Complemento Iiis 2019.pdf

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ÍNDICE inglÉs.............................................................................................................7  What is your address?  She is so chubby  They are very cute  It is shorter than usual  They are more comfortable than those ones - Reading Comprehension  I am the best  She is the most interesting girl  Which one is the best?  Better or the best  I prefer that one  Would you like to travel?  You can’t drive that way  Can I play with it?  Reading Comprehension - We will do it  Will they have a drink?  She isn’t going to sleep well  Are you going to share it?  Who is going to sing  Reading Comprehension - You will, but I am going to  It is seven past five

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computación.................................................................91                          

Los negocios internacionales Comercio y relaciones económicas internacionales Política cambiaría Otros temas de negocios internacionales Políticas del comercio internacional Institucionalidad de las relaciones económicas internacionales Organización actual de la economía mundial El comercio internacional Proceso de negociación Incoterms Alianzas y asociaciones Instituciones y organizaciones de financiamiento Dumping ¿Que es el marketing internacional? Entorno del marketing internacional Factores de éxito e investigación de mercados Selección y requerimientos de acceso a los mercados internacionales Empresa internacional: segmentación y posicionamiento Estrategias de mezcla de marketing internacional E-commerce y marketing de servicios Conceptos básicos Las transacciones Registro de las transacciones Proceso contable I Proceso contable II Elaboración de los estados financieros

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WHAT IS YOUR ADDRESS?

Conversation Niel: Hi, I`m Niel. Natsu: Hello, I`m Natsu. I`m Japanese. I`m from Okinawa in Japan. Where are you from? Niel:I`mfrom Puerto Rico; I`m Puerto Rican. Natsu: This is my friend Antuanet. She`s from Canada. This is Niel. He`s Puerto Rican. Mike: Nice to meet you. What`s your address, Antuanet? Antuanet: It`s 87, Constitution Avenue. Are you Puerto Rican, too? Mike: No, I`m from Republic Domenican. Antuanet: Oh! Now I understand, Nice to meet you too.

About the conversation 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

Where is Natsu from? Who is Antuanet? ___________________________________ Is Antuanet Puerto Rican? ___________________________________ What’s Antuanet’s address? ___________________________________ Where is Niel from? ___________________________________ What are the countries mentioned? ___________________________________ Where is Antuanet from? ___________________________________ ___________________________________ Where are you from? _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

Conversation A:Hello. I'm Cesar. B: Hi Cesar. I'm Solange. A: Nice to meet you Solange. Where are you from? B: I’m from Lima, Peru. And you? A: I'm from Australia. I live in a small town near Sydney. B: Australia. Wow. I want to go there. Oh! This is my friend. A: Hello, I’m Cesar. What’s your name? C: Hi, Cesar. I’m Lucia, but please call me Lucy. It’s my nickname. A: Ok, Lucy. Nice to meet you. C: It’s nice to meet you, too. A: Sorry girls, I have classes. See you next time. B and C: Good bye.

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Grammar Personal Information:What's your name? (The question is to find information about one name of a person) Are you Mr....?, or Are you Miss...? (This expression is used to guess whether the name is in the blank (you fill)) Where are you from? (indicates place) How old are you? ( indicates age) What is your nationality? (indicates nationality) Miss ( Address young girls, unmarried women) Ms(refers to adult women) Mrs (refer to a married woman) e.g.

  

How old are you? I`m 2 8 yearsold. What is your name? My name is Francisco. Where are you from? I`m from Peru. What is your nationality? I`m peruvian. What is your f avorite food? My favorite food is broaster chicken.What's your hobby? Swimming.

Language in Context I.

Complete with your own information 1. What`s your name?_______________________________. 2. Where are you from?______________________________ 3. What is your nationality?___________________________ 4. How old are you?_________________________________ 5. What is your hobby?___ 6. What is your occupation?___________________________ 7. What is your address? __________ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

II.

Match the question with the answer. 1. What´s your name? 2. Where are you from? ______ 3. Are you a student? ______ 4. See you next time. ______ 5. It`s nice to meet you. 6. Wh at is your nickname? 7. What´s your cell phone number? ______ 8. What´s your last name?

a. My nicknam e is Paco. b. My last name is Perez. c. It’s Eduardo. d. It´s 995681253. e. I’m from Peru. f. Ok, bye. g. Nice to meet you, too. h. Yes, I´m a student.

_ _ _ _ _ _

_ _ _ _ _ _

_ _ _ _ _ _

_ _ _ _ _ _

III.

Complete the sentences. Tell your partner. My name is ______________________. My last name is ___________________. My family calls me _________________. My friends call me _________________.

IV.

Ask to your partners the next questions. Then complete the chart.  What´s your name?  What’s your last name?  What´s your nickname?  What´s your phone number?  Where are you from?

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NAME

V.

LAST NAME

NICKNAME

PHONE NUMBER

Study and complete: Country Peru

Nationalities Peruvian

Brazil

__________________

Argentina

__________________

Mexico

Mexican

United States

American

Italy

__________________

France

__________________

China

Chinese

Japan

__________________

Poland

Polish

Germany

____________________

Britain

____________________

Spain

Spanish

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SHE/HE IS FROM

VI.

Correct the sentences

4. Marcelo Tinelli lives in Argentina. So he isFrench.

1. My mom is Brazilian. So she is from British. ______________________________________ 2. Michelle is from Canada. So she is from Chinese. ______________________________________ 3. My parents are from French. So they are Mexican. ______________________________________

______________________________________ 5. Menudo group lives in Puerto Rico. So they are Japanese. ______________________________________ 6. Obama President lives in United States.So he is Cuban. ______________________________________ 4. Italy/ am not/ I/ Peruvian. /I`m/ from

VII. Unscramble

______________________________________

1. my/ is/ this/ friend. / Puerto Rican ______________________________________ 2. are/ cousins/ his/ Japanese.

5. Jessica/ is/ French/ is/ she/ my sister. / She/ Brazilian; / isn`t ______________________________________

_______________________________

3. from/ her/ is/ miss/ United State.

______________________________________

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6. Yokohama/ from/ is/ Kenji ______________________________________

SHE IS SO CHUBBY

Conversation Luis: Hello? This is Luis. Mrs. Timberlake: Oh! Good night. This is Mrs. Timberlake, Rosemary’s mother. Is Smith there? Luis: Smith? I don`t know him. What does he look like? Mrs.Timberlake: He`s short and so chubby. He has black eyes and black hair. Luis: Four boys have black hair. Is his hair straight, wavy or bald? Mrs.Timberlake: Smith is Rosemary’s brother. He has straight hair, like his sister. Luis: Just a moment please – Smith, your mother is on the pone!

About the conversation 1. Where is the conversation taking place? ___________________________________ 2. Who is Mrs Timberlake? 3. What’s the name of Rosemary’s brother? 4. What does Smith look like? 5. How many boys have black hair? 6. Is the conversation is the afternoon? 7. Mention the adjectives about hair? 8. Who has straight hair?

___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________

Grammar Physical Appearance: What do you/they/we look like?, What does your (mother) look like?, What does he/she look like? (These questions are used for describing people`s looks and appearance) e.g What do you look like? I`m tall and I have brown hair. What does your father look like? He`s thin and he is bald. What does your mom look like? She`s fat and she has curly hair. What does she look like? She`s medium built and she has black hair.

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Language in Context I.

Complete the chart with the next adjectives: Adjectives Fat Large Obese Smart Young Old Short Strong Tall Chubby Curly Bald

I)

Opposites

Look, say and classify the words. She is… He is…

Short fat Young Pretty

AGE

tall thin old handsome

HEIGHT

medium height slim teenager beautiful

WEIGHT

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APPEARANCE

II.

Complete the sentences about each person in the family photo. Use the words in the box. Picture 6

Christian Katiuska

Sheyla

Age Young In her/his 20s, 30s Elderly (+70)

Height Tall Average height short

Weight Thin Slim Average weight Heavy Hairstyle Long Short Straight Curly spiky

Eye color Blue Green Brown dark Hair color Black (Light/dark) brown Blond Gray red

Michael

1. Christian is ______________ (age). He is ______________ (height) - about 182 cm. He is __average weight__(weight). He has __brown eyes__. He has _short_, _curly_, _gray_ hair. 2. Katiuska is _____________ (age). She is __________ (height). She is _________(weight). She has ______ eyes. She has _____________, _________, _________ hair. 3. Michael is ______________ (age). He is _____ (height). He is _______(weight). He has _________ eyes. He has _____, ______, ____________ hair. 4. Sheyla is ____________(age). She is ____________ (height). She is ________(weight). She has _______ eyes. She has _____________, __________, __________ hair. III.

Read and complete the descriptions with has or is. My favorite actress is Stephanie Cayo. She ______ beautiful, long, blond hair. She _____ average height, and slim. She ____ big, brown eyes.She _____ very young. I think she ____ in her twenties. Mario Vargas LLosa is a fantastic writer. He ____ in his seventies.He ____ very tall and average weight. He ____ short, straight, gray hair. He ____ brown eyes, and I think he is very creative.

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IV.

Complete: 8. A person who doesn’t have hair. _______________ 9. Opposite of overweight. _____________________ 10. My mom has _______________ hair. (color) 11. Opposite of curly. _______________. 12. My dad has _______________ eyes. (color)

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

Opposite of fat. __________________ Attractive man. ______________ Opposite of old. ____________ Attractive woman. _____________ Opposite of short. ________________ A person, whose hair is black and white. ________________ 7. Opposite of slim. ____________________ V.

Complete the circles with personality and physical adjectives:

VI.

Write adjectives for these people. Use personality and physical adjectives.

PERSON

DESCRIPTION

You Your brother/sister Name: ______________

Your best friend Name: ______________

Another friend Name: ______________

A classmate Name: ______________

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THEY ARE VERY CUTE

Conversation Rachel: Look at this photo. It`s from my uncle Ben. Tamara: Who`s your uncle Ben? Rachel: He`s is my mother`s brother. He`s a n architect. Tamara: What`s he like? Rachel: He`s creative, smart and ver y talented. Tamara: Wow! Your uncle Ben is amazi ng for you. And what`s your aunt like? Rachel: She`s very different. She`s quiet… Tamara: What`s quiet? Rachel: `Quiet` means doesn`t say much, prefers to listen. Tamara: Oh. So you think your uncle is smart but your aunt is quiet. Rachel:Exactly

Picture 10

About the conversation 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

What are they talking about? Who is Ben? What’s Ben like? Are they talking about personality? Are they describing their children? What does Ben do? What’s the aunt like? Is Ben Tamara’s uncle?

___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

___________________________________ ___________________________________

Grammar



Personality – Mood: When we ask What is she/ he like? we are asking about her/hispersonality/character. So the answer is: Subject + is + talkative, outgoing (any personality/character) e.g What is he like? He is shy and boring. What is she like? She is funny and generou s. What are they like? They are sociable and bright. What are you like? I`m friendly and patient Be careful:What are they like? They are sociables and brights. ( x ) They are sociable and bright. (right answer)

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Language in Context I. Complete the chart with the words in the box and add others : Active Bright Cunning Extroverted Dilinget Funny Generous Kind Lazy Moody Naughty Optimistic Pessimistic Quiet Violent Creative Smart Zany Sociable POSSITE ADJECTIVE Talented

II.

Honest Imaginative Jealous Rude Sensible Thoughtful Shy Talented NEGATIVE ADJECTIVE Violent

Read what these students said and choose the right personality words: a) "I love to chat with my friends about movies and songs. b) People say I'm________________________________. c) "My teachers say I'm an excellent student because. I`m __________________________________________. d) "I like to tell jokes to my friends. They say I'm the one who`s _________________________________. e) "I don't like to go out or hang out with friends. I'm very________________________________. f) "Do you like to help others or are you always nice to people? So you are__________________! g) "Mary is the one who's really____________________: she's always relaxed and never worries!" "I`m the one who people can trust because I keep their secrets So, people say I`m very________________.

III.

Write the meaning about:

a) amusing: ______________________________________ b) boundless: ______________________________________ c)

charming: ______________________________________

d) shrewd: ______________________________________ e) clumsy: ______________________________________

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f)

grieving: ______________________________________

g) grumpy: ______________________________________ h) squeamish: ______________________________________ i)

ruthless: ______________________________________

IV.

Answer the questions for each picture. Use words from the box.

Hardworking serious smart

What is Luis like?

What is Kesha like?

He is serious__

_______________

_ _

lazy outgoing creative

funny shy

What is Perrie Edwards like?

What is Perry Edward like? _________________

_ _ _ _ _ _ _

_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

What is Bob constructor like?

What is Selena like?

What is Liam like?

___________________

________________

________________

V.

What is he like?

_____________

Write sentences with adjectives from the box.

Helpful

energetic

kind

cheerful

artistic

clever

friendly honest

1. Luis always smiles and says greetings. He is Kind.____ _ _ _

2. My brother helps their partner in his class. ____________________________. Picture 11

3. Daniel has a lot of friends, because he isn’t shy. ____________________________. 4. Isabel love telling the true. ____________________________. 5.

Abigail is an excellent student. She learns very quickly. ____________________________.

6. My father likes walking, and he loves playing soccer. ____________________________.

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7.

Zuany is an actress. She acts in different stories. ____________________________.

8. Juan tells lots of stories. He smiles and laughs every day. ____________________________. VI.

Complete with the correct personality adjective. 1. Marilyn was incredible. She was ___________ (cruel/critical/charming) 2.

When he starts talking he goes on and on. What a ____________ person he is! (rude/unfriendly/talkative)

3. Do you think Santa Claus is _________? (generous/ambitious/efficient) 4.

Today a very _______________ salesman knocked at my door … Slam! (rude/polite/serious)

5. My uncle is against abortion and he is very ____________ about it. (energetic/critical/strange) 6.

Cats are _____________ creatures because they are always sleeping. (lazy/loyal/charming)

7. I have never seen such a ______________ woman. She is always doing the house working. 8. He is going to find the solution. He is very _______________. (creative/moody/stingy) 9. Never trust a rattlesnake. They are ___________________. (cheerful/loyal/untrustworthy) 10. You can accept his advice. He is ______________ man. (lazy/level-headed/outgoing)

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IT IS SHORTER THAN USUAL

Conversation Ricky: Hi! Do you like video games? Paul: Yes. I like super Mario world. Ricky: What does Mario Bross look like? Paul: He`s shorter than his brother Luigui. Ricky: That`s right! But He`s faster than reptile Koopa. Paul: MarioBross is better than reptile Koopa. Ricky: Let’s play today in the afternoon, Go to my house to play playstation 4! Paul: Ok! Thanks a lot!

About the conversation 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________

What does Ricky like? What does Ricky want? Wh o is Luigui? Are they talking about their friends? What are they talking about? What does Luigui look like? Do you like video games? Are they talking about their family?

_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

___________________________________ ___________________________________

Grammar Comparative (short form): It compares two things. Adjectives that contain only one syllable or end in`y` use `ier - er` to form comparatives. If the adjective has the form CVC (consonant/vowel/consonant); add the last consonant and er: Old - olderBig - bigger Long - longer Short - shorter Bright - brighter Close - closer Fast - faster Slow - slower Smart - smarter

Fat - fatter Sad - sadder Thin - thinner Dry - drier Spry - sprier Wry - wrier

Some adjectives have different forms of comparatives: Good - better Bad

worse

Much (many) - more

Far

- further

e.g Maryann is smarter than Hanna.

I have more apples tan he. They are better than she.

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Charlie is shorter than Diego.

Language in Context I.

Complete: 1. __________________ - longer

6. ________________ - bright

2. Bad- ___________________

7. _______________ - more

3. _________________ - better

8. Big- ______________________

4. Short- ____________________

9. Far- ______________________

5. ________________ - wrier II.

Put in the adjective from the first sentences into the second sentence in its correct form comparative: 1. My father is heavy. My uncle is much___________________ than my father. 2. The test in Geography is easy, but the test in Biology is ________________________. 3. Florida is sunny. Do you know the__________________ place in the USA? 4. My mother has a soft voice, but my teacher's voice is _____________________ than my mother's. 5. I live in a large family, but my grandfather lived in a ______________________ family.

III.

Fill in the spaces with the correct comparative: 1. The red jacket _________________ (cheap) than the blue jacket. 2. The shoes are __________________ (nice) than the boots. 3. The brown sweater is __________________ (good) than the blue sweater. 4. The chocolate look ________________ (bad) than the candy. 5. The radio is ______________________ (new) than the DVD player. 6. The Cdsare __________________ (old) than the DVDs. 7. These apples are __________________ (bright) than those apples. 8. Those green tomatoes are __________________ (sweet) than the red tomatoes.

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IV.

Choose the correct option for these comparative sentences: a) b) c) d)

1. I am _____________________ my sister. a) taller than b) the tallest c) tallier than 2. She is ____________________student in her class. a) younger than b) the younger c) the youngest

6. My drink is ________________________ of all the drinks. a) colder than b) the coldest c) the most cold

3. The dog is __________________ the cat. a) the older than b) older than c) the oldest

7. My sister is _________________________ student in her class. a) smarter than b) the smarter c) the most smart d) the smartest

4. My mother is ______________________in her family. a) the shorter b) the shorter than c) the shortest 5. I like sushi, but Chinese food is _______________________. V.

better the better more better the bestest

8. Her brother is ________________________ soccer player on his team. a) the better b) better than c) the most good d) thebest

Complete using a comparative. 1. It’s too noisy here. Can we go somewherequieter? 2. This coffee is very weak. I like it a bit _______________________. 3. The hotel was surprisingly big. I expected it to be _________________________. 4. The hotel was surprisingly cheap. I expected it to be ________________________________. 5. The weather is too cold here. I’d like to live somewhere ______________________________.

