Communicable Diseases

COMMUNICABLE

DISEASE Prepared by: Peter Glen L. Reyes,

Respiratory Anatomy & Physiology 

The respiratory system consists of two main parts- the upper and the lower tracts

Respiratory Anatomy & Physiology The UPPER respiratory system consists of:  1. nose  2. sinuses  3. mouth  4. pharynx  5. larynx  6. epiglottis

ACUTE NASOPHARYNGITIS (CORYZA) 

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Most frequent infectious disease in children Average of 10-12 colds/ year Incubation period2-3 days

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The COMMON COLDS

ETIOLOGIC AGENT 1. Rhinovirus-most common cause 2. Parainfluenza virus 3. Respiratory syncitial virus (RSV) 4. Influenza virus

SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS 1. nasal congestion 2. watery rhinitis 3. low grade fever 4. mucus membrane is edematous 5. cervical lymph node may be swollen and palpable 6. body malaise

TREATMENT Common colds is self-limiting  supportive care  relief of nasal obstruction - use of isotonic saline drops and aspiration  antipyretic or analgesic agents  antitussive is sometimes used for persistent cough 

METHOD OF PREVENTION 1. 2. 3. 4.

5.

Avoid exposing children to any person with fever. Isolation! Disinfection of all articles soiled with secretion of nose and throat. Administration of measles immune globulin to susceptible infants and children. Measles virus vaccines

NURSING RESPONSIBILITIES  Immediate

isolation. Observe signs of complication  Teach, demonstrate and supervise adequate nursing care.  Explain proper disposal of nose and throat discharges.  Disinfection

Streptococcal Pharyngitis  

Strep throat Spread by infected nose or throat mucus through coughing or sneezing

S/sx: pain on swallowing, fever, headache, swollen lymph nodes, swollen hyperemic tonsils w/ OR w/out pus Dx: throat SWAB and culture & sensitivity

Group A beta-Hemolytic Streptococcal Bacteria – Gram (+) bacteria

TREATMENT & MANAGEMENT PHARYNGITIS 1. antibiotics- 10 day-course of oral antibiotics (Pen G or Clindamycin) 2. high fluid intake 3. relief of pain 

COMPLICATION: Rheumatic Fever, Rheumatic Heart Disease, Acute Glomerulonephritis

Communicable Disease  Is

an illness caused by an infectious agent or its toxic products that are transmitted directly or indirectly to a well person through an agency, a vector or an inanimate object

Vector  An

animal,usually an insect or a tick, that transmits parasitic organisms

Ex: Malaria Filiariasis Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever 

Infection  Is

the implantation and successful replication of an organism in the tissue of the host resulting to signs and symptoms as well as immunologic response

Carrier 

Is an individual who harbors the organism and is capable of transmitting it to a susceptible host without showing manifestations of the disease

Contact 

Is any person or animal who is in close association with an infected person, animals, or freshly soiled materials

CONTAGIOUS DISEASE 

term given to a disease that is easily transmitted from one person to another through direct or indirect means

BACTEREMIA 

presence of bacteria in the bloodstream as demonstrated by blood culture.

TOXEMIA -poisonous products of bacteria (toxins) growing in a local site have been distributed throughout the body. A. Endotoxins – toxins which are confined within the body of bacteria and released only when the bacteria is broken down. B. Exotoxin – toxins which exist outside of bacteria and circulate independently of the cell body.

SEPTICEMIA 

means that organism are present and multiplying in the bloodstream.

A. Direct contact- spread of a communicable disease from a patient suffering from a disease or from a carrier who either has recovered but still harbors the active infective organism, or has never had a disease and is immune to it, yet is able to transmit the disease to susceptible person .E.g. sneezing, or coughing, skin or sexual contact. B. Indirect contact – airborne spread of communicable disease by contaminated hands of attendants, bed linen, books ,food, and insects.

ANTIBODIES 

specific immune substances produced in the tissues of man or animal in response to the to the introduction of an antigen into the body.

ANTIBODIES 

A

ANTIGEN 

substances capable of producing antibodies in the body tissues or fluids

ANTIGEN

ANTISERUM 

serum containing specific antibodies obtained from the blood of a recovered patient or an animal that has received repeated doses of an antigen.

ANTITOXIN  substances

found in the blood serum and other body fluids which is specifically antagonistic to some specific toxin.

TOXOID 

a transformation product of a toxin of greatly reduced toxicity but is capable of combining with antitoxin and of inciting the formation of the same within the body.

