Islamic History

  • May 2020
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tpövmrfv h t Ul zGt UJ pnf;ordik ;f

tpövmrfhordkif; jzpf&yftusOf;csKyf wrefawmfrk[r®'f e (at'D 571- 632)

ruúmacwfumv NyKpo k l - *sm0d'o f ef;

B.Sc (Chemistry).,

at'D - 571 wrefawmfjrwfr[ k r®'f e onf c&pfEpS 5f 71ckEpS ?f {NyDv22 &uf? eHeuft½kPOf ;D tcsdew f iG f rD;½SL;oefpY if zGm;jrifonf/ zcifjzpfol tAf'v k m’ [f onf wrefawmfjrwf zGm;rDtvsifu qD;&D;,m;Edik if o H Ykd ukeu f ;l oef;&ef toGm; r'DemNrdKUwGif uG,v f eG cf o hJ nf/ at'D - 575 rdcifjzpfol tmrde[focifronf wrefawmfjrwfarG;zGm;NyD; 4 ESpf om; t&G,w f iG f uG,v f eG cf jhJ yefonf/ rdbr&So d nhaf emuf tzd;k jzpfol tAf'v k f rkomG vdAu f xde;f odr;f apmifah &Smufco hJ nf/ rdbrJjh zpfol rk[r®'af v;onf ud, k f xlu, kd x f rdrb d 0udk &yfwnfEidk cf o hJ nf/ rnfoUl udrk Q 0efxyk 0f efy;kd rjzpfapcJah y/ jzwfvwfou G v f ufaom rk[r®'f uav;udk tm;vH;k uvdv k v kd m;vm;&Scd o hJ nf/ t&SuBf u;D onf? opömw&m;BuD;onf? wm0efukd ausyGeo f nf? tv [ópum;ESihf tusKd;rJv h yk &f yfrsm;udk i,fpOfu wnf;u a&Smifco hJ nf/ at'D - 579 8 ESpf 2 vt&G,w f iG f tzd;k jzpfol tAf'v k f rkomG vdAu f , G v f eG í f bBuD;awmf tAloGmvdAfESifhtwl aexdkif cJhonf/ ukeful;oef;&if; 12 ESpfom;t&G,fwGif bBuD;ESifhtwl qD;&D;,m;Ekid if b H ufoYkd a&muf&cdS o hJ nf/ þodt Yk m; jzihaf 'oEÅ& A[kow k &SmBuHEikd jf cif;&Scd o hJ nf/ at'D - 586 15ESpfom;t&G,fwGif jzpfysufcJhaom az*sm&fppfyGJwGif udk,fwdkif udk,fus a'ocHwEYkd iS t hf wlyg0ifco hJ nf/ [vfzzD Zl v l f vlr0I efxrf;tzGUJ tpnf;wGif yg0ifaqmif&u G cf o hJ nf/ at'D - 594 23 ESpo f m;t&G,w f iG f qD;&D;,m;Edik if o H Ykd ukeo f nftjzpf trIxrf; um oGm;a&mufc\ hJ / at'D - 596 oufawmf 25 ESpt f &G,w f iG f cwD*smocifrESihf xdr;f jrm;cJo h nf/ olronf rkq;kd rwpfO;D jzpfNyD; wrefawmfjrwfEiS t hf wl tpövmrfv h yI &f mS ;rIumvwGif uG,v f eG cf sdet f xd &Gy&f yG cf RHcRH yg0ifvyI &f mS ;cJah om tdraf xmif&iS rf pHjy trsKd;orD; jzpfonf/ om; 2 OD;? orD; 4 OD; xGe;f um;cJo h nf/ at'D - 609 pD;yGm;a&;tajctae aumif;rGew f ;kd wufvmchí J tm;vyfcsdew f iG f opömw&m;udk &SmazGa&;twGuf [D&mvIP d *f w l iG f w&m;tm;xkwcf o hJ nf/ at'D - 609 ckEpS w f iG f oufawmfav;q,ft&G,w f iG t f v’m[ft&Sijf rwfxaH wmfrS usr;f jrwf uk&t f mef 0[Dvrf;ñTecf suf usa&mufvmNy;D eAl0ofwm0efukd xrf;aqmifchJ onf/ ZeD;jzpfol cwD*smyocifr? oli,f csif;jzpfol tAlbuú&fyESihf om;&if; yrm jzpfol nDi,ftvDyocifwu Ukd tpövmrfukd pwifvufcv H mcJo h nf/ oH;k ESpw f w d d tpövmrfa'oemawmfukd vQKdU0Supf mG a[majymzdwaf c:cJ&h m ynm wwfrsm;? opömw&m;udk &Sm azGvo kd rl sm;? qif;&Jom;vlwef;pm;ESihf ol
tpövmrfv h t Ul zGt UJ pnf;ordik ;f