6. It’s a pity you live s far away. I wish you lived __________________________________.

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THEY ARE MORE COMFORTABLE THAN THOSE ONES READING COMPREHENSION

Conversation Andrew: Hello! Tell me abou t your travel abroad.

Mark: OK! I was on vacation at the Grand Canyo n in Arizona with my family!The River Colorado is beautiful and the canyon is fantastic. Andrew:Do you have pictures about Grand Canyon ? Because it`s incredible! Mark: Arizona is more comfortable than Africa. Andrew:But Africa has many places to visit, too! Mark: OK! Andrew, see you later! Andrew: Bye!

About the conversation 1.

Where was Mark?

2.

Which one is more confortable Aricona or Africa?

3.

What are they talking about?

___________________________________

4.

Which place has many places to visit?

___________________________________

5.

Was Mark at work?

6.

What are the places mentioned like?

7.

Is River colorado awesome?

___________________________________

8.

Mention the places Mark visited?

___________________________________

_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

Grammar Comparative (long form): It compares two things.If the adjective ends in 3 or more syllables, add the word more. Beautiful -more beautiful Colorful - more colorful Delicious - more delicious Generous - more generous Important - more important

e.g. Sophia is more hardworkingthan her brother. Villa Maria del Triunfo ismore dangerousthan Los Olivos.

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Adidas is more expensive than Kappa Apple and Gigabyte are more incrediblethanVaio

Language in Context Complete with comparative form

I.

1. This flower is (beautiful) ________________________than that one. 2. This is the (interesting) __________________________book I have ever read 3. Which is the (dangerous) _________________________animal in the world? 4. It is strange but often a coke is (expensive) _______________________than a beer. 5. Working in a library may not seem very (interesting) to most people, but Maggie believes that she has the _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

job in the world.

6. Our final exam is (difficult), far __________________________________than I had expected. 7. I made up a story about a (beautiful) bird that sang the _________________________ song ever heard. 8.

Gandalf says that the ring is (dangerous), far ____

_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

_ than anyone can imagine.

II. Correct the sentences 1. Cats are popularer than snakes as pets. X 4.

_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

2.

Pigs are more intelligent as other animals. X _________________________________

Elephants are generouser than pigs. X

_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

5.

Bears are more importanterthan snakes. X

3. Turtles are beautifuler than crocodiles. X _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

_

_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

III. Unscramble. 1. a /Fiat/ more expensive /Mercedes/ than/ is

3. football/ dangerous/ Skiing/ than/more/ is

______________________________________ 2. a shark / more intelligent / than/is/A dolphin

______________________________________ 4. money/ Health/ important/ than/ is/ more

______________________________________

______________________________________

IV. Write sentences using comparative adjectives (long form): 1. Dangerous: ________________________________________________________________________. 2. Expensive: _________________________________________________________________________. 3. Comfortable: _______________________________________________________________________. 4. Intelligent: _________________________________________________________________________. 5. Popular: ___________________________________________________________________________. 6. Hardworking: _______________________________________________________________________.

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READING COMPREHENSION Reading Alice Jones works in St. Louis, Missouri, as a sales representative for a big publishing company. She has a job offer from a smaller publishing company in New York City to become the marketing director for college textbooks. She can’t decide if she should take the job or not. In a smaller company, there may be more chances for advancement and promotion because more people get to know you. Her company now is so big that she doesn’t know anyone outside her apartment. But the company in New York doesn’t pay as well as the company in St. Louis. They are offering her $2000 less than her present salary. But the new job title, marketing director, is more impressive than her current job title, sales representative. A marketing job is probably more challenging than her sales job. It also involves a lot more responsibility. The move from St. Louis to New York is also a big change. New York is an exciting place to live in, but it is expensive and dangerous, especially for a single woman. However, it really is the centre of the publishing industry, so it seems like the best city to work. Alice needs to make a decision soon. 1.

New York City

St. Louis Missouri

Are the following sentences true or false? Put a check. True a) b) c) d)

False

The company in New York is bigger than the company in St. Louis. The job in New York pays less than the job in St. Louis. New York is a safe city. New York City is better than St. Louis for working.

e) New York City is more dangerous than St. Louis Missouri for a single woman. 2.

Fill in the blanks with the correct information. Name of the company

City

Size of the company

Current job New job

3.

Answer the questions.  What is the best title for this passage?

 What is the reading about?

A. Training B. A big decision C. Looking for a job

A. It’s about New York City. B. It’s about the decision of Alice. C. It’s about the best city.

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 According to the passage, what is the best job title for Alice?

 Is New York City more expensive than St. Louis?

A. Marketing director. B. Director. C. Sales representative. 4.

A. No, it doesn’t. B. Yes, it is. C. It’s not mentioned.

Fill in the blanks using the correct superlative form. A.

Who is the ______________ person in your family? (tall)

B.

Antarctica is ______________ place on the earth. (cold)

C.

Vatican City is _____________ country in the world.

D.

The Atacama Desert, in Chile, is __________ place in the world. (small)

E.

Mount Everest is ____________ Mountain on Earth. (tall)

F.

The Nile river, in Egypt, is ______________ river in the world. (long)

G.

Colca Canyon, in Peru, is _____________ canyon on Earth. (deep)

H.

Roe River, in Montana, USA, is ____________ river in the world. (short)

I.

The __________ and __________ sea in the world is the Red Sea. (warm and salty)

J.

Lake Titicaca, in the Andes, is ________________ navigable lake in the world. (high)

K.

_____________ place on Earth is El Azizia, Lybia. (hot)

L.

Cherrapunji, in India, is ____________ place on Earth. (wet)

M. The Pacific is _______________ ocean in the world. (wide) N.

Michael is the oldest boy at the party.

O.

That is the flimsiest excuse I’ve ever heard.

P.

Katie wore the prettiest dress she owned.

Q.

Snow white was the fairest maiden of them all.

R.

These are the thinnest pancakes I’ve ever made.

S.

Aunt Jane was the least upset when the spilled coffee stained her tablecloth.

T.

Rebecca was the most talented singer in the competition.

U.

John is the smartest boy in his class.

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Read through the text about a circus, then answer the questions below. The Rodriguez Brothers Circus is in town! Every year, the circus arrives and sta ys for a week. Then they go to the next town. There are not many animals in the circus. People told the circus that the y didn't like seeing animals performing The re is an elephant called Jacob and two ol d lions, Hattie and Meg. Most of the performers are human! There is Leopold, The Strongest Man in the Worl d. His father also worked in the circus, but Leo pold is stronge r than him, he has bigger arms and bigger le gs too! Leop old performs his act every night for the town's people w ho come to watch. .

Another perform er is Clara. She sa ys she has the longest hair in the world. It's about 4 meters long! She also has a daughter who works in the circus. Her name is S ue-Ellen. Her hair is a lot shorter, but she wants to grow it as long as her mother's. Sue-Ellen helps look after the animals and she's also learning how to juggle. The highlight of the circus are the three clowns, Pi t, Pot and Pat. They all wear long red shoes, but Pat's shoes are the longest and sometimes, he falls over beca use the y're so long! The y perfor m for abo ut twenty minutes and t hey are always the most popular act with the audience, especially the children. Many people think Pi t, Pot and Pat are three brothers, but Pat is older than the other two - he's their father! He's the oldest clown i n the countr y, but he has a lot of energy. Tomorrow will be the longest da y because the circus is leaving town and everything must be packed awa y into big trucks. 1. The circus comes to the town twice a year.

6. Clara's hair is longer than her daughter's hair.

True

True

False

False

2. There are not many animals in the circus.

7. Sue-Ellen wants to be a clown in the circus.

True

True

False

False

3. People don't come to the circus because of the animals.

8. Pit is the father of the other two clowns.

True True

False

False

9. The three clowns wear identical shoes.

4. Leopold and his father work in the circus together.

True

True

False

False

10. Everyone is very tired on the day that the circus leaves town.

5. Leopold's father is the strongest.

True

True

False

False

26

6

I AM THE BEST

Complete the conversation. Use the missing adjectives. Erick Helen Jamie Helen

: Hey, how are you? Welcome to Kuraburi. : I’m very sleepy but it’s good to be here. : How was your journey? : Long! It was __________ than the journey between Ranong and Phuket. Jamie : Where are you from? Helen : Scotland. It’s a lot ____________ in Thailand than is Scotland. Jamie : Scotland is one of the ___________ countries in Europe isn’t it? Helen : No it’s not, but it is one of the ___________. Erik : Is your family in Scotland? Helen : Yes. I have two __________ sisters and one older brother, they all live in Scotland. My mother and father live in Scotland too. Jamie : Do they all have red hair too? Helen : No! They have dark hair, apart from my brother; he has the _____________ hair in my family. Erik : Well, are you feeling hungry? Helen : A little bit. Jamie : Would you like some food? Erik : There are a few restaurants in Kuraburi, they all have good food. Helen : Yes, that would be great. Jamie : Those bags look heavy – can I carry one for you? Helen : Sure, thanks.

Missing adjectives Coldest Hotter Older Lightest Longer Wettest

About the conversation 1.

Are the following sentences true or false? Put a check. A. B. C. D.

True

False

The company in New York is bigger than the company in St. Louis. The job in New York pays less than the job in St. Louis. New York is a safe city. New York City is better than St. Louis for working.

E. New York City is more dangerous than St. Louis Missouri for a single woman. 2.

Fill in the blanks with the correct information. Name of the company Current job New job

27

City

Size of the company

Grammar Superlative: When we compare one object with three or more objects. Adjective

Statements

Rule

1.

With one syllable ending in – e. Large With one syllable ending in consonant.

We add –st

Jupiter is the largest planet

2. 3.

Big Consonant – Vowel – Consonant.

We add –est

My red marker is the biggest.

Hot

We double the last Word and add est. –

The hottest place on earth is Ethiopia.

Language in Context 1.

Compare these tennis players. Then write the comparison below.

Rafael Nadal

Djokovic

Roger Federer

A. Djokovic is younger than Rafael Nadal. B. Roger Federer is the oldest of the three. C. ______________________________________________.

Tall Long Strong Light Dark Big Short Good

D. ______________________________________________. E. ______________________________________________. F. ______________________________________________. G. ______________________________________________.

You can use these adjectives

H. ______________________________________________. 2. Write the sentences in superlatives. A.

Bob / is / tall / student / in the class.

B.

_____________________________________ _____________________________________.

Sharon / is / nice / person / I know.

_____________________________________ _____________________________________.

28

G. Fred / has / big house / in our neighborhood. C.

“Life is beautiful” / is / pretty movie. _____________________________________

_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

_____________________________________. D.

_____________________________________.

Gino’s pizzeria / has / cheap pizza / in Chicago.

H. She / is / lazy cook / in our family. _____________________________________

_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

_____________________________________.

_____________________________________. E.

Paul / is / funny person / I know. I. That / is / small car / in the parking lot.

_______________________________________ . F. Helen / is / happy woman / I know. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

_____________________________________.

_____________________________________ _____________________________________.

J.

She / is / thin person / I know.

_____________________________________ _____________________________________.

3.

Complete the sentences using the superlative form of the word in brackets. Be careful with your spelling. A. I am _______________ cook in the world. (BAD) B. That was _______________ film I've ever seen. (SAD) C. My grandmother is _______________ person in my family. (OLD) D. _______________ I've ever travelled is from London to San Francisco. (FAR) E. What's _______________ place you've ever visited? (HOT) F.

What's _______________ you've ever stayed up at night? (LATE)

G. Who is _______________ man in America? (RICH) H. Luke threw _______________ touchdown pass in high school history. (LONG) month of the year. (COLD)

I.

February was

J.

Highway 96 is _______________ route to take. (SIMPLE)

_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

K. Some say Elizabeth Taylor was _______________ film star of all time. (FAMOUS) L.

This iced tea is

_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

I’ve ever tasted. (SWEET)

29

7

SHE IS THE MOST INTERESTING GIRL

Rikon $49.98 *Compact 35mm *Built-in Flash with red-eye reduction *Focu-Free *Auto Film Loading *Auto Advance *Auto Exposure

Funji $39.98 *Focus-Free 35mm with film and batteries *Focus-Free operation *Motorized Auto Advance * Built-in Flash *Drop-in Loading

Minon $99.98 *Special One-Time Offer*35-60mm Zoom Lens *Auto_Focus *Built-in Automatic Flash *Ultra Compact--Fits in your pocket *Weighs 14 oz.

Clerk:

Can I help you?

Customer:

Yes. I'm looking for a camera for my daughter. I want to spend between $40 and $100. What's (1.good) ___________________ camera you have in that price range?

Clerk:

Well, there are three cameras I can show you. (2.expensive) ______________________ is the 3. __________________________. It sells for only $39.98.

Customer:

And how much is (4. expensive) ____________________________?

Clerk:

That's the 5. ____________________________. It's on sale for $99.98, and I can guarantee that that's (6. low)_________________________ price in town. It usually sells for $130.00.

Customer:

How are the three cameras different?

Clerk:

Well, the 7. _______________________ is (8. small) _____________________. It can fit right inside your pocket.

Customer:

That sounds good. I guess it's (9. light) _____________________, too.

Clerk:

No, not really. It's the only one of the three with a zoom lens. That makes it (10. powerful) _________________________ because it brings the picture closer to you. But it also makes the camera (11. heavy)________ It weighs 14 ounces. The other two weigh only 10 ounces.

Customer:

I see. What about flashes?

Clerk:

All three come with a built-in-flash. But the 12. ___________________turns on automatically when there isn't enough light. That makes it (13. convenient)_______________________. Oh, you should also know about a special feature of the 14. _________________________. It has what's called "red-eye reduction." That means that when you take a picture of a person and use the flash, the person's eyes won't look red. That's often a problem when you use a flash.

Customer:

Oh, that's probably (15. important) _______________________feature in my daughter's case. She only takes pictures of flowers and trees!

30

Grammar Superlative: When we compare one object with three or more objects. Adjective

Rule

Statements

We write –most before the adjectives.

Your English teacher is the most handsome.

We change –y to –I + -est

The easiest subject for me is geography.

1. With two or more syllables ending in consonant (except –y) Handsome 2. Wi th two or more syllables ending in –y. Easy

Language in Context 1.

Choose one adjective and complete the sentences with the superlative form.

NOISY - POPULAR - GOOD - BIG - LARGE - COMFORTABLE BAD DIFFICULT - THIN - HEAVY a. It is ____________ shop in town. b. Monday is _____________ day of the week. c.

Ben is _____________ person in his family.

d. Sam is _______________ in the class. e.

Which is _____________ subject at school?

f.

Jim is ____________ player in the soccer team.

g. Elephants are _____________ animals. h.

Let’s pick __________ apple of the three.

i.

Mary is ____________ girl in the class.

j.

That is ________________ sofa in our house.

31

2. Look at the pictures, and write sentences.

32

8 I.

WHICH ONE IS THE BEST?

Change the adjective into the superlative form. Can you answer the questions? a.

i.

Who is the best looking celebrity in your country? How about the worst looking celebrity? ___________________________________ b. Who is the craziest famous person you know about? ___________________________________ c. What restaurant has the most delicious food you have ever eaten? ___________________________________ d. What is the best song ever? ___________________________________ e. Who is the greatest baseball player? ___________________________________ f. Who is the most skilled soccer player? ___________________________________ g. Who is the most creative celebrity in your country? Why? ___________________________________ h. Where is the best place to buy handmade things in your country? Have you bought anything there? ___________________________________ What is the most difficult thing about studying English? ___________________________________

j.

k.

l.

m.

n.

o. p. q.

33

What is the strangest product you have ever seen? ___________________________________ Who is the most creative person you know? ___________________________________ Where is the best place to go in your country for a vacation? ___________________________________ Who was the most important inventor in history? ___________________________________ When is the happiest time of a person’s life? ___________________________________ What is the most disgusting food you have ever eaten? ___________________________________ What is the saddest movie you have seen? ___________________________________ What country is the best to live in? Why? ___________________________________ What is the most exciting game you have ever played? __________________________________

II.

Fill in each blank space with who, which, or whose. REMEMBER: Who is generally used for people, which is used for things, and whose indicates possession (ex: "the man whose wallet I found").

1. The woman _____________________ is driving is my mother. 2. This is the _____________________ball I found.

child

3. I don't know _____________________ way to go. 4. Q: _____________________ pen is this? A: It's Robert's pen. 5. _____________________ came to the party last night? 6. I know someone _____________________ has been there. 7. _____________________fault is it? 8. Q: _____________________ dress did you choose? A: I chose the red one. 9.

I

don't

know

anyone

_____________________ likes this kind of music. 10. _____________________ Beatles album is your favorite? 17. __________ (Who/Which/Whose) fault is it?

