Climate Report Walhi Diy

FoE Japan

limate change is happening, and it has already affected people’s lives in East Asia. Areas already vulnerable to natural disasters such as tropical storms and the sinking of coastal areas are especially at risk. In order to reduce their vulnerability, adapt to current impacts, and prepare for the unavoidable future impacts of the climate crisis, the levels of environmental, social, and economic capacity need to be expanded and improved. Assessment of present impacts and the understanding and participation of local people in all regions are essential for the effective implementation of relevant measures initiated by local communities. They should be supported by policies and financial support from governments and international funding agencies. This fact sheet shows local impacts and potentials of adaptation referred to IPCC Fourth Assessment Report, local studies, and local people’s voices from field surveys.

Impacts and adaptation practices in Southeast Asia (from IPCC 4AR) Heat waves

More hot days and warm nights and fewer cold days and nights (trend from 1961 to 1998)

Intense rains and floods

Examples include increased occurrence of extreme rains causing flash floods in Vietnam, landslides and floods in 1990 and 2004 in the Philippines, floods in Cambodia in 2000

Droughts

Droughts in 1997–1998 caused massive crop failures, water shortages, and forest fires in various parts of the Philippines, Laos, and Indonesia

Cyclones/typhoons

On an average, 20 cyclones crossed over the Philippines, with about eight to nine landfalls each year from 1990 to 2003

Up to one billion people could face risks due to n Reduced agricultural production n Shrinking water supplies n Increases in extreme weather events More vulnerable people will face n Reduced access to profitable livelihood opportunities n Less access to areas fit for safe and healthy habitation

In the case of a temperature rise over 2.5°C, non-irrigated farmland would see n Significant reduction of rice and wheat crop productivity n Loss of net revenues of between 9% and 25%.

Future impacts

Agriculture and food security

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n n n n

Higher risks in heavily populated mega-delta regions Increased flooding from the sea (storm surges) River flooding Higher incidence of endemic morbidity and mortality due to diarrheal disease associated with floods and droughts

n

n n n n

Use of crop varieties that are more salt-tolerant and resistant to heat/drought, disease, and pests in areas under water stress Shift planting dates to more effectively use irrigation and prolonged growing seasons Improve design and efficiency of irrigation systems Improve management, storage, and use of rainwater Improve sea barriers and flood management In fisheries, breed fish more tolerant to higher water temperatures

n n n

Recycle water Reduce wasteful water-use practices Plan water management interventions

n n

Raise and strengthen dikes Conserve mangrove trees as effective natural protection against storm surges, erosion, and strong waves

n n n n n

Improve and expand disease assessment Implement a heat watch and warning system Human dimensions Raise awareness about the dangers of natural disasters Implement a community-based disaster management program

n n

Raise awareness about the danger of natural disasters Implement and community-based disaster management program

n

Coastal areas

Options for adaptation Agriculture and food security

Water Resources

Coastal and low-lying areas

Human Health

Human Dimension

1. Geography and meteorology of Indonesia Indonesia is an archipelago of 17,508 islands. The country extends from 06008’ North to 11015’ South and 94045’ to 141005’ East, and includes 3.1 million square kilometers (km2) of territorial waters and 2 million km2 of land. There are two main seasons in Indonesia, the dry season and rainy or wet season. Generally, the dry season extends from April to September and the rainy season extends from October to March. The country includes three basic temperature zones: the coastal plain, inland areas, and mountainous regions. The average temperature in coastal areas is 280C, inland it is 260C, while it is 230C in mountain areas. With a population of 222 million (2006), Indonesia is the world’s fourth most-populous nation.

