tpövmrfv h t Ul zGt UJ pnf;ordik ;f
tpövmrfhordkif; jzpf&yftusOf;csKyf wrefawmfrk[r®'f e (at'D 571- 632)
ruúmacwfumv NyKpo k l - *sm0d'o f ef;
B.Sc (Chemistry).,
at'D - 571 wrefawmfjrwfr[ k r®'f e onf c&pfEpS 5f 71ckEpS ?f {NyDv22 &uf? eHeuft½kPOf ;D tcsdew f iG f rD;½SL;oefpY if zGm;jrifonf/ zcifjzpfol tAf'v k m’ [f onf wrefawmfjrwf zGm;rDtvsifu qD;&D;,m;Edik if o H Ykd ukeu f ;l oef;&ef toGm; r'DemNrdKUwGif uG,v f eG cf o hJ nf/ at'D - 575 rdcifjzpfol tmrde[focifronf wrefawmfjrwfarG;zGm;NyD; 4 ESpf om; t&G,w f iG f uG,v f eG cf jhJ yefonf/ rdbr&So d nhaf emuf tzd;k jzpfol tAf'v k f rkomG vdAu f xde;f odr;f apmifah &Smufco hJ nf/ rdbrJjh zpfol rk[r®'af v;onf ud, k f xlu, kd x f rdrb d 0udk &yfwnfEidk cf o hJ nf/ rnfoUl udrk Q 0efxyk 0f efy;kd rjzpfapcJah y/ jzwfvwfou G v f ufaom rk[r®'f uav;udk tm;vH;k uvdv k v kd m;vm;&Scd o hJ nf/ t&SuBf u;D onf? opömw&m;BuD;onf? wm0efukd ausyGeo f nf? tv [ópum;ESihf tusKd;rJv h yk &f yfrsm;udk i,fpOfu wnf;u a&Smifco hJ nf/ at'D - 579 8 ESpf 2 vt&G,w f iG f tzd;k jzpfol tAf'v k f rkomG vdAu f , G v f eG í f bBuD;awmf tAloGmvdAfESifhtwl aexdkif cJhonf/ ukeful;oef;&if; 12 ESpfom;t&G,fwGif bBuD;ESifhtwl qD;&D;,m;Ekid if b H ufoYkd a&muf&cdS o hJ nf/ þodt Yk m; jzihaf 'oEÅ& A[kow k &SmBuHEikd jf cif;&Scd o hJ nf/ at'D - 586 15ESpfom;t&G,fwGif jzpfysufcJhaom az*sm&fppfyGJwGif udk,fwdkif udk,fus a'ocHwEYkd iS t hf wlyg0ifco hJ nf/ [vfzzD Zl v l f vlr0I efxrf;tzGUJ tpnf;wGif yg0ifaqmif&u G cf o hJ nf/ at'D - 594 23 ESpo f m;t&G,w f iG f qD;&D;,m;Edik if o H Ykd ukeo f nftjzpf trIxrf; um oGm;a&mufc\ hJ / at'D - 596 oufawmf 25 ESpt f &G,w f iG f cwD*smocifrESihf xdr;f jrm;cJo h nf/ olronf rkq;kd rwpfO;D jzpfNyD; wrefawmfjrwfEiS t hf wl tpövmrfv h yI &f mS ;rIumvwGif uG,v f eG cf sdet f xd &Gy&f yG cf RHcRH yg0ifvyI &f mS ;cJah om tdraf xmif&iS rf pHjy trsKd;orD; jzpfonf/ om; 2 OD;? orD; 4 OD; xGe;f um;cJo h nf/ at'D - 609 pD;yGm;a&;tajctae aumif;rGew f ;kd wufvmchí J tm;vyfcsdew f iG f opömw&m;udk &SmazGa&;twGuf [D&mvIP d *f w l iG f w&m;tm;xkwcf o hJ nf/ at'D - 609 ckEpS w f iG f oufawmfav;q,ft&G,w f iG t f v’m[ft&Sijf rwfxaH wmfrS usr;f jrwf uk&t f mef 0[Dvrf;ñTecf suf usa&mufvmNy;D eAl0ofwm0efukd xrf;aqmifchJ onf/ ZeD;jzpfol cwD*smyocifr? oli,f csif;jzpfol tAlbuú&fyESihf om;&if; yrm jzpfol nDi,ftvDyocifwu Ukd tpövmrfukd pwifvufcv H mcJo h nf/ oH;k ESpw f w d d tpövmrfa'oemawmfukd vQKdU0Supf mG a[majymzdwaf c:cJ&h m ynm wwfrsm;? opömw&m;udk &Sm azGvo kd rl sm;? qif;&Jom;vlwef;pm;ESihf ol
tpövmrfv h t Ul zGt UJ pnf;ordik ;f
uk&t f mefusrf;udk vrf;ñTet f & r'DemacwfwiG f usa&mufonf[k azmfjyonf/ r'DemNrdKU&Sd acgif;aqmifESpfOD;jzpfol ,[l'DvlrsKd; tAf'kv’m[f Aif qvmrfESifh c&pf,mefbek ;f BuD;tAluikd pf w f t Ykd pövmrfuv kd ufcv H mcJo h nf/xdrk Qru tm&Afa'o acgif;aqmifrsm;vnf; tpövmrfah &;&mESiphf yfvsOf;NyD; pdw0f ifpm;vmcJMh uonf/ at'D - 623([D*s&D 2 ckESpf )wGif rGwfpvifwdkYtm; ñSOf;yrf;ESdyfpufaeaom &efjyKoludk jyefvnfweG ;f vSecf iG t hf rdeYf *sD[m'f usa&mufvmcJí h &efow l t Ykd m; ckcyH ikd cf iG hf &Sv d mawmhonf/ r'Dem0ef;usif&dS vlrsKd;rsm; tkypf rk sm;ESihf wpfO;D udw k pfO;D av;pm;a&;? rusL;ausmfa&;pmcsKyfukd csKyfqEkd ikd cf o hJ nf/ Zum;oftrde?Yf qG, D mrfOykoo f v D trdeYf usa&mufco hJ nf/ utfAmodrYk sufEmS rlí qGvmof0wfjyKrde?Yf td'*f gwGif td'v G zf o d &d f qGvmofukd tpkta0;jzihjf yKjcif;? yg&Se;f vlrsKd; qvf rmefzg&fpD tpövmrfv h Ul abmifoYkd 0ifa&muf vmjcif;? [D*s&D 2 ckEpS üf urÇmo Y rdik ;f wGif ta&;ygvSaom A'&fpfyGJjzpfyGm; í ta&twGuf 313 &Sad om rGwpf vifwYkd atmifycJG &H jcif; þodt Yk m;jzihf urÇmYordkif; tajctaeudk ajymif;vJay;EdkifcJhonf/ þESpfwGif tvDocifESifh orD;awmf at'D - 624 ([pf*s&D 624([pf zGmawr[focifrwdu Yk kd xdr;f jrm;ay;cJo h nf/ 3 ckESpf) wGif rl;,pfapaom ao&nfaopmrsm;udk ydwyf if onhf trdeu Yf sa&mufonf/ þESpf &r'Ggef vwGif wrefawmfjrwf\ ajr;awmf tDrmef [qef arG;zGm;cJo h nf/ þESpw f iG f tk['l pf pfyJG jzpfymG ;cJo h nf/ wrefawmf jrwf trdeu Yf kd rvdu k ef mrIaMumifh atmifycJG &H qJwiG f txdemí rGwpf vifwYkd tvl;tvJcv H u kd &f onf/ twd;k pm;jcif; udk ydwyf ifonht f rde?Yf rdbESiphf yfvsOf;aomtrde?Yf tarGcaJG 0ay; aomtrde?Yf ZeD;r,m;ESiphf yfvsOf;aomtrde?Yf rGwf pvifr[kwaf om trsKd;orD;rsm;ESihf xdr;f jrm;cGirhf &Sd at'D - 625 ([pf*s&D 4 ckESpf?) trderYf sm; usa&mufvmcJo h nf/ 625([pf &StAf mefwiG f ajr;awmf tDrmef[pl ed t f m; arG;zGm;cJh onf/ rGwpf viftrsKd;orD;rsm; cE¨mud, k v f NkH cHKpGm 0wfqif&rnft h rdeYf usa&mufvmcJh onf/ tm&Afwo Ykd nf &moDOwktajctaet& OD;acgif;vHNk cHKpGm xm;&Szd ;kH tkyaf omf vnf; tm&AftrsKd;orD;wdo Yk nf cE¨mud, k v f NkH cHKjcif;r&Scd /hJ odjYk zpfí r'DemNrdKUwGif rkemzduEf iS hf umzd&f wdu Yk trsKd;orD;rsm;udk avSmifajymif&m xdt k csdew f iG f rGwpf vif trsKd; orD; wdrYk mS tjcm;aom trsKd;orD;rsm;ESirhf wl cE¨mud, k u f v kd nf; vHNk cKH pGm zH;k tky&f rnft h rdeYf onf tv’m[fx h aH wmfrS a&muf&v dS mcJo h nf/rdrd \rlvu NcKH xnfukd &ifom; tm; zH;k tkyf umywfí vTcJ sxm;&rnfjzpfonf[k uk&t f mefu qdjk cif;jzpfonf/ t&ufaopmudk vH;k 0 ydwyf ifaomt rdeYf a&muf&v dS monf/ AEkeqd&f