awmif;qk't k mü yg0ifciG hf jyKcahJ o;onf/ Alcg&Dusr;f wGvmufu@wGif pl&[fov G w f v G muftm;jzifh zGiq hf x kd m;onf/ tGr&® o f cif\om; tAÁ'v G m’ [focifu 4if;\ZeD;ud, k rf oefcY sed w f iG f wGvmufay;cJo h nf/ xdt k aMumif;ESiphf yfvsO;f Ny;D tGr&® o f cifu wrefawmfjrwftm; avQmufxm;&m? toif\om;udak jymMum;vdu k yf g? ud, k rf oefcY sed af y;aom wGvmuf txrajrmufay/ xdw k v G mufukd jyefvnf&yk o f rd ;f cdik ;f / jyefaygif;vdu k jyefaygif;Edik o f nf/ wGvmufay;vdkygu aemufwpfcg &moDyGifhcsdeftxdapmifh? xdk&moDvmcsdefNyD;í udk,foefYpifcsdefwGif wGvmufay;[k rdeq Yf ckd o hJ nfh ['Dqjf zifh pwifxm;onf/ az:jyyg ['Dqrf sm;onf t&ADpmayjzifh pkaqmif;xm;aom usr;f rsm;jzpfonft h wGuf t&ADpmayudk wwfoed m;vnfrI tm;enf;aomaMumifh az:jyyg ['Dqrf sm;twdik ;f vdu k ef musio hf ;kH rI rjyKcMhJ u onf[k ,lqí &ygonf/ ,aeYacwfwiG f Alcg&Dr&l if;usr;f tygt0if['Dqf usr;f rsm;tm;vH;k udk bmomaygif;pHjk zifh jyefqNk dy;D jzpfygonf/ az:jyyg ['Dqu f sr;f rsm;yg Oya'twdik ;f vdu k ef musio f h ;k H rIvnf; rjyKMuay/ vdu k ef musio f h ;k H &aumif;rSe;f vnf; rodMuay/ vdu k ef musio hf ;kH vsu&f o dS rl sm;udv k nf; wm;jrpfyw d yf ifaejcif;rsm;onf ['Dqrf sm; tpövmrfhtwdwfordkif;rS t,l0g'qdkif&m&IyfaxG;rIrsm;

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OD;pd;k vGi(f Nidr;f csrf;vQyfppf)

62

udk qefu Y sijf cif;yifjzpfayonf/ xdu k o hJ Ykd ['Dqrf sm;udk qefu Y sio f rl sm;ESihf ['Dqrf sm;udk jiif;y,forl sm;rSm uJjG ym;jcm;em;aom a0g[m&udk oH;k pJí G wlnaD omtrIujkd yKMuolrsm; jzpfMuayonf/ txufwiG f az:jycJah om Alcg&Dusr;f yg['Dqrf sm;onf vdu k ef m['Dqrf sm;jzpfonf[k Alcg&Dusr;f udk tus,zf iG q hf akd om]]tpfAae [*s&\ f zof[v G b f m&Dusr;f }} wGiv f nf;az:jyxm;jcif; tvsi;f r&Scd ahJ y/ wrefawmfjrwf\ arG;Zmwdjzpfaom ruúma&TNrKd Uawmf&dS utfAm ausmif;awmfBuD;ESifh wrefawmfjrwf\ tajccsaexdkifcJhaom r'Dem&SdAvD0wfausmif;BuD;wdkYwGif trsKd ;om;rsm;enf;wl trsKd ;orD;rsm;vnf;*srmtofjzifh qufwu kd 0f wfjyKvmcJo h nfrmS wrefawmfjrwfvufxuf rS ,aeYwikd jf zpfonf/ 1993 ckEpS f arv(1)&ufrS *sLvdik v f (31)&uftxd tD*spEf ikd if t H vftZf[&f wuúov kd Bf u;D wGif zGiv hf pS af om tpövmrfah &;&m tqifh jrifo h ifwef;ESihf pnf;yGm;a&;qdik &f m oifwef;rsm;wGif Edik if pH rkH S oifwef; om; 28 OD;wufa&mufcyhJ gonf/ az:jyygoifwef;wGif bmom&yf qdik &f moifwef;ydcYk sol ynm&Sirf sm;u 4if;wdyYk cYkd saom bmom&yfrsm;ESiphf yfvsO;f í ar;cGe;f rsm;ar;Edik af Mumif; oifwef;om;rsm;tm; zdwaf c:cJh ygonf/ acwfNyKd izf u d [f"r®owfrsm; taMumif;udk oifMum;aoma'gufwm qGA&D tAÁ'v G &f tlzt f m; pma&;olu ar;cGe;f ESpcf ak r;cJ\ h / xdak r;cGe;f rsm;udk Mum;&aomq&m tygt0if tjcm;Edik if rH sm;rS wufa&muf aom oifwef;om;rsm;tm;vH;k u wpftw hH pfMo 0dik ;f Munfjh cif; udk cHc&hJ ygonf/ pma&;ol\ ar;cGe;f rSm &d;k &d;k pif;pif;av; jzpfaomf jim;vnf; 4if;wdt Yk zdYk tHMh ozG,&f m jzpfaeayonf/ pma&;ol - q&mcifAsm? trsKd ;orD;rsm; AvD0wfausmif; rsm;twGi;f *srmtofjzifh qGvmof0wfjyKrI tay: zdu[f"r®owfrsm;ü cGijhf yKcsu&f ydS govm;/ q&m - (tHMh opGmjzif)h urÇmwpf0rS ;f rSm&SMd uwJh AvD0wfausmif;rsm;teuf trsKd ;orD;rsm;udk qGvmof0wfjyKciG rhf ay;onfh AvD[í l &Syd govm;Asm/ [k uReaf wmhtm; jyefí ar;cGe;f xkwcf o hJ nf/ pma&;ol - rnfojYkd yefajym&rSe;f rodí 4if;tm;ai;Munfah erdonf/ q&m - tpövmrf"h r®owfqikd &f m zdu[f"r®owfav;ckpvH;k wGif wm;jrpfcsuv f ;kH 0 r&Sad y/ wrefawmfjrwfacwfrS ,aeYwikd f AvD0wfausmif;rsm;tm;vH;k wGif trsKd ;orD;rsm; *srmtofjzif0h wfjyK Muygonf [kajzMum;cJo h nf/ pma&;ol - trsKd ;orD;rsm; *semZ[fqv G mof0wfjyKjcif;ESiu hf A&focØsKi;f rsm;twGi;f 0ifa&mufí aZ,m &of jyKyidk cf iG hf &Sd r&Sd ajzMum;ay;ygcifAsm;/ q&m - trsKd ;orD;rsm; *semZ[fqv G mof0wfjyKjcif;? uA&focØsLif;rsm;twGi;f aZ,m&of jyKjcif;rsm;tay: zdu[f"r®owfav;ckpvH;k ü wm;jrpfcsuf r&Sd [k ajzMum;cJo h nf/ 4if;u qufvufí &Sif;jyonfrSm trsdK;orD;wpfa,muf olYtdrfrSm olaooGm;&ifawmif AvD0wfausmif;twGi;f odYk oGi;f í *semZ[fqv G mof0wfjyKjcif;? uA&ftwGi;f odYk xnfo h iG jhf rK§ yEf jHS cif;rsm;jyK vkyMf uonf/ touf&iS v f su&f adS om rGwpf vifrt f rsKd ;orD;wpfO;D tm; AvD0wfausmif;twGi;f odYk 0ifa&mufí qGvmof0wfjyKjcif;? uA&f ocØsKi;f twGi;f odYk aZ,m&ofjyKjcif;rsm;udk wm;jrpfo[ l í lk &SEd ikd yf ghrvm;[k ajzMum;cJh avonf/ ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;

tpövmrfhtwdwfordkif;rS t,l0g'qdkif&m&IyfaxG;rIrsm;

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OD;pd;k vGi(f Nidr;f csrf;vQyfppf)

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['Dqjf iif;y,fou l k d umzd&[ f q k &k d m0,f txufrS wifjycJo h nft h wdik ;f ['Dqu f sr;f rsm;wGif yg0ifaom['Dqrf sm;onf yvyfzsuo f rd ;f Ny;D tpövmrfhtwdwfordkif;rS t,l0g'qdkif&m&IyfaxG;rIrsm;