uk&t f mefusrf;udk vrf;ñTet f & r'DemacwfwiG f usa&mufonf[k azmfjyonf/ r'DemNrdKU&Sd acgif;aqmifESpfOD;jzpfol ,[l'DvlrsKd; tAf'kv’m[f Aif qvmrfESifh c&pf,mefbek ;f BuD;tAluikd pf w f t Ykd pövmrfuv kd ufcv H mcJo h nf/xdrk Qru tm&Afa'o acgif;aqmifrsm;vnf; tpövmrfah &;&mESiphf yfvsOf;NyD; pdw0f ifpm;vmcJMh uonf/ at'D - 623([D*s&D 2 ckESpf )wGif rGwfpvifwdkYtm; ñSOf;yrf;ESdyfpufaeaom &efjyKoludk jyefvnfweG ;f vSecf iG t hf rdeYf *sD[m'f usa&mufvmcJí h &efow l t Ykd m; ckcyH ikd cf iG hf &Sv d mawmhonf/ r'Dem0ef;usif&dS vlrsKd;rsm; tkypf rk sm;ESihf wpfO;D udw k pfO;D av;pm;a&;? rusL;ausmfa&;pmcsKyfukd csKyfqEkd ikd cf o hJ nf/ Zum;oftrde?Yf qG, D mrfOykoo f v D trdeYf usa&mufco hJ nf/ utfAmodrYk sufEmS rlí qGvmof0wfjyKrde?Yf td'*f gwGif td'v G zf o d &d f qGvmofukd tpkta0;jzihjf yKjcif;? yg&Se;f vlrsKd; qvf rmefzg&fpD tpövmrfv h Ul abmifoYkd 0ifa&muf vmjcif;? [D*s&D 2 ckEpS üf urÇmo Y rdik ;f wGif ta&;ygvSaom A'&fpfyGJjzpfyGm; í ta&twGuf 313 &Sad om rGwpf vifwYkd atmifycJG &H jcif; þodt Yk m;jzihf urÇmYordkif; tajctaeudk ajymif;vJay;EdkifcJhonf/ þESpfwGif tvDocifESifh orD;awmf at'D - 624 ([pf*s&D 624([pf zGmawr[focifrwdu Yk kd xdr;f jrm;ay;cJo h nf/ 3 ckESpf) wGif rl;,pfapaom ao&nfaopmrsm;udk ydwyf if onhf trdeu Yf sa&mufonf/ þESpf &r'Ggef vwGif wrefawmfjrwf\ ajr;awmf tDrmef [qef arG;zGm;cJo h nf/ þESpw f iG f tk['l pf pfyJG jzpfymG ;cJo h nf/ wrefawmf jrwf trdeu Yf kd rvdu k ef mrIaMumifh atmifycJG &H qJwiG f txdemí rGwpf vifwYkd tvl;tvJcv H u kd &f onf/ twd;k pm;jcif; udk ydwyf ifonht f rde?Yf rdbESiphf yfvsOf;aomtrde?Yf tarGcaJG 0ay; aomtrde?Yf ZeD;r,m;ESiphf yfvsOf;aomtrde?Yf rGwf pvifr[kwaf om trsKd;orD;rsm;ESihf xdr;f jrm;cGirhf &Sd at'D - 625 ([pf*s&D 4 ckESpf?) trderYf sm; usa&mufvmcJo h nf/ 625([pf &StAf mefwiG f ajr;awmf tDrmef[pl ed t f m; arG;zGm;cJh onf/ rGwpf viftrsKd;orD;rsm; cE¨mud, k v f NkH cHKpGm 0wfqif&rnft h rdeYf