11. The woman __________ (who/which/whose ) is driving is my mother.

14. Q: __________ (Who/Which/Whose) pen is this? A: It's Robert's pen.

18. Q: __________ (Who/Which/Whose) dress did you choose? A: I chose the red one. 19. I don't know anyone (who/which/whose ) likes this kind of music. 20. __________ (Who/Which/Whose) Beatles album is your favorite? ______

____

15. __________ ( Who/Which/Whose) came to the party last night? 16. I know someone (who/which/whose ) has been there. ______

____

34

III. Complete with the superlative. 1. This is a BIG school =» This is the _______________ school in London. 2. That was an EASY exercise =» That was the _______________ exercise of the test. 3. This is a COMFORTABLE armchair =» This is the _______________ armchair in this shop. 4. This is a NICE cheese burger =» This is the _______________cheese burger of the McDonald's Company. 5. That was a very BAD conversation =» That was the _______________ conversation I have had. 6. That was a DIFFICULT exercise =» That was the _______________ exercise of the test. 7. He's got a GOOD pen =» He's got the _______________ pen of the class. 8. This is an INDIFFERENT pupil =» This is the _______________ pupil of my class. 9. He is a FUNNY boy =» He is the _______________ boy in the world. 10. He is LESS young than the others =» He is the _______________ young of my class. IV. Answer these questions.

1.

Who is the oldest living person in your family? ____________________________________________

2.

Who is the youngest living person in your family? _____________________________________________

3.

What was the worst meal you have ever had? ________

___

4.

________

___

________

___

________

___

_

What was the best meal you have ever had? _____________________________________________

5.

What was the best job you have ever had? _____________________________________________

6.

What was the worst job you have ever had? ________

___

________

___

________

___

________

35

___

_

7.

What was the worst moment of your life? _____________________________________________

8.

What was the funniest moment of your life? _____________________________________________

9.

What was the best movie you have ever seen? ___

________

___

________

___

________

___

_

___

_

________

10. What was the worst movie you have ever seen? ___

________

___

________

___

________

________

V. Write Tom or Sue by their bikes. Tom: My bike is bigger. And faster than yours, And more beautiful too. My bike is lighter And newer than yours, And it’s more expensive too. Sue: It’s true that… Your bike is bigger And faster than mine, And it’s more beautiful too. Your bike is lighter And newer than mine, And it’s more expensive too.

_________________________

But I ride my bike every day, In the sun and in the rain. Your bike just stays inside, It never comes out to play. Tom: So you ride your bike every day, In the sun and in the rain. I want to take my bike outside too, Can I come out and play with you?

_________________________

VI. According to exercise V, correct the sentences. 1.

Tom’s bike is smaller than Sue’s.

2.

Tom’s bike is cheaper than Sue’s. __________________________________ Sue’s bike is faster than Tom’s. _________________________________

4.

Sue’s bike is lighter than Tom’s.

5.

Sue’s bike is newer than Tom’s.

__________________________________

3.

________

___

________

___

________

___

________

6.

36

Sue’s bike is more beautiful than Tom’s. _________________________________ ___

________

___

________

___

VII. Read and write the children’s names. 1. Tom’s phone is cheaper than Sue’s.

___________________

___________________

2. Sue’s laptop is bigger than Tom’s.

___________________

___________________

3. Tom’s dog is smaller than Sue’s.

___________________

___________________

4. Sue’s car is slower than Tom’s.

_________________

________________

37

9

BETTER OR THE BEST

1. Choose one adjective and complete the sentences with the superlative form.

NOISY - POPULAR - GOOD - BIG - LARGE - COMFORTABLE BAD DIFFICULT - THIN - HEAVY a.

It is ____________ shop in town.

f.

Jim is ____________ player in the soccer team.

b.

Monday is _____________ day of the week.

g.

Elephants are _____________ animals.

c.

Ben is _____________ person in his family.

h.

Let’s pick __________ apple of the three.

d.

Sam is _______________ in the class.

i.

Mary is ____________ girl in the class.

e.

Which is _____________ subject at school?

j.

That is ________________ sofa in our house.

2. Fill in the blanks with the correct comparative or superlative form. a.

This armchair is _____________ the old one. (comfortable)

f.

b. Trains are _____________ aeroplanes. (slow) c.

g. You are _____________ here than there. (safe)

I buy ______________ souvenir I could afford. (expensive)

d. In this classroom girls are ________________ boys. (incredible) e.

That TV set is _____________ of all. (cheap)

Ann is _____________ child in the family. (young)

38

h.

Fifi is ___________ than Kate. (pretty)

i.

This is ______________ film I have ever seen. (exciting)

j.

Tim is ______________ than Peter. (talented)

3. Complete with superlatives and comparatives.

i.

This is ____________ chocolate cake I have ever eaten. (good).

b. Susan’s hair is ___________ Betty’s. (short)

j.

Skiing is __________ riding a bike. (easy)

c.

April is __________ June, but January is _________. (hot)

k.

Carol’s voice _______________ Mary, but Cindy’s voice is ______________. (beautiful)

d.

Table tennis is ____________ tennis, but Badminton is __________. (easy)

l.

Tennis is ______________ skiing, but soccer is the ______________ sport. (popular)

e.

French is _____________ than English, but Chinese is _______________. (difficult)

m. Detective films are _________________ western films. (boring)

a.

A cheetah is _____________ a horse. (fast)

n.

No, I don’t think so! Romantic films are ____________ western films, but nature films are o. _______________ films I have ever seen. (boring)

“After the air” is ______________ film I have ever seen. (interesting) g. No, I don’t think so. “Snitch” is ___________ “After the air”. (interesting) f.

h.

p.

Hot dogs are _____________ hamburgers. (good)

The United States are _______________ Mexico, but Russia is _____________ country. (large)

q. A mouse is ______________ a hamster, but a rat is ______________ a mouse. (clever) r.

A canary is ______________ an eagle, but a parrot is _______________ bird. (colorful)

39

s.

Peter is ______________ George. (clever)

t.

August is ______________ February. (cold)

u.

Ingalls Family is ______________ family serie in the world.

_ _

4)

4. Choose the correct option. 1)

2)

3)

Which girl is __________? Dana or Karen?

Indian has some of world.

Young

b) The hottest

b)

The youngest

c) Hotter

c)

Younger

d) Hottest

d)

More young

5)

Tom is ___________ boy in the class. a) b)

Stronger

c)

Strong

d)

The most strong

dishes in the

a) Hot

a)

The strongest

_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

That is ____________ song this band has. a) The most beautiful b) More beautiful c) Beautifulest d) Beautiful

The China Wall is _____________ wall in the world. a) The longest b) More long c) Longer d) Long

5. Complete each of the sentences below with the correct form of the adjective. a.

Jeremy is 10 years old. Jenny is 8 years old. Jeremy is (old) ____________ ______ Jenny.

b. The Alps are very high. They are (high) _____ _______________ mountains in Europe. c.

An ocean is (large) ____________ _______ a sea.

d. A Rolls Royce costs a lot of money. A Twingo costs less. e.

John's results were bad. Fred's were very poor. Fred's results were (bad) __________ _____ John's.

f.

This exercise is not very difficult. It's ____________ ______ I expected.

g.

The weather is not good today. It's raining. I hope the weather will be (good) _____________ next week.

h. People are not very friendly in big cities. They are usually (friendly) ________________ in small towns. i.

In the government of a country, the President is (important) _____ ______ _______________ person.

j.

People say that Chinese is (difficult) ______ ____________ to learn than English.

k. A Rolls Royce is (expensive) _______ ________________ _____ a Twingo.

40

6. Fill in the gaps with the comparative form of the adjectives give. A.

A rock is _______________ than a leaf. (heavy)

B. Our house is _______________ than yours. (big) C. The princess is _______________ than the witch. (beautiful) D. Tom is a _______________ student than Mary. (good) E. Bicycles are _______________ than motorbikes. (safe) F. January is _______________ than July. (hot) G. A lions is _______________ than a cat. (dangerous) H. Helen is _______________ than Mary. (happy) I.

Computers are _______________ than telephones. (expensive)

J.

I think golf is _______________ than football. (boring)

7. Fill in the gaps with the superlative form of the adjectives given. A. It is the _______________ shop in town. (large) B. Monday is the _______________ day of the week. (bad) C. Ben was the _______________ person in his family. (noisy) D. Sam is the _______________ in the class. E.

Which is the _______________ subject at school? (difficult)

F. Jim is the _______________ player in the football team. (good) 8. Fill in the gaps with the comparative or the superlative form of the adjectives given. A.

This armchair is _______________ than the old one. (comfortable)

B.

Trains are _______________ than airplanes. (slow)

C. I bought the _______________ souvenir I could afford. (expensive) D. In this classroom there are the _______________ girls. (beautiful) E.

Ann is the _______________ child in the family. (young)

41

10 I.

I PREFER THAT ONE

Complete with the words in the box. what does Dave like doing? DIVING

BIRD-WATCHING BOWLING VOLLEYBALL WATCHING TV

GOLF

FOOTBALL SWIMMING

__________________

______________________

__________________

__________________

__________________

______________________

__________________

__________________

II.

Answer the questions about Dave. a.

Does he like cycling? ...........................................

e.

Does he like eating Ice Cream? ..................................................

b.

Does he like running? ...........................................

f.

Does he like st udying? ................................................

c.

Does he like playing volleyball? .............................................

g.

What does he like Doing?

d.

Does he like Diving? ..............................................

.................................................... ..................................................... ..................................................... .....................................................

42

III.

Order the Words. a.

d.

Doing / Likes / Karla / Laundry/ .......................................................................

b.

Fabio/ like/ soccer/ Does/ playing/ .......................................................................

c.

doesn’t/ Kate/ making/ her/ like/ bed/ .......................................................................

g.

....................................................................... e. Writing /Luis / Letters/ likes/ ....................................................................... f.

....................................................................... h.

Eating / at / I / so / don’t / much / like / night/ .......................................................................

i.

like / to / Sara /going/ doesn’ t / on / work/ Monday /

l.

listening / Mark / Rock/ likes / Music / .......................................................................

m. don’t/ I/ making/ and Nara/ like / Noise /

Likes / My / watching / football/ Brother /American / On Tv/

....................................................................... n.

talking/ does / Julio/ on / like / the phone /? / ......................................................................

....................................................................... IV.

don’t / washing / Jaime / their / like / and Steffanie / hands/ .......................................................................

....................................................................... j.

Juan/ swimming/ and Willy/ like/ .......................................................................

k.

Do/ like/ English/ What /about / you/?

Speaking/ Roy/ likes / French and / in / English/

Put the following sentences in Negative Form. a.

Juan and Tathy like playing with theis dogs.

c.

....................................................................... b.

Frank likes going to the park alone.

....................................................................... d.

.......................................................................

43

I and Dave likes driving sports cars.

Darlyn likes wearing blue pants. .......................................................................

V.

Reading Comprehension

Read the passage. Then answer the questions below. Rebecca likes to make cookies. She makes chocolate cookies. She makes nut cookies. Rebecca makes chocolate and nut cookies. Rebecca likes to make cakes. She makes yellow cakes. She makes white cakes. Rebecca makes yellow and white cakes. Rebecca likes to make pies. She makes apple pies. She makes lemon pies. Rebecca makes apple and lemon pies. 1) What kinds of cookies does Rebecca make? A. chocolate and nut B. fudge and nut C. chocolate and oatmeal 2) What color are Rebecca’s cakes? A. white and brown B. yellow and blue C. yellow and white 3) What kind of pie does Rebecca make? I. lemon pie II. cherry pie III. chocolate pie A. I only B. I and II only C. I, II, and III

44

11

WOULD YOU LIKE TO TRAVEL?

READING My name is Gustavo and I’m a dreamer. I would like there aren’t wars. I would like there aren’t poor people. I would like there isn’t pollution. I would like my world lives forever. I would like the heaven would be bigger. I would like people love each other. would like there I were no competition. I would like there is like my water forever. I would mother lives all day. I would forever. I would like to write like to be recognized for good things. I would like to be patient. I wouldn’t like to be shy. I would like to learn more things. I would like my brother respects to me. I would like to respect myself. I really would like to be blessed for life, for God. I would like to have a better life for me and people in the world. Consequently, I’m doing a change being another person. 1. Gustavo wouldn’t like to be recognized. 2. Gustavo would like to live forever. 3. Gustavo would like there are wars. 4. Gustavo would like his mother lives with him. 5. Gustavo thinks he is a dreamer. 6. Gustavo would like to make a change in the world. 7. Gustavo thinks there isn’t water. 8. Gustavo would like to be blessed for God. 9. Gustavo would like to be shy. 10. Gustavo would like his brother respect himself.

(T) (T) (T) (T) (T) (T) (T) (T) (T) (T)

(F) (F) (F) (F) (F) (F) (F) (F) (F) (F)

Grammar

WOULD YOU LIKE…?: We use would like to let someone know what you would be interested in doing. This can be a physical, mental or verbal action. Affirmative

Negative

Subject + would like + verb

Subject + wouldn’t like + verb

She would like to work in U.K. Alfredo would like to look for a treasure.

She wouldn’t like to work in U.K. Alfredo wouldn’t like to look for a treasure.

Affirmative

Question

Subject + would like + noun

Would + subject + like + verb?

She would like a sandwich. Alfredo would like a CD.

Would you like to go to bed? Yes, I would. No, I wouldn’t.

45

Language in Context I.

Fill in the gaps. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

Eddie _____________ be a pilot. I ______________ go there. I don’t like that place. I know, you _____________ talk on phone than write. I ______________ ride a horse than ride a bike. However, I ____________ ride it, now. Emma _______________ write than read. He ___________ be a writer when she will be older. Fiorela _____________ be a teacher because she doesn’t like school. Carlo _____________ think on Camila because she's so critical with him. Felix and me _____________ buy a new car to transport us better. You _______________ finish your English class because you love English.

II. Unscramble the sentences. 1.

Like/would/What/Christmas/for/? _____________________________________.

2.

Piano/the/Karen/playing/likes _____________________________________.

3.

Like/Mike/Italy/visit/to/would _____________________________________.

4.

Homework/doing/like/her/doesn’t/she _____________________________________.

5.

Would/to/homework/I/do/your/you/like

6. Like/to/Paris/to/move/would/they __________________________________________. 7. Like/soccer/playing/very/we/much __________________________________________. 8. You/why/like/?/don’t/horses __________________________________________. 9. Some/cheese/like/?/you/would __________________________________________. 10. Jazz/to/like/music/I/listening

_____________________________________. III.

________________________________________.

Complete with “like” and “would like”. 1. _______________ some cake? Yes, please. 2. What type of music, do you __________? All sorts, but specially dance music. 3. ________________ a banana? No, thanks. I’m not hungry. 4. ________________ bananas? Yes, I love them. I have one every morning. 5. I’m hot and thirsty. __________________ a soda. 6. I’m tired. _________________ go to bed, now. 7. I _________ grapes. They are the best fruits. 8. ___________________ a cup of coffee? Of course! 9. ___________________ go to Italy for a holiday next year.

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IV.

Complete the sentences with “wouldn’t like” + the verb. 1. I ___________________ the film. (see) 2. We ___________________ Birmingham. (visit) 3. He ____________________ the teacher. (talk) 4. They ___________________ lunch. (have) 5. We ___________________ breakfast. (make) 6. I _____________ _______ to the doctor. (go) 7. She ____________________ a book. (read) 8. You __________________ in the morning. (jog) 9. He ____________________ the ball. (kick) 10. You __________________ beside her. (sit)

V. Change the sentences into questions. 1.

Henry would like to visit his grandpa. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

2. He would like to run away from here. _______________________________________________ 3. Ely and Gabriel would like to marry the next year. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

4.

They would like to buy a Toyota car.

5.

Sammy would like to go out with her family.

6.

_______________________________________________ I would like to sing in the chorus.

_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

7.

Franco would like to work in London.

8.

_______________________________________________ You would like to in crease your score.

9.

_______________________________________________ Claudia would like to go to the cinema. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

10. We would like to dance hip-hop music. _______________________________________________ 11. Fill in the gaps with “Do you like”, “would you like”, “like” and “would like”. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

I ___________ swimming on summer. My sister ___________ go to America next year. _________ English? _________ learn Japanese? _________ fish? _________ some wine with your fish? _________ go skiing next winter? I ___________ reading a newspaper, every day. I ___________ have a bath this evening. She __________ going to university.

47

12

YOU CAN’T DRIVE THAT WAY

Conversation Stacey: Okay, Jason. Well, what can you do? Can you sing? Jason: Yes, I can sing, but not very well. Stacey: Can you dance? Jason: Well, yes. I can dance a little, but not very well. Stacey: You can’t sing or dance very well. Hmm. Okay. Can you speak Spanish? Jason: Yes, I can. I can speak Spanish very well. My parents are from Puerto Rico. Picture 1

Stacey: Good. Now, let’s see you act. Can you act? http://3.bp.blogspot.com Jason: Yes, of course. I can act. But what am I auditioning for? A father, a doctor, a

lawyer? Stacey: A father? A doctor? No. You’re auditioning for the role of Tasty Chicken.