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OD;pd;k vGi(f Nidr;f csrf;vQyfppf) 65 vdu k ef musio hf ;kH &efrvdak wmhaom['Dqrf sm;vnf; yg0ifonf/ tcsKd Uem;vnfoabmayguf&efyifrvG,f aom ['Dqrf sm;vnf; yg0ifayonf/ tcsKd Ubmoma&;ESihf vH;k 0ywf oufrrI &Sad om ['Dqrf sm;vnf; yg0ifonf/ tcsKd U wpfcEk iS w hf pfck zDvmqefu Y siaf eaom ['Dqrf sm;vnf; yg0ifayonf/ ['Dqjf iif;olukd umz&f[q k jkd cif;rSm ['Dqrf sm;ESiphf yfvsO;f í avhvmvdu k pf m;rI tm;enf;jcif; odrYk [kwf ['Dqu f sr;f yg u@wpfcw k nf;udk rdrw d wfajrmufxm;aom bmompmayjzifh tprStqH;k wdik f zwfz;l jcif; r&Sad omolw\ Ykd tqdo k mvQijf zpfayonf/ tb,faMumifh qdak omf? bmomaygif;pHjk zifh bmomjyefqNkd y;D jzpfaom['Dqu f sr;f rsm; xJwiG ?f tausmMf um;qH;k jzpfonfh Alcg&Dusr;f yg a&csKd ; jcif;u@ wpfcw k nf;udk rdrw d wf ajrmufaom bmompmayjzifh tprStqH;k wdik f zwf&jkH zifh ['Dqjf iif;olukd umzd&[ f al om tajymtqdu k kd ajymqdk awmhrnf r[kwaf y/ az:jyyg u@wpfcw k nf;üyifvQif uJjG ym;jcm;em;aom ['Dqf rsm;udk ,SOw f aGJ z:jyxm;onfukd awGU&rnfjzpfonf/ az:jyyg uJjG ym;jcm;em;qefu Y siaf om ['Dqt f rsKd ;tpm;ESprf sKd ;teuf wpfrsKd ;udk vdu k ef m usifhoHk;aom rGwfpvifrfwpfa,muftzdkY tjcm;qefYusifaom trsdK; tpm; ['DqfwpfrsdK;udk jiif;y,f&rnfjzpfonf/ T1 * ø    O  K  '   A  ( 7   1A  ( 7  ú    ù  0  C   #  ø  )    ô# ) *  ]]tMuif trsKd ;om;wpfO;D onf rdr\ d ZeD;ESihf aygif;oif;qufqH cJ\ h / 4if;\ okw&f nfrxGuaf o;ygu t&Suu f akd &aq;í qGvmof0wfjyK&mwGif jyKvyk af om 0kZjl zifh qGvmof0wfjyKEikd o f nf }} xd[ k 'Dqt f rsKd ;tpm;rSm rSeu f efaom qG[[ D 'Dqjf zpfonf/qifjh yeforl sm;rSm tGqrf mefocif? tvDocif? ZkaA&focif? oGv[ f m ocifwYkd jzpfMuonf/ (Alcg&Dusr;f ? a&csKd ;jcif;u@ESi"hf r®wmu@) az:jyyg a&csKd ;jcif;u@üyif ,SOw f í GJ az:jyxm;aom tjcm;['Dqw f pfy'k rf mS tAl[&k ikd &f [focifu qifjh yefco hJ nf/ +CøO  )Q08)ùnô+¾ 8!?ú+J ) *  ]] trsKd ;om;wpfO;D ESifh trsKd ;orD;aygif;oif;qufq&H mü t&Suf t*FgESpcf k xdjcif;tm;jzifh a&csKd ;&ef 0g*spAf w f m0efjzpfonf }} az:jyyg Alcg&Dusr;f a&csK;d jcif;u@wpfcw k nf;udk tptqH;k zwf&jkH zifh xdu k o hJ Ykd uJjG ym;jcm;em;aom ['Dqt f rsKd ;tpm;ESprf sKd ;udk awGUrnfjzpfonf/ az:jyyg ['DqEf pS rf sKd ;pvH;k onf wrefawmfjrwfxrH S qifjh yefcah J om ['Dqfrsm;jzpfonf/ rGwfpvifrfwdkif;onf az:jyyg ['DqftrsdK;tpm;ESpfrsdK;teuf wpfrsdK;udkom vdu k ef musio fh ;kH jcif;jzpfonf/ ESprf sKd ;teuf wpfrsKd ;udo k m vufcjH cif;jzpfonf/ qefu Y sizf ufjzpfaeaom ['DqEf pS rf sKd ;teuf wpfrsKd ;udv k ufcw H ikd ;f tjcm;wpfrsKd ; tm; jiif;y,fMujcif;jzpfonf/ ['D q f u srf ; wpf u srf ; \ u@wpf c k w nf ; üyif v Qif uJ G j ym;jcm; em;aom ['D q f r sm;ud k az:jyxm;ayonf/ tvm;wl uJjG ym;jcm;em;aom ['Dqu f sr;f rsm;wGif yg0ifaom ['Dqrf sm;onfvnf; qefu Y siv f su&f adS yonf/ az:jyyg ['Dqrf sm;udk tajccHí Oya'jyKcMhJ uaomtdrmrfBu;D rsm;\ "r®owf rsm;onfvnf; uJjG ym;jcm;em;cJMh uonf/ az:jyyg ['Dqu f sr;f &Sirf sm;\ ['Dqrf sm;udk pkaqmif;jcif;ESijhf yefvnfaz:jyjcif; ['Dqrf sm;onf rdrw d Ykd pkaqmif;&&Sx d m;aom ['Dqrf sm;rSm tcsKd Uudo k m wnf;jzwfaz:jy cJMh ujcif;jzpfonf/ xdu k o hJ Ykd az:jycJah om ['D q f u srf ; rsm;ud k aph i H k e m;vnf p G m zwf r nf ? avh v mqnf ; yl ; rnf q d k y gu wref a wmf j rwf \ oufwrf;wpfavQmuf oGm;vmaexdik af jymqdq k ufqyH rkH sm;udk &Iaxmifph rkH S yHak z:jyxm;onfukd awGUjrif& ayrnf/ tpövmrfhtwdwfordkif;rS t,l0g'qdkif&m&IyfaxG;rIrsm;

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OD;pd;k vGi(f Nidr;f csrf;vQyfppf) 66 az:jyyg ['Dqrf sm;onf t&ADpmayjzifh jyKpck ahJ om usr;f rsm;jzpfayonf/ t&ADpum;ajym Edik if rH sm;ESihf t&ADpmayjzifh oifMum; aom bmoma&;ausmif;rsm;rS atmifjrifcMhJ uaom ynm&Sirf sm;onf['Dqrf sm; \&nf&, G cf su?f ['Dqrf sm;\ t&Sw d &m;rsm;udk &Iaxmifph rkH S t&St d wdik ;f od&MdS uonf/ xdu k o hJ Ykd ynm&Sirf sm; tcsif;csif;wdkYwGifvnf;aumif;? xdkynm&Sifrsm;ESifh trsm;rGwfpvifrfrsm;wdkYwGif vnf;aumif;? trsm;rGwpf vifrrf sm; tcsif;csif;wdw Yk iG v f nf;aumif;? ['Dqrf sm;udk taMumif;jyKí ['Dqjf iif;olrsm;? ['Dqq f efu Y sio f rl sm;[lí jyóemwpfpw kH pf&m r&Scd ahJ y/ ['Dqrf sm;udt k ajccHí ['Dqjf iif;olrsm;? ['Dqq f efu Y sio f rl sm;['Dqrf sm;udk vufc&H mü vH;k 0OóHk b0vrf;ñTerf OI ya'rsm;tjzpf cH,o l rl sm;? usr;f jrwfu&k t f mefonf zwf&w G o f &Zösm,f&aomusr;f ? ['Dqf usrf;rsm;onf vdkufemusihfoHk;&aomOya'usrf;rsm;[k cH,lolrsm;[k ay:aygufcJhaomae&mrsm;ESifh ywf0ef;usirf sm;rSm trsm;tm;jzifh t&ADpum;rajymaom Edik if rH sm;wdw Yk iG jf zpfonf/ xdEk ikd if rH sm;&Sd bmoma&; ausmif;rsm;wGif t&ADpmayudk bmompmay wpfct k jzpf a&;wwf? ajymwwf? zwfwwfonft h xd oifMum; ay;jcif;r&Sdaom ausmif;rsm;rSatmifjrifvmaom ynm&Sifrsm;tcsif;csif;wdkYtwGif; vnf;aumif;? xdkynm&Sifrsm;ESifh trsm;rGwfpvifrfwdkY twGif;wGifvnf;aumif;? rGwfpvifrftcsif;csif;wdkY twGif; wGiv f nf;aumif;? ['Dqrf sm;udk taMumif;jyK í y#dyu© tjiif;tcHu k pd &ö yfrsm; ay:aygufvsuf &SMd uonf/ az:jyygEkid if rH sm;twGi;f ay:aygufcahJ om jyóemrsm;rSm?(1) 0g0if0gxGuf vMunfhjcif;ESifh vjrifjcif;tay: vufcHtwnfjyKjcif; rjyKjcif;qdik &f m y#dyu©/ (2) rGwfpvifrfrsm; rkwfqdwfxm;jcif; rxm;jcif;tay:y#dyu©/ (3) vifr,m;jywfprJ q I ikd &f m oH;k wGvmuf wpfBurd w f nf;ay; jcif;tay: ydik rf ydik f qdak om y#dyu©/ (4) trsKd ;orD;rsm; AvD0wfausmif;rsm;? tpf'*f guGi;f jyifrsm;wGif qGvmof0wfjyKyikd cf iG hf &Srd &Sq d ikd &f m y#dyu©/ (5) uA&focØsKi;f rsm;twGi;f trsKd ;orD;rsm; 0ifa&mufaZ,m&ofjyKyikd cf iG f &Srd &Sq d akd om y#dyu©/ (6) AvD0wfausmif;rsm;wGif aomMumaeYEiS hf tD'af eYrsm;wGicf w G AÅ [fay;&mü t&ADpmayESiahf &;xm; aom cGwAÅ [fusr;f twdik ;f cGwAÅ [fay;jcif;ESihf rdrw d Ykd oufqikd &f mbmompum;rsm;jzifh cGwAÅ [f ay;jcif;tay: y#dyu©/ (7) ]]'g&Gv[ f &Af}} rGwpf vifrrf [kwaf om e,fy,frsm;? Edik if rH sm;ü twd;k pm;cGi&h f o d S nf[k qdo k rl sm;tcsi;f csi;f ]]'g&Gv[ f &Af}} jzpfjcif;ESifhrjzpfjcif; qdkaom e,fy,fowfrSwf&mwGif #dyu©wYkd jzpfMuonf/ txufaz:jyyg udp&ö yfrsm;\ jyóemt&if;tjrpfukd avhvmMunfrh nfqv kd Qi?f (1) bmoma&;ausmif;rsm;wGif rGwpf vifrrf sm;\ tajccHOya'jzpfaom usrf;jrwfuk&ftmefudk t&ADpmayjzifh*CeP aphiHkpGmem;vnf oabmaygufatmif oifMum;ay;Ekid rf I r&Sjd cif;/ (2) ['Dqrf sm; ay:aygufvmyHEk iS hf ['Dqu f sr;f rsm;yg ]]pGE[ é }f } Oya'qdik &f m ['Dqrf sm;ESihf ]]pGE[ é }f } Oya'r[kwaf om ['Dqfrsm;tm; cJGjcm;wwfaom ynm&yfrsm;udk oifMum;ay;Edik rf I r&Sjd cif;/ (3) zdu[f"r®owfrsm;udk oifMum;ay;&mü [ezD*P k d ;f 0if "r®owfwpfcw k nf;udo k m oifMum;ay;jcif;? tjcm; rmvDu?D &SmzDt?D [rfAvD *dP k ;f 0ifrsm;\ "r®owfrsm;udk yg ,SOw f í GJ oifMum;ay;Edik rf I r&Sjd cif;/ (4) ausmif;awmf0g'(ac:) rdrw d \ Ykd q&mhq&mrsm;\t,ltq tpOftvmrsm;udk a&SUwef;wif vGe;f jcif;/ (5) usr;f jrwfu&k t f mefonf t&mcyford ;f wd\ Yk rSwaf usmuf jzpfonf/ ['Dqfrsm;? "r®owfrsm;? tpövmrfhtwdwfordkif;rS t,l0g'qdkif&m&IyfaxG;rIrsm;

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OD;pd;k vGi(f Nidr;f csrf;vQyfppf) 67 q&mh q&mrsm;tqdt k rderYf sm;udk usr;f jrwfu&k t f mef\ rSwaf usmufjzifh prf;oyfaom ynm&yf prf;ppfwwfaom ynm&yfrsm;udk oifMum;ay;Ekid rf rI &Sjd cif;/ xdu k o hJ Ukd ['Dqrf sm;? zdu[f"r®owfrsm;? q&mhq&mwd\ Yk tqdktrdefYrsm;udk usrf;jrwfuk&ftmef rSwfausmufjzifh prf;ppfjcif;tm;jzifh udkufnDu vufcHí? rudkufnDu y,f&aumif;rSe;f rodjcif;wdaYk Mumifh jzpfayonf/ txufaz:jyyg y#dyu©rsm;ESiphf yfvsOf;í usrf;jrwfu&k t f mef? ['Dqrf sm;? zdu[f"r®owfrsm;? urÇmrh w G pf vifrEf ikd if rH sm;ESihf tjynfjynfqikd &f m tpövmrfo h moemhtzJUG tpnf;rsm;\ qH;k jzwfcsurf sm;? cH,cl suf rsm;udk wifjyygrnf/