usa&mufvmcJh onf/ tm&Afwo Ykd nf &moDOwktajctaet& OD;acgif;vHNk cHKpGm xm;&Szd ;kH tkyaf omf vnf; tm&AftrsKd;orD;wdo Yk nf cE¨mud, k v f NkH cHKjcif;r&Scd /hJ odjYk zpfí r'DemNrdKUwGif rkemzduEf iS hf umzd&f wdu Yk trsKd;orD;rsm;udk avSmifajymif&m xdt k csdew f iG f rGwpf vif trsKd; orD; wdrYk mS tjcm;aom trsKd;orD;rsm;ESirhf wl cE¨mud, k u f v kd nf; vHNk cKH pGm zH;k tky&f rnft h rdeYf onf tv’m[fx h aH wmfrS a&muf&v dS mcJo h nf/rdrd \rlvu NcKH xnfukd &ifom; tm; zH;k tkyf umywfí vTcJ sxm;&rnfjzpfonf[k uk&t f mefu qdjk cif;jzpfonf/ t&ufaopmudk vH;k 0 ydwyf ifaomt rdeYf a&muf&v dS monf/ AEkeqd&f at'D - 626 ([pf * s&D 5 ck E S p f ) wG i f tkypf 0k ifrsm;ESihf ppfjzpfymG ;cJ\ h / 626([pf cef'ufppfyt JG ygt0ifppfyrJG sm;udk qifEcJT &J onf/ wrefawmfjrwfonf r'DemNrKd UwGif &Spd Ofumv &ufaygif; 731 &ufukd ppfqif a&; 27 ckwiG f ukeq f ;kH cJo h nf/ wpfenf;tm;jzihf r'DemNrdKUpH ig;yHw k pfyt kH csdeo f nf ppf qifa&; wGif ukeq f ;kH cJjh cif;jzpfonf/ xdrk Qru tBudraf ygif; 50 ausmfrQ otoD;oD;odYk tpövmrf a'oemawmfycYkd s&ef oGm;a&mufco hJ nf/ þ[pf*s&D 5 ckEpS w f iG f a'guf(&f) tkypf 0k ifrsm; tvH;k t&if;jzihf tpövmrfukd vufcv H mcJo h nf/ at'D - 627 ([pf*s&D 6) [pf*s&D 6 ckEpS w f iG f ruúmom;wdEYk iS hf [k'ikd Af , D mpmcsKKyf csKyfqckd o hJ nf/ þESpw f iG t f m&Afo&l aJ umif;BuD; cgvd'f Aifef 0vD'Ef iS hf tr&f Aifef tmqf wdYk tpövmrfukd vufcv H mjcif; [k'ikd Af , D mpmcsKyfyg tcsuftvufrsm;udk qG[mADwYkd rBuKduf ESpo f ufaomfvnf; wrefawmfjrwf\ Nidr;f csrf;a&; twGuf BuKd;yrf;csuf&vm'fukd qG[mADwYkd rMumcifumvwGif jrifawGU& ayawmhonf/ þpmcsKyf csKyfqNkd y;D ruúma'owGif tpövmrfuv kd ufco H rl sm; ydrk rkd sm;jym; vmcJo h nf/ at'D - 628 ([pf*s&D 7) [pf*s&D 7 ckEpS w f iG f Edik if w H umacgif;aqmifrsm;? tBuD;tuJrsm;xHoYkd tpövmrfo h 0PfvmT rsm; ay;ydEYk ikd cf o hJ nf/ þESpw f iG f cdik Af &fppfyu JG kd qifEcJT o hJ nf/ cdik Af &fatmifyu JG mvwGif 3