VACCINE any material for preventive inoculation, particularly a pathogenic microorganisms or its toxins which when introduced into the body, produces active protection against the disease through the formation of antibodies.

RESISTANCE 

the sum or total of body mechanisms which serve as barriers to the progress of invasion of infectious agents.

IMMUNITY the host’s ability to resists diseasecausing agents, usually associated with the possession of antibodies for specific disease.

PROPHYLAXIS 

measures taken to prevent a disease from developing.

PERIOD OF INCUBATION 

period from the introduction of the causative agent into the body up to the appearance of the symptoms.

ENDEMIC constant

presence of a disease or infectious agent within a given geographic area.

EPIDEMIC 

occurrence in the community or region of cases of an illness clearly in excessive of expectancy; an outbreak.

AVENUES OF DISEASE TRANSMISSION/ 5 F’s  Food  Fingers  Flies  Feces  Fomites

The epidemiologic Triad 

I.Host  Patient  Carrier  Suspect  Contact- “exposed”

EPIDEMIOLOGIC TRIAD

II. Agent  Biologic  Chemical  Nutrient  Physical  Psychological

AGENTS 

A

RESERVOIR 

any person, animal, plant or substance in which an infectious agent normally lives and multiplies, on which depends primarily for survival, and where it reproduces itself in such manner that it can transmitted to a susceptible host.

Atopic Dermatitis 2 mos-3 yo  R/t food allergy S/sx: papular and vesicular skin eruptions w/ erythema, pruritus, dry,flaky scales upon healing Mx: reduce allergen, topical steroids NDx: Impaired skin integrity r/t eczematous lesion Nsg care: Reduce allergen Prevent skin dryness and pruritus 

ATOPIC DERMATITIS 

NURSING MANAGEMENT

2.

MEDS: ANTIHISTAMINES, ANTIPRURITICS, STEROIDAL CREAMS Minimize the risk of infection Promote skin integrity Family Health teaching • Cotton fabrics, use mild detergents • Daily baths to hydrate the skin • Use topical moisturizers

3. 4. 5.

Diarrhea Viral – Rotavirus, Adenovirus Bacterial – Shigella, Salmonella, Cholera Protozoan – Amoeba TY PES : Mi ld: fever, irritable, 2-10 episodes/day, dry mucous membranes, tachycardia - 2.5-5% wt loss Mx: oral rehydration

Diarrhea

INFECTIOUS AGENTS: Myobacterium tuberculosis and M. Africanum primarily from humans.

TUBERCULOSIS 

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Highly infectious chronic disease caused by TB BACILLI. Primarily a respiratory disease common among malnourished individuals living in crowded areas.

Tuberculosis 

Early signs of Tuberculosis

Tuberculosis 

Tuberculosis patient

Mode Of Transmission: Airborne droplets method through coughing, sneezing.  Through mucous membrane or break in the skin may occur, but extremely rare.  Bovine tuberculosis from exposure to tuberculosis cattle, ingestion of un pasteurized milk. 

PERIOD OF COMMUNICABILITY: 

“as long as viable tubercle bacilli are being discharged in the sputum”.

SUSCEPTIBILITY AND RESISTANCE  

Most hazardous period – first 6-12 months. Risk is highest in children under 3 years old.

Preventive measures  

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BCG vaccination of newborn, infants and school entrants. Educate the public in mode of spread and methods pf control and importance of early diagnosis. Improve social conditions!!! Make available medical, laboratory and x-ray facilities for examination of patients. Outreach services for home supervision of patients to supervise therapy.

TREATMENT

Category and Treatment Regimen

This treatment regimen is to be prescribed to:

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new pulmonary tuberculosis patients whose sputum is positive. Seriously ill patients with severe forms of: A. smear-negative pulmonary tuberculosis with extensive parenchymal involvement (moderate or far advanced). B. Extra-pulmonary tuberculosis (e.g., meningitis, tuberculosis peicarditis, peritonitis, spinal disease with neurological complication)

Intensive Phase 

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Drugs are given for 2 months ( months 1 and 2) : Isoniazid + rifampicin + pyrazinamide + ethambutol At the end of the second month the maintenance phase of treatment will start only if sputum result is negative by direct smear. If still positive at the end of the second month of directly observed chemotherapy, drug resistance should be suspected.

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SO!!!! All drugs should be stopped for 2-3 days, and sputum specimen sent to laboratory for culture and drug sensitivity tests. Patient should continue the same initial intensive phase with four drugs for another month. The patient should begin the maintenance phase ( with isoniazid + rifampicin) regardless of the result of the 3rd month sputum examination.