0g0if0gxGuf vMunfjh cif; usr;f jrwfu&k t f mef pl&[f(55) tm,wf(5)wGi?f ]] aeonf v nf ; aumif ; ? vonf v nf ; aumif ; ? wG u f c suf & ef t wG u f tcsd e f u k d u f n D p G m oGm;vmvsu&f MdS uonf }} usr;f jrwfu&k t f mef pl&[f(36) tm,wf(38)wGi?f ]] aeonf 4if;\aeywfvrf;aMumif;xJwGif t&Sifjrwf\ wdkif;wmowfrSwfxm;onfhtwdkif; vnfywfvsu&f o dS nf }} usr;f jrwfu&k t f mef pl&[f(36) tm,wf(39)wGi?f ]] vonfvnf; ajcmufaoGUaom pGeyf vGeu f ikd ;f uJo h Ykd jyefí jzpfomG ;onf }} az:jyyg usrf;jrwfu&k t f meftm,wfrsm;udk Munfjh cif;tm;jzifah eonf vnf;aumif;? vonf vnf ; aumif ; ? wG u f c suf & ef t wG u f ? tv’ m [f t &S i f j rwf u tcsd e f r S e f v nf y wf a eapaMumif ; ? onfvnf;vnfywfaejcif;tm;jzifh qef;OD;pv? vjynh?f vuG,?f [lítwdtusjzpfay:aeaMumif;udk qdx k m;aom tm,wfrsm;jzpfonf/ vlom;rsm;onf urÇmOD;prS pwifí ae0ifaexGurf sm;udk wGucf suí f Solar Calendar ac: ae jyu©'ed f [lívnf;aumif;? v0ifvxGuu f kd wGucf suí f Lunar Calendar ac: vjyu©'ed f [lí vnf; aumif;? jyu©'ed Ef pS rf sKd ;udk oH;k pJcG MhJ uygonf/ aejyu©'ed q f o kd nfrmS t*Fvyd f jyu©'ed jf zpfNy;D ? vjyu©'ed q f o kd nfrmS t&AD jyu©'ed Ef iS hf jrefrmjyu©'ed f wdjYk zpfMuonf/ urÇmEh ikd if t H oD;oD;&Sd NrKd UjI yrsm;ESihf aus;vufawm&Gmrsm; tyg t0if rdrw d Ykd wnf&aSd eaom ae&m&Sd avmif*sw D 'G ?f vwÅw D 'G rf sm;t&? aeonf rnfonft h csed x f u G rf nf? rnfonft h csed 0f ifrnf? vonf rnfonfh tcsdef jrifEikd o f nf? rnfonft h csdef rjrifEikd q f akd om wGucf sufrrI sm;udk rd;k av0oESiZhf mvaA'XmerS xkwjf yefxm;csurf sm; &Sad yonf/ xdu k o hJ Ykd xkwjf yefcsurf sm;wGif wpfEpS w f mvH;k twGuf xkwjf yefxm;ayonf/ ae0ifaexGuf tcsed Zf ,m;rsm;udk urÇmEh ikd if t H oD;oD;&Sd AvD0wfausmif;rsm;wGif wpfEpS yf wfv;kH twGuf csw d q f x GJ m;Muygonf/ ruúmNrKd U&Sd utfAmausmif;awmf AvD0wfausmif;twGi;f üyifvQif aexGucf sed ?f rGe;f wnfch sed ?f ae0ifcsed rf sm;udk Electronic em&Drsm;jzifh az:jy xm;ygonf/ tvm;wl v0ifvxGujf cif; rsm;onfvnf; wdusaocsmaom Z,m;rsm;&SNd y;D jzpfonf/ usr;f jrwf uk&ftmeft& aeESifhv ESpfckpvHk;udkzefqif;jcif;? vnfywfapjcif;rsm;onf aeY? &uf? v? ESpf [lí wGucf su&f efjzpfayonf/ ae0ifaexGuZf ,m;udk vufcMHuaom rGwpf vifrrf sm; taejzifh v0ifvxGupf epfukd vufrcHEikd pf &m taMumif;r&Sad y/ ae0if aexGujf cif;? v0ifvxGujf cif;? aeMuwfjcif;? vMuwfjcif;rsm;udk BudKwifaMunmEdkifjcif;rsm;onf aeESifhvwdkYtygt0if N*dK[frsm; tm; vHk;onftv’m[ft&Sifjrwf\ wdik ;f wmowfrw S o f nft h wdik ;f 4if;wdYk \ vnfywfvrf;aMumif;rsm;twGi;f twdtus vnfywfomG ;vm tpövmrfhtwdwfordkif;rS t,l0g'qdkif&m&IyfaxG;rIrsm;

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OD;pd;k vGi(f Nidr;f csrf;vQyfppf)

68

aejcif;rsm;aMumifh jzpfonf/ Alcg&Dusr;f wGif qef;OD;pvukd Munfí h 0g0ifyg? qef;OD;pvudMk unfí h 0gxGuyf g[k wrefawmfjrwfu rdeMYfum;xm;onf/ &moDOwkt& jrifEikd af cs r&Syd gu wGucf suí f 0g0if? wGucf suí f 0gxGu[ f k rdeq Yf x kd m;onf/ vudMk unh&f rnfh &moDOwkt& jrifEikd af csr&Su d wGucf su&f rnf/ xdu k o hJ Ykd wGucf su&f jcif; qdo k nfrmS rdrEd ikd if H NrKd U&Gm ponfjzifw h nf &Sad om wnfae&mrsm;rS rd;k avo0? ZvaA'rsm;rS wGucf sux f m; aom v0if vxGuf tcsed Zf ,m;rsm;t& 0g0ifjcif;? 0gxGujf cif; jyKvyk f jcif;tm;jzifh rGwpf vifrt f m;vH;k nDñw G pf mG yg0ifjcif;? 0gxGufjcif;rsm; wpfnDwpfñGww f nf; jyKvkyfEdkiMf urnfjzpfonf/ urÇmo h moemh ynm &Sit f rsm;pk vdu k ef musio fh ;kH aom pepfrmS ]] urÇmwpf0rS ;f vH;k wGif wpf Edik if EH iS w hf pfEikd if H ESpq f ,fah v;em&D }} uGmjcm;aom Edik if [ H í l r&dS aom aMumifh urÇmEh ikd if H wpfEikd if rH S rGwpf vifrw f pfO;D u vjrifawGUygu useEf ikd if rH sm; twGi;f &Sd rGwpf vifrrf sm;u 0g0ifjcif;0gxGujf cif;rsm;udk jyKvyk Ef idk af Mumif; udk qH;k jzwfxm;Muayonf/ (zof0g *smartZf[&f)

rkwq f w d x f m;jcif; tpövmrfomoem0if rGwpf vifrt f rsm;pk wlnpD mG vufcx H m;aom tcsurf mS ? wrefawmfjrwfonf rkwq f w d x f m;onf/ rGwpf vifrrf sm; rkwq f w d x f m;&rnfrmS ]]pGE[ é }f } jzpfonf/ rkwq f w d x f m;jcif;ESiphf yfvsO;f í Alcg&Dusr;f ? tAl'g0l'u f sr;f ESiM hf uwatta usr;f oH;k usr;f wGif 0g0ifayonf/ az:jyyg oH;k usr;f wGif yg0ifaom rkwq f w d x f m;jcif;ESiphf yfvsO;f aom ['Dqu f kd qifjh yeforl mS qG[mbmBu;D tAÁ'v G m’ [fAifef tGr&® w f pfO;D wnf;om qifjh yef cJo h nf/ az:jyyg ['Dqt f rsKd ;tpm;udk ['Dqyf nm&Sirf sm;\ ['Dqrf sm;udk cJjG cm;pdwjf zmaom ynm&yfrsm;t&? ¾  !c     trsKd ;tpm;jzpf onf/ tvm;wl ['Dqyf g rdeq Yf ckd suo f nf ÷ Y #  cRi;f csurf &Sd rkwq f w d x f m;&rnf[k rdeq Yf x kd m;aom ['Dqt f rsKd ;tpm; r[kwaf y/ Q #  >cif;csujf zifh rdeMYf um;xm;aom ['Dqt f rsKd ;tpm;jzpfonf/

Alcg&Dusrf; 0wfpm;qif,ifru I @ tAÁ'Gv’m[fAifef tGr®&focifu wrefawmfjrwfxHrS qifhjyefcJh onfrSm?- rG&Sf&pfufrsm;udk qefu Y sijf cif;tm;jzifh EIwcf rf;arT;ud&k w d í f rkwq f w d u f x kd m;yg[k rdeq Yf ckd o hJ nf/ (['Dqt f rSw-f 1917) az:jyyg ['Dqo f nf ]]rG&&fS pfu}f } rsm;udk qefu Y si&f aomtcsed u f t kd xl;jyKxm;aom ['Dqjf zpfonf/ tvm;wl trsKd ;tpm;wl ['Dqw f pfy'k u f v kd nf; wJí G az:jyxm;ayonf/ ,[l'rD sm;onf zdeyf0wfí 0wfjyKavh r&Sad y/ toifwo Ykd nf ,[l'rD sm;udk qefu Y sijf cif;tm;jzifh zdeyfp;D í 0wfjyKMu[k rdeq Yf x kd m;aom ['Dqjf zpfonf/ xdu k o hJ Ykd tAl[&k ikd &f [focifu wrefawmfjrwfxrH S qifjh yefco hJ nfrmS ,[l'rd sm;ESihf eqf&meDrsm;onf qHyifrsm;udk aq;rqd;k us? toifwo Ykd nf 4if;wdt Yk m; qefu Y sijf cif;tm;jzifh qHyifaq;qd;k Mu/ (['Dqt f rSw-f 1918) az:jyyg ['Dqo f ;kH yk'o f nf trsdK;tpm;wl ['Dqrf sm;jzpfonf/ rG&&fS pfurf sm;? ,[l'rD sm;ESihf eqf&meDrsm;udk qefu Y sijf cif;tm;jzif?h rkwq f w d x f m;Mu? acgif;aq;qd;k Mu? zdeyfp;D í qGvmof0wfjyKMu qdak om['Dqrf sm;udk tus,zf iG q hf Mkduaom ['Dqyf nm&Sirf sm;u wpfnw D pfñw G w f nf; vufcx H m;MuonfrmS qefu Y si&f aom tcsed q f o kd nfrmS wpfzufEiS w hf pfzuf ppfjzpfjcif;wGi?f rG&&fS pfurf sm;onf rkwq f w d x f m;avhr&S/d EIwcf rf;arT;xm;Muonf/ tpövmrfhtwdwfordkif;rS t,l0g'qdkif&m&IyfaxG;rIrsm;