at'D - 626 ([pf * s&D 5 ck E S p f ) wG i f tkypf 0k ifrsm;ESihf ppfjzpfymG ;cJ\ h / 626([pf cef'ufppfyt JG ygt0ifppfyrJG sm;udk qifEcJT &J onf/ wrefawmfjrwfonf r'DemNrKd UwGif &Spd Ofumv &ufaygif; 731 &ufukd ppfqif a&; 27 ckwiG f ukeq f ;kH cJo h nf/ wpfenf;tm;jzihf r'DemNrdKUpH ig;yHw k pfyt kH csdeo f nf ppf qifa&; wGif ukeq f ;kH cJjh cif;jzpfonf/ xdrk Qru tBudraf ygif; 50 ausmfrQ otoD;oD;odYk tpövmrf a'oemawmfycYkd s&ef oGm;a&mufco hJ nf/ þ[pf*s&D 5 ckEpS w f iG f a'guf(&f) tkypf 0k ifrsm; tvH;k t&if;jzihf tpövmrfukd vufcv H mcJo h nf/ at'D - 627 ([pf*s&D 6) [pf*s&D 6 ckEpS w f iG f ruúmom;wdEYk iS hf [k'ikd Af , D mpmcsKKyf csKyfqckd o hJ nf/ þESpw f iG t f m&Afo&l aJ umif;BuD; cgvd'f Aifef 0vD'Ef iS hf tr&f Aifef tmqf wdYk tpövmrfukd vufcv H mjcif; [k'ikd Af , D mpmcsKyfyg tcsuftvufrsm;udk qG[mADwYkd rBuKduf ESpo f ufaomfvnf; wrefawmfjrwf\ Nidr;f csrf;a&; twGuf BuKd;yrf;csuf&vm'fukd qG[mADwYkd rMumcifumvwGif jrifawGU& ayawmhonf/ þpmcsKyf csKyfqNkd y;D ruúma'owGif tpövmrfuv kd ufco H rl sm; ydrk rkd sm;jym; vmcJo h nf/ at'D - 628 ([pf*s&D 7) [pf*s&D 7 ckEpS w f iG f Edik if w H umacgif;aqmifrsm;? tBuD;tuJrsm;xHoYkd tpövmrfo h 0PfvmT rsm; ay;ydEYk ikd cf o hJ nf/ þESpw f iG f cdik Af &fppfyu JG kd qifEcJT o hJ nf/ cdik Af &fatmifyu JG mvwGif 3
tpövmrfv h t Ul zGt UJ pnf;ordik ;f
qlylrIrsm;udkESdrfeif; atmifjrifcJhonf/ [pf*s&D (13)ckESpfwGif uG,fvGefcJhonf/ tAlAu&focifonf pdwo f abmxm;aysmhajymif;vSaom yk*Kd¾ vfjzpfonf/
cvD z mBuD ; tk r &f y ocif \ acwf u mv ([pf * s&D 13-23) at'D - 634 ([pf*s&D 13)tAlAu&focifonf 'kw, d cvDzm tkr&focifukd rGwpf vifxEk iS hf aqG;aEG;wdik yf ifí ruG,v f eG cf ifu ceft Y yfco hJ nf/ tkr&focifonf wrefawmfjrwfcsrSwcf ahJ om aomif[;D 'f? t'vfEiS hf tJ[pf eftm;jzihf tpövmrfv h Ul tzGUJ tpnf; Edik if aH wmfBu;D udk wnfaqmufjyocJo h nf/ tkr&focifvufxufwiG f usrf;awmfjrwfu&k t f mef\ vrf;ñTecf sufukd ½kyv f ;kH azmfEikd cf o hJ nf/ tpövmrfh vlUtzGUJ tpnf; Edik if aH wmfonf tzufzufrS wd;k wufzUHG NzKd;cJo h nf/ tpövmrfvUl tzGUJ tpnf; Edik if aH wmfBuD;onf tma& Asa'orSonf us,fjyefaY om tm&S? tmz&dua'oydik ef ufrsm;udk at'D - 635 ([pf*s&D 14) rSpí qD;&D;,m;EdkifiH udk pkpnf;Edik cf o hJ nf/
atmifjrifco hJ nf/ at'D -636 ([pf*s&D 15)yg&eS t f ifyg,mMu;D udak tmifNrifco Jh nf / at'D - 637 ([pf*s&D 16)ordkif;0if a*s½kqvifatmifyGJudk cH,lcJhonf/ tkyfcsKyfaom
bkef;awmfBuD;\ arwåm &yfcHcsuft& tkr&focifonf udk,fwdkifudk,fus a*s½kqvifudk c&D;xGufí Nird ;f csr;f a&;pmcsKyf csKyq f ckd o Jh nf/ at'D -639 ([pf*s&D 19)wGif tD*spfjynfukd atmifjrifjcif;jzihf tkr&focif acwfwiG f tpövmrfEh ikd if aH wmfBu;D onfpwk&ef;rdik af ygif; 2 .2oef;jzpfvm onf/ tm&Swu kd f \Bu;D rm;aomtpdwt f ydik ;f ESihf tmz&duwdu k \ f tcsut f jcm usaoma'orsm;onf tpövmrfEikd if aH wmfBu;D wGiyf g0ifvmcJo h nf/ tpövmrf Edik if aH wmfBuD; onf rGwpf vifr[kwo f rl sm;\ tajc taeESihf tcGit hf a&;udk tjynht f 0 ay;jcif;jzihf jynfojl ynf om;rsm;\ ,HMk unfru I kd cH,El ikd cf o hJ nf/ tkr&focif vuf xuf wGif aiG0,fuRepf epfonf arS;rSed v f mjcif;rS yaysmuf onht f xdjzpfco hJ nf/wrefawmfjrwf u csrw S cf ahJ om ynma&;udk txl;jr§ihf wifay;jcif;jzihf tem*wf tpövmr Ef ikd if aH wmfBuD;\ ynma&;ESihf odyHÜ a&SUaqmifru I kd pwifEikd cf o hJ nf/tvufZE´&;D ,m;pmMunfw h u kd u f kd rGwpf vifwYkd rD;½IUd zsufq;D jcif;r[kwb f J ,cifuwnf;u *&dwu Ykd rD;½IUd cJjh cif;jzpfaMumif; ,aeYordik ;f ynm&Siw f u Ykd vufcNH yD;jzpfonf/ tkr&focif\ w&m;pD&ifa&;onf pHjyjzpfNy;D ausmom;&ifom; rcGjJ cm;aompepf jzpfonf/ tkr&focif\
xl;jcm;aomtcsuyf if jzpfonf/ at'D - 644 ([pf*s&D 23) tk r &f o cif
vk y f B uH c H & rI o nf tpö v mrf o rd k i f ; \ aMuuGzJ , G &f mtjzpftysuf[k rGwpf vifwu Ykd ½IjrifvufcMH uonf/ z*s&q f v G moftcsed w f iG f AvD0wfausmif;awmfwiG f vkyBf uHccH &hJ onf/ vkyBf uHol tAlvv l zl ½d ZYkd (f yg&Se;f )jzpfNy;D aemufu, G w f iG f yg0ifow l rYkd mS (1) [&rfZmef (tD&efAv kd cf sKyf)? (2) *seDzm ([d&D mt&yfrS tDqmtD)? (3) utAf t[fA&f (,[l')D wdYk jzpfMuonf/ aemufqHk;uG,fvGefcsdefwGif tkr&focifonf wwd,cvDzma&G;cs,f&ef a&G;cs,f a&;tzGUJ wpfck zGUJ pnf;ay;cJo h nf/ ,if;tzGUJ wGif yg0ifolrsm;onf pOD; tpövmrfvIyf&Sm; rI wGif yg0ifolrsm;jzpfMuonf/ ,if;yk*d¾KvfwdkY\ a&G;cs,fay;rIaMumifh wwd,cvDzm tjzpf tkqrf mefocifa&G;cs,fc&H onf/
5
tpövmrfv h t Ul zGt UJ pnf;ordik ;f
pwk w ¬ c vD z mBuD ; tvD y ocif \ acwf u mv ([pf * s&D 35-40) at'D - 656 ([pf * s&D 35) tk p f r mef o cif t owf c H N yD ; csd e f w G i f r 'D e mNrKd U wG i f rif;rJhtajctaea&muf&Sdaeonf/ jyifyrS vma&mufolwdkY \ xdef;csKyf tkyfcsKyf aerI atmufwiG rf 'DemNrdKUawmfonf usa&mufaeonf/ þodaYk om tajctaewGif rGwpf vif xkonf tvD ociftm; cvDzmtjzpf wifajrm§ ufcMhJ uonf/ od&Yk mwGif ,if;rGwpf vif xkukd acgif;aqmifow l w Ykd iG f tkprf mefocif udk vkyBf uHaomolrsm;vnf; yg0ifaeonf/ tvDocifonf þcufcaJ omtajctaewGif rvTrJ a&Smifomí cvDzmwm0efukd vufcH ,lcjhJ cif; jzpfygonf/ od&Yk mwGif tvDocifukd Adik t f ofrjyKolrsm; &Sad eonf/ ,if;Adik t f ofrjyK olrsm;rSm oGvf tmocif? Zlbikd o f cif (tkr&focif\ a&G;cs,fa&;tzGUJ wGif yg0ifco hJ rl sm;) wdjYk zpfNyD; ,if;yk*K¾d