2-1. Basic information on Yogyakarta and the pilot study areas Yogyakarta is located in the south-central region of the island of Java (7033' and 8012' South latitude), where the average daily temperature is 18°C–35°C. The rainy season begins in September, and there is no rainfall from May to August during the dry monsoon. The soil mostly consists of limestone and is not very

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fertile. The main food crops are rice, soybean, peanut, cassava, and maize. In May 2006, Yogyakarta was hit by a 6.3-magnitude earthquake, which killed more than 5,500 people, injured more than 35,000, and damaged 135,000 houses. These areas are still in the process of recovering, so there are environmental and social vulnerabilities to any kind of climate change impacts, including nature disasters. Communities especially hit hard by the earthquake were in the communities of Soka, Sorotopo, and Bladol, more than 90% of the local people are farmers. They still face water shortages because of a lack of properly functioning irrigation systems and wells. Because of the limestone-based soil and the very deep level of groundwater, people are still having difficulty with getting enough water for agriculture and even meeting daily personal water needs. The main crops are rice, corn, long beans, cassava, and onion, and each household has at least one cow that provides crucial extra income. Spring water is used in priority for drinking and other daily needs that require clean water. Otherwise, farming depends mainly on rainwater.

2-2. Local communities and climate change in case studies of Yogyakarta 1) Impacts on environment * Natural Disasters in Yogyakarta 2003–2007 2003

Flooding (Jan.), landslides (Jan.), landslides (Mar.), flooding and landslides (Mar.), drought (Jun.)

2004

Drought (Jan.), flooding (Mar.), heavy storm (Mar.)

2005

Landslides (Feb.), flooding (Feb.), two tornadoes (Mar.)

2006

Landslides (Jan.), tidal wave (July)

2007

Tornado (Feb.), two tornadoes (Apr.), tidal waves (May, Aug.)

Local people say that they are experiencing n n n n n

an increase in the number of natural disasters such as drought and heavy storms; hotter air temperatures; a decrease in the amount and availability of water resources; a change in the beginning of the rainy season, and a shorter season; and abnormal precipitation patterns (i.e., dry periods of one or two weeks even during the rainy season).

2) Impacts on human life n n n n n n n

a high risk of landslides caused by storms; migration of local people without any government funding or support; a drastic decrease in onion production, a specialty product of this area; lower incomes (farmers switch to the hardier cassava crops, but they bring in less income than onion); a decrease in the number of rice harvests from three times to twice a year; conflicts within the community over spring water; a decrease of income from cows due to lack of nutrition; and increased purchases of water from a private water company.

Strategy Meeting on Adaptation Method

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3) The level of understanding of the local people indicates n n n

a lack of information about meteorology, a lack of interest in climate change issues, and a lack of basic knowledge about global warming.

2-3. Potential activities for local communities n n n n n n n

Change crops to plants more tolerant to dry conditions Search for new sources of groundwater Petition government for support to provide water Feed rice stalks to livestock in the dry season Conserve and manage local forests Implement water resource management programs such as formalizing the supply of spring water and keeping rivers clean Educate people on sanitary practices.

3-1. Basic information on Semarang and the pilot study areas

Sea Level Rising (cm)

Semarang, the provincial capital of Central Java, is located on Java’s north coast. It stretches from 6050 North to 7010 South and 109035 to 110050 East, and encompasses an area of 373.7 km2, which consists of hilly areas in the south (at a slope ranging from about 15–40%) and plains in the north (slope of about 0–2%). Semarang has a SEA LEVEL RISING 2002 - 2007 in Semarang 70 population of approximately 1.4 million people (2006), making it the 60 fifth most populated city in Indonesia, who mostly work in the 50 trade and service sectors. Annual precipitation typically ranges 40 between 2,183 mm and 2,215 mm, 30 with maximum rainfall from December to January. Semarang’s 20 average temperature ranges between 25.80 C and 29.30 C with 10 humidity ranging between 62% to 0 84%. The predominant wind 2005 2003 2006 2004 2007 2002 direction is from the southeast to Year northwest, with an average speed SEA LEVEL RISING (2002 - 2007) of about 5.7 km per hour. Coastal area - Mangkang Kulon and Mangkang Wetan are two areas in the coastal area of the city of Semarang in the Tugu sub-district, which has a coastline measuring 3.5 km long. Most people work in the fishpond and ocean fisheries. Mangkang Wetan measures 347,8 m2 and Mangkang Kulon measures 399,82 m2. The coast of Tugu has been damaged by wave erosion, and there are no barriers to reduce the impacts. When flooding, the water reaches the plains and covers the entire are of fishponds, which has resulted in the loss of an area measuring 2,2 km in length and 30 km wide because of erosion. Only 3.4 km2 of mangrove forest area is left, and more is being lost as time goes on. Agricultural area – Wonoplumbon is a community of 3,683 residents located in the Mijen sub-district, most of them working in agriculture and dependent on rainfall to start their range of crops, which includes durian, rambutan, and timber woods.

