Chptr Intro.docx

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1: INTRODUCTION

The word software was coined by mathematician and statistician John Tukey in a 1958 issue of American Mathematical Monthly in which he discussed electronic calculators' programs.

1.1: Software is often divided into three categories 

System software serves as a base for application software. System software includes device drivers, operating systems (OSs), compilers, disk formatters, text editors and utilities helping the computer to operate more efficiently. It is also responsible for managing hardware components and providing basic non-task-specific functions. The system software is usually written in C programming language.

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Programming software is a set of tools to aid developers in writing programs. The various tools available are compilers, linkers, debuggers, interpreters and text editors.

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Application software is intended to perform certain tasks. Examples of application software include office suites, gaming applications, database systems and educational software. Application software can be a single program or a collection of small programs. This type of software is what consumers most typically think of as "software."

Computer software, or simply software, is a collection of data or computer instructions that tell the computer how to work. This is in contrast to physical hardware, from which the

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system is built and actually performs the work. In computer science and software engineering, computer software is all information processed by computer systems, programs and data. Computer software includes computer programs, libraries and related non-executable data, such as online documentation or digital media. Computer hardware and software require each other and neither can be realistically used on its own. At the lowest programming level, executable code consists of machine language instructions supported by an individual processor—typically a central processing unit (CPU) or a graphics processing unit (GPU). A machine language consists of groups of binary values signifying processor instructions that change the state of the computer from its preceding state. For example, an instruction may change the value stored in a particular storage location in the computer—an effect that is not directly observable to the user. An instruction may also invoke one of many input or output operations, for example displaying some text on a computer screen; causing state changes which should be visible to the user. The processor executes the instructions in the order they are provided, unless it is instructed to "jump" to a different instruction, or is interrupted by the operating system. As of 2015, most personal computers, smartphone devices and servers have processors with multiple execution units or multiple processors performing computation together, and computing has become a much more concurrent activity than in the past. The majority of software is written in high-level programming languages. They are easier and more efficient for programmers because they are closer to natural languages than machine languages. High-level languages are translated into machine language using a compiler or an interpreter or a combination of the two. Software may also be written in a low-level assembly language, which has strong correspondence to the computer's machine language instructions and is translated into machine language using an assembler.

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A diagram showing how the user interacts with application software on a typical desktop computer.The application software layer interfaces with the operating system, which in turn communicates with the hardware. The arrows indicate information flow. Technology in the hotel industry continues to advance at a rapid pace and hotel management software (HMS) remains essential for hoteliers looking to improve the running of their business. With software, hotel operators can streamline their administrative processes and improve their overall hotel management system. The key to reaping the benefits of an effective hotel management software system is to select the right one for your property. It’s critical that you know exactly what this hotel management technology is, and why it is important for you to implement it at your hotel.

1.1:HOTELS AND HOTEL INDUSTRY The primary purpose of hotels is to provide travelers with shelter, food, refreshment, and similar services and goods, offering on a commercial basis things that are customarily

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furnished within households but unavailable to people on a journey away from home. Historically hotels have also taken on many other functions, serving as business exchanges, centers of sociability, places of public assembly and deliberation, decorative showcases, political headquarters, vacation spots, and permanent residences. The hotel as an institution, and hotels as an industry, transformed travel in America, hastened the settlement of the continent, and extended the influence of urban culture.

1.2: Hotels in the Early Republic The first American hotels were built in the cities of the Atlantic coast in the 1790s, when elite urban merchants began to replace taverns with capacious and elegant establishments of their own creation. They hoped thereby to improve key elements of the national transportation infrastructure and increase the value of surrounding real estate, while at the same time erecting imposing public monuments that valorized their economic pursuits and promoted a commercial future for the still agrarian republic. Unlike earlier public accommodations, hotels were impressive structures, readily distinguishable as major public institutions due to their tremendous size, elaborate ornamentation, and sophisticated academic styles. They were often designed by important architects like James Hoban, Charles Bulfinch, and Benjamin Latrobe. Hotels also had a distinctive internal arrangement incorporating grand halls for the use of the public and featuring dozens of bedchambers, which for the first time offered private space to all guests. Building on such a massive scale was tremendously expensive, and hotels cost from eight to thirty times as much as had been spent on even the finest taverns. Early hotels quickly became important centers of politics, business, and sociability. The City Hotel in New York, for example, became the center of the Gotham elite's business pursuits and elegant society balls, and Washington's Union Public Hotel housed the U.S.