Question: Write T (true) or F (false)

I. a. b. c. d. II.

Jason can sing very well. Jason can dance. Jason can speak Spanish. His parents are from Peru. Complete the sentences. Use Can or Can’t. C. Jason __________ sing very well. D. Jason __________ speak Portuguese.

A. Jason __________ speak Spanish. B. Jason __________ act.

Grammar CAN – CAN’T: We use CAN for ability. Negative

Affirmative I You He She It We They

swim. can

I You He She It We They

sing.

play soccer.

48

play American football. can’t

drive a car. play basketball.

Language in Context I.

Look at the pictures and write sentences about what these people CAN or CAN’T do. Use these verbs.

 dance

 swim

 sing

 cook

 drive

 run

 ski

 play the piano

 ride a horse

 paint

Picture 2

Picture 3

www. eonline com http://www.insidesocal.com .

www.swimminglessons.com

_______________

_______________

Picture 7 Picture 8 http://i.dailymail.co.uk http: //cdn3.coresites.mpora http://www.fineartconservationlab.com

_______________

II.

_______________

Picture 4

Picture 5

http://0.tqn.com

http://mpom.files.wordpress.com

__________________

_________________

Picture 10

Picture 9 http://3.bp.blogspot.com

__________________

_________________

Picture 6

__________________

Picture 11 http://i.dailymail.co.uk

__________________

1. Sarah and Tom........................................

6. Mary

2. Tony

.............................................................

7. That man...................................................................

3. Gianny

.............................................................

8. Sheyla

4. They

............................................................

9. Tina

5. Henrry

.............................................................

.............................................................

............................................................. ..................................................................

10. Mr Smith.................................................................

Order the sentences. 1. go / school / by / we / to / bus

3. on / she / play / doesn’t / Monday / soccer

______________________________________ 2. every / eat / ice-cream / I / day

_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

4. parrot / fly / the / can _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

49

_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

5. spell / Mary / Word / can / the / amazing

8. not / eat / food / can / junk / Frank

______________________________________

______________________________________ 9. move / you / your / can / ears

6. a / can / horse / ride / Andrea _____________________________________

______________________________________

7. Spanish / I / well / can / speak / very

10. far / run / Kate / how / can

______________________________________ III.

_____________________________________

Read the article. Circle the name of the sport in the article.

Wheelchair athletes say, “I can do it!” Wheelchair athletes play basketball and race. Liesl Tesch is Australian. She’s a great athlete,

Tom Smith is from the United States. He can’t walk, but

but she can’t walk. Liesl is a wheelchair

he can race in marathons. Tom can race in his

basketball player. All the women on her team

wheelchair.

are wheelchair athletes. Liesl and her team

His wheelchair can go very fast. It can go 35 miles per

members can’t run or jump, but they can play

hour (56 kilometers per hour). Tom can also play

excellent basketball. Her team is a winning

basketball and baseball, but racing is his favorite sport.

team. They play in countries all over the

Wheelchair athletes don’t say, “I can’t.” They say, “I

world. Other countries with women’s

can do it!”

wheelchair basketball teams are New Zealand, Canada, and Japan. IV.

Fill in the blanks with can or can’t. 1. Liesl __________ play basketball. 2. Liesl __________ run or jump. 3. Tom __________ walk. 4. Wheelchair athletes __________ play sports.

V.

What can your partner do? What can’t your partner do?

CAN

CAN’T

50

VI.

Write sentences about your partner. Begin each sentence with a capital letter. (C). End each sentence with a period. Example: My partner can __________ very well. She / He can __________, but not very well.

VII. Read the story. Then answer the questions below. My name is Sam. Today is very hot. The sun is very strong. I am hot. I want to be cool. How can I get cool? Wait...I know! I can go to the pool. The pool is cool. I can swim in the pool. Is the pool open? Or is the pool closed? Where is the phone? I need to call the pool. I need to find out if the pool is open or closed. — Ring! Ring! — “Hello. My name is Andrea. I am at the pool. Can I help you?” “Hi, Andrea. Is the pool open?” "Yes. The pool is open." “Okay. Thank you!” “You are welcome. Bye!” Great! The pool is open! Now I can cool down!

Questions: 1.

2.

3.

What is the weather like today? A. It is cold. B. It is cool. C. It is warm. D. It is hot.

B. He can go to the pool. C. He can go to school. D. He can go to work. 4.

Sam is hot, but Sam wants to be A. cold B. cool C. warm D. hot

Why does Sam talk to Andrea? A. because she is his friend B. because she knows his sister C. because Sam needs to know what time it is D. because Sam wants to know if the pool is open

5.

Is the pool open? A. Yes, the pool is open. B. No, the pool is not open. The pool is closed.

How can Sam get cool? A. He can go to the library.

VIII. Match. 1.

Bakery ______

a) You rent a movie or a DVD for a couple of days from this place.

2.

Café _____

b) The place where they have trials and law cases. A judge works here.

3.

Church ______

c) A place where you can wash your clothes in coin-operated machines.

4.

Hairdresser’s _____

d) A place where you can buy books and magazines.

5.

Museum _____

e) You can do exercises, weight training and keep fit here.

6.

Gym _____

51

f) You can see paintings and other works of art.

7.

Square ______

g) Criminals are sent here by a judge for a number of days or years.

8.

Laundromat _____

h) You can see many old objects (and sometimes paintings)

9.

Court _____

i) A place where you can buy a beer or other types alcoholic drinks

10.

Jail _____

j) an open area within a city in the shape of a square. It is usually the heart of the city.

11.

Restaurant _____

k) You can buy medicine and (legal) drugs.

12.

Airport _____

l) You go here when you want to cut your hair.

13.

Fire station _____

m) You can buy a cup of coffee and cakes or sandwiches.

14.

Hospital ______

n) A religious place of worship

15.

Video store _____

o) You can buy fresh bread and cakes here.

16.

Gallery _____

p) the place you go when you want to travel by plane to another city.

17.

Zoo _____

q) You go here when you need an operation or someone is going to have a baby.

18.

Drugstore _____

r) The building where firemen keep their equipment including the fire-engine

19.

Bookstore ______

s) You go here when you don't want to cook at home. They prepare meals for you.

20.

Pub _____

t) A place where you can see many types of animals in cages.

IX.

Order the Sentences. 1. go / school / by / can / we / to / bus _____________________________________________________ 2. every / can’t / eat / ice-cream / I / day _____________________________________________________ 3. read / you / a / can’t / in / book / evening / the _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

52

13

CAN I PLAY WITH IT?

Conversation Nick’s mom: Hello, Ricky, it’s Nick’s mom. Ricky: Hi, Mrs. Mortimer. Nick’s mom: It’s Nick’s birthday on Saturday. Can you come to the movie theater? It’s a surprise! Ricky: Yes, great. I can come. Nick’s mom: The movie’s at five o’clock. We can go for pizza afterwards. Ricky: Great! Nick’s mom: Hello, Amy. How are you? Amy: I’m fine, thanks. Nick’s mom: Can you come to the movies with us on Saturday? Amy: Oh, Saturday… the 27th of October… That’s Nick’s birthday, isn’t it? Oh, no, I’m sorry. I can’t. Nick’s mom: Oh, well. Amy: Thanks, anyway.

Questions: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

What date is Nick’s birthday? What time is the movie? Can Ricky go to the movies? Can Amy go to the movies? Can Ricky go for pizza?

______________________________ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

______________________________

Grammar CAN (Yes – No Question) Can you swim? Yes, I can. No, I can’t.

Can Mily and Peter dance salsa? Yes, they can. No, they can’t.

Can William play volleyball? Yes, he can. No, he can’t.

Can Mary speak French? Yes, she can. No, she can’t.

Language in Context I.

Write the words in the correct order to make a question and complete the answer. 1. go / I / can / the / movies / ? / to ____________________________________________________________. Yes, _______________.

53

2. we / have / a / can / pet / ? / ____________________________________________________________. No, _______________. 3. a / can / have / ? / of / bag / I / candy ____________________________________________________________. Yes, _______________. 4. bike / can / ? / his / Ricky / school / take / to ____________________________________________________________. Yes, _______________. 5. a / ? / at / can / have / house / my / on / party / Saturday / we ____________________________________________________________. No, _______________. II.

Complete the questions with the correct verb. go

clean come

have

do

take

listen

play

5.

1. Can I __________ some friends to a soccer game?

6. Can you __________ my homework?

2. Can you __________ to my new CD?

7. Can you __________ to our house today?

3. Can she __________ to the movies?

8. Can she __________ the classroom?

4. Can he __________ a party? III.

Can they __________ tennis in the yard?

Put the sentences in order and write the conversations. 1.

Amy: Mom: Amy: Mom: Amy: Amy: Mom: Mom:

Can I take it to school? What photo? Can I see it, please? Here it is. It’s you, Dad, and me in the yard. Okay, but be careful with it. Of course I’m small. How old am I? Mom, can I have this photo? One. Look at you! You’re so small and sweet!

____________________________________________________________ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________

54

2.

Josh: Andy: Andy: Andy: Josh: Josh: Andy: Josh:

Are you on your school’s soccer team? Can I play in the soccer game today? Soccer and tennis. Yes, I am. No, sorry. We have eleven players. Okay. You can play in the game on May 12th. Oh, please, Josh. I’m good at sports. Really? Which sports are you good at?

____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ IV.

Use the chart to write questions with Can and short answers with can – can’t.

Ricky a.

Friday Go to the movies

b.

Saturday Have a party

c.

Sunday Play tennis

Sara and Amy

1.

___________________________________________________________________________

2.

___________________________________________________________________________

55

14

READING COMPREHENSION – WE WILL DO IT

Directions: Read the passage. Then answer the questions below. Passage: Some people think you need a kitchen to cook dinner. But you can make easy, delicious meals outside over a campfire. One easy campfire meal is a baked potato. You wrap the potato in tin foil and put it under the flames in the hot ashes. After an hour, the heat from the fire will cook the potato. Open up the tin foil package and you have a baked potato! It is also easy t o roast food over a campfire. You can put hot d ogs or sausages on sticks and hold them in the fire. The flames will cook the meat. For dessert, you can roast marshmallows on sticks. Hold them near the fire until they turn golde n and begin to melt. But do not leave anything in the fire too lo ng, or it will turn completely black and taste like ashes. There are man y nice things about campfire meals. To make these meals, you do not even need to know anything about cooking. Some people als o s ay that food tastes better when cooked and eaten outside. But the best part of these campfire meals is there are no dishes to wash afterwards.

Questions: 1) As used in paragraph 2, which is an example of a package?

B. “You wrap the potato in tin foil and put it under the flames in the hot ashes.” C. “It is also easy to roast food over a campfire.” D. “To make these meals, you do not even need to know anything about cooking.”

A. French fries are served on a tray in the cafeteria. B. A new toy comes wrapped up in a plastic box. C. Cookies are easy to remove when there is tin foil on the cookie sheet. D. You can use a knife to cut open an orange instead of peeling it.

4) After reading the passage, we can conclude that A. you do not need much to cook a campfire meal B. cooking over a campfire is more fun than in a kitchen C. roasting food on a stick or wrapping it in tin foil is the only way to cook a campfire meal D. if you do not cook in a kitchen, you do not have any dishes to wash

2) The author warns that if you leave anything in the fire too long, it A. can get burned B. can be dangerous C. will melt D. will fall off the stick

5) According to the author, the best part of these campfire meals is that they

3) Which sentence from the passage best describes why campfire meals are easy to make?

A. are easy B. are delicious C. taste better outside D. use no dishes

A. “But you can make easy, delicious meals outside over a campfire.”

56

WE WILL DO IT Conversation How do you see life in the future Cindy? Interviewer: I think in the future we won’t have any more fabric Cindy: clothes. We will use disposable clothes. I guess we won’t have any food either. We’ll buy different flavored pills. This means we won’t have to cook or do the dishes. That will be really good! What about work and study? Interviewer: I think that we won’t have to leave our home very often. Cindy: Parents will work from their computers and children will have tutorial assistance through a chat messenger. And what about leisure activities? Interviewer: We won’t have many parks and the city will be very polluted. So, we will have to play Cindy: computer games, watch TV and browse on the Internet. I suppose we won’t see the sun very often.

Questions: 

What is Cindy’s opinion of the future in terms of: 1.

Work and study?

2.

House work?

3.

Leisure activities?

4.

Food?

_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

___________________________

Grammar

WILL – WON’T: We use WILL when there is no prior or decision to do something before we speak. We make the decision at the time of speaking. We often use will to make a prediction about the future. Again, there is no firm plan. We are saying what we think will happen. Negative

Affirmative I You He She It We They

go to the movies. will

drink some water. play the piano.

57

I You He She It We They

buy a car

.

won’t

learn Italian. watch TV at night.

Language in Context I.

Create affirmative sentences with will. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

We (help) _______________ you. I (get) ____________ you a drink. I think our team (win) _____________ the match. Maybe she (do) ____________ a language course in Malta.

I promise I (buy) ___________ the tickets. 6. Perhaps she (do) ____________ this for you. 7. Maybe we (stay) ____________ at home. 8. She hopes that he (cook) ____________ dinner tonight. 9. I’m sure they (understand) _______________ your problem. 10. They (go/ probably) ______________ to the party. II.

Create negative sentences with won’t. 1. I/answer/the question.

6. James/open/the door.

___. ____________________________________.

____________________________________. .

_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

2. She/read/the book.

7. We/listen/to the radio.

____________________________________.

_. ____________________________________.

_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

3. They/drink/beer.

8. They/eat/fish.

____________________________________.

____________________________________.

4. We/send/the postcard.

9. She/give/me/the apple. ____________________________________.

____________________________________. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

5. Vanessa/catch/the ball.

10. The computer/crash.

____________________________________..

_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

____________________________________._.

_ _ _

_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

III.

Put the verbs into the correct form. 1. You (earn) _______________ a lot of money. 2. You (travel) _________________ around the world. 3. You (meet) _________________ lots of interesting people. 4. Everybody (adore) ___________________ you. 5. You (not have) ________________ any problems. 6. Many people (serve) ___________________ you. 7. They (anticipate) __________________ your wishes. 8. There (not be) ____________________ anything left to wish for. 9. Everything (be) ___________________ perfect. 10. But all this things (happen) _________________ if you marry me. 11. Mily (buy) _________________ a house. 12. Sheyla and Rose (play) _________________ volleyball. 13. Peter (teach) _________________ Italian next year. 14. My best friend (travel) _________________ to USA. psychology. 15. William (not study) _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

58

_

IV.

Mrs. Addison is shouting at her son, Jeremy. Jeremy, get up now or … … your breakfast will get cold! … you’ll miss the school bus and you’ll be late again! … I’ll tell your father how lazy you are! … your father will stop your allowance! … there’ll be no camping trip for you this weekend! a. What time of day is it? ____________________________________________________ b. Where is Jeremy? _______________________________________________________ c. How is Jeremy’s mother feeling? ____________________________________________

V.

Complete the sentences. What will happen if Jeremy doesn’t get up? a. His breakfast ______________________ cold. b. He ______________________ the school bus and he ______________________ be late for school again. c. His mother ______________________ his father how lazy ______________________. d. ______________________ father ______________________ stop ______________________ allowance. e. ______________________ no camping trip for ______________________ this weekend.

VI.

Check these words in the dictionary. Match the Commands and their Results. Fail

stay

sick

teeth

get sunburned

a. Don’t stay in the sun all day or

a. you’ll fail!

b. Go to the dentist or

b. you’ll break a window!

c. Study for your test or

c. you’ll be tired tomorrow!

d. Don’t eat so fast or

d. you’ll get sunburned!

e. Go to bed early or

e. you’ll mother will worry about you!

f. Come home at one o’clock or

f. you’ll be sick!

g. Don’t play with a ball in the house or

g. you’ll be late for lunch!

h. Call your house or

h. you’ll have bad teeth!

VII. Mrs. Addison is talking to her daughter, Stella. Match the sentences. a.

Do your math homework or

a. I won’t wash them.

b.

Put your atlas in your schoolbag or

b. you won’t have time tomorrow morning.

c.

Tidy your room right now or

c. I won’t let you watch TV.

d.

Bring your dirty socks down here or

d. you won’t pass your math test.

e.

Polish your shoes now because

e. you won’t remember to take it to school tomorrow.

59

VIII. Complete the sentences with will/won’t. a. Call your grandparents after six o’clock or you _____________________ find them at home. b. Take an umbrella with you or you _____________________ get wet. c. Tell your father lunch is ready or it _____________________ get cold. d. Help your mother with the dishes so she _____________________ get tired. e. It’s raining! Go to the store for your grandmother or she _____________________ have any fresh bread this evening. IX.

The Ramirez family is planning what to do this afternoon. Choose three ideas from the box to write under the headings. Add another two ideas. If it rains

X.

play Monopoly

go to the beach go

watch television go

to the movies go

on a picnic

swimming

If it’s sunny

_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

_______________

_______________

_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

Order the Sentences. 1. go / school / by / we / to / will / bus __________________________________________________________________________________________ 2. every / won’t / eat / ice-cream / I / day _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

3. won’t / read / you / a / do / in / book / evening / the __________________________________ _____________________________________________________ 4. go / school / by / we / to / will / bus _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

5. every / won’t / eat / ice-cream / I / day _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

6. won’t / re ad / you / a / do / in / book / evening / the _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

60

15

WILL THEY HAVE A DRINK?