vfw\ Ykd awmif;qdck suf rSm tkprf mefocifukd owfot l m; tjypf'Pfay; a&;jzpfonf/ od&Yk mwGif tajctaeqd;k wGif ,if;udpu ö kd udik w f , G f a&;rSm vG,u f jl cif;r&S/d odjYk zpfí tajctae at;csrf;vmaomtcgusrSom Jh nf/ ,if;udpöukd aqmif&Gurf nf[k tvD ocifu uwdjyKco ½dk;om;rIr&Sdaom AdkiftofrjyKolrSm rktma0,m (16 ESpftxd ajrmufydkif; a'o\ tkycf sKyfa&;rSL;tjzpf tajccdik cf ikd f &yfwnfaecJo h )l \ awmif;qdck sufrmS tkrikd , f m tEG,0f ifrsm;ud, k pf m; w&m;cHukd olwx Ykd t H yfí owfap&rnf[í l awmif;qdak vonf/ Adik t f ofrjyKbJ Mum;aecJo h rl sm;vnf;&So d nf/ tAf'v G m’ [f bifef tkr&f? rk[r®'f bifef rkqvfr[f? qt'f bifef tAD0um;zf? tmpfrm bifef Zdu k 'f ?f [qef bifef qmAdo?f tAf'v G m’ [f bifef pvmrf uJo h aYkd omyk*K¾d vfrsm; jzpfMuonf/ at'D -656 ([pf*s&D 36) 36)tvDocifonf tajctaeqd;k udk udik w f , G af ecsdef wGif r'Dem&Sd oGvt f mocif ESihf ZkAikd o f cifwu Ykd ruúmNrKd U&Sd tmtd&mS ocifrESiyhf ;l aygif;í ulzmESihf bq&mwGif pnf;½H;k a&;qif;cJMh uonf/ þodt Yk m; jzihf ESpzf ufppfonfwYkd ppfjyif qifMu onf/ tvDocifEiS hf tmtd&mS ocifw\ Ykd ppfonfwo Ykd nf bq&mwGif awGUí ppfjzpfymG ; cJo h nf/ ordik ;f wGif *srvfppfy[ JG k ac:onf/ ESpzf ufpvH;k rS rGwpf vif aomif;csDí towf cH&onf/ oGvt f m ESihf Zlbikd o f cifwYkd towfc&H NyD; tmtd&mS ocifrudk av;pm; pGmjzihf tvDocifu r'DemodYk jyefycYkd o hJ nf/ ,if;aemuf ydik ;f tmtd&mS ocifronf Edik if aH &; wGif yg0ifjcif;r&Sad wmhay/ at'D - 657 ([pf*s&D 37) 37)þodaYk omtajctaewGif rktma0,monf tvDocifukd ppfcif;onf/ rGwpf vifEiS hf qefu Y sifzufwYkd onf qpfzif;efppfyw JG iG f qHk awGUcJo h nf/ tvDocif tajctaeaumif;rGeo f nf/ rGwpf vifxo k nf tvDocif bufryS g0ifMuonf/ aemufq;kH wGif tajctaervSí rktma0,mtkypf k onf uk&t f mef udk vSpH yG rf sm;? "g;xdyrf sm;wGiw f ifí ]þ usrf;onf uREfyk w f EYkd pS Of ;D Mum; wGif ajz&Si;f p&m}[k [pfatmfcMhJ uonf/ tvDocif\ bufawmfom;rsm;rSm Za0Z0g jzpfc&hJ onf/ odjYk zpf t,ltq uGcJ &hJ onf/ tcsKdU u ,HMk unfp&mr&S[ d k qdMk uNyD; tcsKdU uuk&t f mefjzihf ajz&Si;f jcif; onftaumif;qH;k [k qdMk uonf/ tvDocifonf ,if;tpDtpOfukd vufco H nfjzpfí ESpzf uf ud, k pf m;vS,f cefNY yD; aqG; aEG;ap&m tvDocifu ud, k pf m;vS,t f jzpf tAf'v G m’ [f bifef tAÁg;pfukd ceft Y yfvkd aomfvnf; tD&wfom;wdu Yk tAlrq l mt&St f &Dukd oabmwlcMhJ u ojzifh tvD ocifrmS vdu k af vsmcJ&h onf/ rktma0,mbufrS tr&f bifef tmZfukd cefo Y nf/ aqG;aEG; yGw J iG f uvdeu f sNyD; tvDociftm; jzKwfcsco hJ nf/ at'D - 658 ([pf*s&D 40) odjYk zpfí tvDocifonf ulzmodYk jyefvmNy;D wyfpak epOfrmS yif 7
tpövmrfv h t Ul zGt UJ pnf;ordik ;f
[pf*s&D 237 ckEpS f rko0vfuv d af cwfwiG f atrmrf[pl ed \ f tkw*f rl mS zsuq f ;D cHc&Jh onftxdjzpfonf/ ,HMk unfcsufukd vQdKU0Suf aomenf;jzifh xde;f odr;f chJ onf/ ,if;udk &St D mwdu Yk oudik , f m[kac:onf/
&SDtmwdkY\ tajccH,HkMunfcsuf atrmrofonf tvDocifrpS wifonf/ rsK;d quft& 12 quftxd tDrmrf udpk NJGrpJ mG vufco H nf/ tvDocifonf tjcm;qG[mADtm;vH;k xuf xGujf rwf onf/ rlrrSeo f w l u Ykd kd ½Iwcf s&rnf/ ,if;udk oA&f&m[kac:onf/ [pf*s&D 260 ckEpS w f iG f aysmufu, G cf aJh om atrmrfr[ k r®'o f nf r[f't D jzpfay:rnf/ &St D mwdYk txl;jyKavh vmaom usrf;rSm tvf - umz D jzpfonf/
(3)
rk&f*sD,mtkyfpk
rnfolYudkrQa0zefjcif;r&SdaomMum;aetkyfpkjzpfonf/,aeYrGwfpvifrf þtkypf rk jS rpfzsm; cH,jl cif;jzpfonf/
t[fav pGEéof0ifwdkYonf
rk&f*sD,mwdkY\ cH,lcsuf rGwpf vifwYkd aoG;ajrusjcif;onf raumif;aom vu©Pmjzpfonf/ rnfoYl udrk Q raumif;rajymyg/ tv’m[fbufov Ykd yJT pfonf/ tD r mef , H k M unf c suf [ l o nf tv’m[ft&Sijf rwfEiS fh wrefawmfjrwf\ enf;em cH,rl yI if jzpfonf/ vufawGUusiBhf uH tm;xkwjf cif;onf t"d u r[k w f ,H k M unf j cif ; onf t"d u jzpf o nf / tv’ m [f E S i h f w ref a wmf u d k v uf c H a om rGwpf vif[o l rQonf rktrf ifjzpf onf/ &S&u DS u f akd &Smif aomif[;D 'fuakd qmifvQif rGwpf vifjzpfonf/ raumif;rI udw k m;&efaumif;rIujkd yK&ef vuf½;kH &nfut kd oH;k jyKjcif;onf jyóemtopfuzkd ef wD ;jcif; yifjzpfonf/ jyóemzefw;D ,ljcif;jzifh vl,w k rf mwdt Yk ajc taeawmifh wif; vm& onf/ þodjYk zifh rGwpf vifwt Ykd iftm;avsmeh nf;vm&ygonf/ t[f a vAd k u f o f w d k Y \ acvmzof & S i f o ef a &;twG u f Bud K ;yrf ; csuf r sm;ud k ord k i f ; wpfavQmufawGU&ygonf/ [pf*s&D 64 ckESpfwGif jzpfyGm;chJaom u&fAvm ta&;awmfyHk wGiaf trmrf[pl ed (f e)ocifEiS afh emufvu dk rf sm;usqH;k cho J nf/ atrmrf [lpikd (f e)\ajr;awmfoZl u kd 'f b f iftvDbife[ f pl ikd (f e)onf [&S&Sf mS rfbif rvpfc\ f vufxuf wGif ya'o&mZfpepfukd wku d cf u kd cf &Jh m [pf*s&D 122 wGif usq;kH ch&J jyefonf/ atrmrf[pef\om;jzpfol emzfZuD, F m ESifh nDjzpfol tdA&f m[Drf wdo Yk nf r'DemESifh ulzmNrdKUrsm;rSaeNyD; refZ&k b f &k iftm; ykeu f efco Jh nf emzfZuD,monf [pf *s&D 145 ckEpS w f iG v f nf;aumif; tdA&f m[Dro f nfvnf; [pf*s&D 145 ckEpS w f iG v f nf;aumif; toD;oD;usqH;k ch&J onf/ t[favAdo k w f o Ykd nf tkrikd , f mESifh tAÁp, D mrif;quf ESpcf pk vH;k wGif tESrd cf b H 0a&mufc&Jh onf/ tkrkdif,mrif;quf (91ESpf?9v) ([pf*s&D 41-132)rktma0,mrS pwifxal xmifonf/ wrefawmfjrwf ruúmatmifyu JG mv [pf*s&D (8)ckEpS w f iG f zcifjzpfol tAlqzk , f ef? rdcif[if'gESit fh wl tpövmrfukd vuf cHco Jh nf/ odjYk zpfí wrefawmfjrwftouf&x dS if&mS ;&Spd Of 4 ESpw f m rQ wref awmfjrwf ESifh qHk awGUjcif;jzpfonf/ usr;f awmfNrwfu&k t f mef usa&mufNy;D aemuf ESpaf ygif;19 wGif rGwpf vifrNf zpfvmolonf wrefawmfjrwf\ umodAf (40)ausmf wGio f v l nf; wpfO;D tygt0ifjzpf onf[q k Mkd uonf/ rktm0D,monf tkr&focifvufxuf aemufq;Hk 4 ESpw f iG f 'rwfpuwfa'o (qD;&D;,m;) tkycf sKyfa&;rI; wm0efukd xrf;aqmif cho J nf/ tGwpf rf efocif vuf xufwGif ajrmufydkif;&Sd ta&;ygaoma'orsm;udk tkyfcsKyfcGifh&&Sd onf/AdkifZifwdkif a&mrESihf e,f j cm;csif ; quf a e&ívnf ; aumif ; ? ajrxJ y if v ,f a 'oES i h f quf a e& ívnf ; aumif ; 9