**Note: Add PZA 500 mg., INH 100 mg. And Ethambutol 400 mg. For patients above 50 kgs, body weight. Ethambutol should not be used in children under age 6 and below…to report visual disturbances.

Maintenance Phase The following drugs are given for the next 4 months for the maintenance phase.  INH** + Rifampicin given daily for the next 4 months 

Category 1  

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Intensive Phase 2 months

tablets) Maintenance 4 months

Rifampicin 450 mg. Isoniazid 300 mg. Pyrazinamide 500 mg. ( 2 tablets ) Ethambutol 400 mg. (2 Rifampicin Isoniazid

450 mg. 300 mg.

** Note: For patients with tuberculosis meningitis, disseminated or spinal disease with neurological complications, rifampicin and isoniazid should be given daily during the maintenance phase for 7 months. ** Note: Add INH 100 mg. For patients weighing more than 50 kg. Body weight.

Category 2 Prescribed to previously treated patients who are:  Relapses  Failures  Others 

Intensive Phase Following drugs are given daily for 3 months during this phase of treatment: 

Isoniazid* + rifampicin + PZA + ethambutol + Streptomycin* for the first 2 months followed by:

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Streptomycin* + rifampicin pyrazinimide + ethambutol for 1 month.

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At the end of the 3rd month, the maintenance phase of treatment will start only if the sputum result is negative by direct smear.

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If sputum is still positive… Intensive phase will be continued for 1 more month with the same drugs.

Maintenance Phase  

Drugs are given daily for 5 months ( months 4,5,6,7, and 8 of treatment). Isoniazid + rifampicin + etambutol

**Note: Streptomycin should not be given to pregnant women. Add PZA 500 mg. Ethambutol 400 mg. and INH 100 mg.for patients weighing more than 50 kgs. Body weight.

Category II Intensive (2 months)

Intensive (1 month)

Rifampicin 450 mg. Isoniazid 300 mg. Pyrazinamide 500 mg. ( 2 tablets) Streptomycin SO4 1 gm. Rifampicin 450 mg. Isoniazid 300 mg. Pyrazinamide 500 mg. ( 2 tablets)

Ethambutol 400 mg. ( 2 tablets)

Maintenance ( 5 months)

Rifampicin Isoniazid Ethambutol

450 mg. 300 mg. 400 mg. ( 2 tablets )

For 30 – 50 kg. Body weight

Category 3  

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Regimen is to be prescribed to: New pulmonary tuberculosis patients whose sputum is smearnegative for 3 times and chest xray result of PTB minimal. Extra-pulmonary ( not serious).

Intensive Phase Given daily* for 2 months:  Isoniazid* + rifampicin + pyrazinamide 

Note: Add PZA 500 mg. And INH 100 mg. For patients weighing more than 50 kg. Body weight.

Category III Intensive ( 2 months) 

Rifampicin Isoniazid Pyrazinamide

450 mg. 300 mg. 500 mg. (2Tablets )

Maintenance Rifampicin 450 mg. ( 2 months ) Isoniazid 300 mg. For 30 – 50 kg. Body weight.

Management of Pulmonary Patients Who Interrupted Treatment 

This happen when patient does not understand that he need to take ALL his/her drugs for the full duration of treatment.

D.O.T.S. Direct Observation Treatment Short Course

Elements: Political will in terms of funds and manpower.  Sputum microscopy service  Regular drug supply  Recording books to monitor patient progress  Drug intake supervised by health worker 

MALARIA Etiology  Produced by intra ethrocytic parasites of the genius Plasmodium.  Four plasmodia produce malaria in humans: Plasmodium falciparum, P. vivax, P. ovale, and P. malariae.

Signs and Symptoms recurrent chills  fever  profuse sweating  anemia  malaise  hepatomegaly  spleenomegaly 

a 

a

Malaria

Life Cycle of the Malaria Parasite 

Salivary gland of a female Anopheles mosquito are injected under the skin ----- bloodstream to the liver ----- 30,000 parasites are then released as merozoites to produce symptomatic infection as they invade and destroy Red Blood Cells.

Chemoprophylaxis 

Only Chloroquine drug should be given. It must be taken at weekly intervals starting 1-2 weeks before entering the endemic area.