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OD;pd;k vGi(f Nidr;f csrf;vQyfppf) 69 ,[l'ED iS ehf qf&meDrsm;onf acgif;aq;qd;k jcif; tvsi;f r&SMd u/ xdu k o hJ yYkd if zdeyfp;D í 0wfrjyKMuay/ 4if;wdu Yk kd qefu Y sijf cif;tm;jzifh rkwq f w d x f m;jcif;? acgif;aq;qd;k jcif;? zdeyfp;D í 0wfjyKjcif;jyKvyk yf gu ppftwGi;f olv Y u l , kd v hf l cJjG cm;Edik af tmifajymMum;aom ['Dqrf sm;jzpf ayonf/ az:jyyg ['Dqrf sm;onf ppfumvü olv Y u l , kd v hf l cJjG cm;Edik &f efred q Yf ckd surf sm; jzpfonf/ xdu k o hJ Ykd umvrsKd ;wGif az:jyyg trderYf sm;onftrdet Yf jzpf oufa&mufonf/ xdu k o hJ Ykd umvrsKd ;r[kwaf omtcsed rf sm; wGif trdet Yf jzpf tjro J ufa&mufrI r&daS y/ rkwq f w d x f m;jcif;? zdeyfp;D í qGvmof0wfjyKjcif;? acgif; aq;qd;k jcif;tm;vH;k onf ppftwGi;f rG&&fS pfurf sm;? ,[l'ED iS ehf qf&meDrsm;ESihf qefUusicf sed t f wGuo f ufa&muf rI&adS om trdejYf zpfonf/ az:jyyg ['DqftrsdK;tpm;udk ['Dqfynmt&? ¾ !c   wrefawmfjrwfxHrS wpfOD;wpf a,mufwnf; (0g) vlenf;pkrsm;u qifh jyefaom ['Dqjf zpfonf/ az:jyyg ¾   !c     wGif 8.  #  (ac:) ausmMf um;aom ['Dqrf sm;vnf; &Sad yonf/ Oyrm------`$ + 9  ,¾  "   ]] vkyaf qmifcsu&f v'fonf &nf&, G cf suaf y:wGif rlwnfonf }} qdak om ['Dqt f m; wrefawmfjrwfxrH S tGr&® Af ifef cwÅmAf ocif wpfO;D wnf;u qifjh yefcahJ om ['Dqjf zpfayonf/ odYk aomf xd[ k 'Dqu f kd usr;f Bu;D ajcmufusr;f pvH;k wGif tBurd af ygif; 600 ausmf az:jycH&aom ['Dqjf zpfonft h wGuf ['Dqyf nm&Sirf sm;u 8.# ausmMf um;aom ['Dqjf zpfonf[k rSww f rf;wifcMhJ uonf/ usrf;jrwfuk&ftmefwGif rkwfqdwfxm;jcif;qdkif&m ynwfcsuf rsm; yg0ifjcif; r&SdcJhay/ usr;f jrwfu&k t f mefonf ú   '   1 *  (ac:)pMu0Vm&Sv d o l m;wpf&yfv;kH vdu k ef musio hf ;kH &rnfh Oya'jzpfonf/ usrf ; jrwf u k & f t mef w G i f rk w f q d w f x m;&ef Oya'jyXmef ; cJ h j cif ; r&S d o nf r S m obm0usayonf / tb,faMumifq h akd omf? urÇmEdik if t H oD;oD;&Sd tcsKd UvlrsKd ;rsm;wGif rkwq f w d rf aygufaom vlrsKd ;rsm;vnf; yg0ifay onf/ rkwq f w d o f nf vlom;\obm0ESihf pyfqikd af omudp&ö yf jzpfayonf/ rkwq f w d x f m;&ef Oya'jy Xmef;ygu rkwq f w d rf aygufaom rGwpf vifrw f pfO;D tzdYk tv’m[ft&Sijf rwf\ trdeu Yf kd vdu k ef musio hf ;Hk Edik o f nfh tcGit hf vef;wpf&yf qH;k &H;I &ayrnf/ tvm;wl wrefawmfjrwfu rkwfqdwfxm;&ef cRif;csufr&Sd rdefYqdkcJhygu qG[mbmaygif; wpfoed ;f ausmt f euf? tAÁ'v G m’ [f Aifef tGr&® o f cifuo hJ Ykd tjcm;qG[mbmtrsm;pkuvnf; qifjh yefcahJ om ['Dqrf sm;udk awGU&S&d ayrnf/

rkwq f w d Ef iS h f pyfvsO;f í tpövmrfomoem pwif&me,fajronf ruúma&TNrKd UawmfrS jzpfonf/ aemufyikd ;f wrefawmfjrwf tajccsaexdik cf ahJ omNrKd UrSm r'Demjzpfonf/ xdrk uúmESihf r'Demtygt0if t&AfEikd if rH sm;&Sd rGwpf vifrrf sm;a&m? rGwpf vifrrf [kwo f rl sm;a&m? trsm;tm;jzihf rkwq f w d x f m;ol OD;a&enf;onfukd awGU&ayonf/ xdu k o hJ Ykd ruúm? r'Dem tygt0if t&AfEikd if rH sm;twGi;f rkwq f w d x f m;olrsm;udk avhvmMunfrh nfqv kd Qif rGwpf vifrrf sm;a&m? rGwpf vifrrf [kwo f rl sm;a&m? rkwq f w d w f w kd x kd m; onfuakd wGU&ayrnf/ xdu k o hJ Ydk rkwq f w d f wd k w d k x m;jcif ; "avh o nf Pre-Islamic Arabian culture (ac:) tpö v mrf r wd k i f c if t&Afrsm;\&d;k &m,Ofaus;rI wpfcjk zpfayonf/ wrefawmfjrwfaemuf ydik ;f tGr&® o f cifvufxufwiG ?f tkycf sKyf a&;rSL;rsm;tm; apvTwfí t&AfEdkifiHtm;vHk;ESifh tmz&duwdkuf&Sd tD*spfEdkifiHwdkYtm; tpövmrfh tkycf sKyaf &;pepfjzift h yk cf sKycf ahJ vonf/ rktm0d,[focifonf a*s&q k vrfNrKd U\ tkycf sKyaf &;rSL;jzpfonf/ tGr&® Af ifet f mqfocifonf tD*spEf ikd if \ H tkycf sKyaf &;rSL; jzpfonf/ aemufyikd ;f tkrikd , f [frif;quf tkycf sKyo f ufwrf; 45 ESpv f ;kH vH;k qD&;D ,m;Ekid if t H m; NrKd Uawmftjzpf tpövmrfhtwdwfordkif;rS t,l0g'qdkif&m&IyfaxG;rIrsm;

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OD;pd;k vGi(f Nidr;f csrf;vQyfppf)

70

owfrw S í f tkycf sKycf o hJ nf/ tvm;wltAÁmqD,[frif;qufrsm;uvnf; tD&mufEikd if ?H b*¾'g'fukd NrKd Uawmf tjzpf owfrw S í f 185 ESpf tkycf sKycf o hJ nf/ az:jyyg tpövmrft h yk cf sKyf a&;vufatmufrsm;&Sd t&AfEikd if rH sm;ESihf tmz&duwdu k &f dS tD*spEf ikd if H tygt0if tjcm;tmz&duEkid if rH sm;twGi;f &Sd rGwpf vifrf rsm;onf rkwf qdwf xm; aom OD;a&xuf rkwfqdwfrxm;aom OD;a&u ydkrsm;onf udkawGU& ayonf/ xdkuJhodkY wrefawmfjrwfvufxufrS ESpaf ygif;350 ausmq f ufwu kd f tpövmrft h yk cf sKyaf &;atmufwiG f &Scd MhJ uaom rGwpf vifrf rsm;tzdYk rkwq f w d x f m;jcif;? rxm;jcif;tay: rnfonfh y#dyu©rQ r&Scd ahJ y/ tvm;wl xm;olrsm;tm;vH;k onfvnf; rkwq f w d w f w kd kd xm;olrsm; udo k m awGU&ayrnf/ yg&Se;f Edik if EH iS hf yg&Se;f (zg&pD) pum;ajymEdik if rH sm;wGif tz*epöweftygt0if rGwpf vifrrf sm;a&m? rGwpf vifrrf [kwaf omolrsm;a&m? trsm;pkonf rkwq f w d &f n S &f n S x f m;onfukd awGU&ayonf/ tvm; wl tdE, ´d Edik if t H wGi;f &Sd rGwpf vifrrf sm;ESihf rGwpf vifrrf [kwo f rl sm;tm;vH;k onfvnf; rkwq f w d &f n S &f n S x f m;jcif;udk awGU&S&d ayonf/ bef*vma'&SEf iS hf ygupöwefEikd if w H v Ykd nf; yg0ifonf/ rk w f q d w f o nf vl o m;obm0ES i f h q d k i f a omud p ö & yf j zpf a yonf / tpö v mrf o moem0if rGqpf vifrrf sm;onf wrefaf wmfjrwf\ pGE[ é u f t kd aumiftxnfaz:jcif;tm;jzifh rkwq f w d x f m;&müvnf; 4if;wdkY\ Edkifi? vlrsdK; ,Ofaus;rIrsm;t& t&AfEdkifrsm;ESifh tmz&duEdkifiHrsm;&SdrGwfpvifrfrsm;onf rkwq f w d w f w kd x kd m;Muonf/ yg&Se;f ESihf yg&Se;f pum;ajymaomEdik if rH sm;? tdE, ´d Edik if t H ygt0if? xdEk ikd if rH sm;twGi;f &Sd rGwpf vifrrf sm;onf wrefawmfjrwf\pGE[ é u f kd taumiftxnfaz: jcif;tm;jzifh rkwq f w d x f m;Muonf/ rkwq f w d x f m;&mü &Sn&f n S x f m; avh&MdS uonf/ tvm;wl Oa&mywdu k &f dS wl&uDEikd if o H nf rGwpf vifrf Edik if w H pfcjk zpfonf/ rGwpf vifrf 95 &mcdik Ef eI ;f &So d nf/ xdEk ikd if &H dS rGwpf vifrt f rsm;pkonf rkwq f w d x f m;jcif; r&SMd uay/ tpövmrfomoemonf tvGew f pf&mrQ "r®"Xd mefusaom omoemjzpfonf/ xdo k moemwGif t"r®pepfr&Sad y/ acwfwikd ;f ? ae&mwdik ;f ? vlrsKd ;wdik ;f twGuf vdu k ef musio hf ;kH &mü vG,u f rl u I o kd mvQif ñTejf yvsu&f adS om omoemjzpfayonf/ usr;f jrwfu&k t f mef pl&[f(68) tm,wf(4)wGi?f ù+;  , ÷  + H  ý  '  ;  "    ]] {ueftrSef toif(wrefawmf) onf ud, k u f siw hf &m;t&mütjrwfq;kH jzpfonf }} þonf usr;f jrwfu&k t f mefwiG f tv’m[ft&Sijf rwfu wref awmfjrwf\ ud, k u f siw hf &m;ESiphf yfvsO;f Ny;D rdeMYf um;xm;aom tm,wfjzpfayonf/ tpövmrfomoemonf ud, k u f siw hf &m;udk tajccHaomomoem jzpfonf/ rGwpf vifrw f pfa,muf\ ud, k u f siw hf &m; aumif; rGejf cif;onf r&Srd jzpf vdt k yfaomwm0efjzpfonf/ tb,faMumifh qdak omf? tpövmrfomoem0if rGwpf vifrrf sm;ESiphf yfvsO;f Ny;D usr;f jrwf uk&t f mef pl&[f(49) tm,wf(13)wGi?f ]] toifwdkYteuf ]ouú0g} (tv’m[ft&Sifjrwftm; cspf aMumuf &dkaocefYjim;rI pdw"f gwf)t&Sq d ;kH olonf tv’m[ft&Sijf rwfxaH wmfyg;wGif trGejf rwfq;kH jzpfonf }} tpövmrfomoem0if rGwfpvifrfrsm;taejzifh t"duESifh omrn qdkaomudpö&yfrsm;udk cJjG cm;od&rnfrmS wm0efwpf&yfjzpfay onf/ wrefawmfjrwf\ pGE[ é rf sm;udk taumiftxnfaz:&mü wref awmfjrwf\ jrifawG&Y aom &kyyf ikd ;f qdik &f mpGE[ é rf sm;udv k nf; taumiftxnfaz:í rjrifrawGU&aom pdwyf ikd ;f qdik &f m pGE[ é rf sm;udv k nf; taumiftxnfaz:&rnf jzpfayonf/ usr;f jrwfu&k t f mefwiG ?f ù7 Y  7   #   ' ÷C   [lí trdeaYf y;rdeMYf um;csuf ajrmufrsm;pGmyg0ifay onf / t"dymÜ ,frmS ]] toifwo Ykd nf tv’m[ft&Sijf rwftm; twwfEikd q f ;kH ouú0g(ac:)(cspaf Mumuf&akd ocefUjim;)Muavukef }} [k qdx k m; ayonf/ tpövmrfhtwdwfordkif;rS t,l0g'qdkif&m&IyfaxG;rIrsm;