tpövmrfv h t Ul zGt UJ pnf;ordik ;f
[pf*s&D 122wGif usq;kH ch&J jyefonf/ atrmrf[pef\om;jzpfol emzfZuD, F mESin fh jD zpfot l Ad &f m[Drw f o Ykd nf r'DemESifh ulzmNrdKU rsm;rSaeNyD; refZ&k b f &k iftm;ykeu f efco Jh nf emzfZuD,monf [pf*s&D145 ckEpS w f iG f vnf;aumif; tdA&f m[Dro f nfvnf; [pf*s&D 145 ckEpS w f iG v f nf;aumif; toD;oD; usqH;k ch&J onf/ t[favAdo k w f o Ykd nf tkrikd , f mESifh tAÁp, D mrif;qufEpS cf pk vH;k wGif tESrd cf b H 0a&mufc&Jh onf/ at'D628-[pf*s&D63 rGwpf vifrw f Ukd tmz&duwdu k af jrmufbufoUkd qufvufcsD wufonf/ at'D683 -[pf*s&D64 ,ZdZu f , G v f eG o f nf/ r&f0gefeef;wufonf/ at'D684-[pf*s&D64 tAf'kv’m[fbifefZlbdkif&f pifjydKifacvmzof ruúmwGif aBujimonf/ at'D685 -[pf*s&D65 tAf'v k rf vpfuf biferf &f0gefeef;wufonf/ at'D688 -[pf*s&D68 ausmfBum;vSaom qG[mAD? ynm&SifBuD;tAf'kv’m[fbifef tAfAmpf uG,v f eG o f nf/ usrf;awmfjrwfu&k t f mef\ #Dumusrf;udk pwifa&;om;cJo h nf/ at'D692 -[pf*s&D73 ruúmjrdKUwGif tlrikd , f mrif;qufuq kd efUusifco hJ l qG[mADBuD; tAf'v k m’ [f bifeZf b l ikd &f w f u kd yf w JG iG f usqH;k cJ&h ? rdcifjzpfol tqfrm[fbifef tAlAum&f vnf;rsm; rBumcifyiftouf 100t&G,w f iG f uG,v f eG cf o hJ nf/ rktma0,m\ ppfonfrsm;vufcsuf jzifu h tfAmausmif;awmfzsuq f ;D cH&? utfAmausmif;awmfukd jyefvnfírGr;f rHonf/ at'D699 -[pf*s&D80 tdrmrf*smz&fqmG 'duEf iS hf tdrmrftAl[eDzmocifwUkd zGm;jrifonf/ qG[mAD BuD;tAf'v k m’ [fbife*f smz&foikd , f m&fu, G v f eG o f nf/ at'D700 -[pf*s&D81 tem*wfwiG f rGwpf vifrw f Ukd \ tcdik t f rmppfonfrsm;jzpf vmrnfh tmz&du ajrmufzuf&dS bmomvlrsdK;ESirhf w G pf vifrw f Ukd xdyw f u kd pf pfjzpfymG ;onf/ at'D705 -[pf*s&D86 0vd'b f ifet f Af'v k rf mvpfuf eef;wufonf/ at'D711 -[pf*s&D92 &rfZefv 10&ufaeUwGio f &l aJ umif;BuD;rk[r®'b f ifeu f m qifrf tdE´, d Edik if H &Sq d if'ef ,fukd odr;f ,l&&Scd o hJ nf/ xdpk Ofumv ol&aJ umif;BuD; oGm&dub f ifeZf , D m'fonf Oa&mywdu k &f dS pydeaf 'o&Sd tif'v l q D mudo k rd ;f ,l&&So d nf/ at'D715 -[pf*s&D94 0dv'd u f , G v f eG í f qlvikd rf mefeef;wufonf/ rGwpf vifrf ppfonfwUkd onf w&kwjf ynf&dS u&S*f &f,ck qifuseef ,fuo kd rd ;f ,l&&So d nf/ bmZifwikd f wdUk \jrKd Uawmf aumpfwifw,fEykd ,fukd 0ifa&mufwu kd cf u kd af omfvnf; atmifjrifjcif;r&Scd ahJ y/ at'D717 -[pf*s&D99 tlr&fbifet f Af'v k t f ZDZef ef;wufonf/ þyk*Kd¾ vfonf cvDzm&m&S'd ifef acwfuuJo h Ukd tpövmrfv h Ul tzGUJ tpnf; Edik if aH wmfBu;D udjk yefvnf wnfaqmuf&efBuKd ;pm;cJo h nf/ jynfow l Ukd xHrS odrf;qnf;xm;aom Opömypönf;? ajrrsm; udkjyefvnftyfESHapcJhonf/ usrf;awmjfrwfuk&ftmef\ vrf;nTecf suftwdik ;f b0wnfaqmufí yaysmufvek ;D yg;jzpf aeaomwrefawmfjrwf\ Bo0g'awmfrsm;udk pmayusrf;*efjyKpk&ef trdeUf jyefwrf;xkwaf 0cJo h nf/
usrf;jyKpkrIacwfumvudk avhvmjcif; wrefawmfjrwfEiS hf qG[mADwUkd \acwf ([pf*s&D 100txd) þumvwGif usr;f awmfjrwfu&k t f mefukd txl;jyK? wrefawmfjrwf\Bo0g'udq k ifu h J vufqifu h rf;xde;f odr;f cJ?h ,if;qifu h x J ed ;f odr;f jcif;udrk ToTo0go&f[ak c:onf/ ,if; onfomvQif pGEo é u f siphf Of\ t&if;tjrpfjzpfonf/ omaAtDew f Ukd acwf ([pf*s&D 170txd) vlrb I 0ESiq hf ufE, G af omjyóem&yfrsm;udk ajz&Si;f &ef zduu f m"r®owfrsm;udjk yKpkvmcJh Buonf/ at'D720 -[pf*s&D101 tkr&fbifet f Af'v k t f ZDZf tqdycf wf towfccH &hJ onf/ ,ZD'(f 'kw, d 11
tpövmrfv h t Ul zGt UJ pnf;ordik ;f
at'D765 --[pf [pf*s&D148 atrmrf*smz&fqmG 'Duf uG,v f eG o f nf/ &St D mwdUk \atrmrf 12yg;wGif 6a,mufajrmuf atrmrftAd af e tADvikd v f muG,v f eG o f nf/ at'D767 --[pf [pf*s&D150 atrmrftAl[eDzmocif uG,v f eG o f nf/ [ezD"r®owfEiS ahf usmif;awmf0g'udk taBumif;jyKí,aeUtxd wpfurÇmvH;k &Sd rGwpf vifrf trsm;pkonf atrmrfBuD;\aemufvu kd rf sm;jzpfonf/ atrmrftAl[eDzm ([pf*s&D 80-150) (ukzmausmif;) tG r ® o f u d k q if j cif w H k w &m;(u,mpf ) ud k toH k ; csíjyóem&yf r sm;ud k ajz&S i f ; enf ; ay;cJ h o nf / urÇ m ay:wG i f & S d r G w f p vif r f xuf 0 uf a usmf r S m þ[ezD a usmif ; awmf 0 g'\ "r® o wf u d k vufcu H sifo h ;kH aeBujcif;jzpfonf/ atrmrftAl[eDzm \cH,lcsuf udAv f mbufoUkd rsufEmS vSní hf 0wfjyKolwUkd onf rGwpf vifrrf sm;jzpfBuonf/ cdik Nf rJaom usifBh uHrhH jI zifh ppfreS af om ,HBk unfojl zpfvmouJo h Ukd t,lypfy,fjcif;aBumifih &JuscH& jcif;jzpfonf/ rG w f p vif r f w d k U aoG ; ajrusjcif ; onf raumif ; aomvu© P mjzpf o nf / rnf o l U ud k r Q raumif ; rajymtv’m[fbufoUkd vTyJ pfonf/ tDrmef,BkH unfcsuf[o l nf tv’m[ft&Sijf rwfEiS hf wrefawmfjrwf\enf;emcH,rl yI ifjzpf onf/ vufawGUusiBfh ut H m;xkwjf cif;onf t"dur[kw?f ,HBk unfjcif;onf t"dujzpfonf/ tv’m[fEiS