Insecticide Soaking of the mosquito net in an insecticide solution and allowed to dry.  House Spraying 

HOUSE SPRAYING

Recommended Anti-Malaria Drugs  

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Chloroquine phosphate 250 mg. Sulfadoxine (or Sulfate) 50 mg.pyrimethamine 25 mg. Quinine sulfate 300 mg. Tablet Tetracycline hydrochloride 250 mg. Quinidine sulfate 200 mg./ durules

Other Preventive Measures

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Wearing of clothing that covers arms and legs in the evening. Avoiding outdoor night activities, particularly during the vector’s peak biting hours from 9 pM to 3 AM. Using mosquito repellents Planting of Neem trees or herbal plants which are potential repellents.

Prevention!!!

The following should be done: Mass Blood Smear collection  Immediate confirmation and follow-up of cases  Insecticide-treatment  Focal Spraying  Stream Clearing  Intensive Campaign 

DENGUE HEMORRHAGIC FEVER Etiology 

Dengue Virus Types 1,2,3, & 4 and Chikungunya virus

Source of Infection vector mosquito , the Aedes Aegypti or common household mosquito.  Infected person 

Dengue

Description 1. First 4 days- Febrile, abdominal pain and headache; later flushing accompanied by vomiting, conjunctival infection and epistaxis.

2. 4th-7th days – Toxic stage – Lowering of temperature, severe abdominal pain, vomiting and frequent bleeding from gastrointestinal tract in a form of hematemesis or melena. Tourniquet test which may be positive on the 3rd day may become negative due to low or vasomotor collapse. 3. 7th –10th day - Convalescent or recovery stage generalized flushing with interventing areas of blanching appetite regained and blood pressure already stable.

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Mode of Transmission: Mosquito bite ( Aedes Aegypti)

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Incubation Period: Uncertain. Probably 6 days to one week.

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Period of Communicability: Unknown

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Susceptibility, Resistance and Occurrence: All persons are susceptible.

Diagnostic Test

Tourniquet Test ( Rumpel Leads Test )

Management:   

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Supportive Symptomatic Rapid replacement of body fluids Inclusive monitoring

Methods of Prevention and Control Recognition of the disease  Isolation of patient  Epidemiological investigation  Case finding reporting  Health education 

NURSING CARE Keep patient at rest  Maintain an elevated position of trunk and promote vasoconstriction in nasal mucosa membrane.  Use icebag at forehead  Monitor vital signs  Check diet- low fat, low fiber, nonirritating. Noodle soup may be given. 

MEASLES Etiology 

Filterable virus of measles

Source: Secretion of nose and throat of infected person.

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Signs and Symptoms: Fever, rashes, and symptoms referable to upper respiratory tract, (Kopliks spots) may be found on the inner surface of the cheeks. Rash appears on the 3rd or 4th day affecting face, body and extremities ending in branny desquamation.

Note: Death is due to complication: secondary pneumonia.

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Mode of Transmission: By droplet spread or direct contact with infected person.

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Incubation Period: 10 days from exposure to appear of fever, 14 days until rash appears.

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Period of Communicability: During the period of coryza- 9 days, ( from 4 days before and 5 days after rash appears).

Measles

METHOD OF PREVENTION 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

Avoid exposing children to any person with fever or acute catarrhal symptoms. Isolation! Disinfection of all articles soiled with secretion of nose and throat. Administration of measles immune globulin to susceptible infants and children. Measles virus vaccines

NURSING RESPONSIBILITIES      

Immediate isolation. Gamma Globulin – Explain to the family and refer to physician. Observe signs of complication Teach, demonstrate and supervise adequate nursing care. Explain proper disposal of nose and throat discharges. Disinfection

CHICKEN POX ( Varicella ) Etiology : Varicella – goster virus Source of Infection: Secretion of respiratory tract Lesion of the skin.

Mode of Transmission: Direct contact or droplet spread. Incubation Period: 2-3 weeks , commonly 13-17 days Period of Communicability: Not more than one day before and more than 6 days after appearance of the first crop of vesicles. Methods of Prevention and Control: Isolation. Concurrent disinfection of throat and nose discharges.

Chicken Pox

MUMPS ( EPIDEMIC PAROTITIS) The characteristic feature of which is the swelling of one or both of the parotid glands, usually occurring in epidemic form. Etiology: Filterable virus Source of Infection: Secretion of the mouth and nose. Mode of Transmission: Direct contact with person. Incubation period: 12-26 days, usually 18 days

Mumps

Period of Communicability: Begins before the glands are swollen and remains for an unknown length of time, but it is presumed to last as long as any localized glandular swelling remains.