tpövmrfv h t Ul zGt UJ pnf;ordik ;f

qlylrIrsm;udkESdrfeif; atmifjrifcJhonf/ [pf*s&D (13)ckESpfwGif uG,fvGefcJhonf/ tAlAu&focifonf pdwo f abmxm;aysmhajymif;vSaom yk*Kd¾ vfjzpfonf/

cvD z mBuD ; tk r &f y ocif \ acwf u mv ([pf * s&D 13-23) at'D - 634 ([pf*s&D 13)tAlAu&focifonf 'kw, d cvDzm tkr&focifukd rGwpf vifxEk iS hf aqG;aEG;wdik yf ifí ruG,v f eG cf ifu ceft Y yfco hJ nf/ tkr&focifonf wrefawmfjrwfcsrSwcf ahJ om aomif[;D 'f? t'vfEiS hf tJ[pf eftm;jzihf tpövmrfv h Ul tzGUJ tpnf; Edik if aH wmfBu;D udk wnfaqmufjyocJo h nf/ tkr&focifvufxufwiG f usrf;awmfjrwfu&k t f mef\ vrf;ñTecf sufukd ½kyv f ;kH azmfEikd cf o hJ nf/ tpövmrfh vlUtzGUJ tpnf; Edik if aH wmfonf tzufzufrS wd;k wufzUHG NzKd;cJo h nf/ tpövmrfvUl tzGUJ tpnf; Edik if aH wmfBuD;onf tma& Asa'orSonf us,fjyefaY om tm&S? tmz&dua'oydik ef ufrsm;udk at'D - 635 ([pf*s&D 14) rSpí qD;&D;,m;EdkifiH udk pkpnf;Edik cf o hJ nf/

atmifjrifco hJ nf/ at'D -636 ([pf*s&D 15)yg&eS t f ifyg,mMu;D udak tmifNrifco Jh nf / at'D - 637 ([pf*s&D 16)ordkif;0if a*s½kqvifatmifyGJudk cH,lcJhonf/ tkyfcsKyfaom

bkef;awmfBuD;\ arwåm &yfcHcsuft& tkr&focifonf udk,fwdkifudk,fus a*s½kqvifudk c&D;xGufí Nird ;f csr;f a&;pmcsKyf csKyq f ckd o Jh nf/ at'D -639 ([pf*s&D 19)wGif tD*spfjynfukd atmifjrifjcif;jzihf tkr&focif acwfwiG f tpövmrfEh ikd if aH wmfBu;D onfpwk&ef;rdik af ygif; 2 .2oef;jzpfvm onf/ tm&Swu kd f \Bu;D rm;aomtpdwt f ydik ;f ESihf tmz&duwdu k \ f tcsut f jcm usaoma'orsm;onf tpövmrfEikd if aH wmfBu;D wGiyf g0ifvmcJo h nf/ tpövmrf Edik if aH wmfBuD; onf rGwpf vifr[kwo f rl sm;\ tajc taeESihf tcGit hf a&;udk tjynht f 0 ay;jcif;jzihf jynfojl ynf om;rsm;\ ,HMk unfru I kd cH,El ikd cf o hJ nf/ tkr&focif vuf xuf wGif aiG0,fuRepf epfonf arS;rSed v f mjcif;rS yaysmuf onht f xdjzpfco hJ nf/wrefawmfjrwf u csrw S cf ahJ om ynma&;udk txl;jr§ihf wifay;jcif;jzihf tem*wf tpövmr Ef ikd if aH wmfBuD;\ ynma&;ESihf odyHÜ a&SUaqmifru I kd pwifEikd cf o hJ nf/tvufZE´&;D ,m;pmMunfw h u kd u f kd rGwpf vifwYkd rD;½IUd zsufq;D jcif;r[kwb f J ,cifuwnf;u *&dwu Ykd rD;½IUd cJjh cif;jzpfaMumif; ,aeYordik ;f ynm&Siw f u Ykd vufcNH yD;jzpfonf/ tkr&focif\ w&m;pD&ifa&;onf pHjyjzpfNy;D ausmom;&ifom; rcGjJ cm;aompepf jzpfonf/ tkr&focif\