Conversation Mom: Here we are. Malik: I’ll carry the picnic basket. Kate: I’ll take the soccer ball and my surfboard. It’ll be great for surfing today. Mom: Take your fleeces and jackets. It’ll be cold and windy on the beach. Kate: No, it won’t. It’s an awesome sunny day. Mom: I’ll go park the car in the parking lot. I won’t be long. Kate: Okay, Mom, we’ll see you on the beach. Mom: Where will you be? Kate: We’ll be in the usual place, near the arcade.

Questions: 1.

Where are Kate and her friends?

________________________________________________

2.

Who wants to go surfing?

________________________________________________

3.

What’s the weather like now?

________________________________________________

4.

Where is Kate’s mom going?

________________________________________________

5.

Do they often go to this beach? How do you know?_________________________________________

Grammar

WILL (Yes – No Question) Will you go to the park? Yes, I will. No, I won’t.

Will Marcos learn maths? Yes, he will. No, he won’t.

Will Mily drink some wine? Yes, she will. No, she won’t.

Will Treacsy and Silvia go swimming? Yes, they will. No, they won’t.

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Language in Context I.

Complete the questions and short answers with the correct form of will. 1. A. __________ Brazil win the World Cup? B. Yes, they __________. 2. A. __________ you be home late tonight? B. No, I __________. 3. A. __________ they see their cousins on the weekend? B. Yes, they __________. 4. A. __________ Marta be at the concert tonight? B. Yes, she __________.

II.

Create questions with will and answer them. 1. You/ask/him.

________________________________________?

_______________.

2. Jenny/lock/the door.

________________________________________?

_______________.

3. It/rain.

________________________________________?

_______________.

___________________?

_______________.

?

_______________.

4. The teacher/test/our English.

5. What/they/eat.

_ _ _

_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

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_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

6. When/she/be/back.

________________________________________?

_______________.

7. Who/drive/us/into town.

________________________________________?

_______________.

8. Where/we/meet.

________________________________________?

_______________.

9. When/I/be/famous.

________________________________________?

_______________.

________________________________________?

_______________.

10. What/you/do.

III.

Complete the dialogues with will – won’t and the correct verb from the box. take go

help carry have

get ask close

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drink make

1. These surfboards are heavy. __________ you __________ one of them? Yes, I __________. 2. I can’t do my science project. __________ you __________ me? Yes, I __________. 3. My mom’s going out. She’ll miss her favorite TV show. __________ you __________ our Dad to record it for her? No, I __________. Our dad isn’t at home. 4. It’s Anna’s birthday tomorrow. __________ our sister __________ her a cake? Yes, I __________. 5. It’s cold today. __________ we __________ to the beach? No, we __________. 6. I want to go to the Christina Aguilera concert. __________ you __________ a ticket? Yes, I __________. 7. We’re late. __________ we __________ a taxi? No, we __________. 8. We’re going to Martha’s Vineyard in the summer. __________ you __________ a good time? No, I __________. 9. I’m thirsty. __________ you __________ a soda? Yes, I __________. 10. The door is open. __________ you __________ the door? Yes, I __________.

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IV.

Unscramble the sentences. 1. do / Will / you / homework ? / your _________________________________________________________________________________________. 2. piano? / the / Karen / play / Will _________________________________________________________________________________________. 3. Will / Mike / Italy? / travel / to _________________________________________________________________________________________. 4. soccer? / play / Will / you _________________________________________________________________________________________. 5. your / watch / night? / parents / at / Will / TV _________________________________________________________________________________________.

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16

SHE ISN’T GOING TO SLEEP WELL

READING http://sphotos-a.xx.fbcdn.net Hello, we are One Direction from U.K. and we are going to travel to Peru in June! We are going to stay in Lima for one week. We are going to visit some friends there and we are going to have a conference at Sheraton Hotel. At night we are going to have a concert at Monumental Stadium on June 19th. We are going to visit the National Museum in San Borja and we are going to have lunch in Chosica. We are going to stay at “Los Delfines” hotel in San Isidro; then we are going to travel to Chiclayo on June 24th and we are going to visit the “Señor de Sipan” museum. We aren’t going to travel to Trujillo because of problems of time but maybe next opportunity. We are also going to buy some souvenirs. We want to remember Peru for the rest of our lives.

Questions: 1) What is the main idea? a) b) c) d)

a) They are going to have a concert at Monumental Stadium. b) They are going to travel to Peru on June. c) They are going to travel to Trujillo. d) They are going to buy some souvenirs.

One direction is traveling. One direction is the best group in the world. One direction is going to visit Chiclayo. One direction is going to visit Peru.

2) What is the synonym of souvenir? a) b) c) d)

4) One of the following sentences is not correct:

5) One of the following sentences are is not correct:

Jewelry. Present. Clothes. Food.

a) They are going to stay at “Los Delfines” Hotel in San Luis. b) They are going to have a conference at “Los Delfines” Hotel. c) They are going to visit the National Museum in San Borja. d) They are going to have a concert at Sheraton Hotel.

3) How long are they going to stay in Lima? a) b) c) d)

They are going to stay in Lima for seven days. They are going to stay in Hotel. They are going to stay in “Los Delfines” Hotel. They are going to stay in Chiclayo.

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Grammar

BE GOING TO We use BE GOING TO to talk about future plans and to make predictions. It means, that you use BE GOING TO to make future plans when you are totally certain that it is going to happen. Affirmative

Negative

Subject + be going to + verb

Subject +be not going to + verb

He is going to play soccer. Mily and Peter are going to travel to Japan.

He isn’t going to play soccer. Mily and Peter aren’t going to travel to Japan.

Language in Context I.

Complete the sentences with correct form of going to. 1)

It (rain) ___________________.

11) You (Fly) _________________ to London.

2)

They (eat) _________________ stew.

12) John (not / eat) ________________.

3)

I (wear) _______________ blue shoes tonight.

13) She (stay) _________________ at a campsite.

4)

Jack (not/ walk) ______________ home.

14) You (do) ________________ your homework.

5)

You (cook) ____________ dinner.

15) I (see) _____________ Dennis tonight.

6)

Sue (not / share) ____________ her biscuits.

16) Alexander (take) ____________ the next bus?

7)

They (leave) _________________ the house.

17) They (not / play) _______ football in the gym.

8)

She (take part) _____________ in the contest.

18) You (give) ____________ me the book back.

9) I (not / spend) ________________ my holiday abroad this year.

19) Angela (spend) __________ a wake in Poland. 20) I (visit) ______________ Mexico this summer.

10) She (not / walk) ____________ to the stadium. II.

Change these sentences into negative. 1) My friend is going to buy a new cell phone. __________________________________________________. 2) Mily is going to make a cake.

__________________________________________________.

3) They are going to travel to Italy.

__________________________________________________.

4) I’m going to stay home.

__________________________________________________.

5) Mary is going to visit her grandparents.

__________________________________________________.

6) July and Matthew are going to play computer games.____________________________________________. 7) You are going to play the flute.

__________________________________________________.

8) She is going to eat two apples.

__________________________________________________.

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III.

Complete the sentences with correct verbs and with be going to. play

buy

do swim

take win

1)

Emma _________________ her English exam next week.

2)

It‘s very hot today. I ___________________ in the lake.

3)

A) I want to get that prize.

set ride apply

B) I _______________ one for you. 4)

We ________________ our grandparents this weekend. We haven’t seen for a long time.

5)

John and his brother __________________ their bikes.

6) 7)

I ____________________ the table. It’s time for lunch. When I’m 16 years old. I ________________ to the university.

8)

David _________________ his homework after school.

9)

It’s Paul’s birthday next week. We _________________ him a present.

10) His sister __________________ the violin at the concert. IV.

What are these cats going to do? Write sentences using BE GOING TO + INFINITIVE

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visit

V.

Put the sentences into negative sentences. 1) He/phone/his friend.

6) They/walk/to the bus stop this afternoon.

_______________________________________ 2) We/play/a new computer game.

_______________________________________ 7) His brother/write/a letter to his uncle today.

_______________________________________ 3) My sister/watch/TV.

_______________________________________ 8) She/visit/her aunt.

_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

4) You/have/a picnic next Tuesday.

_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

9) I/do/my homework after school. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

5) Jane/go/to the office.

10)Sophie and nick/meet/their friends.

_______________________________________ VI.

_______________________________________

Write positive sentences in going to future. 1. I / work I’m going to work.

4. they / ask ___________________ __________.

2.

you / dance

________.

5. he / stays _____________________________.

3.

it / rain ______________________________.

6. they / help ____________________________.

___________________

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17

ARE YOU GOING TO SHARE IT?

READING Hello, we are Park Jung Soo and Choi Shi Won from “Super Junior” and we are going to travel to Peru in June! We are going to stay in Lima for seven days. We are going to visit some friends there and we are going to have a conference at Sheraton Hotel; at night we are going to have a concert at San Marco stadium on October 20 th . We are going to visit the Barranco and we are going to have lunch in Chosica. We are going to stay in “Marriot” Hotel in Barranco. Then we are going to travel to Arequipa on June 23 rd and we are going to visit the Misti” volcano. We aren’t going to travel to Cuzco because of problems of time but maybe next opportunity. We are also going to buy some souvenirs. We want to remember Peru for the rest of our lives.

Questions: 1.

Who is going to travel to Peru? .

_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

2.

How long are they going to stay in Lima? _________________________________________.

3.

Are they going to visit their family? _________________________________________.

4.

What places are they going to visit in Peru? _________________________________________.

5.

Is Cuzco available to be visited? _________________________________________.

6. What are they going to buy? _________________________________________.

Grammar BE GOING TO (Yes - No Question) Are you going to be a lawyer? Yes, I am. No, I’m not.

Is William going to teach Math? Yes, he is. No, he isn’t.

Is Mily going to visit her friends? Yes, she is. No, she isn’t.

Are Peter and Mily get married? Yes, they are

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Language in Context I)

Complete the conversation using BE GOING TO. Mike: Hey Nick, What ___________________ (you/to/do/?) after the university today? Nick: Well, first, I ________________ (meet) Karen at the bus station at 4:30pm. After that, we _________________ (eat) with her parents at 7pm. Mike: Wow, It sounds like you have a busy evening ahead for you! Nick: How about you? Mike: Oh, after university, I _____________ walk home and then I ________________ (do) my homework. Nick: Well, I’m really excited, because I _______________ (tell) Karen that we ________________ (fly) to Jamaica in December! I bought the tickets yesterday. Everything is arranged. We ______________ (land) in Kingston, and we ________________ (stay) at a hotel right on the beach. It ____________ (be) amazing! Mike: Lucky you! I also have some plans. I ________________ (sail) to Jamaica someday too, but I have to learn to sail first. During my next vacation, I _________________ (learn) Spanish. That way it’ll be easier to travel through Latin America. Nick: ___________________ (you/take/?) Spanish lesson or _________________ (you/learn/?) with a book? Mike: I __________________ (take) lessons in an institutes. Nick: Good for you! I think we should hurry up and take our bus now because the weather is getting worse and it looks like it ________________ (rain) soon. Mike: You’re right. Let’s go!

II)

Complete the questions. Then answer them. 6) How much money __________________ spend in that skate? (you)

1) ________________ play tennis? (you) _________________________________

_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

2) What ________________ do in November? (she)

_ _ _

7) ________________ play this game? (she) _________________________________

_________________________________ 8) _________________ have breakfast? (George and Solange)

3) Where ________________ travel this holiday? (we)

_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

4) ________________ have dinner? (it)

9) What ___________________ do tonight? (you)

_________________________________

_________________________________

5) ________________ study French? (they)

10) __________________ sleep early? (your brother) _________________________________

_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

_________________________________

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III)

Order the words to make sentences with be going to. 1) I/to/Athens/am/going/stay/in.

6) It/like/Carlos/going/isn’t/to.

_____________________________________.

_____________________________________.

2) Car/is/sell/her/going/to/Natalia.

7) This/year/have/to/holiday/going/a/you/are.

_____________________________________.

_____________________________________. 8) Computer/they/a/are/when/going/buy/to/ne w/?

3) Aren’t/change/mind/their/They/to/going. _____________________________________.

_____________________________________?

4) Going/dog/to/we/get/are/a.

9) Going/have/lunch/to/I’m.

_____________________________________.

_____________________________________.

5) Rain/to/going/isn’t/it.

10) Do/going/?/are/what/you/to

_____________________________________.

_____________________________________?

Writing Ask you these questions. Then write a paragraph about your answers. •

What are you going to do with your life?

•

Where are you going to give up your bad habits?

•

What is the next big decision you’re going to make?

•

When are you going to tell your relatives that you love them?

•

How are you going to get your goals?

72

18

WHO IS GOING TO SING

Grammar BE GOING TO (WH - Question) Wh- Word + be + subject + going to + verb + complement? What are you going to do this spring? I’m going to take piano lessons.

Because I’m going to play soccer. When are Mario and Karla going to do their homework? They’re going to do their homework on Saturday.

Where is Mary going to go? She’s going to go to the bank. Why are you going to go to the stadium?

•

Ask questions. 1.

you / do your homework / When

2.

they / watch TV / What

____________________________________

3.

she / say / What

____________________________________

4.

they / cry / Why

5. John / live / Where

_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _

_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _

____________________________________

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Language in Context I.

Complete with Wh – Questions. When

How

Who

What

Why

1.

They wanted to see Fiona.

did they want to see?

2.

I got up at 7 o'clock.

time did you get up?

3.

She paid $10.

much did she pay?

4.

He didn't like the movie.

didn't he like the movie?

5.

We had dinner.

did you have for dinner?

6.

The meeting finished late.

time did the meeting finish?

7.

I ate an apple pie?

kind of pie did you eat?

8.

I played tennis last week.

did you play tennis?

9.

They wrote to Ellen.

did they write to?

10.

I didn't eat the chicken.

didn't you eat the chicken?

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II.

Complete the sentences with WH Question –

1.

________ were yo u at eight o’clock? I ______ at school.

2. ________ was Albert Einstein from? He _____ from Germany. 3. ________ was Ricardo Palma? He _____ a writer. 4. ________ day was yesterday? It ______ Wednesday. 5. ________ were yo u at Carlos’ house?Because it ______ his birthday. III.

Answer these questions. 1.

Why were you happy on Saturday? __________________________________

2.

Who was Michael Jackson? __________________________________

3.

Where were you yesterday? _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

4.

What was your best friend reading? _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

5.

When was your last English exam? _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

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IV. Look at the picture. Ask questions and answer them.

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19

READING COMPREHENSION – YOU WILL, BUT I AM GOING TO

Dialogue: Justin: Steve: Justin: Steve: Justin: Steve: Tom: Steve: Stacy: Steve: Justin: Tom: Stacy: Justin: Tom: Steve:

Who’s going to c ome with me to the soccer game Friday night? Not me. Sorry, Justin. Why not, Steve? You like soccer, don’t you? I love it! Stacy loves it, too, and so does Tom. So what’s the problem? I don’t have $70 to spen d on a game ticket! Neither do I. I have money for either a game ticket or my mom’s birthday present. I can’t afford both. And mom comes first. Exactly. Well, consider me your hero. I have four free tickets from my father’s office. That’s great! Oh, man! You have to count me out. I have to finish my biology report this weekend. That means we have one extra ticket. Do you think Nicole is going to come? No. She’s not into sports. We are going to find someone. So, when and where are we going to meet?

Questions: I.

II.

Write the name or names. Who… 1. has tickets?

_______________.

2. works in an office?

_______________’s father.

3. has a biology report to finish?

_______________.

4. doesn't like sports?

_______________.

5. Plans to go to the game?

_______________ and ________________.

Useful expressions. 1. 2. 3. 4.

III.

(Mom) comes first. Exactly. Oh, man! Count me out.

Match each expression in Exercise A with an expression below. 1. Mom’s more important.

_______________.

2. I can’t go.

_______________.

3. That’s right.

_______________.

4. That’s not good.

_______________.

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YOU WILL, BUT I AM GOING TO CONSOLIDATION OF WILL – GOING TO I.

Put in the verbs in brackets into the gap. Use Will – Future or Going to – Future. 1.

Philip ____________________ 15 next Wednesday. (to be)

2. They ____________________ a new computer. (to get) 3.

I think, my mother ____________________ this CD. (to like)

4.

Paul’s sister ____________________ a baby. (to have)

5. They ____________________ at about 4 in the afternoon. (to arrive) 6. Just a moment. I ____________________ you with the bags. (to help) 7.

In 2020 people ____________________ more hybrid cars. (to buy)

8.

Marvin ____________________ a party next week. (to throw)

9. We ____________________ to Venice in June. (to fly) 10. Look at the clouds! It ____________________ soon. (to rain) II.

Will or Going to 1.

I feel really tired. I think I __________ go to bed.

5. Would you like to come to my house for dinner and talk about this? Good idea. I __________ bring some wine.

‘ll.

‘ll.

‘m going to. 2. Where are you going?

‘m going to.

I __________ visit a customer.

6.

‘ll.

‘ll.

‘m going to. 3.

Mary’s already decided. She __________ buy a new car.

‘s going to.