3-2. Local communities and climate change in the case study areas 1) Impacts on environment An increase in temperature of 0.20C from 1986 to 2006. Precipitation has decreased as the temperature has increased.

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Coastal area: n n

n

n

sea level has risen an average of 3.7 cm per year Llss of 10 ha of land for fish farming due to the flooding of coastal plains within the last 3 years disappearance of fish from fish ponds because of fish escaping and mortalities due to flooding delay of the beginning of the rainy season from September to November and shortening of the season

Local people say that they are experiencing n

n n

increases in temperature, frequency of flooding, and the occurrence of dengue fever and various diseases; a loss of fresh water; inland retreat of the coastline.

Lack of water

Agricultural area: n n n n n n n

decrease of land for cultivation loss of rice production unpredictable timing of planting season temperature rise decrease in agricultural production a loss of freshwater an increase of drought events

2) Impacts on human life Coastal area: n n

poor quality of products decrease of income due to damaged or destroyed fishponds

Agricultural area: n n

increase in the incidence of disease (e.g., 228 reported cases of dengue ever in 2007) loss of income

3) Level of understanding (coastal and agricultural areas) n n n n n

limited information about climate change lack of interest about climate change no concept of temperature and sea level rise little information available (limited to television) lack of preparation to address the impacts of climate change

3-3. Potential of local community’s efforts Coastal area: n n n n n n n n

Build fishpond dikes higher Cultivate only species of fish that can withstand higher water salinity Plant and conserve mangrove trees Build houses higher Build wave barriers Refrain from developing along coastal areas Change rice fields to fishponds because of higher soil salinity Create water circulation systems in fishponds

Agricultural area: n Change planting times n Increase the volume of production of crops

Glossary Vulnerable: susceptible of wounds or external injuries Heat waves: a wave of unusually hot weather Shrinking: process or result of becoming less or smaller Morbidity: the relative incidence of a particular disease Cyclones: a violent storm Typhoons: a tropical cyclone occurring in the western Pacific or Indian oceans Dikes: a barrier constructed to contain the flow of water or to keep out the sea Surges: a large sea wave Low-lying areas: at a low elevation above sea level areas Inland areas: a area situated in not near the coast Limestone: a sedimentary rock consisting mainly of calcium that was deposited by the remains of marine animals Tidal waves: a vast, swift wave caused by some extraordinary combination of natural causes Erosion: condition in which the earth's surface is worn away by the action of water and wind Dengue fever: an infectious disease of the tropics transmitted by mosquitoes and characterized by rash and aching head and joints

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Sources ]

] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ]

UN Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Fourth Assessment Report Working Group II Report "Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability" http://www.ipcc.ch/ipccreports/ar4-wg2.htm Agricultural Agency in Yogyakarta Statistics Yogyakarta City Development Planning Agency Yogyakarta (BAPEDA) Bagus Discovery for Quality & Diversity http://bagus-discovery.com/map/map_yogyakarta_info.html Agricultural Agency in Semarang Fishery Agency in Semarang Statistics Semarang City Development Planning Agency Semarang (BAPEDA) Field survey including questioner surveys and interviews in local community in Yogyakarta and Semarang by Walhi Yogyakarta and BINTARI Foundation

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