xl;jcm;aomtcsuyf if jzpfonf/ at'D - 644 ([pf*s&D 23) tk r &f o cif

vk y f B uH c H & rI o nf tpö v mrf o rd k i f ; \ aMuuGzJ , G &f mtjzpftysuf[k rGwpf vifwu Ykd ½IjrifvufcMH uonf/ z*s&q f v G moftcsed w f iG f AvD0wfausmif;awmfwiG f vkyBf uHccH &hJ onf/ vkyBf uHol tAlvv l zl ½d ZYkd (f yg&Se;f )jzpfNy;D aemufu, G w f iG f yg0ifow l rYkd mS (1) [&rfZmef (tD&efAv kd cf sKyf)? (2) *seDzm ([d&D mt&yfrS tDqmtD)? (3) utAf t[fA&f (,[l')D wdYk jzpfMuonf/ aemufqHk;uG,fvGefcsdefwGif tkr&focifonf wwd,cvDzma&G;cs,f&ef a&G;cs,f a&;tzGUJ wpfck zGUJ pnf;ay;cJo h nf/ ,if;tzGUJ wGif yg0ifolrsm;onf pOD; tpövmrfvIyf&Sm; rI wGif yg0ifolrsm;jzpfMuonf/ ,if;yk*d¾KvfwdkY\ a&G;cs,fay;rIaMumifh wwd,cvDzm tjzpf tkqrf mefocifa&G;cs,fc&H onf/

5

tpövmrfv h t Ul zGt UJ pnf;ordik ;f

pwk w ¬ c vD z mBuD ; tvD y ocif \ acwf u mv ([pf * s&D 35-40) at'D - 656 ([pf * s&D 35) tk p f r mef o cif t owf c H N yD ; csd e f w G i f r 'D e mNrKd U wG i f rif;rJhtajctaea&muf&Sdaeonf/ jyifyrS vma&mufolwdkY \ xdef;csKyf tkyfcsKyf aerI atmufwiG rf 'DemNrdKUawmfonf usa&mufaeonf/ þodaYk om tajctaewGif rGwpf vif xkonf tvD ociftm; cvDzmtjzpf wifajrm§ ufcMhJ uonf/ od&Yk mwGif ,if;rGwpf vif xkukd acgif;aqmifow l w Ykd iG f tkprf mefocif udk vkyBf uHaomolrsm;vnf; yg0ifaeonf/ tvDocifonf þcufcaJ omtajctaewGif rvTrJ a&Smifomí cvDzmwm0efukd vufcH ,lcjhJ cif; jzpfygonf/ od&Yk mwGif tvDocifukd Adik t f ofrjyKolrsm; &Sad eonf/ ,if;Adik t f ofrjyK olrsm;rSm oGvf tmocif? Zlbikd o f cif (tkr&focif\ a&G;cs,fa&;tzGUJ wGif yg0ifco hJ rl sm;) wdjYk zpfNyD; ,if;yk*K¾d vfw\ Ykd awmif;qdck suf rSm tkprf mefocifukd owfot l m; tjypf'Pfay; a&;jzpfonf/ od&Yk mwGif tajctaeqd;k wGif ,if;udpu ö kd udik w f , G f a&;rSm vG,u f jl cif;r&S/d odjYk zpfí tajctae at;csrf;vmaomtcgusrSom Jh nf/ ,if;udpöukd aqmif&Gurf nf[k tvD ocifu uwdjyKco ½dk;om;rIr&Sdaom AdkiftofrjyKolrSm rktma0,m (16 ESpftxd ajrmufydkif; a'o\ tkycf sKyfa&;rSL;tjzpf tajccdik cf ikd f &yfwnfaecJo h )l \ awmif;qdck sufrmS tkrikd , f m tEG,0f ifrsm;ud, k pf m; w&m;cHukd