Do you want me to help you?

7. What are your plans for next week?

No, thanks. John __________ help me.

I __________ fly to New York on business. Probably on Tuesday but I haven’t bought my ticket yet.

‘ll. ‘s going to.

‘ll.

4. Would you prefer tea or coffee?

‘m going to.

I __________ have some coffee, please. ‘ll. ‘m going to.

78

8. What are your plans for the holidays? I feel really tired. I think I __________ go to bed.

‘ll. ‘m going to.

I __________ visit my parents for a few days and then go walking in Scotland. ‘ll.

10. Do you want to have the chicken or the beef? I think I __________ have the beef.

‘m going to.

‘ll.

9. Why are you wearing your best suit?

‘m going to.

I __________ have lunch with my biggest customer.

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20

IT IS SEVEN PAST FIVE WHAT'S THE TIME?

Grammar

a.m. - p.m. a.m. = ante meridiem = the time from midnight to noon = from 00:00 to 12:00 p.m. = post meridiem = the time from noon to midnight = from 12:00 to 24:00 The 24-hour clock is the most commonly used time notation in the world today. But in English speaking countries the 12-hour clock is the dominant system of time written and spoken. The 24-hour clock is only used by the military in the United States and Canada.

80

1.

What time is it? Choose the right answer.

It's half past eleven.

It's a quarter past six.

It's five past three.

It's eleven o'clock.

It's half past three.

It's five past four.

It's twelve o'clock.

It's a quarter to six.

It's five to four.

It's half past four.

It's ten past eleven.

It's twenty to nine.

It's four o'clock.

It's ten to twelve.

It's nine to twenty.

It's half past five.

It's ten past twelve.

It's twenty past eight.

It's four past ten.

It's a quarter to five.

It's half past two.

It's ten to four.

It's a quarter past five.

It's twenty-five to two.

It's ten past four.

It's a quarter past four.

It's twenty-five past two.

81

2.

It's four to five.

It's twenty-five to five.

It's sixty past two.

It's five past four.

It's twenty-five past four.

It's sixty to four.

It's five to five.

It's twenty-five to four.

It's three o'clock.

What time is it? Write the answer.

It's _______________.

It's _______________.

It's _______________.

It's _______________.

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It's _______________.

It's _______________.

It's _______________.

It's _______________.

It's _______________.

It's _______________.

It's _______________.

It's _______________.

83

It's _______________.

It's _______________.

It's _______________.

It's _______________.

3.

Drag the items on the right to match the items on the left. 1. 15:45 It’s five past two. 2. 14:05

It’s ten past eight.

3. 04:45

It’s a quarter to five. It’s

4. 02:40

twenty to three. It’s

5. 20:55

twenty to eleven. It’s

6. 08:10

half past midnight. It’s

7. 06:00

six o’clock.

8. 22:40

It’s five to nine.

9. 17:50

It’s a quarter to four.

10. 21:30

It’s a quarter past noon. It’s ten to six. It’s

11. 12:15

half past nine.

12. 00:30

84

Write the numbers in words.

4.

A.

F.

____________________.

____________________. G.

B.

____________________.

____________________. H.

C.

____________________.

____________________.

I.

D.

____________________.

____________________. J.

E.

____________________

____________________.

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86

HERRAMIENTAS PARA EL EMPRENDIMIENTO 3RO DE SECUNDARIA

87

88

I BIMESTRE

NEGOCIOS INTERNACIONALES 89

90

1

NEGOCIOS INTERNACIONALES

TEMA

Globalización Es el conjunto, cada vez más amplio, de relaciones interdependientes entre gente de diferentes partes de un planeta que, por casualidad está dividido en naciones. El término globalización, se refiere a su vez a la integración de las economías del mundo por medio de la reducción de barreras al movimiento del comercio, capital, tecnología y personas. Negocios Internacionales Los Negocios Internacionales, en definitiva, abarcan a las actividades comerciales que se desarrollan en más de un país. El concepto incluye las transacciones gubernamentales y las transacciones privadas. Los Negocios Internacionales se componen de 2 partes: ·

·

Comercio exterior, el cual se refiere a las condiciones, formas y contenido que presenta el intercambio de bienes y servicios; exactamente, son las leyes y regulaciones nacionales para manejar el comercio internacional. Comercio internacional, el cual se refiere a todas las operaciones comerciales, importaciones y exportaciones, inversión directa, financiación internacional, mercadeo,

91

NEGOCIOS INTERNACIONALES

3er Año etc., que se realizan mundialmente y en la cual participan las diferentes comunidades nacionales.

El Producto El Producto es cualquier cosa que se puede ofrecer a un mercado para su atención, adquisición, uso o consumo y que podría satisfacer un deseo con una necesidad. Si los productos son Tangibles se conocen como Bienes y si son Intangibles se conocen como Servicios. Las Necesidades del Consumidor Se toma como punto de partida las necesidades de los consumidores y en tal sentido al satisfacerlas de mejor manera, logra lo que se conoce como valor entre los mismos. · ·

·

Fisiológicas: Su satisfacción implica la existencia misma del individuo. Considera el consumo de productos vinculados a beber, comer y descansar. De Seguridad: Se presentan porque el individuo busca protegerse a sí mismo, a sus familiares, a sus seres queridos, así como a sus propiedades. Se vincula a esta clasificación la contratación de diversos tipos de seguros. De Pertenencia (Sociales): Se buscan satisfacer en relación a ser aceptado por los demás y/o demostrar afecto, cariño o amor a los seres queridos.

Comercio de Bienes Los Bienes son productos tangibles que se caracterizan por tener un cuerpo físico y por lo tanto son trasladados a nivel global con gran facilidad. Comercio de Servicios Los Servicios son un conjunto de actividades que generan satisfacción. Se puede establecer entonces que los servicios son intangibles y por lo tanto no se pueden almacenar. Negocios Financieros En el Negocio Financiero, de acuerdo con algunos especialistas radica en el éxito de la cadena que se sustenta significativamente en el área de servicios financieros. Hay 5 tipos de Mercados Financieros: · · · · ·

Mercado Monetario (Mercado de Dinero) Mercados de Capitales. Renta fija (Bonos) Mercados de Capitales. Renta variable (Acciones) Mercado de Divisas. Mercado de Derivados (Futuros y Opciones)

NEGOCIOS INTERNACIONALES

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2

COMERCIO Y RELACIONES ECONÓMICAS INTERNACIONALES

TEMA

Comercio Internacional Intercambio de bienes y servicios entre residentes de diferentes países. Intercambio de bienes y servicios entre residentes de diferentes zonas aduaneras. El comercio Internacional está apoyado y reglamentado por las siguientes Instituciones:

·

·

·

Cámara de Comercio Internacional (CCI): Organización empresarial que promueve mundialmente intereses empresariales. Actúa a favor de un sistema de comercio e inversiones abierto y en favor de crear instrumentos que faciliten el proceso. Ofrece servicios de Arbitraje Comercial Internacional y de Lucha contra la Delincuencia Comercial Internacional. Organización Mundial de Aduanas (OMA): Organismo Intergubernamental independiente cuya misión es mejorar la eficacia y eficiencia de las administraciones aduaneras. Como foro representa al 98% del Comercio Mundial. Propone y dirige actividades de cooperación aduanera entre los estados miembros, también brinda asesoría en materias como los aranceles y asuntos comerciales, procedimientos y facilitación técnica entre otros. Organización Mundial del Comercio (OMC): Organismo internacional que aplica un sistema de normas para el comercio y que sirve de foro en el que los gobiernos miembros acuden para negociar acuerdos y resolver sus diferencias comerciales. Entre sus funciones está la de administrar los acuerdos comerciales de la OMC, también sirve de foro para negociaciones comerciales y resolución de diferencias, y supervisar las políticas comerciales nacionales de los países miembros.

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Balanza de Pagos La balanza de pagos es un registro de todas las transacciones monetarias producidas entre un país y el resto del mundo en un determinado periodo. Estas transacciones pueden incluir pagos por las exportaciones e importaciones del país de bienes, servicios, capital financiero y transferencias financieras. La balanza de pagos contabiliza de manera resumida las transacciones internacionales para un período específico, normalmente un año, y se prepara en una sola divisa, típicamente la divisa doméstica del país concernido. Las fuentes de fondos para un país, como las exportaciones o los ingresos por préstamos e inversiones, se registran en datos positivos. La utilización de fondos, como las importaciones o la inversión en países extranjeros, se registran como datos negativos. Cuando todos los componentes de la balanza de pagos se incluyen, el total debe sumar cero, sin posibilidad de que existe un superávit o déficit. Balanza de Pagos en el Perú

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POLÍTICA CAMBIARIA

La política cambiaria atiende el comportamiento de la tasa de cambio de divisas. Es un tipo de cambio que equilibra el tipo de cambio nominal con el tipo de cambio real. Tomando un caso particular, la escasez de dólares eleva su precio, beneficiando la exportación y por lo tanto el gobierno debería sacar dólares a circulación. Por Ejemplo: Cuando hay muchos dólares en circulación, por el contrario, se cotizan a menor precio beneficiando a los importadores que compran dólares para comprar productos del extranjero. En este caso, el gobierno debería retirar dólares de circulación para equilibrar el tipo de cambio. El manejo de las divisas es uno de los aspectos más complejos de la economía de un país. Conseguir un tipo de cambio adecuado a la realidad y a las circunstancias económicas, es una tarea compleja y de gran importancia que tiene efectos en los más diversos aspectos de la vida económica de un país.

Pues bien, la implementación de instrumentos y medidas aplicadas por un gobierno, con el objetivo de regular el tipo de cambio de una moneda se conoce como política cambiaria. La política cambiaria busca controlar el tipo de cambio ideal de una divisa, puesto que el tipo de cambio tiene efecto directo sobre diversos aspectos de la economía de un país, y es definitiva en el manejo de la inflación, las exportaciones e importaciones, lo que a la vez redunda en el empleo y el crecimiento económico.

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3er Año Aquella parte de la Política Económica que se refiere al manejo del Tipo de Cambio. La Política Cambiaria teóricamente debe elegir uno de los siguientes sistemas cambiarios: ·

·

Tipo de cambio fijo: La autoridad fija el Tipo de Cambio, comprometiéndose a vender o comprar toda la Moneda extranjera que requieran los particulares para realizar las transacciones internacionales. Esto exige que el Banco Central mantenga un volumen de Reservas de Divisas suficiente para no obstaculizar las transacciones en moneda extranjera. Tipo de cambio flotante: en este sistema el Tipo de Cambio se determina libremente por la interacción de la Oferta y la Demanda de Divisas. Este sistema exime a la autoridad de mantener reservas internacionales, debido a que ello lo hacen agentes privados.

Tipo de Cambio e Importancia El tipo de cambio adquiere gran importancia debido a que en el comercio internacional el precio o equivalente que tiene la moneda determinará el nivel de ganancias que tienen los importadores y los exportadores. Tipo de Cambio Fijo Un tipo de cambio fijo es el régimen cambiario de una unidad monetaria cuyo valor se ajusta según el valor de otra divisa de referencia, de una canasta de monedas o de una medida de valor, como el oro. El euro y el dólar son las monedas de referencia más usadas para tipos de cambio fijos. Tipo de Cambio Flotante Un Tipo de cambio flexible o tipo de cambio flotante es un tipo de régimen cambiario en el que el valor de la moneda es fijado por el mercado sin intervención de las autoridades monetarias. Una moneda que utiliza un cambio flotante se conoce como moneda flotante. El régimen contrario de un cambio flotante es un tipo de cambio fijo. “Flotación Sucia” es término que es utilizado al hablar de un sistema cambiario bajo el control estatal, ya sea mediante la Banca Central o por medio de políticas monetarias.

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POLÍTICAS DEL COMERCIO INTERNACIONAL

Es el conjunto de estrategias y acciones que formulan los gobiernos y en general el Estado para conducir e influir sobre la economía de los países. Esta estrategia está constituida por el conjunto de medidas, leyes, regulaciones, subsidios e impuestos que alteran los incentivos económicos para obtener unos fines o resultados económicos específicos.

La Protección y el Libre Mercado El Proteccionismo El proteccionismo es el desarrollo de una política económica para proteger los productos del propio país, imponiendo limitaciones a la entrada de productos extranjeros, similares o iguales mediante la imposición de aranceles e impuestos a la importación, encareciendo así dicho producto de modo que no sea rentable. El Libre Mercado El comercio libre, libre comercio o libertad de comercio, es un concepto económico que puede entenderse hacia el comercio interior y hacia el exterior. Hacia el interior es equivalente a la libertad de empresa en una economía de libre mercado y se refiere a la ausencia de obstáculos que impidan el acceso de los agentes económicos a la actividad comercial, expresándose en distintas libertades. Los Aranceles y la Protección Un arancel es el impuesto o gravamen que se aplica a los bienes, que son objeto de importación o exportación. El más extendido es el que se cobra sobre las importaciones, mientras los aranceles sobre las exportaciones son menos corrientes.

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Para defender a una economía de los posibles efectos negativos del comercio internacional se puede utilizar los aranceles y también otro tipo de barreras no arancelarias como son: · · · · ·

Contingente, que consiste en una limitación del número de unidades que pueden ser importados. Control de cambios. Mediante la restricción de divisas y el establecimiento de tipos de cambio distintos según la mercancía que se importa. Subsidios a la producción. Subvencionar una producción para dificultar las importaciones. Impuestos sobre el consumo de bienes importados. Establecimiento de trabas administrativas que obstaculicen la entrada de productos extranjeros.

Los Subsidios · ·

Una prestación pública asistencial de carácter económico y de duración determinada (por ejemplo, un subsidio de desempleo). Una contribución impuesta al comercio y a la industria.

El Dumping En el contexto de las leyes del comercio internacional el dumping se define como la práctica en donde una empresa establece un precio inferior para los bienes exportados que para los costos de producción que tiene la empresa del país adonde se importan esos bienes, sacando competitividad a la empresa local.

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INSTITUCIONALIDAD DE LAS RELACIONES ECONÓMICAS INTERNACIONALES

Bretton Woods

Los acuerdos de Bretton Woods son las resoluciones de la conferencia monetaria y Financiera de las Naciones Unidas, realizada en el complejo hotelero de Bretton Woods, (Nueva Hampshire, Estados Unidos), entre el 1 y el 22 de julio de 1944, donde se establecieron las reglas para las relaciones comerciales y financieras entre los países más industrializados del mundo. En él se decidió la creación del Banco Mundial y del Fondo Monetario Internacional y el uso del dólar como moneda internacional. Estas organizaciones se volvieron operativas en 1946. Bretton Woods trató de poner fin al proteccionismo del período 1914-1945, que se inicia en 1914 con la Primera Guerra Mundial. Se consideraba que para llegar a la paz tenía que existir una política librecambista, donde se establecerían las relaciones con el exterior. Banco Mundial

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3er Año En 1945, en el marco de las negociaciones previas al término de la Segunda Guerra Mundial, nace lo que a la fecha se conocería como el sistema financiero de Bretton Woods (llamado así por el nombre del complejo hotelero de la ciudad en New Hampshire, donde fue concebido) integrado por dos instituciones, fundamentales para entender las políticas de desarrollo que tuvieron lugar a partir de la segunda mitad del siglo XX: el Banco Internacional de Reconstrucción y Fomento (BIRF) y el Fondo Monetario Internacional (FMI). Fondo Monetario Internacional

Es un organismo internacional integrado por 188 países que se esfuerza por garantizar la estabilidad del sistema monetario y financiero internacional. Entre sus atribuciones están las de fomentar el crecimiento equilibrado del comercio internacional, promover la estabilidad del sistema de los tipos de cambio y brindar la oportunidad para corregir de forma ordenada los problemas de balanza de pagos de los países miembros. La institución fue creada en 1945.

Organización Mundial del Comercio

Es un organismo internacional conformado por 155 miembros que se ocupa de las normas que rigen el comercio entre las naciones. Con el ingreso inminente de Rusia, la OMC estará integrada por todas las grandes economías que participan en el comercio internacional en el futuro próximo.

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3er Año Sistema Monetario Internacional El sistema monetario internacional (SMI) es el conjunto de instituciones, normas y acuerdos que regulan la actividad comercial y financiera de carácter internacional entre los países. El SMI regula los pagos y cobros derivados de las transacciones económicas internacionales. Su objetivo principal es generar la liquidez monetaria (mediante reserva de oro, materias primas, activos financieros de algún país, activos financieros supranacionales, etc,) para que los negocios internacionales, y por tanto las contrapartidas de pagos y cobros en distintas monedas nacionales o divisas, se desarrollen en forma fluida.

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ORGANIZACIÓN ACTUAL DE LA ECONOMÍA MUNDIAL

Caída de Bretton Woods Así, confiaban, la Reserva Federal (FED) dejaría de perder oro y el precio mundial de la onza de oro volvería a niveles muy por debajo de los 35 dólares. Se equivocaron a lo grande.