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OD;pd;k vGi(f Nidr;f csrf;vQyfppf) 71 pl&[f(33) tm,wf(2)wGi?f ]] {uefrvJG toifwdkYtzdkY tv’m[ft&Sifjrwfudkvnf;aumif;?aemufqHk;aeYudkvnf;aumif;? aMumuf & G U H o nf h t jyif tv’ m [f t &S i f j rwf t m; rsm;pG m atmuf a rh w o owd & vsuf & S d o l t zd k Y tv’m[ft&Sijf rwf\ &plvw f refawmfüf rGwjf rwfvpS mG aompHerlemonf &Sad yonf }} az:jyyg tm,wfrsm;udk aphipkH mG zwf&aI vhvmqnf;ylí oH;k oyfqifjcifrnfqykd gu wrefawmfjrwftm; pHerlem,l&müwref awmfjrwf\ pdwyf ikd ;f qdik &f m pHrsm;udEk v S ;kH oGi;f í rdrw d \ Ykd pdw"f gwfrsm;udzk UGH NzKd ;wd;k wufap&ef rdeq Yf x kd m;csurf sm;udk uGuu f u G u f iG ;f uGi;f jrifawGU Edik af yonf/

usr;f jrwfu&k t f mefEiS w hf v G muf usr;f jrwfu&k t f mefyg tcsKd UtrderYf sm;onfwrefawmfjrwf\ pGE[ é (f ac:) tao;pdwf taumif txnfaz:jyrI rygyJ vdu k ef musio hf ;kH í r&Edik af y/ Oyrm?- qGvmof? Zumof? [*sf uJo h aYkd om Oya'rsm;udk qdv k jkd cif;jzpfonf/ vifcef;r,m;cef; jywfprJ I wGvmufay;jcif;ESiphf yfvsO;f í ]]wGvmuf}} ESihf wGvmuftaMumif;yg0ifaom tm,wfrsm;udk vdu k ef musio hf ;kH &mü vnf;aumif;? em;vnfoabmayguf&mü vnf;aumif;?tvG,u f q l ;kH t&Si;f vif;qH;k enf;rsm;jzifh az:jyxm;ayonf/ rG w f p vif r f r [k w f a om? t&AD p mayud k rod e m;rvnf o nf h vl w pf a ,muf t m; 4if;em;vnfwwfuRr;f aom bmompum;jzifh bmomjyefxm;aom uk&t f mefuakd y;í wGvmufqikd &f m Oya'rsm;udk zwfcikd ;f jcif;tm;jzifh uk&t f mefyg wGvmufOya'udk wpfxikd w f nf;ESihf em;vnf;oabmaygufomG ;rnf jzpfonf/ usrf;jrwfuk&ftmefwGif wGvmufay;jcif;qdkif&m Oya'onf ]]tpf'of}} [kac:qdkaom apmifq h ikd ;f umvudk vH;k vH;k vsm;vsm; tajccH xm;jcif;jzpfonf/ ZeD;armifEw HS t Ykd m; wpfO;D ESiw hf pfO;D cJcG mG vku d cJGcmG cGifjh yKxm;onf/ xdkuJhodkY cJGcmG jywfpaJ wmhrnfqydk gu atmufygpnf;urf;rsm;udk wpfaoGrwdrf; vdu k ef mMu&rnfjzpfonf/ 1/ cifyeG ;f ESiZhf eD;onfwYkd y#dyu©&ydS gu cifyeG ;f zufrS vlBuD;wpfa,muf? ZeD;zufrS vlBuD; wpfa,mufac:í ajyvnfap&ef n§Ed iId ;f &rnf/ (4 ; 35) 2/ uGm&Si;f jywfp&J mü orm"d&adS om vlBu;D ESpaf ,mufuo kd ufaoxm;&rnf/ (65 ; 2) 3/ ZeD;onf &moDyef;yGiNhf y;D ud, k jf yefoefo Y nfh tcsed u f akd pmifí h jywfp&J rnf/ (65 ; 1) 4/ uGm&Si;f Ny;D ygu ]] tpf'of }} apmifq h ikd ;f umv &ufukd a&wGu&f rnf/ (65 ; 1) 5/ uGm&Si;f cH&aom ZeD;onf &moDyef;oH;k cgyGio hf nfw h ikd f rdru d , kd u f kd apmifq h ikd ;f &rnf/ (2 ;228) 6/ uGm&Si;f cH&aom ZeD;onf &moDyef;yGijhf cif;r&Syd gu rdru d , kd u f kd oH;k v apmifq h ikd ;f &rnf/ (65 ; 4) 7/. uGm&Si;f cH&aom ZeD;onfu, k d 0f ef&d S ygu 4if;\]]tpf'of}} apmifq h ikd ;f umvonf uav;arG;Ny;D csed t f xdjzpfonf/ (65 ; 4) 8/ uGm&Si;f cH&aom ZeD;onfwiG f xif&mS ;aom pufqyk zf , G &f m wpfpw kH pf&m usL;vGerf I r&Syd gu? cifyeG ;f uvnf;tdrrf S ESirf cs&/ ZeD;uvnf; tdrrf q S if;roGm;&/ (65 ; 1) 9/ uGm&Si;f cH&aom ZeD;onf apmifq h idk ;f umv wGif ud, k 0f ef&adS eygu rxdecf se&f / tdrw f iG t f wl tpövmrfhtwdwfordkif;rS t,l0g'qdkif&m&IyfaxG;rIrsm;

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OD;pd;k vGi(f Nidr;f csrf;vQyfppf)

72

aecsed f cifyeG ;f uZeD;onftm; jyefvnford ;f ydu k &f ef tcGit hf a&;yd&k o dS jl zpfonf/ (2 ; 228) 10/ ZeD;armifEHS (jyefvnfaygif;oif;Edik af om) uGm&Si;f jcif;onf ESpBf urd o f mjzpfonf/ 'kw, d uGm &Si;f jywfpNJ y;Dd 'kw, d oH;k vapmifq h ikd ;f umvtwGi;f jyefaygif;cGi&hf o dS nf/ jyefraygif;vdu k aemuff tNy;D cJcG mG &rnf/ (2 ;229) 11/ xdk tNy;D jywfpo J mG ;aom trsKd ;orD;onf tjcm;trsKd ;om;wpfO;D OD;ESihf tdraf xmifusNy;D uJu G mG onfjzpfap? xdt k rsKd ;om; aoqH;k oGm;onfjzpfap? yxr cifyeG ;f ujyefvnfaygif;oif;vdyk gu ESpOf ;D pvH;k tv’m[ft&Sijf rwf\ pnf;urf;rsm;udk apmifx h ed ;f Edik rf nf[k ,HMk unfygu ]]edu[f}} zwfíaygif;oif;Edik o f nf/ (2 ; 230) 12/ tv’m[ft h rdeOYf ya'rsm;udk ajymifavSmifysu&f ,frrI jyK MuESi/hf toifwt Ykd m; jyKxm;aom aus;Zl;rsm;udo k wd&Mu/ xdu k sr;f jrwf(uk&t f mef)jzifh toifwt Ykd m; qH;k rawmfro l nf/ tv’m[fh tm; aMumuf&UGH &dak ocefjY im;Mu/ xdt k &Sio f nf t&mcyford ;f wdu Yk kd t
Alcg&Dusr;f rS wGvmufu@ Alcg&Dusr;f yg wGvmufu@ukd pl&[fwv G mufjzifh pwifxm;ygonf/ xdaYk emuf tAÁ'v G m’ [fAifef tGr&® o f cifu 4if;\ZeD; ud, k rf oefcY sed w f iG f wGvmufay;cJ\ h / xdt k aMumif;t&mESiphf yfvsO;f í tGr&® o f cif u wrefawmfjrwftm; ajymjycJ\ h / xdt k cg wrefawmfjrwfu rdeq Yf o kd nfrmS ? ud, k rf oefcY sed f wGvmufay;í tpövmrfhtwdwfordkif;rS t,l0g'qdkif&m&IyfaxG;rIrsm;