w hf refawmfukd vufcHaom rGwfpvifrf[lorQonf rktfrifefjzpfonf/ &S&Duf udka&Smifí aomif[D;'fudkaqmifvQif rGwpf vifrjf zpfonf/ raumif ; rI u d k w m;&ef ? aumif ; rI u d k j yK&ef t wG u f vuf & k H ; &nf u d k t oH k ; jyKjcif ; onf jyóem topfuzkd efw;D jcif;jzpfonf/ jyóemzefw;D ,ljcif;jzihf vl,w k rf mwdUk tajctae awmifw h if;vm&onf/ þodUk jzihf rGwpf vifrw f Ukd tiftm;avsmhenf;vm&onf/ at'D773 --[pf [pf*s&D157 usrf;jyKyk*Kd¾ vfBuD; tDrmrfatmifZm'D uG,v f eG o f nf/ [pf*s&D160 pOD;rGwpf vifro at'D776 --[pf f yd yHÜ nm&Siw f iG f yg0ifaom*smAd&f tdAaf e[dik , f mefu, G v f eG f onf/ at'D777 --[pf [pf*s&D161 qlzBD uD;qkz, f mefq f &l o D cif uG,v f eG o f nf/ r'DemjrdKU&Sd rpf*sD'ef Af0u D ckd sJUxGif rGr;f rHonf/ [pf*s&D169 tvf[m'Deef;wufonf/ at'D785 --[pf at'D786 --[pf [pf*s&D170 wd;k wufaomtjrif&adS om [m&Get f vf&m&S'd ef ef;wufonf/ rGwpf vifrw f Ukd a&Tx;D aqmif;aomacwfoUkd a&muf&v dS monf/ at'D788 --[pf [pf*s&D172 pydew f iG f tAf'v k &f [frmef uG,v f eG o f nf/[&S&f mS rf eef;wufonf/ at'D795 --[pf [pf*s&D179 rmvuDausmif;awmf0g'acgif;aqmif attmrfrvpfuf uG,v f eG o f nf/ atrmrf r mvpf u f ([pf * s&D 93-179) r'D e mausmif ; ?u,mpf u d k rES p f N rd K U ['D ; pf o ef U oef U Nzif h r d k 0 of o musrf ; ud k N yKpk c J h o nf / atrmrf r mvpf u f \ aemuf v d k u f r sm;onf tmz&duwdkufaNrmufydkif;?tmz&du taemufawmifydkif;?tD*spfNynfatmufydkif;? ql'efEdkifiH? b,f&def; umwmwdUk wGiaf wGUNrifEikd o f nf/ at'D795 --[pf [pf*s&D180 tm[fr'fbqG&D uG,v f eG ?f [&S&f mS rf pydew f iG u f , G v f eG o f nf/ atpD&98 --[pf [pf*s&D183 tDrmrftAl[eDz[f\wynf&h if; tDrmrf,pl zG f uG,v f eG o f nf/ at'D799 --[pf [pf*s&D184 tDrmrf rlqmumZDrf uG,v f eG o f nf/ &St d mwdUk \ owÅraNrmuf tDrmrfNzpfonf/ 13
tpövmrfv h t Ul zGt UJ pnf;ordik ;f
at'D838-[pf*s7D224 ausmMf um;vSaom ['Dpyf nm&SiMf uD; tAltAl ikd 'f f uG,v f eG o f nf/tvftef0vf pD;yGm;a&;usrf;udk NyKpkco hJ nf/
at'D855-[pf*s&D241 atrmrf [rfAvf uG,v f eG o f nf/
tDrmrf
[rfbvf([pf*s&D 164-241) (b*¾'ufausmif;) [rfAvDrsm;udk aqmf't D ma&AsEikd if w H iG f trsm;qH;k awGU&Ny;D qD;&D;,m;ESihf tD&wfa'orsm;wGiv f nf; awGU &onf/ tdAae odik rf , D mESihf tdAae0[mAfwo Ykd nf atrmrf[rfAvf\ausmif;awmf0g'Drsm; jzpfonf/ qlzMD uD; ZlvEf ek rf pd &f D uG,v f eG o f nf/ at'D870-[pf*s&D256 Alcg&dusrf;NyKyk*Kd¾ vfMuD; tDrmrfAcl g&D uG,v f eG o f nf/ wrefawmf Nrwf\ Mo0g'usrf;rsm;wGif tcdik v f ;kH qH;k tNzpf owfrw S cf &H aom ['Dpu f srf;MuD;Nzpf\/
oAomaAtDw\ Ykd acwf([pf*s&D 220 txd) wrefawmfjrwf\ ['D;qfMo0g'rsm;udk usrf;jyKpkxed ;f odr;f aomacwf wref a wmf j rwf E S i f h q G [ mAD a cwf r sm;wG i f [ 'D ; qf M o0g'awmf r sm;ud k usrf ; awmf j rwf uk&t f mefEiS ahf &m,Suf rdrnfp;kd í a&;om;jyKpkjcif;r&S?d tvGet f a&;BuD; aomudp&ö yfrsm; udo k m pmjzihf rSwfwrf;wifjcif;? omaAtDwdkYacwfü tvGwfusufrSwfjcif;jzihfom pkaqmif;jcif;jzpfonf/,ck (3)&mpkacwfa&mufí pmtm;jzihrf jyKpkxm;vQif['D;qfrsm; aysmufysufEikd o f nfjzpfí atrmrfAck g&DrpS í xif&mS ;aom['D;qfusrf;rsm; jyKpkvmcJh onf/
atrmrf Akcg&D ([pf*s&D 194-256) usr;f aygif; (25) usr;f jyKpkcahJ omfvnf; ol\qG[AD ck g&Dusr;f onfomvQif urÇmrY w G pf vifwt Ykd v,fü ae&m,lEikd cf o hJ nf/ pkpak ygif;&&Sad om ['D;qfaygif; (6) ode;f ausmf rSww f rf;wifaom ['D;qfaygif; (7) axmif tdrmrf rGwfpvifrf xyfaeí jyefvnfppd pfaom ['D;qfaygif; (4) axmif ([pf*s&D 20 2022 - 261) usrf;aygif;ajrmufjrm;pGm jyKpkcaJh omfvnf; ol\ ]qGeef efeq D mtD}omvQif ausmfMum;cho J nf/ tvDocifukd cs;D usL;aomusr;f jyKkprk í d 'rwfpuwfAvDwiG f 0dik ;f ½du k cf &H Ny;D ruúmNrKd UodcYk ufcpJ mG vma&mufum uG,v f eG cf o Jh nf/ tAl'g0l'f ([pf*s&D 202 - 275 ) usrf;aygif; (15)usrf; jyKpkaomfvnf; ]rqfe'ftAl'g0l'}fl onf ausmfMum;cho J nf/ atrmrfod&farZD ( [pf*s&D 209 - 279 ) tdAfaermtf*sm ( [pf*s&D 209 - 173 ) ['D;pfudk pHjyK&mwGif tok;H jyKaom tcsufrsm; (1) usrf;awmfjrwfu&k t f mefEiS fh rqefu Y sif&/ (2) wrefawmfjrwfEiS fh pyfvsOf;í t"dymÜ ,fru Jh m *kPo f u d m© ndKS ;EGr;f ap aomtaMumif; rjzpfap&/ ['D;pfukd trsKd;tpm;cGyJ kH (1) qG[D . . . . . (cdik v f akH om &m0Djzifh wnfaqmufxm;aom Mo0g') (2) [qef . . . . . (tm;enf;aumif;rGeaf om Mo0g') (3) 'Ggtdzf . . . . . ( csnfeh aYJ om ? rcdik v f akH om ['D;pf) at'D873 --[pf [pf*s&D259 urÇmausmf rGwpf vifrf pOD;odyyHÜ nm&Sif tvfuif;'D uG,v f eG o f nf/ at'D873[pf*s&D260 tDrmrf [mqeftpfu&D uG,v 73-[pf f eG o f nf/ &St d mwdUk \ {u'óraNrmuf 15
tpövmrfv h t Ul zGt UJ pnf;ordik ;f
wnfaxmifonf/tvftZf[&f wuúov kd o f nf ,cktcg urÇmay:wGif a&S;tusqH;k wuúov kd w f Ukd wGif wpfct k ygt0ifNzofonf/ a t ' D 9 8 8 --[ [ p f * s & D 3 7 8 rG w f p vif r f w d k U onf b*¾ ' wf N rd K Uawmf w G i f u rÇ m ay:wG i f tMuD;rm;qH;k eu©ww f m&mMunfah rQmpf ifMuD;udk wnfaqmufí eu©wo f yd o HÜ ak woetzGUJ wnfaxmifonf/ a t ' D 9 9 0 - [ p f * s & D 3 8 0 rG w f p vif r f w d k U onf pyd e f t if ' vl q D , mwG i f u rÇ m ausmf aumfwAkd m0wfausmif;awmfMuD;udk wnfaqmufNyD;pD;cJo h nf?þ0wfausmif;awmfonf urÇmt h b H , G w f iG f yg0ifonf/,cktcg c&pf,0H wfausmif;tNzpf xm;&So d nf/ tdE, ´d Edik if w H iG f tzf*gefppfaoG;
tpövmrfv h t Ul zGt UJ pnf;ordik ;f