El patrón de cambio oro fue un sistema monetario internacional por el cual el valor de una divisa se fijaba en términos de una determinada cantidad de oro. El acuerdo permitía que el emisor de la divisa garantizara poder devolver, al poseedor de sus billetes, la cantidad de oro en ellos representada. Este sistema se implantó en Bretton Woods, cuando surgió el Fondo Monetario Internacional (FMI). Las divisas que garantizaban el cambio al oro fueron el dólar y la libra esterlina. Bretton Woods dio lugar a una estabilidad relativa y duradera, de 1944 a 1971. Como para entonces la mayoría de las economías del mundo se desarrollaron, esta etapa se conoce en la historia como la “Edad de Oro”. BRIC El término BRIC surge en el año 2001, siendo acuñado por Goldman Sachs para ser referencia a aquellas economías emergentes que previsiblemente marcarían el devenir económico y político del S. XXI y está conformado por Brasil, Rusia, India y China.

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3er Año Las altas tasas de crecimiento en China e India y recientemente en Rusia han aumentado la importancia de los BRIC en la economía global. Este largo periodo de alto crecimiento sostenido en China e India indica que estos países han conseguido crear la base para un “Salto del Tigre” en el crecimiento que ha demostrado hasta ahora ser sostenible. Brasil Brasil dispone de abundantes recursos naturales y su economía está relativamente diversificada. Es gran potencia agrícola. Brasil es el primer productor mundial de café, caña de azúcar, naranjas y uno de los primeros productores de soja. La economía de Brasil depende completamente de su mercado. La mayor parte de la economía de Brasil depende de la exportación de mercancías a otros países, también es dependiente de las industrias y la agricultura. En Brasil se pueden encontrar muchas compañías protagonistas que tienen un impacto muy grande en la economía global. Es verdad que algunas empresas como Petrobras, Vale, Embraer, JBS y Ambev son competidoras mundiales en sus campos. Rusia Rusia se ha convertido en una de las economías emergentes con probabilidades de ocupar uno de los primeros lugares en los próximos años. Entre los factores que han incidido en este proceso figuran: · · ·

Una considerable reserva de monedas extranjeras, es decir reservas internacionales. La cercanía con China que facilita el comercio y el intercambio de proyectos. Los cuantiosos recursos minerales con los que cuenta.

Rusia ha pasado por importantes transformaciones desde el fin de la unión soviética, saliendo de una economía aislada y planeada centralmente para una economía de mercado globalmente integrada. Rusia tiene una gran riqueza de recursos naturales. Es el primer productor de Gas Natural y de Petróleo del mundo, pero también uno de los principales productores y exportadores de diamantes, níquel y platino. India La India se ha convertido en una gran potencia debido al aprovechamiento de sus recursos naturales. Importa el 70% de su petróleo y su dependencia de hidrocarburos aumentará en los próximos años. Incluso por las excelentes y enormes inversiones que se han dado para realizar modernas infraestructuras dentro del país. Si India reacciona pronta y decididamente está llamada a convertirse por su dimensión territorial y humana en la tercera economía mundial. El desarrollo económico de la India depende en gran medida de la agricultura, la manufactura y los servicios. La India es una potencia emergente a gran escala global, actualmente con 1310 millones de habitantes. Una potencia regional con base en la superficie terrestre euroasiática. La India cuenta con un Estado con armas nucleares y diferendos fronterizos que mantiene una gran dependencia de las importaciones de armas y resulta una víctima recurrente del terrorismo.

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3er Año China China es un país emergente el cual está atravesando y consolidando procesos de reestructuración de sus economías hacia nuevos mercados con una variada oferta de servicios tecnologías e inversiones que comienza a desplazar a los países tradicionalmente dominantes. Es la segunda economía más grande del mundo en términos de PIB y la mayor economía del mundo y Paridad del Poder Adquisitivo según el Fondo Monetario Internacional. Su economía, muy diversificada está dominada por los sectores manufactureros y agrícola, el sector de la minería desempeña un papel importante en la economía china ya que en el país cuenta con un subsuelo rico en recursos energéticos. Chino tiene grandes reservas de carbón. China ocupa el primer lugar en la producción mundial de cereales, arroz algodón, papa y té. China domina también la producción ovina, porcina y de especies marinas. La principal arma que utiliza China para atropellar a sus adversarios occidentales es la economía y más recientemente las finanzas. Actualmente china es una potencia en alza. Con el segundo ejército más grande del mundo, el segundo gasto en defensa, el tercer mayor arsenal nuclear y con una economía que es el motor del mundo. Lo cual lo perfila como el más importante jugador del juego geopolítico mundial del próximo siglo.

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COMERCIO INTERNACIONAL

Comercio Internacional Se define como comercio internacional al movimiento que tienen los bienes y servicios a través de los distintos países y sus mercados. Se realiza utilizando divisas y está sujeto a regulaciones adicionales que establecen los participantes en el intercambio y los gobiernos de sus países de origen. Al realizar operaciones comerciales internacionales, los países involucrados se benefician mutuamente al posicionar mejor sus productos, e ingresar a mercados extranjeros.

Actividad económica por medio de la cual un vendedor (productor / comercializador) en un país de origen adquiere un compromiso con un comprador (productor / comercializador) de un país de destino, a fin de entregar una mercancía determinada.

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Importancia del Comercio Internacional ·

Contribuye a la política de expansión de un país.

·

Permite incrementar la cantidad y mejorar la calidad del consumo de la población en relación al que podría lograrse. Se aprovecha de manera óptima las ventajas de especialización.

·

Instituciones relacionadas al Comercio Internacional · · · · ·

Banco Interamericano de Desarrollo (BID) Banco Mundial (BM) Organización Mundial del Comercio (OMC) Fondo Monetario Internacional (FMI) Comunidad Andina de Naciones (CAN)

Instituciones relacionadas al Comercio Exterior en el Perú · · · · · ·

Sociedad Nacional de Industrias (SIN) CONFIEP COMEXPERÚ MINCETUR ADEX PROMPERÚ

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La OMC La Organización Mundial del Comercio (OMC) se ocupa de las normas que rigen el comercio entre los países, a nivel mundial o casi mundial. Funciones de la OMC: · · ·

Resuelve diferencias y controversias. Marco institucional y jurídico. Supervisa la aplicación de los acuerdos multilaterales.

Objetivos: · · ·

Promover el desarrollo económico mediante la expansión del comercio y proteger y preservar el medio ambiente. Introduce la idea “desarrollo sostenible” en relación con la utilización óptima de los recursos mundiales. Reconocer que es necesario realizar esfuerzos para que los países en desarrollo, y especialmente los menos adelantados obtengan una parte más sustancial del incremento del comercio internacional.

Prácticas Antidumping Si una empresa exporta un producto a un precio inferior al que aplica normalmente en el mercado de su propio país, se dice que hace “dumping”. El Acuerdo sobre la OMC no regula las acciones de las empresas que incurren en “dumping”. Se centra en la manera en que los gobiernos pueden o no reaccionar ante el dumping; establece disciplinas para las medidas antidumping y a menudo se lo denomina “Acuerdo Antidumping”. Contrato de Compra y Venta Internacional Son importantes los aspectos culturales en una negociación internacional. Es el acuerdo entre dos partes de distintos países en el que el vendedor se compromete a entregar y garantizar al comprador una mercancía y este a pagar un precio en dinero o signo que lo represente.

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Fases del Contrato de Compra y Venta Internacional ·

·

·

La Iniciación: Puede corresponder al vendedor a través de una oferta que expresa una propuesta sobre el bien que se ofrece al comprador. La iniciación también puede corresponder al comprador mediante un pedido u orden de compra. La Negociación: Si la oferta no tiene respuesta del comprador hay una inacción. El comprador puede hacer contra oferta y si el vendedor lo acepta se produce una nueva oferta que reemplaza a la anterior y debe contar con la conformidad del comprador. La Implementación: Es la fase en la que se expiden los documentos financieros y/o comerciales y en la que, además, participan los operadores conexos quienes implementan la transacción comercial desde el acondicionamiento de la mercadería hasta la ejecución del contrato (concertado o suscrito) sin intervenir en lo pactado: Empresas de seguros, Supervisoras, Bancarias, Agencias Consolidadoras de Carga, Almacenes, Agencias de Aduana, Empresas Portuarias, Empresas envasadoras y Embaladoras, de Estiba y Desestiba, etc.

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INCOTERMS

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Incoterms Los Incoterms se crean por las diferencias de las prácticas comerciales en los distintos países, también por las diferentes formas de interpretar (traducir) términos comerciales y técnicos y las permanentes pérdidas de tiempo y dinero por malentendidos. Las características principales de los Incoterms es que son facultativos, identificables, equitativos y adaptables. Estructura de los Incoterms •EXW

•FCA •FSA •FOB

Grupo E

Grupo F

Grupo D

Grupo C

•DAP •DAT •DDP

Grupo E: Envio

•CFR •CIF •CPT •CIP

Grupo F: Cargamento No Pagado

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Grupo C: Cargamento Pagado

Grupo D: Llegada

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Normas de Origen Actualmente no es fácil determinar el origen de un producto, en un contexto en que las materias primas fluyen de un extremo del mundo y pueden ser usadas en procesos productivos en cualquier país.

Tipos de Normas de Origen · ·

Preferenciales: En el Marco de un acuerdo comercial para entregar trato preferencial No Preferenciales: Para aplicar medidas de salvaguardias, derechos antidumping, etc.

Criterios de Evaluación de Origen Las mercancías son originarias cuando son: 1. Totalmente obtenidas o producidas 2. Producidas a partir de materiales originarios y no originarios: Anexos de Requisitos Específicos de Origen (REOS) 3. Producidas a partir de materiales originarios exclusivamente. Sistema de Origen en el Perú El Perú aplica Normas de Origen Preferenciales y No Preferenciales. Las Normas de Origen Preferenciales se encuentran enmarcadas dentro de un esquema general que contiene los criterios de origen basados en ALADI y CAN. Se usan los certificados de origen Los procesos de verificación de control en ALADI y CAN son muy generales e involucran a las aduanas en la etapa inicial del control del origen ya que la etapa de determinación en casos de controversias es llevada a cabo por el MINCETUR. El origen en los TLC · · · ·

Complejidad en la aplicación de los nuevos criterios de origen. Mayor flexibilidad de cumplimiento del origen que los esquemas tradicionales. Certificados de Origen o Autocertificación. Verificación de origen.

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3er Año ·

Resoluciones anticipadas de origen.

Acuerdos Comerciales Un acuerdo de integración es una forma de cooperación internacional mediante la cual dos o más países se comprometen a eliminar las barreras comerciales entre ellos, mantener una política comercial común frente a terceros, facilitar la libre movilidad de factores y coordinar sus políticas económicas hasta llegar a tener una moneda común. Esquemas de Liberalización Comercial · · ·

Unilateral: por iniciativa propia del país, independientemente de lo que los demás países hagan. Multilateral: acuerdos que involucran a un gran número de países (ejemplo la OMC). Regional: involucra a un número particular de países (CAN, NAFTA, CAFTA, TLC Chile, etc.)

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DUMPING

TEMA

Dumping o competencia desleal se refiere a la práctica de vender por debajo del precio normal o a precios inferiores al costo con el fin de eliminar a la competencia y adueñarse del mercado. La palabra generalmente se utiliza solo en el contexto de las leyes del comercio internacional en donde el dumping se define como la práctica en donde una empresa establece un precio inferior para los bienes exportados que para los costos de producción que tiene la empresa desde el país a donde se importan esos bienes, sacando de competencia a la empresa local. Los defensores del libre mercado ven el dumping como algo beneficioso para los consumidores y creen que los mecanismos proteccionistas para evitarlo tienen consecuencias negativas. Los sindicalistas y otros defensores de los obreros sin embargo creen que la salvaguarda de las empresas nacionales frente a prácticas abusivas tales como el dumping, ayudan a aliviar algunas de las consecuencias más severas de libre comercio y entre las economías en diferentes etapas de desarrollo. Según la Organización Mundial de Comercio (OMC) el dumping es condenable (pero no está prohibido) cuando causa o amenaza con causar un daño importante a una rama de producción nacional en el país importador. Tipos de Dumping ·

·

·

Esporádico: La venta a pérdidas esporádica es una discriminación ocasional de precios provocada por la existencia de excedentes en la producción de un mercado doméstico, por lo que el productor, para no desequilibrar su mercado interno, y a su vez evitar los costos financieros implícitos, desvía estos excedentes al mercado internacional a precio por debajo de coste. Sería comparable a las ventas por liquidación. Este tipo de dumping aumenta el bienestar potencial del país importador. Predatorio: Es clasificado como práctica desleal de competencia y como la forma más dañina de venta a pérdidas. Consiste en la venta por parte del exportador de la producción en el mercado externo, logrando una pérdida, pero ganando acceso al mismo y excluyendo así la competencia. Posteriormente aumenta el nuevo precio para obtener ganancias monopólicas. Es decir, el dumping logra una pérdida inicialmente, ya que espera alcanzar una ganancia a largo plazo. Persistente: Práctica continua de exportar por debajo de precios para maximizar utilidades, aprovechando la existencia de diferencias en la elasticidad del precio de demanda del mercado interno contra el de exportación.

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Efectos del Dumping Puede ocasionar: · · ·

Daño material importante. Amenaza de daño. Retraso en la creación de una industria.

De acuerdo con la OMC (Organización Mundial del Comercio), el daño puede reflejarse en: · ·

Precios. Cantidades.

Legislación Antidumping Existe un acuerdo que rige la prohibición del dumping y es el denominado como Acuerdo General para el Comercio y Aranceles, de las siglas GATT, cuyo principal propósito es defender a las empresas dentro de los diferentes mercados comerciales. Si durante el desarrollo de tu negocio o empresa, aprecias que existe competencia desleal, puedes acudir a este acuerdo internacional, para que estudien tu caso particular y, en caso de ser necesario, adoptar las medidas oportunas.

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MARKETING INTERNACIONAL

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Marketing

Proceso social mediante el cual grupos e individuos logran lo que necesitan y desean mediante la creación, oferta y libre intercambio de productos y servicios que tienen valor. Es un sistema total de actividades de negocios cuya finalidad es planear, fijar el precio, de promover y distribuir los productos satisfactores de necesidades entre los mercados meta para alcanzar los objetivos corporativos. Marketing Internacional En palabras simples el marketing internacional es la aplicación de los principios de marketing a través de fronteras nacionales. Sin embargo, hay una transición entre que se expresa generalmente por el marketing internacional y marketing global las cuales son palabras iguales. También se entiende como el proceso por el cual las personas y las empresas: · · ·

Identifican las necesidades y los deseos de los consumidores de diferentes mercados internacionales Ofrecen productos, servicios, tecnologías e ideas de forma competitiva para satisfacer las necesidades y los deseos de los diferentes grupos de clientes en diferentes mercados Ofrecen sus productos y servicios a nivel internacional utilizando una o varias modalidades de penetración de mercados extranjeros.

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3er Año El marketing internacional tiene formas que van desde el comercio de exportación e importación a licencias, inversiones conjuntas, subsidiarias y redes propias, entre otros. Importancia del Marketing Internacional · ·

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El marketing internacional es la herramienta utilizada para alcanzar la meta de mejoramiento de la situación actual propia. El mercadólogo internacional está sujeto a una nueva serie de factores macro ambientales, a diferentes restricciones, y a frecuentes conflictos derivados de las diferentes leyes, culturas y sociedades. El marketing es una actividad a nivel internacional, que necesita continuarse agresivamente, quienes no participen en las transacciones, están expuestos al marketing internacional y sujetos a sus variables influencias.

Enfoques Comerciales del Marketing Internacional Hay 3 enfoques comerciales:

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ENTORNO DEL MARKETING INTERNACIONAL

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Elementos del Entorno del Marketing Internacional

Elementos del Marketing

Externos

Internos

Político-Legal

La Empresa

Económico

Proveedores

Demográfico

Intermediarios

Geográfico

Clientes

Sociocultura

Competidores

Elementos Externos · ·

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Político-Legal: El sistema político y legal determinan el marco en el que se desarrollan las diferentes actividades desempeñadas por las personas y organizaciones. Económico: La valoración del entorno económico debería empezar con evaluación de las variables económicas relacionadas con el tamaño y la naturaleza del mercado. Es imprescindible considerar variables relativas a la economía y sus diversas características: Infraestructura, PBI, y participación extranjera en la economía, etc. Demográfico: Los elementos a considerar son: El Tamaño de la población, la tasa de natalidad y mortalidad, la estructura de edad, el género, el tamaño y número de las familias, la ocupación, la educación. Geográfico: Tendencia a estudiar sus efectos más que como agentes causales del entorno de marketing. Los elementos a considerar son: Clima y Topografía, barreras naturales, cambios de la naturaleza, tendencias, demografía, recursos naturales, Responsabilidad Social. Sociocultural: Elementos: Idioma (Verbal, No verbal), Religión, Estética.

El éxito en el extranjero es mucho más una función de adaptabilidad cultural: paciencia, flexibilidad y tolerancia para las creencias de otros

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INVESTIGACIÓN DE MERCADOS

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La investigación de mercado proporciona a las empresas información esencial sobre clientes, competidores y el mercado. La investigación de mercado es tan importante para los negocios internacionales. El éxito de las empresas en los mercados extranjeros dependerá de su investigación del mercado internacional. Razones Principales para una correcta Investigación de Mercados ·

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La diferencia en el Mercado Internacional de Investigación La diferencia entre la investigación de mercado nacional e internacional es la importancia de los detalles más pequeños. Las diferencias en los detalles más pequeños pueden influir en su éxito. Identificar el mercado potencial, canales de comercialización, precios adecuados, definir el segmento de mercado, entre otros. Determinar de qué forma se pueden obtener los mejores resultados con ese producto.