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OD;pd;k vGi(f Nidr;f csrf;vQyfppf) 73 r&/ toifo h m;tm; jyefaygif;vdu k jyefaygif;Edik o f nf[k ajymMum;vku d /f tu,fí jyefraygif;vdu k aemuf wpfcsed f ud, k rf oefcY sed u f kd jyefapmif/h ud, k o f efNY y;D rS wGvmufay;[k rdeq Yf ckd ahJ om ['Dqu f kd az:jyxm;onf/ (Alcg&Dusr;f ? wGvmufu@? ['Dq-f 1878) rGwpf vifrrf sm;\ tajccHOya'jzpfaom usr;f jrwfu&k t f mef wGif u@aygif; (114)u@yg0ifayonf/ xdu k @rsm;teuf pl&[fwv G muf[í l u@wpfck oD;jcm;az:jyxm;ayonf/ az:jyyg usr;f jrwfu&k t f mef\ Oya'ESiq hf efu Y sií f Alcg&Dusr;f tygt0if rnfonf[ h 'Dqu f sr;f rsm;wGirf S qefu Y sií f rdeq Yf x kd m;aom ['Dqrf sm; ryg0ifay/ az:jyyg usr;f jrwfu&k t f mefEiS hf qefu Y sií f az:jycJah om ['Dqrf sm;&Syd guvnf; vdu k ef musio fh ;kH &ef rvdt k yfay/ txufrS az:jyNy;D jzpfaom wrefawmfjrwfyifvQif usr;f jrwfco G Af [fay;jcif; odrYk [kwf rdrd w d Ykd wwfoed m;vnfaom bmompum; jzifah y;jcif;tay: tdrmrfBu;D av;yg;teuf tAl[eDzmocif? tdrmrf &SmzDto D cif? tdrmrf[rfAvfocifwo Ykd ;kH OD;wdu Yk cofA[fem;axmifow l o Ykd nf t&Afrsm;r[kwyf J t*srf aD c: t&Afr[kwo f rl sm;jzpfygu? xdek m;axmifaomolrsm;em;vnfaom bmompum;jzifh cGoAf [fay;&rnf [k 4if;wd"Yk r®owfrsm;wGif qH;k jzwfco hJ nf/ rdrmrf rmvpfuo f cifurl? cGoAf [fw&m;a&at;wdu k af uR;&mü em;axmiforl sm;onf t&Afr[kwyf J t*srf aD c:t&Af r[kwo f rl sm; jzpfyguvnf;? t&ADbmomjzifo h m cGoAf [fay;&rnf[k 4if;\"r®owfwiG f az:jyxm;onf/ /+   <:    ý , / Q6  71 (t&ADr&l if;usr;f twJ-G 1?pmrsuEf mS -315? cGwAÅ [fqikd &f m"r®owfu@) urÇmEh ikd if t H oD;oD;&Sd AvD0wfausmif;rsm;wGif cGoAf [fay;&mü xdEk ikd if t H wGi;f &Sd rGwpf vifrrf sm; em;vnfaom bmompum;jzifh cGofA[fay;vsuf &SdMuygonf/ usrf;jrwfuk&ftmeft&vnf;? cGoAf [fem;axmif&eftwGuf AvD0wfausmif;rsm;odYk taqmwvsio f mG ; a&muf Ed;I aqmfxm;ayonf/ cGoAf [fuekd m;axmifjcif;tm; 0g*spAf w f m0eftjzpf tdrmrfav;yg;pvH;k u tqdn k pD mG vufcx H m;Muygonf/ cGoAf [ftcsed w f iG f pum;ajymjcif;? cGoAf [fukd tm&Hpk u kd í f em;raxmifjcif;onf usr;f jrwfu&k t f mefukd o,faqmifxm;aom jrnf;owÅ0g jzpfonf[k tdrmrfav;yg;pvH;k u vufcx H m;Muonf/ xd0k g*spAf f wm0efjzpfaom cGoAf [fukd em;axmiforl sm;onf rdrw d eYkd m;vnfaombmompum;jzifh Mum;od&rSom? xdck o G Af [ftm; wpfav;wpfpm; em;axmifMurnfjzpfayonf/ odrYk o S m usr;f jrwfu&k t f mefyg (tv’m[f t&Sijf rwftm; wo owd&&S&d mod)Yk taqmwvsif oGm;Muolrsm; twGuf cGoAf [f\ tusdK;ouf a&mufrrI sm;udk cHpm;Edik Mf urnfjzpfayonf/

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AvD0wfausmif;rsm;ESih f trsKd ;orD;rsm; (  ,÷67#g  ) E$,q70ý$CCN"50 F  ý0A !H8 4 1A K 4 8$, tmat,S[o f cifru qifjh yefco hJ nfrmS ? AvD0wfausmif; twGi;f wGif vlrnf;trsKd ;orD;wpfO;D u? tpövmrfhtwdwfordkif;rS t,l0g'qdkif&m&IyfaxG;rIrsm;

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OD;pd;k vGi(f Nidr;f csrf;vQyfppf)

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wJx;kd í aecJo h nf/ xdt k rsKd ;orD;onf uRerf xHvma&mufí pum;pjrnfajymavh&o dS nf/ (Alcg&DEiS rhf w G pf vifrf ESpu f sr;f pvH;k wGiyf g0ifí tqdn k aD om ['Dqjf zpf onf/ BULUGH AL-MARAM qGvmofu@) tmat,S[o f cifru qifjh yefco hJ nfrmS ? wrefawmfjrwf\ aemufrS z*s&q f v G mof 0wfjyKcMhJ uaom trsKd ;orD;rsm;teuf tcsKd U onf jcKH xnfwpfcw k nf;ESihf wpfu, kd v f ;kH udk vHak tmif ywfí 0wfjyKMuonf/ (Alcg&Dusr;f ? qGvmofu@? ['Dqt f rSw-f 368) wrefawmfjrwf\aemufwGif trsdK;orD;rsm; *srmtofjzifh qGvmof0wfjyKrIESifhpyfvsOf;í Alcg&Dusr;f tygt0if usr;f Bu;D ajcmuf usr;f pvH;k wGif yg0ifayonf/ tvm;wl wrefawmfjrwfacwfrS pwif í utfAmausmif;awmfESifh r'Dem&Sd wrefawmfjrwf\ 0wfausmif; awmfwdkYwGif trsdK;orD;rsm; ig;Burd q f v G mof0wfjyKcMhJuonfrmS ,aeYwidk jf zpfayonf/ xdu k o hJ yYkd if urÇmEh ikd if t H oD;oD;&Sd AvD0wfausmif;rsm; wGiv f nf; qGvmofig;Burd pf vH;k udk *srmtofjzifh trsKd ;orD;rsm; 0wfjyKjcif;? *semZ[fqv G mof0wfjyKjcif;? tpf'*guGi;f jyifrsm;wGiv f nf; tD'q f v G mof0wfjyKjcif;rsm;udk trsKd ;om;rsm;enf;wl trsKd ;orD;rsm;vnf; 0wfjyKvsu&f MdS uayonf/ txufrS az:jycJah om vlrnf;trsKd ;orD;wpfO;D AvD 0wfausmif;twGi;f wJx;kd íaejcif;['Dqo f nf Alcg&Dusrf;rS ['Dqfjzpfonf/ tvm;wl rGwfpvifrfusrf;wGifvnf; yg0ifayonf/ xdk['Dqfudk tpfAae[*s&o f cifu 4if;\ BULUGH AL MARAM qGvmof u@wGif tus,w f pf0ifh az:jycJo h nfrmS ? trsKd ;orD;rsm;onftajc taet& AvD0wfausmif;twGi;f wGif oD;jcm;umí aecGi&hf adS Mumif;az:jyxm; ayonf/ xdv k rl nf;trsKd ;orD; wJx;kd íaecJah om AvD0wfausmif;rSm wrefawmfjrwf\ ]] rqf*sad 'eA0D }} ausmif;awmfjzpfonf/ tvm;wl wrefawmfjrwfu toifwdkY\ZeD;rsm;? orD;rsm;uvnf; AvD0wfausmif;odkY qGvmof0wfjyK&ef cGiahf wmif;ygu rwm;MuESiq hf akd om ['Dqrf sm;vnf; yg0ifayonf/ tpövmrfw&m;awmf\ t&if;tjrpfjzpfaom usr;f jrwfu&k t f mefwiG f trsKd ;orD;rsm; AvD0wfausmif;rsm;wGif qGvmof0wfjyKr?I uA&focØsKi;f rsm;wGif aZ,m&ofjyKrrI sm;udk ydwyf ifwm;qD;jcif; tvsi;f r&Scd ahJ y/ wrefawmfjrwf\ ['Dqf rsm;wGiv f nf; ydwyf ifwm;qD;jcif; r&Scd ahJ y/ utfAmausmif;awmfEiS hf r'Dem&Sd wrefawmfjrwf AvD0wfausmif; 0wf a usmif ; tygt0if urÇ m h E d k i f i H t oD ; oD ; &S d AvD 0 wf a usmif ; rsm;wG i f v nf ; aeY p Of qGvmofig;Burd t f rsKd ;om;rsm;enf;wl trsKd ;orD;rsm;vnf; 0wfjyKvsu&f MdS uygonf/ xdu k o hJ Ykd udp&ö yfrsm;udk taMumif;jyKí jiif;cHrk ?I jyóemjzpfr?I cku d &f efjzpfr?I rsm;onf r&So d ifrh &Sx d u kd af om udp&ö yfrsm;jzpfayonf/ pl&[f(2) tm,wf (278)wGi?f ]] td-k ,HMk unfot l aygif;wdYk tu,fí toifwo Ykd nf ,HMk unforl sm;jzpfMuygrl? tv’m[ft&Sit f m; cspaf Mumuf&akd ocefjY im;Muav uke/f 4if;tjyif
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OD;pd;k vGi(f Nidr;f csrf;vQyfppf)