wmwmvlrsdK;pktm;vH;k eD;yg; tpövmrfvUl abmifoUkd 0ifa&mufvmjcif;jzpfonf/ at'D1278-[pf*s&D677 ausmfBum;vSaom olawmfpifBuD; [ADA'k 'f ed f em*l&D uG,v f eG o f nf/ tdE, ´d Edik if aH wmifyikd ;f ESihf NrefrmEdik if &H dS usLvD,mrGwpf vifrw f Ukf onf yk*Kd¾ vf MuD;udk txl;yif MunfnMkd uonf/ at'D 1282-[pf*s&D 681 tpövmrfo h rdik ;f ESiphf mayynm&SiMf uD; tdAaf e cvfumef uG,v f eG o f nf/ at'D 1300-[pf*s&D 699 atmfwrkd efw&l uDwUkd \acgif;aqmif tlprf mefu atmfwrkd ef tifyg,mMuD;udk pwif wnfaxmifonf/
atmfwdkreftifyg,m ([pf*s&D 696 - 1342 ) ESpaf ygif; 643 ckEpS t f wGi;f rif;aygif; 37OD;tkycf sKyfco Jh nf/ 1342 ckEpS rf pS í or®wEdik if aH Munmcho J nf/ ,if;olwo Ykd nf [pf*s&D755? (c&pf 1354) wGif *,fvyD v kd rD w S pfqihOf a&mywdu k o f 0Ykd ifa&mufco Jh nf/ Oa&mywdu k f wGif ,cktvfaA;eD;,m; ac:aom a'owpfcv k ;kH ? blvaf *;&D;,m; [efa*&D? ,l*pkd vmAD;,m;a'o wpfcv k ;kH tygt 0if e,fajrrsm;udk odr;f ,lNy;D AD,ifemNrKd U wHcg;0txda&mufEifkd cf o Jh nf/ Oa&mywdu k f ta&SUjcrf;wpfcv k ;kH eD;yg;udt k yk cf sKyfco Jh nf/ xdrk w S pfzef tm&Swu kd w f iG f tma&AsuRef; qG,w f pfcv k ;kH tmz&duwdu k af jrmufyifkd ;f a'oESifh ajrxJyif v,fukd xde;f csKyfEikd af om tiftm;&Scd o Jh nf/ atmfwrkdf efw&l uDonf qvf*sLufwmwmvlrsKd;jzpfNyD; c&pfouú&mZf 11 &mpkEpS rf pS í rGwpf vifjzpfvmchJ onf/ ppfa&;wGiu f Rrf;usifaomfvnf; rlvu&Scd aJh om ynma&; tajctaeudk wdk;wufvmonfxuf wdk;wuf oGm;atmif rjyKchJ½Hkru? 0ef;usif&Sd Oa&mywdkufom;wdkY\ wd;k wufvmrIuv kd nf; tav;rrlcyJh g/ yxrydifk ;f tkycf sKyf aom bk&ifrsm;onf tkycf sKyfa&;wGif xl;cRefaomfvnf; aemufydkfif;umvtkyfcsKyfaom rif;rsm;onf Oa&myESi½fh &k rS b d &k m;rsm;rSaygufzmG ;vmaomrif;om;rsm;udk MuyfMuyfrwfrwf xdef ;f odr;f jcif;r&Scd yJh g/ x k d r S w p f z e f aomufpm;,pfr;l aomtavhrsm;onf atmfwrkd efww Ykd iG f pGu J yfvmcho J nf/ ,if;olww Ykd iG f rlvu&Scd aJh om atmfwdkrefwl&uDwdkY\[efESihf rmefonf ukefqHk;chJ½Hkru tpövmrfudk cspfjrwfEdk;aom pdwf"mwfonfvnf;r&Sdawmhyg/ odkYjzpfívnf; Oa&my&Sd&efolrsm;\pkaygif;wdkufcdkufjcif;udk tvl;tvJccH &Jh onf/ atmfwrkd efonf ppfa&;ppf&mwGif wd;k wufaomfvnf; ud, k yf ikd pf mayr&Sad om vlrsKd;jzpfí urÇmBuD;\jyKjyif ajymif;vJru I *kd &krNyKbJ? olwUkd \tajctaeonf wpfajz;ajz; qkw, f w k v f mcho J nf/ 20 &mpkESpfa&mufaomtcg wl&uDEdkifiHydkifeufudkyif tiftm;oHk;í xdef;odrf;&awmhonhf tajctaeod k Y a &muf & S d & awmh o nf / rl v u&S d c h J a om yd k i f e uf r sm;ud k pG e f c G m ay;ch J & NyD ; rdcifw&l uDe,fajrudyk ifvQif cufcpJ mG xde;f odr;f &aom tajctae odq Yk u kd af &mufomG ;ch&J onf/ at'D 1325-[pf*s&D 725 tdE, ´d wGif eDZmrGw'f ed f atmifv, D m a'vdNrdKUwGif uG,v f eG o f nf? olut kd vGecf spfcifav;pm;aom trd&cf &l &fS o l nfvnf; uG,v f eG cf o hJ nf/ at'D1328-[pf*s&D 728 tdAaf eodik rf , D m uG,v f eG o f nf?yk*Kd´ vfMu;D onf &S&d u d Ef iS b hf moma&;e,fy,fwiG f usr;f awmfNrwfu&k t f mefEiS w hf refawmfNrwf\qGeef ofukd qef U usif a erI r sm;ud k wd k u f c d k u f a 0zef í pmaya&;om;jyKpk k c J h a omacwf o pf t pö v mrf h p may \ta&S U ajy;yk * ¾ d K vf j zpf o nf / td A f a eod k i f r D , mES i f h td A f a e0[mAf w d k U nf atrrf [ rf A vf \ ausmif;awmf0g'Drsm;jzpfonf/ 19
tpövmrfv h t Ul zGt UJ pnf;ordik ;f
bmoma&;t,lonf;aom r*dak tmif&rfaZAfb&k if uG,v f eG í f Edik if aH wmfjydKuGpJ jyKvmjyD;? Oa&mywdu k rf S ukeo f nfrsm; wpfzzJG aJG &muf&u dS m ajcukw, f al ejyjD zpfonf/ ol\acwf umvwGif tdE, d´ Edik if aH wmfBuD;onf tus,fjyefUqH;k jzpfco hJ nf/ at'D 1782-[pf*s&D 1196 ol&aJ umif;BuD; [dik 'f &ftvD uG,v f eG í f ? qlvwefw, D l tdE, ´d Edik if H rdik q f el ,fut kd yk cf sKyfa&;pwifonf/ at'D 1792-[pf*s&D 1207 0g[mAD*P kd ;f acgif;aqmif rk[r®'b f ifet f Af'v k 0f [mAf uG,v f eG o f nf/ þyk*¾dKvfonf tma&Asma'orS &Sd&dkufESifh tpövmrf\qefUusifzuf t,lrsm;udky,fzsufcJhonf/ (aqmf't D ma&AsmwGif ,aeUtxdusifo h ;kH aomvrf;pOfjzpf onf/) at'D 1798-[pf * s&D 1213 jyifopfppfol&Jaumif; eydkvD,H rrfvkufrif;qufudkjzKwf cs ítD*spfjynfudkodrf;,lonf udkif&dk*smar0wfausmif;awmfwGif qGvmof0wfjyKaomtcg eydkvD,Hudk tD*spjf ynfojl ynfom;wdUk tHBh oBuonf/ at'D 1799-[pf*s&D 1214 tdE, d´ Edik if w H iG f t*Fvyd u f w kd u dk cf u kd af eaom wDyq l v l w f mef wdu k yf w JG iG f usq;kH onf/ at'D 1809-[pf*s&D 1224 qltufjrdKUrS tdE´, d jynfoUkd oabFmc&D;pwifonf/jAdwo d QwdUk tma&Asa'owGif vTr;f rd;fk vmonf/ at'D 1823-[pf*s&D 1238 tD*spfjynf &Sjd Adwo d QwdUk u ql'efuo dk rd ;f ,lco hJ nf/ tdE, ´d Ekikd if w H iG f &SmtAf'v k t f ZDZf rk['f'pd af 'v0Du, G v f eG o f nf/ olonf usr;f jyKyk*Kd¾ vfBuD; jzpfjy;D usr;f awmfjrwfu&k t f mefukd tl&'lpmayjzifh yxrOD;qH;k jyefqckd o hJ jl zpfonf/ at'D1828-[pf*s&D1244 tiftm;BuD;rm;vmaom &k&ZS mbk&ifu wl&uDwUkd udk wdu k cf u kd cf o hJ nf/ at'D 1842-[pf*s&D 1258 tmz*efb&k if &S*stkvrf vpfuf towfc&H onf/ at'D1844-[pf*s&D1260t*Fvyd w f Ukd u 'dpk rf [ k r®'u f kd tmz*efb&k iftjzpf tod trSwjf yKcJo h nf/ at'D 1847-[pf * s&D 1263 tz&d u ajrmuf z uf & S d tvf * sD ; &D ; ,m;a'oud k j yif o pf w d k U u olwUkd \tcsKyftjcmtmPm ydik ef ,ftjzpford ;f ,lcBhJ uonf/ at'D 1857-[pf*s&D 