Atributos de la Investigación Las cualidades o atributos que habrá de reunir una investigación deben ser tales que la muestren como: · · ·

Ordenada, sistemática y planificada Objetivos bien definidos y si es posible medibles (número, %) Información clara, precisa y fidedigna

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¿Para qué se realiza una investigación de Mercados? Conocer potencialidad de aceptación de un producto en un mercado determinado. Reducción de riesgos de apreciación del mercado en cuanto a demanda, canales de comercialización, precios, gustos de los consumidores, competencia.

Proceso de Investigación de Mercados Internacionales

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SELECCIÓN DE MERCADOS INTERNACIONALES

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La selección del mercado ideal para exportar es un aspecto crítico para las empresas, principalmente para aquellas que no tienen dinero y no cuentan con experiencia previa. Estructura para una preselección de mercados ·

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Criterios de preselección o Preferencias arancelarias o Exportaciones actuales del Perú o Exportaciones de países competidores Preselección basándose en datos estadísticos o Volumen de importaciones o Tasa de crecimiento de las importaciones o Valor unitario promedio del país competidor Selección del mercado de exportación o Acceso al mercado o Tamaño del mercado o Competencias

Matriz de Preselección de Mercados En principio se debe establecer una escala para indicar el riesgo potencial del mercado, que generalmente está en el rango del 1 al 5 (donde 1 significa alto riesgo y 5 significa bajo riesgo). Una vez establecida esta escala se puede proceder con las siguientes actividades: ·

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Identificación de Posibles Mercados: Se deben elegir alrededor de 5 países potenciales para la exportación del producto. Esta selección inicial se puede decidir mediante las estadísticas de exportación e importación, cruzándolas con la tendencia de crecimiento de estas variables a lo largo de un periodo mínimo de 5 años. La elección se debe realizar en principio, tomando los países que cuenten con un mayor volumen de importación. Identificación de Variables Criticas: Las variables que deben elegirse para poder comparar aquellos países y saber cuáles son los más atractivos para la exportación, dependerán del enfoque que la empresa quiera tomar. En líneas generales, estas variables deben considerar por lo menos a las siguientes: Preferencias arancelarias, Exportaciones actuales del Perú, Exportaciones de los países competidores del Perú. Establecimiento de Ponderaciones: Se trata de un aspecto muy sencillo y consiste en determinar los porcentajes de peso que tendrá cada una de las variables determinadas. Esto dependerá de cuál de ellas es percibida como crítica y cual tiene una consideración promedio.

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MARKETING MIX

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Producto Todo aquello que se puede ofrecer a un mercado para su atención, adquisición, uso o consumo para satisfacer una necesidad. Incluyen objetos físicos, servicios, eventos, personas, lugares, organizaciones, ideas o combinaciones de todo eso. A fin de diferenciar sus ofertas, además de simplemente fabricar productos y prestar servicios, las empresas están desarrollando y administrando “experiencias”. Niveles de Productos · · ·

Producto Principal: Producto o beneficio principal Producto Real Producto Aumentado

Marca Las marcas representan las percepciones Y sentimientos que tienen los consumidores hacia un producto y su desempeño. Todo lo que el producto o servicio significa para los consumidores. Las marcas existen en la mente de los consumidores. UNA MARCA PODEROSA DISFRUTA DE UN ALTO NIVEL DE CONCIENCIA DE MARCA Y LEALTAD POR PARTE DEL CONSUMIDOR Una marca poderosa constituye la base para crear relaciones sólidas y redituables con el cliente.

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Ciclo de Vida del Producto Se divide en 4 fases: · · · ·

Introducción: Ofrecer un producto básico. Crecimiento: Ofrecer extensiones de producto, servicio y garantía. Madurez: Diversificar marcas y modelos. Declinación: Elimina los artículos débiles.

Precio Cantidad de dinero que se cobra por un producto o servicio. Único elemento del marketing mix que produce ingresos, todos los demás producen costos. Costo La suma de esfuerzos y recursos en cantidad de dinero que se han invertido para producir una cosa. Factores que afectan la fijación de precios · · ·

Percepciones del valor por parte del cliente. Costos de la compañía. Estrategia global de marketing de la empresa.

Principales estrategias de Fijación de Precios ·

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Basada en el Valor para el Cliente: Entender que tanto valor le dan los clientes al producto y fijar un precio consecuente a ese valor. Por lo tanto, esta estrategia está impulsada por el cliente. Basada en los Costos: Poner un precio al producto en base a cuanto ha sido el costo de fabricación de este y añadiéndole una ganancia para la empresa. Esta estrategia está impulsada por el producto. Basada en la competencia: Establecer los precios con base a los de los competidores. Los consumidores podrán elegir entre productos similares con precios similares.

Razones por las cuales no es recomendable competir en base a precios · · ·

Es una acción muy visible. Fácilmente imitable. Es mejor utilizar estrategias con resultados a largo plazo.

Plaza o distribución Variable del Marketing Mix que contacta la producción con el Consumidor. Métodos y medios que se usarán para hacer que el producto llegue a su mercado. Su función es poner el producto a disposición del consumidor final en el momento que lo necesite y en el lugar que desee adquirirlo. Crea la utilidad de tiempo, lugar y posesión. Importante en la formación y en el concepto de imagen y prestigio de la marca de un producto, así como de la empresa que lo produce. Contribuye a la lealtad de marca.

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3er Año Red de Entrega de Valor

Sistemas de Venta/Distribución

Canal de Distribución Lugares donde ofreceremos nuestros productos o servicios según sea el caso de la empresa y la estrategia de márketing. Intermediario Persona o negocio que opera como enlace entre los productores y los consumidores finales. Nexo entre el productor y su mercado-meta. Intervienen activamente en la compra y venta. Promoción Es la combinación específica de herramientas de publicidad, promoción de ventas, relaciones públicas, ventas personales y marketing directo que la empresa utiliza para alcanzar sus objetivos de publicidad y marketing. Las comunicaciones integradas de marketing implican identificar al público meta y desarrollar un programa promocional bien coordinado para despertar en él la respuesta deseada. Existen 2 factores que apoyan el cambio en las comunicaciones actuales: · ·

Desarrollo del marketing dirigido, por medio del cual se cultivan relaciones más estrechas con los clientes en micromercados más definidos. Cambio al marketing segmentado, apoyándose en nuevas tecnologías que permiten llegar a segmentos de clientes más pequeños y de forma más personalizada.

La fragmentación de mercados ha provocado una fragmentación de los medios. Herramientas de Promoción · · · · ·

Publicidad: Cualquier forma pagada de presentación no personal por un patrocinador identificado. Ventas Personales: Presentaciones personales de la fuerza de ventas. Promoción de Ventas: Incentivos a corto plazo para fomentar las ventas. Relaciones Públicas: Forjar buenas relaciones con diversos públicos que hacen publicidad favorable gratis. Marketing Directo: Comunicación directa con personas para obtener una respuesta inmediata.

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E-COMMERCE

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Es mucho más que transacciones de comercio electrónico. Es la redefinición de medio antiguos, con la ayuda de la tecnología, para maximizar el valor del consumidor. Es el uso de internet para tener una completa conexión con clientes, “partners”, proveedores, interorganización. Tener integradas sus aplicaciones para compartir información interna y externamente, haciendo uso de internet. Es una estrategia completa. Estrategias de acercamiento a las personas · ·

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Marketing Tradicional One to One: Es aquel marketing que supone una interactividad directa con el usuario. Permission Marketing: Es el marketing realizado con las personas que han dado consentimiento o aceptado recibir el mensaje, la publicidad que se envía en su mayoría encaja con su perfil. Marketing Mix: Todas las acciones que comprende el marketing destinadas a posicionar nuestro producto y/o servicio en un segmento de mercado. Marketing Co-branding: Es un mecanismo mediante el cual dos o más empresas trabajan juntas para hacer crecer sus respectivas marcas.

Tácticas de acercamiento a las personas ·

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Marketing Relacional: Es una manera diferente de acercarse al cliente, ofrecerle distintas alternativas, para que sienta que la empresa le brinda un servicio extra. El marketing relacional se basa en la Teoría de las 4Cs: cliente, características, canal, comunicación. Su centro es el cliente. Marketing Viral: Es una de las razones de crecimiento exponencial de las empresas en internet. Sería el equivalente popular boca a boca. Marketing directo: Telemarketing, Marketing por correo, mailing, marketing por catálogo, etc ¿Qué es el E-Commerce? Transacción por medios electrónicos Empresas “virtuales” Proyectos nuevos e innovadores

Brindan productos o servicios sin la necesidad de poseer locales de atención al público ni de vender por otros medios

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INTRODUCCIÓN A LA CONTABILIDAD Y ORGANIZACIONES 129

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CONTABILIDADCONCEPTOS BASICOS

La Información dentro de la Organización

La Contabilidad como Sistema de Información

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3er Año Contabilidad Financiera y Gerencial

Estados Financieros Es la descripción de los resultados operativos que se observaron durante el año inmediatamente anterior y una exposición de los nuevos desarrollos que afectarán a las operaciones futuras. Los Estados Financieros básicos son: ·

Estado de Situación Financiera (Balance General): Es el estado financiero que presenta la situación económica - financiera de una empresa a un momento determinado. Tiene como fin presentar una relación de recursos (activos) de la empresa, así como de sus fuentes de financiamiento (pasivo y capital).

ACTIVO = PASIVO + PATRIMONIO

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Estado de Resultados (Ganancias y Pérdidas): Cumple la importante función de mostrar las utilidades o pérdidas contables que la empresa obtuvo durante un período o ciclo contable.

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Estado de Cambios en el Patrimonio Neto: Es un estado financiero que muestra los cambios en el patrimonio de una entidad durante un periodo dado. Estado de Flujo de Efectivo: Es un estado financiero que presenta la información sobre la liquidez de la empresa por un período de tiempo: entradas y salidas de efectivo durante un período.

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LAS TRANSACCIONES

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La transacción es todo acontecimiento que afecta la situación financiera de la empresa y se puede registrar objetivamente. Ejemplos de transacciones: Compra de bienes destinados para la venta, pago de servicios públicos, venta de bienes o servicios, adquisición de activos fijos, pago de deudas a proveedores, cobranza a clientes. Cuentas de Balance y de Gestión o Resultados

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Activo: Los activos representan los recursos económicos de propiedad de la empresa, que tienen la potencialidad de generar beneficios futuros. Existen 3 tipos: activos disponibles, exigibles y realizables. Pasivo: El pasivo representa las deudas y obligaciones contraídas por la empresa con terceros. Patrimonio: Representa los derechos de los accionistas en la sociedad. Comprende el capital aportado por los socios y los resultados de la sociedad.

Ingresos: Al vender servicios y/o bienes se percibe dinero o nacen derechos de cobro a favor de quien los recibe. Se produce un ingreso cuando aumenta el patrimonio y este incremento no se debe a nuevas aportaciones de los socios. Aumentan el patrimonio de la empresa.

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Costos/Gastos: Los Costos / Gastos son la medida de los recursos consumidos o los valores perdidos por la entidad durante un periodo dado. Los gastos siempre van asociados a los ingresos. Se reconoce un gasto en forma inmediata en el estado de Resultados cuando éste corresponde al período de generación del ingreso. Disminuyen el patrimonio de la empresa.

Las transacciones originan un registro contable que se anota en el libro diario y se traslada al libro mayor. De la información obtenida se estructura el balance de comprobación y los estados financieros.

Las Cuentas Célula básica de la información contable. Es la herramienta que permite registrar las transacciones. Instrumento de representación del valor económico de los elementos patrimoniales de la riqueza y la renta. Muestra la situación inicial, aumentos, disminuciones y permite conocer la situación (valor económico) en cualquier momento. Sirven para “llevar la cuenta” del valor económico de cada elemento: una cuenta por cada elemento. Tipos de Cuentas · ·

Cuentas de Balance: Son las cuentas que están en el Balance General, es decir, las cuentas del Activo, Pasivo y Patrimonio. Cuentas de Gestión: Son las cuentas que están en el Estado de Resultados, es decir, las cuentas de los Ingresos, Costos-Gastos y Utilidades.

Las transacciones que se realizan en un negocio tienen impacto en las cuentas. Para poder aumentar o disminuir dichas cuentas, se han establecido reglas muy sencillas, las cuales son básicas para el registro de las operaciones. Dichas reglas se reducen a saber qué movimiento contable se debe realizar para aumentar o disminuir cada una de estas cuentas.

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TEORÍA ORGANIZACIONAL

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Es una herramienta o un medio que las personas usan para coordinar sus acciones con la finalidad de obtener algo que desean o valoran, también es lograr un esfuerzo coordinado para definir las tareas y las relaciones de subordinación. Organizar significa definir quien hará que y quien le reportará a quien. Estas tienen tres actividades: Subdividir las tareas en puestos de trabajo, combinar puestos para formar departamentos, delegar la autoridad. Una empresa bien organizada tiene una buena asignación de sus recursos y un mejor su uso que una desorganizada, también cuenta con gerentes y colaboradores motivados comprometidos con el éxito de la organización. ·

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Organizaciones sin fines de lucro: Se caracterizan por no perseguir el beneficio económico en la realización de sus actividades, su función básica es la de producir o generar impacto social en sus usuarios. Organizaciones con fines de lucro: Organizaciones creadas intencionalmente para generar rentabilidad económica por sus actividades mediante la producción de bienes o la prestación de servicios. También llamadas empresas.

¿Por qué existen las Organizaciones? Porque pueden crear más valor trabajando juntos que por separado, también para satisfacer las necesidades de los clientes a través del esfuerzo conjunto de los que trabajan en una organización y para que los miembros alcancen objetivos que no podrían lograr de manera individual debido a las limitaciones individuales.

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Ventaja Competitiva: Capacidad de una compaña de superar a otra ya que sus líderes pueden crear más valor de los recursos que disponen.

¿Qué es la teoría organizacional? La teoría organizacional es el estudio de cómo funcionan las organizaciones, y cómo influyen en el ambiente donde operan y son afectadas por este.

Por lo tanto, existe una relación entre teoría organizacional con la estructura, cultura, y diseño y cambio organizacional

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Diseño Organizacional: Proceso mediante el cual los gerentes seleccionan y administran aspectos de estructura y cultura, de tal forma que la organización logre controlar las actividades necesarias para alcanzar sus metas. Cambio Organizacional: Proceso por medio del cual las organizaciones rediseñan sus estructuras y culturas para moverse de su estado presente actual a un estado futuro deseado y así aumentar su eficacia.

Ciclo de Vida de las Organizaciones Las organizaciones experimentan una secuencia predecible de etapas de crecimiento y cambio. El ciclo de vida organizacional es la secuencia de etapas de crecimiento y desarrollo por las que las organizaciones pueden pasar. Los objetivos y las estrategias se MODIFICAN de acuerdo a las etapas del ciclo de vida de las organizaciones

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LA PLANEACIÓN

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¿Qué es la Planeación? Definir objetivos, estrategias para lograrlos y coordinar las actividades. · ·

Eficacia: Logro de objetivos Eficiencia: Se orienta a elegir los mejores medios y recursos para lograr objetivos.

Antes de dedicarnos a hacer algo en forma eficiente, tenemos que estar seguros de que hemos encontrado algo acertado para realizar.

Marca una dirección

Establece los criterios para controlar

Objetivos de la Planeación

Reduce la incertidumbre

Minimiza el desperdicio y la redundancia

Matriz FODA Cuatro diferentes combinaciones o cruces, que reflejan Fortalezas/Oportunidades, Debilidades/Oportunidades, Debilidades/Amenazas ·

diferentes escenarios: Fortalezas/Amenazas,

Diagnostico Interno:  Fortalezas: Aspectos positivos en la organización, que permiten a una empresa participar con ventaja en la creación de valor agregado.  Debilidades: Aspectos negativos en la organización, en los ámbitos anteriormente señalados, que podrían afectar, a la larga, el desempeño empresarial de la firma.

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Diagnostico Externo:  Oportunidad: Es aquella situación del entorno, en la que uno o más elementos del mismo se tornan favorables a la empresa.  Amenaza: Tendencia o desarrollo desfavorable en uno o más elementos del entorno, que podría conducir, en ausencia de una acción organizacional, a la erosión de la posición de la Empresa.

 Estrategias FO: Uso de las Fortalezas internas con el objetivo de aprovechar las oportunidades externas  Estrategias FA: Uso de las fortalezas de la organización para evitar o reducir el impacto de las amenazas externas  Estrategias DO: Mejora de debilidades internas, para aprovechar las oportunidades externas.  Estrategias DA: Eliminar las debilidades internas y eludir las amenazas externas. Existen 3 tipos de planes y/o estrategias:  Estrategias viables: Estrategias FO  Estrategias realizables con apoyo de la empresa: Estrategias FA Y DO  Estrategias de gran esfuerzo y/o contingencia: Estrategias DA

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