Community.docx

Introduction: A community is a tiny or large social unit (several people) who've something in common, such as norms, religious beliefs, values, or personality. Often - however, not always - areas share a feeling of place that can be found in an area (e.g. a country, town, town, or neighborhood). Durable relationships that expand beyond immediate genealogical ties also identify a feeling of community. People have a tendency to define those cultural ties as important with their id, practice, and functions in social establishments like family, home, work, federal, society, or mankind, most importantly. Although areas are usually small in accordance with personal communal ties (micro-level), "community" could also make reference to large group affiliations (or macro-level), such as countrywide communities, international neighborhoods, and virtual areas. A number of ways to categorize types of community have been proposed. One such breakdown is as follows:

Location-based communities: range from the local neighborhood, suburb, village, town or city, region, nation or even the planet as a whole. These are also called communities of place. Identity-based communities: range from the local clique, sub-culture, ethnic group, religious, multicultural or pluralistic civilization, or the global community cultures of today. They may be included as communities of need or identity, such as disabled persons, or frail aged people. Organizationally based communities: range from communities organized informally around family or network-based guilds and associations to more formal incorporated associations, political decision making structures, economic enterprises, or professional associations at a small, national or international scale. The usual categorizations of community relations have a number of problems: - they tend to give the impression that a particular community can be defined as just this kind or another; - they tend to conflate modern and customary community relations; - they tend to take sociological categories such as ethnicity or race as given, forgetting that different ethnically defined persons live in different kinds of communities — grounded, interest-based, diasporic, etc.

In response to these problems, Paul James and his colleagues have developed a taxonomy that maps community relations, and recognizes that actual communities can be characterized by different kinds of relations at the same time:

Grounded community relations: This involves enduring attachment to particular places and particular people. It is the dominant form taken by customary and tribal communities. In these kinds of communities, the land is fundamental to identity. Life-style community relations: This involves giving give primacy to communities coming together around particular chosen ways of life, such as morally charged or interest-based relations or just living or working in the same location. Hence the following sub-forms: -

Community-life as morally bounded, a form taken by many traditional faith-based communities. community-life as interest-based, including sporting, leisure-based and business communities which come together for regular moments of engagement. community-life as proximately-related, where neighborhood or commonality of association forms a community of convenience, or a community of place (see below).

Projected community relations This is where a community is self-consciously treated as an entity to be projected and recreated. It can be projected as through thin advertising slogan, for example gated community, or can take the form of ongoing associations of people who seek political integration, communities of practice based on professional projects, associative communities which seek to enhance and support individual creativity, autonomy and mutuality. A nation is one of the largest forms of projected or imagined community. In these terms, communities can be nested and/or intersecting; one community can contain another. For example, a location-based community may contain a number of ethnic communities. Both lists above can used in a cross-cutting matrix in relation to each other. Location For more details on this topic, see Community of place.

Possibly the most common usage of the word "community" indicates a large group living in close proximity. Examples of local community include:

A municipality is an administrative local area generally composed of a clearly defined territory and commonly referring to a town or village. Wakefield, Massachusetts is an example of a small town which constitutes a local community. Although large cities are also municipalities, they are often thought of as a collection of communities, due to their diversity. A neighborhood is a geographically localized community, often within a larger city or suburb. A planned community is one that was designed from scratch and expanded more or less following the plan. Several of the world's capital cities are planned cities, notably Washington, D.C., in the United States, Canberra in Australia, and Brasília in Brazil. It was also common during the European colonization of the Americas to build according to a plan either on fresh ground or on the ruins of earlier Amerindian cities. Community service is a free service. Literature Review: Few research works were conducted on the niche index and its application on human community. Some of them are given below: Kanjitani,Y., Okada, N., and Tatano, H. (2005)” Measuring quality of human community life by spatial-temporal age group distributions- a case study of recovery process in a disaster affected region”. Natural hazard review. In this paper calculated spatial-temporal age group distribution through niche index for disaster risk evaluation in Kobe city, Japan. This city was severely damaged by the 1995 Grat Hanshia-Awaji earthquake; it is inferred that the niche index may possibly to damage reduction. Further, community health in the recovery process in the Nagata Ward, Kobe city is evaluated by using the niche indices and related statistical tests. The results show that the quality of the community deteriorated after the disaster even in the area where the building recovery speed was relatively rapid. Ohta, Y., Koyama, M., and Watoh, Y. (2000). “Estimation of survival rate curve at the 1995 Hyogoken Nanba Earthquake Association for the Development of Earthquake prediction”. In this paper, the smash up and injure condition of earthquake are analyzed and predicted

its development by raising the quality of human community in terms of its age group distribution. It showed that the survival rate of persons trapped in the debris decreased sharply over time. It considered the working age people can be the most powerful rescuers and inferred that the number of rescued people depends significantly on the numbers of working-age people are located nearby.