olwx Ykd t H yfí owfap&rnf[í l awmif;qdak vonf/ Adik t f ofrjyKbJ Mum;aecJo h rl sm;vnf;&So d nf/ tAf'v G m’ [f bifef tkr&f? rk[r®'f bifef rkqvfr[f? qt'f bifef tAD0um;zf? tmpfrm bifef Zdu k 'f ?f [qef bifef qmAdo?f tAf'v G m’ [f bifef pvmrf uJo h aYkd omyk*K¾d vfrsm; jzpfMuonf/ at'D -656 ([pf*s&D 36) 36)tvDocifonf tajctaeqd;k udk udik w f , G af ecsdef wGif r'Dem&Sd oGvt f mocif ESihf ZkAikd o f cifwu Ykd ruúmNrKd U&Sd tmtd&mS ocifrESiyhf ;l aygif;í ulzmESihf bq&mwGif pnf;½H;k a&;qif;cJMh uonf/ þodt Yk m; jzihf ESpzf ufppfonfwYkd ppfjyif qifMu onf/ tvDocifEiS hf tmtd&mS ocifw\ Ykd ppfonfwo Ykd nf bq&mwGif awGUí ppfjzpfymG ; cJo h nf/ ordik ;f wGif *srvfppfy[ JG k ac:onf/ ESpzf ufpvH;k rS rGwpf vif aomif;csDí towf cH&onf/ oGvt f m ESihf Zlbikd o f cifwYkd towfc&H NyD; tmtd&mS ocifrudk av;pm; pGmjzihf tvDocifu r'DemodYk jyefycYkd o hJ nf/ ,if;aemuf ydik ;f tmtd&mS ocifronf Edik if aH &; wGif yg0ifjcif;r&Sad wmhay/ at'D - 657 ([pf*s&D 37) 37)þodaYk omtajctaewGif rktma0,monf tvDocifukd ppfcif;onf/ rGwpf vifEiS hf qefu Y sifzufwYkd onf qpfzif;efppfyw JG iG f qHk awGUcJo h nf/ tvDocif tajctaeaumif;rGeo f nf/ rGwpf vifxo k nf tvDocif bufryS g0ifMuonf/ aemufq;kH wGif tajctaervSí rktma0,mtkypf k onf uk&t f mef udk vSpH yG rf sm;? "g;xdyrf sm;wGiw f ifí ]þ usrf;onf uREfyk w f EYkd pS Of ;D Mum; wGif ajz&Si;f p&m}[k [pfatmfcMhJ uonf/ tvDocif\ bufawmfom;rsm;rSm Za0Z0g jzpfc&hJ onf/ odjYk zpf t,ltq uGcJ &hJ onf/ tcsKdU u ,HMk unfp&mr&S[ d k qdMk uNyD; tcsKdU uuk&t f mefjzihf ajz&Si;f jcif; onftaumif;qH;k [k qdMk uonf/ tvDocifonf ,if;tpDtpOfukd vufco H nfjzpfí ESpzf uf ud, k pf m;vS,f cefNY yD; aqG; aEG;ap&m tvDocifu ud, k pf m;vS,t f jzpf tAf'v G m’ [f bifef tAÁg;pfukd ceft Y yfvkd aomfvnf; tD&wfom;wdu Yk tAlrq l mt&St f &Dukd oabmwlcMhJ u ojzifh tvD ocifrmS vdu k af vsmcJ&h onf/ rktma0,mbufrS tr&f bifef tmZfukd cefo Y nf/ aqG;aEG; yGw J iG f uvdeu f sNyD; tvDociftm; jzKwfcsco hJ nf/ at'D - 658 ([pf*s&D 40) odjYk zpfí tvDocifonf ulzmodYk jyefvmNy;D wyfpak epOfrmS yif 7