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cspaf Mumuf&akd ocefjY im;Muavuke/f odrYk o S m toifwYkd atmifjrifMuuket f hH }} pl&[f(4) tm,wf(161)wGi?f ]] xdkYjyifw0 xdkolwdkY\ twdk;pm;rIaMumifhvnf;aumif;? olwpfyg;wdkY\ Opömypönf;udk rw&m;aomenf;jzifh pm;oH;k jcif;aMumifh vnf; aumif;? wm;jrpfc&hJ avNy/D xdrk w S pfyg;wHk igt&Sijf rwfonf xdo k w l Ykd teufrS aoGznfjiif;y,fow l t Ykd zdYk tvGejf yif;xefaom jypf'Pfukd tqif oifh jyKvyk x f m;avonf}} þonfwrYkd mS usr;f jrwfu&k t f mefyg twd;k ESiphf yfvsO;f í ydwyf ifwm;qD;xm;aom Oya'jzpfonf/ ae&mtm;jzifh ajcmufae&mwGif yg0ifayonf/ usr;f jrwfu&k t f mefwiG f ajrmufrsm;pGm ydwyf ifwm;qD;cJah om Oya'rsm;wGif cRi;f csujf zifh cGijhf yKxm;aom Oya'rsm; yg0ifayonf/ Oyrm- pm;oH;k jcif;ESiphf yfvsO;f í wm;jrpfxm;aom pl&[f(5)tm,wf(3)wGi?f ]] tvdt k avsmufaoaom om;aumifonfvnf;aumif;? aoG;onfvnf;aumif;? 0uf\tom;onf vnf;aumif;? tv’m[ft&SifjrwfrSwpfyg; tjcm;udk&nfpl;xm;aom wd&pämefonf vnf; aumif;? vnfrsKd np§ í f aoaomom;aumifonf vnf;aumif;? &ku d f ESuí f jzpfap? xdcu kd í f jzpfap? aoaom om;aumif;onf vnf; aumif;? jrif&h mrSusí aoaomom;aumifonf vnf;aumif;? OD;csKd jzifah 0SUcwfjcif;cH&í aoaomom;aumif;onf vnf;aumif;? (toufrxGufrD w&m;awmfESifhtnD) toifwdkY ]]ZA[f}} vS;D jzwfEikd cf ahJ om wd&pämefrsm;rSty? om;&Jw&d pämefrsm; owfjzwfxm;aomom;aumifonf vnf;aumif;? toifwt Ykd ay:ü ]] [&mrf }} [lí wm;jrpfxm;NyD;jzpfonf/ &kyyf mG ;rsm;xm;&S&d mae&mXmersm;wGif ylaZmfv;DS jzwfxm;onfo h m;aumifonfvnf;aumif;? rJ? jrm;wdjYk zifh toifwYkd a0pka0yHck jGJ cif;onfvnf;aumif;? toifwt Ykd zd(Yk pm;oH;k jcif; rjyKMu&ef)wm;jrpfxm;Ny;D jzpfonf/ þonfwo Ykd nfum; jypfr'I pk &ku d rf sm;yifwnf;/ od&Yk mwGif rnforl qdk tjyif;txef qmavmifrw G o f yd í f rvJrG a&Smifomonfh tajctaeodYk pdu k af &mufco hJ jzifh xdo k o l nf jypfru I kd ESpo f ufvrkd rI &Syd w J m;jrpfxm;aom t&mrsm;udk pm;oH;k rdygu rcRw{f uef tv’m[f t&Sifjrwfonf tvGefw&m vGwfNidrf;csrf;omcGifh ay;awmfrlaomt&SiftvGefMuifemawmfrlaom t&Sijf zk pfawmfr\ l }} tMuifow l pfO;D onf tajctaet& xdw k m;jrpfxm;aom t&mrsm;om &So d nfah e&mwGif a&muf&cdS \ hJ / xdt k &mrsm;udk BuKd uEf pS o f ufcjhJ cif;vnf;r&S?d tpm;usL;onfvnf;r[kwyf ?J xdt k &mrsm;udk toufrao&ef pm;ydik cf iG hf jyKxm;onf/ odaYk omf twd;k ESiphf yfvsO;f í usr;f jrwfu&k t f mefyg ajcmuf ae&mpvH;k wGif cRi;f csujf zifv h nf; pm;ydik cf iG hf jyKxm;onfukd tvsi;f rawGU&S&d ay/ wrefawmfjrwfonf [pf*s&(D 10)ckEpS f ZGvu f '[f 2 6 &ufaeYwiG f r[mom0uaygif; 90000 ESit hf wl r'DemNrKd UrS [*sjf yK&ef xGucf mG cJo h nf/ ZGv[ f *s*f s 9 &ufaeYwiG f t&zofuiG ;f jyif&dS &[frofawmif ay:rS rdecYf eG ;f acRco hJ nf/ xdrk ed cYf eG ;f udk em;axmifcahJ om qG[mbmBu;D rsm;rSm 115000 cef&Y cdS o hJ nf/ xdrk ed cYf eG ;f udk wrefawmfjrwf\ EIwq f ufred cYf eG ;f tjzpf vlord sm;cJo h nf/ xdrk ed cYf eG ;f wGif taMumif;t&m ajrmufrsm; pGm yg0ifco hJ nf/ xdak jrmufrsm;pGmteuf twd;k ESiphf yfvsO;f í?X](#+ø140 ]]twd;k ESiphf yfvsO;f í ,lxm;jcif;? ay;xm;jcif;rsm;tm;vH;k udk zsuo f rd ;f Ny;D jzpfonf}} rdr, d x l m;yguvnf; jyefay;&efrvd?k rdru d ay;xm; yguvnf;? jyef,&l efrvd?k tv’m[ft&Sijf rwfonf twd;k ESiphf yfvsO;f íwm; jrpfcsuOf ya' jyXmef;xm;Ny;D jzpfonf/ +¾ "   ' ýR= tpövmrfhtwdwfordkif;rS t,l0g'qdkif&m&IyfaxG;rIrsm;

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OD;pd;k vGi(f Nidr;f csrf;vQyfppf) 76 ]]twd;k ,ljcif;? ay;jcif;pepftpövmrfwiG f r&Sad wmhay}} 1X(#< Y !,ú+2!,+4  ]]{uef tAÁ'v G rf w G v Å pfA\ f om; tAÁmqfocif\ twd;k tm; vH;k udv k nf; y,fzsu?f zsuo f rd ;f Ny;D avNy}D } (,lxm;olrsm; jyefvnf ay;&efrvdak y/) twd;k ESiphf yfvsO;f í usr;f jrwfu&k t f mefwiG v f nf; wm;jrpfchJ onf/ xdu k o hJ yYkd if wrefawmfjrwfuvnf; twd;k ESiphf yfvsO;f í wm;jrpfcNhJ y;D jzpfonf/ usr;f jrwfu&k t f mef tm,wfrsm;t&a&m? wrefawmfjrwf\ txufygrdecYf eG ;f t&a&m? yxrydik ;f wGif twd;k ay;jcif;? twd;k ,ljcif;rsm; jyKvyk cf ahJ Mumif;? yg0ifayonf/ xdu k o hJ Ykd twd;k ay;jcif; ,ljcif;pepfrsm;udk usrf;jrwfu&k t f mefwiG f wm;qD;ydwyf ifred rYf sm;usa&mufNyD;aemufyikd ;f wrefawmfjrwfuvnf; wm;qD;ydwyf ifco hJ nf/ tcsKd Uynm&Sirf sm;tMum; r  +¾ qdak om]]'g&Gv[ f &zf}} tpövmrftyk cf sKyrf I e,fy,fr[kwaf om a'owG i f twd k ; pm;yd k i f c G i f h & S d o nf q d k a om ['D q f r sm;t&? twd k ; pm;í&onf [ k cH , l M uonf / tcsKd Uynm&Sirf sm;u az:jyyg ['Dqt f & pm;vd&Yk onfum; rSe\ f / odaYk omf ]]'g&Gv[ f &zf}} qdak om a0g[m&udk zGiq hf &kd mü rGwpf vifrrf sm;tay:ppfwu kd cf u kd af om ae&mrsm;udo k mvQif 'g&Gv[ f &zf [kac:onf[k apm'u wufMuonf/ rnfoyYkd ifqakd p? r  +¾ qdak om['Dqo f nf trSef wu,f &Scd yhJ guvnf; usr;f jrwfu&k f tmefwiG f twd;k ESiphf yfvsO;f íydwyf ifwm;qD;aom tm,wfrsm;rusa&mufciftvsiu f qdak umif;qdck EhJ ikd o f nf/ xdu k o hJ Ykd qdak umif;qdck yhJ guvnf; xd[ k 'Dqf trsKd ;tpm;onfusr;f jrwfu&k t f mef tm,wfrsm;t& vnf;aumif;? wrefawmfjrwf\[*s*f sov G 0f 'd [f qG[mbmaygif; wpfoed ;f wpfaomif;ig;axmifcefaY &SUwGif rdeMYf um;cJah om wrefawmfjrwf\ aemufq;kH rdecYf eG ;f t& vnf;aumif;? yvyfzsuo f rd ;f Ny;D aom ['Dqo f mvQif jzpfayonf/ az:jyyg udp&ö yfrsm;onf jyóemtjzpf ray:aumif;? rjzpfaumif;aom udp&ö yfrsm;jzpfayonf/ xdkuJhodkY usrf;jrwfuk&ftmefu >cif;csufr&SdvHk;0OóHk wm;jrpfNyD;jzpfaom udpöjzpfonf/ tvm;wl wref a wmf j rwf u vnf ; [*sf * soG v f 0 d ' [f w G i f usrf ; jrwf u k & f t mef twd k i f ; omvQif jyef v nf rdecYf eG ;f acRNy;D jzpfayonf/ xdu k o hJ Ykd ESpaf ygif;1400 ausmu f xJu r&Sad wmhaomudp&ö yfrsm;udk jyefvnf toufoGif;aejcif;rsm;onf? usrf;jrwfuk&ftmefudk Xmefu&dkPf;ususzwfwwf&HkuvJGNyD;? rdrdwdkY zwf&w G o f &Zösm,fonft h wdik ;f em;vnfoabmraygufjcif;? em;vnfoabmaygufatmif rBuKd ;pm;jcif;? em;vnfoabm ayguf&aumif;rSe;f rodjcif;wYkd aMumifjh zpfonf/

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tpövmrfhtwdwfordkif;rS t,l0g'qdkif&m&IyfaxG;rIrsm;

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OD;pd;k vGi(f Nidr;f csrf;vQyfppf)