1273tdE, d´ Edik if H rd&wft&yfwiG f t*Fvyd u f kd tdE, d´ om;wdUk u ykeu f ek cf BhJ uum yxrOD;qH;k vGwv f yfa&;wdu k yf pJG wifco hJ nf/ ,if;ykeu f efrw I iG f tpDtpOf twdtusr&Sb d J acgif;aqmifrrhJ aI Bumihf t*FvdyfwdkUujyefvnfí jrdKUawmfa'vDESifh tcsuftcsma'orsm;udk xdef;odrf;EdkifcJhonf/ a'vDbk&if ]b[l'&l mS Zz&}} tm;zrf;qD;um ppfc&kH ;Hk wifppfaq; cJo h nf/ at'D 1862-[pf*s&D 1279 Zzm&f&mS udk &efuek jf rdKUodUk zrf;qD;ac:aqmifomG ;onf/ at'D 1869-[pf*s&D1286Zzm&f&mS onf &efuek jf rdKUwGif uG,v f eG cf o hJ nf/ tD*spfjynfwiG f ql;tufw;l ajrmif;zGiv hf pS f cJo h nf/ at'D 1877-[pf*s&D 1294 &k&ES iS w hf &l uDwUkd pyfBum;ppfyjJG zpfymG ;cJo h nf/ a t ' D 1 8 7 7 [pf*s&D 1294 qm-q,uf'\ f tvD*&fvyI &f mS ;rIpwifco hJ nf/ rGwpf vifrw f Ukd tm;acwfynmzufwiG f wd;k wufa&;twGuf trsdK;rsdK;tzHzk 'kH u k c© H cJ&h onf/ aemufq;kH tvD*&fwuúov kd Bf uD;udk zGiv hf pS Ef ikd cf o hJ nf/ 0dw&kd , d bk&ifru tdE, ´ bk&ifrBuD;tjzpf aBujimcJo h nf/ t,f'Dqif toHzrf;pufwDxGifEkdifcJhonf/ þodkUjzifh jyefBum;a&;e,fy,ftwGufvG,fulrIESifh tcGit hf a&;&Sv d monf/ at'D 1880-[pf*s&D 1297 armifvmemumpifrf emeo0Du, G v f eG o f nf/ at'D 1881-[pf*s&D 1298tdprf mtdvD &St d macgif;aqmif tm*gcef;rif;om;(yxr) uG,v f eG o f nf/ þyk*Kd¾ vfonf urÇmrh w G pf vifrf pnf;&k;H a&;twGuf aqmif&u G cf o hJ jl zpfonf/ 21
tpövmrfv h t Ul zGt UJ pnf;ordik ;f
qtl ' D w d k U Ed k i f i H w pf c k rGpfozm urmvfyg&Sm wl&uDEdkifiH\
vH;k udx k ed ;f csKyfEikd cf BhJ uonf/ yxrOd;qH;k or®wjzpfvmonf/
at'D1925-[pf*s&D1344tD7efEikd if w H iG f &DZmy[fv0Db&k ifjzpfvmonf/
trmEk v ’ m cef xGuaf jy;í em'd&&f mS tzf*gefepd w f efb&k ifjzpfvmonf/ at'D1927-[pf*s&D1336tD&wfEikd if w H iG f a&eHpwifawGU&So d nf/ at'D1930-[pf*s&D1349tdE, ´d vGwv f yfa&;wdu k yf w JG iG f xdyq f ;kH rSyg0ifcahJ om armifvmemrk[r®'f tvDa*smfi[ f &f uG,v f eG o f nf/ a'guf w m tduAf mvfu tDvm[mbm'fjrdKUwGif usif;yaom rGwpf vifrv f *d t f pnf;a0;wGif tdE, ´d wdu k ef ,fwiG f rGwpf vifrw f Ukd twGuf vHjk cHKaome,fajr owfrw S af y;oifah Bumif; wifjycJo h nf/ at'D1932-[pf*s&D1353tD&wfEikd if v H w G v f yfa&;&cJo h nf/ at'D1934-[pf*s&D1354ZGm[d7&f mS onf em'd7&f mS udo k wfí tzf*gedpw f efb&k ifjzpf vmonf/ at'D1935-[pf*s&D1354rd[ k r®'t f vD*sifem rGwpf vifrv f *d t f zGUJ udk jyefvnfjyif qifzUJG pnf;cJo h nf/ tD*spjf ynf rStv’m[fr[f&m&S'd f &DZmuG,v f eG o f nf/ olonftvfrem&f okawoe pmapmifux kd w k af 0cJjh y;D ? ol\t,ltqudk ygupöwefEikd if rH S y&fa0ZfuulcscJo h nf/ at'D1936-[pf*s&D1355 tD*spfEikd if o H nf jAdwo d QwdUk \tkycf sKyfa&;atmufrS vGwv f yfa&;&&Scd o hJ nf/ tddE´d,EdkifiH rSEdkifiHa&;acgif;aqmifa'gufwm rkco f m&ftefpm&Du, G v f eG o f nf/ at'D1937-[pf*s&D1356ygvpöwidk ;f a'oudk cGaJ 0&efjAw d o d Qbv d af umfr&Siu f aBujimcJo h nf/ þodUk jzifh tpöa&; Edik if x H al xmif&ef vrf;yGichf o hJ nf/ at'D1938-[pf*s&D1357 a'gufwm tduAf mvf uG,v f eG cf o hJ nf/ armifvmema&SmifuoftvD uG,v f eG o f nf/ rGpo f zmurmvfyg&SmuG,v f eG o f nf/ at'D1940-[pf*s&D1359vm[djk rdKUwGif ygupöwefEikd if x H al xmifciG u hf kd aBujimcJo h nf/ at'D1941-[pf*s&D1360armifvmemarmif''l \ D *srmtoftpd v f mrD tzGUJ pwifzUJG pnf;onf/ at'D1942-[pf*s&D1360jyifopfEiS hf jAdwo d QwdUk ygvpöwikd Ef iS hf a*smf'efa'oodUk 0ifa&mufco hJ nf/ at'D1943-[pf*s&D1362tdE, ´d Edik if w H iG f [uDrv k t f rG o ® [ f al om bGUJ ay;cH&ol usrf;jyK q&mBuD; armifvmemt&Sf &zftvDxme0D uG,v f eG o f nf/ at'D1944-[pf*s&D1363t&Afv*d t f zGUJ zGUJ pnf;onf/ rlvu tzGUJ 0iftenf;i,f om&Sad omfvnf; ,cktcg t&ADpum;ajymEdik if t H jzpfowfrw S x f m;&m Edik if aH ygif; 20Edik if H yg0ifaomtzGUJ jzpf vmonf/ at'D1945-[pf*s&D1364ygvpöwidk ;f a'otwGi;f urÇmt0Sr;f rS *sLvlrsdK;wdUk 0if a&mufvmonf/ tif ' d k e D ; &S m ; acgif;aqmifBuD;t[fr'f qdu k med\BudKyrf;rIjzifh 'csaf [mvef', D w H Ukd xHrS tif'ekd ;D &Sm; Edik if v H w G v f yfa&;&&So d nf/ at'D1947-[pf*s&D1366 ygupöwefEikd if o H nf vloed ;f aygif;rsm;pGm paw;cHjyD;ay: xGe;f vmonf/ ud;k uG,o f nfh bmomudt k aBumif;jyí k aoausysupf ;D cH&jcif;rSm þ&mpkEpS \ f tedXm&kw H pfcw k iG f yg0ifonf/ at'D1948-[pf*s&D1367 ygupöwefEikd if x H al xmifol rd[ k r®'f tvD*sifem uG,f vGeo f nf/ ygvpö w d k i f a 'owG i f 23
tpövmrfv h t Ul zGt UJ pnf;ordik ;f
vGwv f yfa&;vIy&f mS ;rIwiG f tvf*sD;&D;,m;tdraf xmifp0k ifwpfO;D uspD paw;cH&onf/ a t ' D 1 9 6 3 - [ p f * s & D 1 3 8 3 tv’ m r[f r &S f & D u D uG , f v G e f o nf / þyk * ¾ d K vf o nf td E ´ d , wd k u f e ,f w G i f p pf a &;ES i f h Ed k i f i H a &; ud k y l ; wG J a vh u sif h & ef Bud K ;yrf ; cJ h a omyk * ¾ d K vf j zpf o nf / jAdw d o d QwdUk rw&m;toif;aBujimcHc&hJ onf/ Zef Z D b muRef ; Ed k i f i H vG w f v yf a &;&onf / Zef Z D b monf wef * geD u mEd k i f i H E S i f h yl ; aygif ; í wef Z meD , m[l í rGwpf vifrv f rl sm;pkEikd if BH uD;tjzpf ta&SUtmz&duwGif ay:xGe;f vmcJo h nf/ tD & wf w G i f ppftmPm&SiAf v kd cf sKyfumqifrf towfc&H onf/ at'D1965-[pf*s&D1385 vGwv f yfa&;&cgp tJv*f sD;&D;,m;Edik if w H iG f vGwv f yfa&; BudK; yrf;cJo h l bifbv D mudjk zKwfcs í[0g&D blr'k , f ed f tmPmodr;f onf/ tif'dkeD;&Sm;EdkifiHwGif uGefjrLepfwdkU tmPmvkí ql[mwdu k ESrd Ef iS ;f cJo h nf/ þodUk tm;jzifh ql[mwdk tmPm&&Sv d monf/ 1966ckEpS f wGif ql[mwdo k nf 0efBuD;csKyfjzpfvmjyD;? 