Common Diseases

DISEASE

CAUSATIVE AGENT

MODE OF TRANSMISSION

DIPTHERIA

Corynebacterium diphtheriae

direct contact with contaminated secretions from respiratory passages or saliva of carrier. Indirect transmiswsion from drinking fountains, cups, toilet seats, toys and others

MALARIA

Protozoan Parasite: Plasmodium Vivax, Plasmodium Falcipicarum, Plasmodium Malariae. Plasmodium Ovale

Vectorborne, Zoonotic: mosquito bite by the female Anopheles with P.vivax, etc.

Salmonella typhosa

Contact: food and water contaminated by stools and urine of carriers - feces, food, flies, fomites, fingers

Clostridium botulinum

Ingestion of uncooked or improperly canned or preserved food

TYPHOID FEVER

BOTULISM

DYSENTERY

Shighella dysentariae, Flexner, Boydii, Sonne, Vibrio Comma, Ogawa, Inaba, El Tor, direct or indirect fecal-oral Entamoeba histolyca transmission from a carrier

SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS

DIAGNOSTIC TESTS

TREATMENT

Nasal - irritating nasal discharge, usually serosanguinous and foul smelling with excoriated nares abd upper lip due to frequent wiping. cervical or submaxillary glands enlarged Pharyngeal - sore throat causing dysphagia, fever in which prostration is pronounced, pseudomembrane in the soft palate, uvula and tonsils. Bull neck appearance. Shick test, Moloney's Laryngeal - aphonia, weezing on test, nose and throat expiration, dyspnea, swab

Medical care: neutralize toxins antidiphtheria serum after negative skin test, epinephrine/corticosteroid, penicillin, thacheostomy, endotracheostomy Nursing care: CBR up to 2 weeks, maintain patent airway - suctioning, positioning

Cold Stage(10 to 15 mins - chills, shivers and shakes, chattering of the teeth, cool skin with gooseflesh. Hot Stage - (4 to 6 hours) - recurring high fever, severe headache, nausea, vomitting, abdominal pain, face is blue and pinched Diaphoretic Malaria Smear, Stage - excessive sweating, Quantitative Buffy weakness, pallor Coat

Medical Care : Quinine, Aralen, Primaquine, Pansidan, Atabrine. Nursing Care : During cold stage provide blanket, warm drinks, warm bath During Hot stage - tepid sponge bath, alcohol rub, cold compress, loose clothing During Doaphoretic stage: keep patient dry, increase fluid intake

Prodromal stage: headache, malaise, chills, fever, body aches, vomitting, diarrhea Fastigeal/Pyrexial stage: exanthem - rose spots, ladderlike fever, enlarged spleen, typhoid psychoses - coma-vigil look, difficulty sticking out tongue, carphologia, subsultus tendinum, constant tendency to slip down toward foot of bed Defenescence stage: intestinal hemorrhage and perforation, cough and hypostatic congestion of the lungs, pneumonia, Blood culture - during leukopenia prodromal stage Lysis/convalescent stage: signs Widal test, typhoid. and symptoms subside but Urine culture patient is still vulnerable to fatal Stool Culture relapse

Medical care: Chloromycetin Nursing Care: regulation of the diet, prevention of dehydration, hygiene and comfort

extreme weakness, dizziness, difficulty in breathing, swallowing and speaking, marked vertigo, disturbances of vision Stool culture

Medical care: fluid, electrolytes, potassium. Nursing care: CBR and comfort measures

Bacillary: chills, fever, nausea, vomitting, tenesmus, mucoid and bloody diarrhea, constipation, extreme thirst and rapid dehydration Cholera: acute colicky pains, mild diarrhea, mental depression, headache, vomitting, fever, extreme thirst, thickly furred tongue, violent cramps in lower extremities, shrivelled face, sunken eyes, ashy skin Amoebic: vomitting, tenesmus, severe abdominal cramps, diarrhea alternating with constipation, stools are mucopurulent, foulStool Exam smelling and with bloody streaks Rectal Swab

Medical Care: IV therapy, antibiotics or antiprotozoan agent Nursing Care: rehydration