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usrf;jrwfu& k t f mef tpö v mrf h t ajccH O ya'onf usrf ; jrwf u k & f t mef j zpf o nf / xd k u srf ; yg Oya'rsm;ud k tv’m[ft&Sijf rwfu wrefawmfjrwf\ ESv;kH om;xJoYkd ]] 0[D }} tm;jzifh ydcYk say;cJo h nf/ xdu k sr;f yg tm,wf rsm;onf wref awmfjrwfxHodkY 0[D tjzpfydkYcscJhonfhtwdkif; vdkwdk; ydkavQmhtvsif;r&SdyJ xm0& wnf&adS ernfjzpfonf/ xdu k o hJ Ykd wnf&dS ae&efvnf; tv’m[ft&Sijf rwfu, kd af wmfwikd f xde;f odr;f cJjh cif; jzpfonf/ pl&[f(15) tm,wf (9)wGi?f ]] {uef p if p pf igt&S i f o nf y if v Qif þqH k ; rMo0g'wnf ; [l a omusrf ; jrwf u k & f t mef u d k csay;awmfrcl ahJ vonf/ xdrk w S pfyg; igt&Sif onfyifvQif xdu k sr;f udk apmifah &Smufawmfrrl nfh t&Sijf zpfayonf}} tvm;wl xdkusrf;onf NyD;jynfhpHk tao;pdwf&Sif;vif;xm;aomusrf;jzpfonfudk pl&[f(11) tm,wf(1)wGi?f ]] þonf tMuifusr;f *efwpfqw l nf;/ xdu k sr;f *ef\ tm ,wfawmfrsm;onf jrjJ rcH ikd cf efaY tmif jyKvyk jf cif;jzpfacsonf/ xdjYk yifxt kd m,wfawmfrsm;onf udsK;aMumif;qifjcifww kH &m;ESihf jynfph akH wmfral om tv’m[ft&Sijf rwfxaH wmfrS tao;pdw&f iS ;f vif;az:jyNy;D jzpfayonf }} pl&[f(16) tm,wf(43)ESihf pl&[f(21) t,wf(7)wdw Yk iG ?f 4   C ¾  ù7$ 1 4   1 :  ø    @   0  ]] toifwYkd rodMuygu odaomolrsm;tm; ar;jref;Mu }} txufyg tm,wfrsm;t& usr;f jrwfu&k t f mefonf tao; pdw&f iS ;f vif;xm;Ny;D jzpfonf/ 4if;aemuf toifwrYkd odvQif odaomolrsm;udk ar;jref;Mu[k qdx k m;onf/ az:jyyg tm,wfrsm;tay: av;av;eufeuf pOf;pm;cJah om qG[mbmBu;D tAlbuú&o f cifutu,fí ukvm;tkww f pfaumif\ BuKd ;av;wpfacsmif;uJo h Ykd ao;rTmG ;onfh ypön;f uav; aysmufq;kH oGm;yguvnf; jyefvnf&&S&d ef enf;vrf;udk usr;f jrwfu&k t f mefwiG f vrf;ñTecf suyf g&SNd y;D jzpfonf [k qdck o hJ nf/ (a'gufwm ,lqzG u f &f'gG 0D\ Islamic Law in The Modern World pmrsuEf mS -10) pl&[f(14) tm,wf(1)wGi?f ]] þonf usr;f *efjzpfonf/ toifonf vlom;wpf&yfv;kH wdUk tm; tv’m[f\trdeaYf wmfEiS hf tarSmifxrk sm;rS tvif;a&mifoq Ykd x GJ w k Ef ikd t f ahH omiSm? xdu k sr;f *efukd csay;cJah vonf }} usr;f jrwfu&k t f meftvsiu f csay;cJah om Oya'rsm;ESihf a&G;cs,cf ahJ om eADwrefawmfrsm;onf vlrsKd ;pkrsm;twGuaf omfvnf;aumif;?acwfwpfacwftwGuf vnf;aumif;? e,fy,frsm;tvdu k af omfvnf; aumif;? jzpfayonf/ xdw k refawmfrsm; r&Sad wmhonfh aemufyikd ;f wGi4f ifwx Ykd cH say;cJah om Oya'rsm;onfvnf; rl&if;twdik ;f r&Sad wmhy?J vlom;rsm;\ t,ltqrsm;ESihf a&maxG;cJo h nf/ xdu k o hJ Ykd rl&if;aysmufí vlom;rsm;\ tawG;tac: t,l0g'&dik ;f rsm;ESihf a&maxG;aeaomOya'rsm;udk usrf;jrwfu&k t f mef\ Oya'tm;jzifh yvyfzsuo f rd ;f cJah v\/ pl&[f(81) tm,wf(27)wGi?f ú '  1*¾ 4  ]] xd(k uk&t f mefusr;f )onf pMu0Vmcyford ;f wdt Yk zdYk qH;k rMo0g'omvQijf zpfayonf }} xdkuk&ftmefonf pMu0VmwpfckvHk;ESifhqdkifaom acwfwdkif;? vlrsdK;wdkif;twGuf b0vrf;nTef usr;f jzpfayonf/ wrefawmfjrwfonfvnf; ú   '  /      ]] pMu0Vmwpfcv k ;kH &Sd vlom;wpf&yfv;kH twGuu f &kPm&Sijf zpfayonf }} wrefawmfjrwfonf vlom;wpf&yfv;kH ? twGu?f acwfwikd ;f twGu?f tpövmrfhtwdwfordkif;rS t,l0g'qdkif&m&IyfaxG;rIrsm;

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OD;pd;k vGi(f Nidr;f csrf;vQyfppf)

78

ud,mrofaeYwikd af y:aygufvmvwÅUH aom vlom;rsm;twGuv f nf; r[mwrefawmfjzpfayonf/ usr;f jrwf uk&t f mefonf twkvt H wkr&Sad om tv’m[ft&Sijf rwf\ pum;jzpfonf/ xdu k sr;f yg Oya'rsm;onf acwfwikd ;f ? ae&mwdik ;f ? vlrsKd ;wdik ;f ESit hf jrv J u kd af vsmnDaxG&adS ernf jzpfonf/ xdu k sr;f yg Oya'rsm;wGif vlrsdK;pkwpfpk? wdkif;jynfwpfjynf? tzJGUtpnf;wpfzJGU? &kyfydkif;ESifh emrfydkif;qdkif&m vlyk*¾dKvfrsm;? tk y f c sKyf o l v l w ef ; pm;rsm;? ol a |; qif ; &J o m;[l aomvl w ef ; pm;rsm;? tcG i f h x l ; cH v l w ef ; pm;? vlwpfO;D wpfa,mufwt Ykd wGuf ud, k pf m;jyKí usa&mufcahJ om usrf;r[kwaf y/ xdu k srf;onfvo l m; wpf&yfv;kH twGuf wpfajy;nDvu kd ef musio hf ;kH Edik &f ef csay;cJah omusr;f jzpfonf/ xdu k sr;f tm; t&ADpmayjzifh t&Afjzpfaom wrefawmfjrwftm;csay;cJah omfjim;vnf; xdu k sr;f wGif t&Af&dk;&m,Ofaus;rIrsm; yg0ifjcif;tvsif;r&SdcJhay/ usrf;jrwfuk&ftmefonf vlYb0atmifjrifrI twGuv f rf;ñTejf zpfonf/ vlom;\tawG;tac: tqift h wef;udk jri§ w hf ifay;onf pdwyf ikd ;f qdik &f m ,HMk unfrEI iS hf &kyyf ikd ;f qdik &f m usiMhf ut H m;xkwef nf;rsm; yg0ifonf/ rdom;pkqufqaH &;rS tjynfjynfqikd &f m qufqaH &;txd us,fjyefpY mG vrf;ñTex f m;onf/ ud, k u f sifw h &m;aumif;rGe&f efEiS ?hf pdwx f m;jzLpifí MuUH cdik rf &I &dS ef wdu k w f eG ;f xm;onf/ aumif;&mudu k sií hf ? aumif;&mudñ k eT jf cif;? raumif;&mrS a&SmifMuOfí? raumif;&m udk wm;jrpfjcif;wdu Yk kd jyXmef;xm;onf/ usrf;jrwfu&k t f mef\ vrf;ñTerf o I nfom vlom;rsm;twGuf vG,u f rl &I NdS yD; csKdUwJrh t I aygif;rS pifMu,fvsu&f adS omOya' jzpfonf/ vlom;wpfO;D \ xrf;aqmifEikd af om0efxufyí kd wm0efay;xm;jcif;r&Sd ay/ xdu k sr;f yg Oya'rsm;twdik ;f omvQif wrefawmfjrwfu 23 ESpv f ;kH vH;k qG[mbmBu;D rsm;ESit hf wl usiMhf ut H m;xkwcf jhJ cif;tm;jzifh urÇmwpf0rS ;f vH;k odYk tpövmrfah &mifjcnfawmfukd xGe;f awmufapcJah vonf/ xdpk rH sm;twdik ;f z0g;xyfwl vdu k ef musio fh ;kH cJah om omaAtDeBf u;D rsm; acwfwiG v f nf;? bmom? omoemqdik &f m 0d0g'uJjG ym;jcm;em;rI? r#dyu© rsm;? apm'ursm; r&Scd ah J y/ þonfrmS usr;f jrwfu&k t f mefrv S í G J vdu k ef musio f h ;k H &ef tjcm;usr;f *efrsm; r&Scd jhJ cif;\ tusKd ;&v'fyiff jzpfayawmhonf/

OD;pdk;vGif (Nidr;f csrf; vQyfppf) 'DZbFmv(1)&uf? 2003ckEpS ?f wevFmaeY/

tpövmrfhtwdwfordkif;rS t,l0g'qdkif&m&IyfaxG;rIrsm;

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OD;pd;k vGi(f Nidr;f csrf;vQyfppf)

79 ud;k um;usrf;rsm;

1/ uk&t f mefusr;f jrwf\ tvif;jyefusr;f / (jrefrmbmomjyef) CmZDr[ k r®'[ f m&Sirf Ef iS hf ruúq'l t f [fr'fcgef(c)OD;cifarmifBuD;/ 2/ usrf;jrwfuk&ftmef(t&ADbmomjyef) s s thTa1ú+ø, %#

3/ Sahih-AL-BUKHARI (ARABIC-ENGLISH) DR.MUHAMED MUHSIN KHAN (Translated)

4/ %5S/  ú#%  u +  ' /ý"ÈQ Fú+ ;0 /#È

5/ ù5 4 Q ý v ý!: ú#71

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10/ X  /F/!YH v Qmú

12/ ( ) ý"+ %# `+75# v $ ý"+ %#

13/ ( ) ú  / v E"4   /#È, 14/ AL-IFQAN FI ULUM AL AQRAM (EINGLISH-1971)

JALAL-AL-DIN SUYUTI 15/ SIRAT RASUL-ALLAH (ENLISH-1955) MOHAMED IBN ISHAQ 16/ LIVING ISLAM AND ISLAM TODAY(ENLISH-1993) AHMED AKBAR 17/ A HISTORY OF THE ARAB PEOLE (ENGLISH-1991) HOURANI ALBERT 18/ THE RECONSTRUCTION OF RELIGIOUS THOUGHT IN ISLAM (1989) IQBALALLAMA MOHAMMED 19/ WESTERN VIEWS OF ISLAM INTHE MIDDLE AGES (1962) SOUTHERN.R.W 20/ ISLAM (U.S.A2000) KAREN AMSTRONG

21/ IBN TAYMIYYAH'S EXPOUNDS ON ISLAM

(U.S.A-2000) - MOHAMED ABDUL HAQ ANSARI 22/ ISLAMIC LAW IN THE MODERN WORLD (1998) DR. YUSOOF AL QARDAWI

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