Signs and Symptoms: painful swelling in the front ear, angle of jaws and down the neck.  fever  malaise  loss of appetite  in some boys, swelling in one or both testicles ( orchitis) 

Treatment: Prophylaxis  Active treatment  Diet should be soft or liquid as tolerated 

NURSING CARE 1. Encourage control of scratching to prevent local infection. 2. Assist and direct family in carrying out concurrent and terminal disinfections. Medications : Immune serum may be used for passive immunization. Fever : Reduce fever may be done by aspirin, alcohol rub or TSB.

DIPHTHERIA Etiology: Corynebacterium diphtheria ( Klebs-Loeffler bacillus). Source of Infection: Discharges and secretions from mucus surface of nose and nasopharynx and skin and other lesion.

Description: Acute infection of tonsils, nose, throat, marked patches of grayish membrane from which the diptheria bacillus is readily cultured. Mode of Transmission: Contact with patient Milk has served as a vehicle. Incubation Period: Usually 2-5 days, occasionally longer.

Diphtheria

NURSING CARE 

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Follow prescribed dosage and correct technique in administering anti-toxin infections Comfort of the patient should be a priority. Visiting bag set up should be outside the room of the patient or should be far from the patient and separate set upon a paper towel as in temperature taking may be brought and placed on the bedside table or chair.

WHOOPING COUGH (PERTUSSIS) Etiology: Hemophilus Pertusis or Bordet Gengou Bacillus or Bordetella pertusis or pertussis bacillus. Source of infection: Discharges from laryngeal and bronchial mucous membrane of infected persons.

Signs: Acute respiratory infection, cold which becomes increasingly severe. Vomiting may follow spasm. Cough may last for 2-3 months. Mode of Transmission: respiratory ands salivary contact. Incubation period: 7-10 but nor exceeding 21 days. Period of Communicability: paroxysmal cough confirms provisional clinical diagnosis 7 days after exposure to 3 weeks after onset to typical paroxysms.

Pertussis

NURSING CARE 1.

2.

3.

Focused on prevention and other complications; special attention to diet is needed if patient vomits after cough paroxysms. Teach parents how to pick up the infant or child during paroxysmal cough, giving abdominal support. Care of nose and throat discharges.

TETANUS NEONATORUM AND TETANUS AMONG OLDER AGE GROUP Etiology: Tetanus bacillus ( clostridium tetani ) Source of Infection: Immediate source of infection is soil, street dust, animal and human feces. Incubation Period: Vary from 3 days to 1 month or more, falling between 7 and 14 days in high proportion of cases.

METHOD OF PREVENTION 2.

3.

4.

Pregnant women should be actively immunized in regions where tetanus is prevalent. Licensing of midwives into professional supervision and education as methods, equipment and techniques as sepsis in childbirth. Health education

NURSING CARE 1.

2. 3.

Keep patient away from noise, bright lights or anything that will irritate him/her. Administer medications Report untoward effects to the physician.

PLS. SEE PNEUMONIA AND FLU IN OTHER FOLDER

Cholera is an acute, diarrheal illness caused by infection of the intestine with the bacterium Vibrio cholerae. The infection is often mild or without symptoms, but sometimes can be severe. Mode Of Transmission Food and water contaminated with vomitus and stools of patients and carriers.

What are cholera symptoms? >rice watery diarrhea >vomiting >leg cramps > cyanosis > dehydration and shock >Without treatment, death can occur within hours.

Medical Management  Potassium Replacement  Administer 50-100 ml/hr isotonic  Administer Doxycycline in severe cases Nursing Management  Give ORESOL according to required amount base on age.  Increase intake of liquids to replace lost fluids. Coconut water is said to be rich in potassium, one of the electrolytes found in the choleric stools.  Give light meal foods, solid foods are irritating substances

Incubation Period: From few hours to 5 days; usually 3 days.

NURSING CARE 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

Continue and increase frequency of breastfeeding* Give additional fluids. “am”, soup, cereals. Fluids and electrolytes make patient comfortable. Oresol according to required amount based on age.

TYPHOID FEVER is a systemic bacterial infection characterized by diarrhea, systemic disease, and a rash -- most commonly caused by the bacteria Salmonella typhi.

TYPHOID FEVER Etiology: Salmonella typosa, typhoid bacillus Signs: Systemic infection characterized by fever, malaria, anorexia, slow pulse, involvement of lymphoid tissues especially ulceration of Peyer’s patches, enlargement of spleen, rose spots on trunk and diarrhea.