tpövmrfv h t Ul zGt UJ pnf;ordik ;f

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(3)

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trmEk v ’ m cef xGuaf jy;í em'd&&f mS tzf*gefepd w f efb&k ifjzpfvmonf/ at'D1927-[pf*s&D1336tD&wfEikd if w H iG f a&eHpwifawGU&So d nf/ at'D1930-[pf*s&D1349tdE, ´d vGwv f yfa&;wdu k yf w JG iG f xdyq f ;kH rSyg0ifcahJ om armifvmemrk[r®'f tvDa*smfi[ f &f uG,v f eG o f nf/ a'guf w m tduAf mvfu tDvm[mbm'fjrdKUwGif usif;yaom rGwpf vifrv f *d t f pnf;a0;wGif tdE, ´d wdu k ef ,fwiG f rGwpf vifrw f Ukd twGuf vHjk cHKaome,fajr owfrw S af y;oifah Bumif; wifjycJo h nf/ at'D1932-[pf*s&D1353tD&wfEikd if v H w G v f yfa&;&cJo h nf/ at'D1934-[pf*s&D1354ZGm[d7&f mS onf em'd7&f mS udo k wfí tzf*gedpw f efb&k ifjzpf vmonf/ at'D1935-[pf*s&D1354rd[ k r®'t f vD*sifem rGwpf vifrv f *d t f zGUJ udk jyefvnfjyif qifzUJG pnf;cJo h nf/ tD*spjf ynf rStv’m[fr[f&m&S'd f &DZmuG,v f eG o f nf/ olonftvfrem&f okawoe pmapmifux kd w k af 0cJjh y;D ? ol\t,ltqudk ygupöwefEikd if rH S y&fa0ZfuulcscJo h nf/ at'D1936-[pf*s&D1355 tD*spfEikd if o H nf jAdwo d QwdUk \tkycf sKyfa&;atmufrS vGwv f yfa&;&&Scd o hJ nf/ tddE´d,EdkifiH rSEdkifiHa&;acgif;aqmifa'gufwm rkco f m&ftefpm&Du, G v f eG o f nf/ at'D1937-[pf*s&D1356ygvpöwidk ;f a'oudk cGaJ 0&efjAw d o d Qbv d af umfr&Siu f aBujimcJo h nf/ þodUk jzifh tpöa&; Edik if x H al xmif&ef vrf;yGichf o hJ nf/ at'D1938-[pf*s&D1357 a'gufwm tduAf mvf uG,v f eG cf o hJ nf/ armifvmema&SmifuoftvD uG,v f eG o f nf/ rGpo f zmurmvfyg&SmuG,v f eG o f nf/ at'D1940-[pf*s&D1359vm[djk rdKUwGif ygupöwefEikd if x H al xmifciG u hf kd aBujimcJo h nf/ at'D1941-[pf*s&D1360armifvmemarmif''l \ D *srmtoftpd v f mrD tzGUJ pwifzUJG pnf;onf/ at'D1942-[pf*s&D1360jyifopfEiS hf jAdwo d QwdUk ygvpöwikd Ef iS hf a*smf'efa'oodUk 0ifa&mufco hJ nf/ at'D1943-[pf*s&D1362tdE, ´d Edik if w H iG f [uDrv k t f rG o ® [ f al om bGUJ ay;cH&ol usrf;jyK q&mBuD; armifvmemt&Sf &zftvDxme0D uG,v f eG o f nf/ at'D1944-[pf*s&D1363t&Afv*d t f zGUJ zGUJ pnf;onf/ rlvu tzGUJ 0iftenf;i,f om&Sad omfvnf; ,cktcg t&ADpum;ajymEdik if t H jzpfowfrw S x f m;&m Edik if aH ygif; 20Edik if H yg0ifaomtzGUJ jzpf vmonf/ at'D1945-[pf*s&D1364ygvpöwidk ;f a'otwGi;f urÇmt0Sr;f rS *sLvlrsdK;wdUk 0if a&mufvmonf/ tif ' d k e D ; &S m ; acgif;aqmifBuD;t[fr'f qdu k med\BudKyrf;rIjzifh 'csaf [mvef', D w H Ukd xHrS tif'ekd ;D &Sm; Edik if v H w G v f yfa&;&&So d nf/ at'D1947-[pf*s&D1366 ygupöwefEikd if o H nf vloed ;f aygif;rsm;pGm paw;cHjyD;ay: xGe;f vmonf/ ud;k uG,o f nfh bmomudt k aBumif;jyí k aoausysupf ;D cH&jcif;rSm þ&mpkEpS \ f tedXm&kw H pfcw k iG f yg0ifonf/ at'D1948-[pf*s&D1367 ygupöwefEikd if x H al xmifol rd[ k r®'f tvD*sifem uG,f vGeo f nf/ ygvpö w d k i f a 'owG i f 23