In the purpose of Bangladesh, it is essential to build community that could able to cope with the disastrous effects in terms of protection, evacuation, management and mitigation by understanding its quality. Overlap of different age group populations especially younger and older group bare a significant importance in this case. Young people and elderly people serve as spatial criterion of risk potential against disaster. Distribution of younger and older population can be observed through the niche index, shows overlapping values of these two populations that express the quality of the community. These indices used as ecology, are employed as measurement techniques and are interpreted in terms of safety and communication that proposes disaster risk evaluation which may possibly pertain to damage reduction (Kanjitani,Y et al, 2005). For evaluating the community’s status of recovery from a disaster, it is look at the invisible community environment as well as the physical recovery situation. Ecological modeling is one possibility for evaluating the quality of life because the human community is considered to have several features in common with animal communities, especially in terms of pursuing safety (Kanjitani,Y et al, 2005). In a human community, youths are a strategic segment of the population and organized youth can bring about critical changes in society. Their concentration in a community indicates healthy condition of such community. Thus, if the elderly population of a community becomes concentrate and polarized and young population relatively segregated from the elderly, that makes the quality of community deteriorated after the disaster, even in the area where building recovery speed is relatively fast. The spatial and temporal distribution of age groups assumed that different degrees of overlap between age groups, which is referred to as the cohabitative communication level, represent the health of the community in daily life including safety in case of disasters. In both case of safety and communication assumptions, the ‘niche index’ can be a good measure for evaluating the quality of community life and monitoring the invisible and constantly changing human community situation (Kanjitani,Y et al, 2005). It is assumed that the loss of elderly people is reduced to a greater when the working age people are located close to the elderly, as compared with the situation in which the working-age people are located far from the elderly i.e. the more the young people are

segregated from the elderly, the more the community become deteriorated. This measurement study through niche index of a disaster-affected community implies the scale of deterioration of that community. In Bangladesh, various types of disaster are affected which deteriorates the community’s health in terms of safety, security, excavation and communication. Community health against disaster indicates the deterioration level of a community. Community health relates to the population and resource allocation and their availability, affordability against disaster. In a human community, youth are considering as powerful widget of influencing community condition, as they are active portion of the human society. Bracketed within the age group of 15-30 years, the youth constitute over 30% of the population of the Bangladesh. And around 6% of the total population of Bangladesh constitutes the elderly population who are slow imperceptive, progressive degenerative process advancing with chronological age, leading to increased functional deterioration and vulnerability. The rate of their increase is fairly high, i.e. the elderly population (aged 60 above) in Bangladesh in 1911, 1951, 1981, 1991 and 2000 were 1.37, 1.86, 4.90, 6.05 and 7.25 millions respectively and the projected figures for, 2015 and 2025 are 12.05 and 17.62 millions (Banglapedia,2007). In the case of risk potential against disaster this change in population will have serious consequences in disaster affected community. The ratio of the young and elderly people as well as their overlapping values has a great importance for seeking out the risk evaluation and potentiality against disaster in relation to the damage and recovery condition of a community. As a consequence, community health identification through niche index can be used for the implementation of disaster recovery program and for overall planning of disaster affected region. Conclusion: Joining a community of like-minded people means that have an increased chance of meeting someone who’s willing to take under their wing and mentor. Having a strong community gives much benefit. Community building that is geared toward citizen action is usually termed "community organizing." In these cases, organized community groups seek accountability from elected officials and increased direct representation within decision-making bodies. Where good-faith negotiations fail, these constituency-led organizations seek to pressure the decision-makers through a variety of means, including picketing, boycotting, sit-ins, petitioning, and electoral politics. Community organizing is sometimes focused on more than just resolving specific issues. Organizing often means building a widely accessible power structure, often with the end goal of distributing power equally throughout the community.