Mode of Transmission: Direct or Indirect contact with patient. Principal vehicle are food and water. Hands of carrier. Flies are vectors. Period of Communicability: As long as typhoid bacilli appear in excreta; usually appearance

Signs and Symptoms

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Early Symptoms fever malaise abdominal pain rash of red spots on the chest and abdomen chills Sweating Bloody stools Loss of appetite In severe cases inflammation of the Spleen and Bones delirium erosion of the intestinal wall leading to hemorrhage

Medical Management  Administer antibiotics such as ciprofloxacin or chloramphenicol reduces the severity of symptoms.  Give intravenous fluids and electrolytes.

Preventive Measures  Educate the public about proper processing,

preparation, and serving of food.  Adequate water treatment, waste disposal,

and protection of food supply from contamination are important public health measures.  Instruct patient and family on procedures of

Nursing Management  Provide tepid sponge bath.  Monitor the temperature.  Increase fluid intake.  Assess the skin for presence

of rose spots particularly on the abdomen area.  Carry out the medications as

per doctors order.  Provide proper hygiene.

It is transmitted through food or drinking water contaminated by feces or urine of patients or carriers.

NURSING CARE 1.

2.

3.

Bedside care such as TSB, feeding, changing of bed linen use of bedpan and mouth care. Any bleeding from rectum, stools, acute abdominal pain, restlessness, falling of temperature should be report to the physician. Take TPR and record.

HEPATITIS A 

( INFECTIOUS HEPA, EPIDEMIC HEPA, CATARRHAL JAUNDICE)

Etiology: Hepatitis A virus

Predisposing Factors: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

poor sanitation contaminated water supplies unsanitary method of preparing and serving food malnutrition disaster and wartime condition

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Incubation Period: 15-50 days depending on dose; average 28- 30 days Signs:  influenza  malaise and easy fatigability  anorexia and abdominal discomfort  nausea and vomiting  lymphaedenopathy  jaundice accompanied by pruritus  bilirubinemia and clay colored stool

Management/ treatment 

Prophylaxis- “IM” injections of gamma globulin

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CBR

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Low fat but high in sugar

Prevention and Control: 1. 2. 3. 4.

insure safe water for drinking sanitary method in serving food proper disposal of feces and urine washing of hands

HEPATITIS B 

hepatitis is a disease of the liver which can be caused by viruses, bacteria, protozoa, toxic chemicals, drug and alcohol.

H 

A

Signs and Symptoms:         

Loss of appetite Easy fatigability Malaise Joint and muscle pain Low grade fever Nausea and vomiting Right side abdominal pain Jaundice Dark-colored urine

Mode of Transmission: 1. From person to person 2. Parental transmission 3. Perinatal transmission – leaks across placenta, injury during delivery.

High risk groups to Hepa B Infection 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

Newborns, infants and children of infected mother. Localities where occurrence of Hepa B is high. Sexual and household contacts. Health workers exposed to handling blood. Requiring frequent blood and plasma transfusion. Active heterosexuals and homosexuals. Commercial sex workers Using intravenous drugs.

Preventive Measures 1.

2.

3.

Immunization with Hepatitis B Vaccine among infants and high groups with negative HB sag test. Wear protection such as gloves, mask, eye cover when dealing with blood specimen. Washing of hands.

Preventive Measures 1.

2. 3. 4.

Avoid injury such as sharp instruments as needles, scalpels, blades, etc. Observe safe sex practices. Proper screening for Hepatitis B Adequate rest and diet.

Management and Treatment 

NO SPECIFIC TREATMENT… SYMPTOMATIC AND SUPPORTIVE MEASURES AS ANALGESICANTIPYRETIC ARE GIVEN.

RABIES (HYDROPHOBIA, LYSSA) 

acute viral encephalomyelitis caused by the rabies virus, a rhabdovirus of genus lyssavirus.

Mode of Transmission: 1.Bites of a rabid animal whose saliva has a virus. 2. Transmission from man to man is possible. Incubation Period: 2 to 8 weeks. It can be longer depending on the severity of the wounds.

Sign and symptoms 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

6. 7.

sense of apprehension headache fever sensory changes spasms of the muscles of deglutition on attempts to swallow. paralysis delirium and convulsions

Management: 

Wound must be washed with soup and water. Antiseptics such as povidine may be applied.

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Give antibiotics and antitetanus immunization.

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Observe the dog for 14 days… if it dies, consult a physician.