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atmufygrGwpf vifrv f rl sm;pka'orsm;vnf; vGwv f yfa&;aBujimcJBh uonf/ (1) tZmbdik *f sef (2) um*spfpwef (3) OZbufupd w ö ef (4) wyfrifepöwef (5) umZufpwef (6) wm*spfupöwef (7) csDcsife, D m tdE, ´d Edik if H t,k', ¨ jrdKUwGif 16-&mpkEpS u f bmb&D AvD0wfausmif;awmfukd [dEL´ tBurf;zuform;wdUk u 'DZifbmv(6)&ufaeUwGif zsufp;D íBuD;rm;aombmoma&; y#dyu©jzpfymG ;cJo h nf/ at'D1992-[pf*s&D1412 abmhpeD;,m;-[mZD*;kd AD;em;Edik if H vGwv f yfa&; aBujim onf/ Oa&mywdu k w f iG f tvfab;eD;,m;aemuf 'kw, d rGwpf vifrv f rl sm;pk&adS om Edik if jH zpf onf/ ,if;Edik if w H iG f rGwpf vifr?f qmAfEiS chf &dt k ufwUkd \ jynfwiG ;f ppfwiG f qmAfwUkd \ &ufpufru I o kd rdik ;f q&mwdUk u rSww f rf;wifco hJ nf/ ,if;jynfwiG ;f ppfonf1995ckEpS t f xdBumjrifch o hJ nf/ t,f v f * sD ; &D ; ,m;a&G ; aumuf y G J w G i f usrf ; jrwf u k & f t mef u d k t ajccH a om tpövmrfu,fwifa&;wyfO;D tzGUJ Islamic Salvation FrontutEdik &f &Sjd y;D a&G;aumufyt JG zsucf &H onf/ xdpk OfrpS í ,if;Edik if w H iG f jynfwiG ;f rjidrrf oufraI Bumifh vlaygif;&Spaf omif;ausmfaoqH;k cJ&h onf/ at'D 1 993-[pf * s&D 1 413 ygvpö w d k i f ; acgif ; aqmif r sm;ES i f h tpö a &;vf a cgif ; aqmif r sm; awGUqHak qG;aEG;tajz&Smonf/ ,mq&ft&fzmof ygvpöwikd af 'oodUk jyefvnfa&muf&o dS nf/ tz&duwdu k f ta&SUajrmufzuf wGi&f adS om tD&pfx&D,monf tDo, D ykd ;D ,m;Edik if \ H xde;f csKyfraI tmufrS vGwv f yfa&; &&Scd o hJ nf/ ESp-f 30Bum vIy&f mS ;rIaemufyikd ;f ukvor*¾\ 183-ajrmuftzGUJ 0ifjzpfvmonf/ at'D1995-[pf*s&D1415a*sm'f efjrpftaemufzufurf; ygvpöwikd ;f ud, k yf ikd Ef ikd if H xlaxmifa&; twGuf tpöa&;vf ESiyhf gvpöwikd w f Ukd vufrw S af &;xd;k Buonf/ at'D1997-[pf*s&D1418Global Evengelization Movement c&pf,mefomoemjyKtzGUJ tpnf;\okawoejyK(1987)xkwjf yefcsut f & tpövmrfomoem \jyefUyGm;EIe;f xm;rSm c&pf,mefbmomxuf ,cktcg 21.5q ydrk v kd QifjrefaBumif; a&;om; xm;onf/ 1970-ckEpS w f iG f tpövmrfbmom0ifwUkd onf urÇmv h Ol ;D a&\ 15.3%(vlO;D a& 3.7Billion= oef;aygif; 3700)jzpfaomfvnf; ,ck 1997-ckEpS w f iG f urÇmv h Ol ;D a& \19.6%(5.89Billion oef;aygif; 5890jzpfaeaBumif; a&;om;xm;onf/ at'D1994-[pf*s&D1415 a*smf'efEikd if EH iS hf tDpa&vfEikd if pH yfBum; jidrf ;f csrf;a&; pmcsKyfcsKyfqo kd nf/ at'D1997-[pf*s&D1418 tif'ekd &D mS ;Edik if w H iG f 32ESpBf umtkycf sKyfcahJ om Adv k cf sKyf qd[ k mwdk jyKwfusonf/ a t ' D 1 9 9 9 - [ p f * s & D 1 4 2 0 tif'dkeD&Sm;wGif tAf'kvf&[frmef 0g[d'fonf yxrOD;qH;k a&G;aumufyrJG o S r®wjzpf vmonf? tif ' d k e D ; &S m ;rS ta&SUwdru l kd pGx J w k í f oD;jcm;Edik if aH zmfxw k o f nf/ at'D1996-[pf*s&D1417tzf*geDpw ö efEikd if u H kd wmvDbefwUkd csKyfuikd cf o hJ nf/ at'D1998-[pf*s&D1497 ygupöwefEikd if w H iG f EsLuvd,mprf;oyfonf/ at'D1999-[pf*s&D1420 ygupöwefEikd if w H iG f Adv k cf sKyfr&I &S yftmPmodr;f 27

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