1968 ckEpS rf pS íor®wjzpfvmcJo h nf/ tdE, ´d ESiyhf gupöwefwUkd ppfjzpfymG ;Buonf/ at'D1966-[pf*s&D1386wm&Su d ifepf mcsKyfjzihf ygupöwefEiS hf tdE, ´d wdUk ppfajyjidr;f onf/ qD;&D;,m;EdkifiHwGif bmwfygwD(qdk&S,fvpf)wdkU tmPm&&So d nf/ tD * spf j ynf w G i f td c g0gef a cgif ; aqmif qd k i f , 'f uloAk af o'Pfay;cH&onf/ at'D1967-[pf*s&D1387tD*spfEiS t hf pöa&;vfwUkd (6)&ufppfjzpfymG ;cJo h nf/ tpö a &;vf u tD*spfyikd q f ikd ;f Edik ;f uRef;qG,f udo k rd ;f ,lonf/ at'D1969-[pf*s&D1389ygupöwefwiG f ppftmPm&Sif t,lAcf efjzKwfcscJ&h onf/ ql'efEikd if w H iG f ppftmPmodr;f onf/ vpf A sm;Ed k i f i H w G i f u'gzDtmPmodr;f onf/ a*s&kpvifro f rd ;f ydu k ef ,fajr&Sd rwfp*f sd't f ufqmG wGif rD;avmifrjI zpfymG ;í urÇmrh w G pf vifrw f Ukd qlyBl uonf/ at'D1970-[pf*s&D1390tm&AfurÇmwGif bk&ifpepfuzkd ,f&mS ;cJo h l tD*spf awmfveS af &; acgif;aqmifemqmuG,v f eG o f nf/ a t ' D 1 9 7 1 - [ p f * s & D 1 3 9 1 tpö v mrf t ajccH u d k t aBumif ; jyKí wnf a qmuf c J h a om ygupöwefEikd if rH t S a&SUygupöwefa'oonfurÇmah jryHak y:wGif ]b*Fvm;a'&S}f Edik if H tjzpf ay:xGe;f vmonf/ ,if;jynfwiG ;f rjidrf roufrw I iG f vloed ;f ausmfaoqH;k cJ&h onf/ at'D1973-[pf*s&D1392 tD*spfEiS t hf pöa&;vfEikd if jH yefvnfíppfjzpfymG ;onf/ tm&AfEikd if rH sm;onf a&eHukd vufeuftjzpftoH;k jyKítaemufEikd if rH sm; wkev f yI af csmufjcm;cJ&h onf/ at'D 1 974-[pf * s&D 1 394 ygupö w ef E d k i f i H vm[d k j rd K UwG i f u rÇ m h r G w f p vif r f E d k i f i H r sm;\ tBuD;tuJnv D mcHusif;yonf/ xdrk w S pfzef OIC(urÇmrh w G pf vifrn f v D mcHtzGUJ ) [líukvor*¾wiG f Edik if aH ygif;(54) tkypf jk zpfvmcJo h nf/ ygvpö w d k i f ; rG w f z wD c sKyf ordik ;f 0ify*k Kd¾ vfBuD;trde[ f q l ikd ef u D , G f vGeo f nf/ ygupö w ef E d k i f i H u um'D , meD r sm;ud k rGwpf vifrrf [kwaf om vlenf;pkbmom tjzpfOya' t&owfrw S o f nf/ tm&Afxyd o f ;D nDvmcHu PLOonf ygvpöwikd ;f jynf olwUkd \ud, k pf m; vS,jf zpfaBumif; aBujimonf/ at'D1975-[pf*s&D1395b*Fvm;a'&SUf wGif ppftmPmodr;f onf/ aqmf ' D b k & if zdik q f vftowfc&H onf/ Edik *f sD;&D;,m;wGif ppftmPmodr;f onf/ 25
tpövmrfv h t Ul zGt UJ pnf;ordik ;f
atmufygrGwpf vifrv f rl sm;pka'orsm;vnf; vGwv f yfa&;aBujimcJBh uonf/ (1) tZmbdik *f sef (2) um*spfpwef (3) OZbufupd w ö ef (4) wyfrifepöwef (5) umZufpwef (6) wm*spfupöwef (7) csDcsife, D m tdE, ´d Edik if H t,k', ¨ jrdKUwGif 16-&mpkEpS u f bmb&D AvD0wfausmif;awmfukd [dEL´ tBurf;zuform;wdUk u 'DZifbmv(6)&ufaeUwGif zsufp;D íBuD;rm;aombmoma&; y#dyu©jzpfymG ;cJo h nf/ at'D1992-[pf*s&D1412 abmhpeD;,m;-[mZD*;kd AD;em;Edik if H vGwv f yfa&; aBujim onf/ Oa&mywdu k w f iG f tvfab;eD;,m;aemuf 'kw, d rGwpf vifrv f rl sm;pk&adS om Edik if jH zpf onf/ ,if;Edik if w H iG f rGwpf vifr?f qmAfEiS chf &dt k ufwUkd \ jynfwiG ;f ppfwiG f qmAfwUkd \ &ufpufru I o kd rdik ;f q&mwdUk u rSww f rf;wifco hJ nf/ ,if;jynfwiG ;f ppfonf1995ckEpS t f xdBumjrifch o hJ nf/ t,f v f * sD ; &D ; ,m;a&G ; aumuf y G J w G i f usrf ; jrwf u k & f t mef u d k t ajccH a om tpövmrfu,fwifa&;wyfO;D tzGUJ Islamic Salvation FrontutEdik &f &Sjd y;D a&G;aumufyt JG zsucf &H onf/ xdpk OfrpS í ,if;Edik if w H iG f jynfwiG ;f rjidrrf oufraI Bumifh vlaygif;&Spaf omif;ausmfaoqH;k cJ&h onf/ at'D 1 993-[pf * s&D 1 413 ygvpö w d k i f ; acgif ; aqmif r sm;ES i f h tpö a &;vf a cgif ; aqmif r sm; awGUqHak qG;aEG;tajz&Smonf/ ,mq&ft&fzmof ygvpöwikd af 'oodUk jyefvnfa&muf&o dS nf/ tz&duwdu k f ta&SUajrmufzuf wGi&f adS om tD&pfx&D,monf tDo, D ykd ;D ,m;Edik if \ H xde;f csKyfraI tmufrS vGwv f yfa&; &&Scd o hJ nf/ ESp-f 30Bum vIy&f mS ;rIaemufyikd ;f ukvor*¾\ 183-ajrmuftzGUJ 0ifjzpfvmonf/ at'D1995-[pf*s&D1415a*sm'f efjrpftaemufzufurf; ygvpöwikd ;f ud, k yf ikd Ef ikd if H xlaxmifa&; twGuf tpöa&;vf ESiyhf gvpöwikd w f Ukd vufrw S af &;xd;k Buonf/ at'D1997-[pf*s&D1418Global Evengelization Movement c&pf,mefomoemjyKtzGUJ tpnf;\okawoejyK(1987)xkwjf yefcsut f & tpövmrfomoem \jyefUyGm;EIe;f xm;rSm c&pf,mefbmomxuf ,cktcg 21.5q ydrk v kd QifjrefaBumif; a&;om; xm;onf/ 1970-ckEpS w f iG f tpövmrfbmom0ifwUkd onf urÇmv h Ol ;D a&\ 15.3%(vlO;D a& 3.7Billion= oef;aygif; 3700)jzpfaomfvnf; ,ck 1997-ckEpS w f iG f urÇmv h Ol ;D a& \19.6%(5.89Billion oef;aygif; 5890jzpfaeaBumif; a&;om;xm;onf/ at'D1994-[pf*s&D1415 a*smf'efEikd if EH iS hf tDpa&vfEikd if pH yfBum; jidrf ;f csrf;a&; pmcsKyfcsKyfqo kd nf/ at'D1997-[pf*s&D1418 tif'ekd &D mS ;Edik if w H iG f 32ESpBf umtkycf sKyfcahJ om Adv k cf sKyf qd[ k mwdk jyKwfusonf/ a t ' D 1 9 9 9 - [ p f * s & D 1 4 2 0 tif'dkeD&Sm;wGif tAf'kvf&[frmef 0g[d'fonf yxrOD;qH;k a&G;aumufyrJG o S r®wjzpf vmonf? tif ' d k e D ; &S m ;rS ta&SUwdru l kd pGx J w k í f oD;jcm;Edik if aH zmfxw k o f nf/ at'D1996-[pf*s&D1417tzf*geDpw ö efEikd if u H kd wmvDbefwUkd csKyfuikd cf o hJ nf/ at'D1998-[pf*s&D1497 ygupöwefEikd if w H iG f EsLuvd,mprf;oyfonf/ at'D1999-[pf*s&D1420 ygupöwefEikd if w H iG f Adv k cf sKyfr&I &S yftmPmodr;f 27