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Congress in 1814–1815 after the British army destroyed part of the Capitol. The first generation of hotel building continued into the first decade of the nineteenth century before being brought to a close by the financial failure of many of the first projects and the economic disruptions surrounding the War of 1812. 1.3: Nineteenth-Century Hotels A second period of hotel construction began around 1820, driven by the American transportation revolution. Steam navigation and the coming of the canal age, especially the opening of the Erie Canal in 1825, extended the range of movement along the nation's internal waterways and greatly increased the volume of travel in America. Urban merchantcapitalists constructed a new generation of hotels as part of their mercantilist strategy to claim expanding economic hinterlands for their cities and states. The first of these hotels appeared in leading commercial centers along coastal trade routes, beginning with Baltimore's City Hotel (1826), Washington's National Hotel (1827), Philadelphia's United States Hotel (1828), and Boston's renowned Tremont House (1829). These were followed by similar establishments built at key points along the Ohio and Mississippi rivers, notably Cincinnati's Pearl Street House (1831), Louisville's Galt House (1834), and the St. Charles in New Orleans (1837). These and other second-generation American hotels were much larger and more numerous than their predecessors and established the rectilinear, city-block hotel as a set architectural form that would be repeated in locations all across the growing nation. This phase of hotel development was brought to a close by the prolonged depression that followed the panic of 1837.

The third generation of hotels was catalyzed by the rapid growth of the American railroad system in the decades after 1840, a development that freed long-distance travel from the

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limitations of the river system and recon-figured the nation's transportation network along an east-west axis. Hotels continued to multiply in the East and also proliferated along the advancing frontier of settlement, rising over the prairies and plains in the 1840s and 1850s and appearing in the mountain West in the 1860s and 1870s. The westward advance of hotel construction soon linked up with a counterpart that had originated with Anglo settlement of the Pacific coast and extended eastward. By the time of the centennial, America boasted both a transcontinental railroad and a continental hotel network. Hotelkeepers had meanwhile come to see their operations as constituting an integrated national system. In the 1840s, they embraced new theories and methods of hotel management based on closer supervision and regimentation of employees and regularized contact among managers. In the 1850s, hotel proprietors began to organize their first local trade associations, and in the 1870s they established specialized publications like Hotel World and the National Hotel Gazette that served the industry nationwide. Visitors from overseas constantly commented on the size, extent, and excellence of the nation's hotel system, revealing that as early as midcentury, the American hotel had surpassed the hostelries of Europe and become the leading international standard for public accommodation. Hotel development also involved diversification of hotel types. Most early hotels had been large urban luxury establishments, but newer variants quickly emerged. Resort hotels, designed to accommodate the rising tide of tourists, were built in scenic rural landscapes far from the cities where the hotel form had been born. Commercial hotels, more simply furnished and less expensive than the luxury variant, served the growing ranks of traveling salesmen and other commercial workers set in motion by the burgeoning economy. Railroad hotels were built at regular intervals along track lines to provide passengers and crews with places to eat and rest in the decades before the introduction of sleeping cars. Residential hotels, dedicated to the housing needs of families increasingly unable to afford private houses

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in expensive urban real estate markets, served as the prototypes for apartment buildings. And a frontier hotel form, characterized by wood construction, whitewash, and tiered porches, was built in hundreds of new settlements where travelers and lumber were common but capital was scarce. These and other hotel types soon far outnumbered luxury hotels, though the latter variety received the most attention from journalists, authors, and printmakers, and therefore tended to stand for all hotels in the popular imagination. Hotels were vital centers of local community life in American cities and towns. Their role as important public spaces was in part a continuation of traditional uses of taverns, one that was further amplified by hotels' conspicuous architecture, central location, and spacious and inviting interiors. Merchants and other businesspeople continued to use hotel space for offices, commercial exchanges, and accommodations, but the popular uses of hotels far transcended their economic function. Well-appointed hotel parlors and ballrooms were favored venues for card parties, cotillions, and other sociable events that involved seeing and being seen in refined public settings. By the same token, voluntary associations ranging from debating societies to ethnic brotherhoods and charitable organizations regularly hired hotel assembly rooms and dining halls for their meetings and banquets. Hotels also became major loci of political activity. Political parties and factions often set up their headquarters in hotels, where they held caucuses and made nominations. Hotels served as important public forums, a fact revealed by the large number of published images of political figures making speeches from hotel windows and balconies, hobnobbing in lobbies, and raising toasts in crowded halls. Indeed, such was the political importance of hotels that they were often attacked in periods of domestic strife. The Civil War era, for example, was marked by the burning or cannonading of numerous hotels by Southern sympathizers.

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Hotels also extended their influence over distances because they functioned as a powerful system of cultural production and diffusion. Their role in accommodating travelers made hotels into a frontier between individual communities and the world beyond, with hotel guests acting as cultural emissaries who carried new ideas about aesthetics and technology along the routes of their journeys. Innovations in interior decorative luxury were among the ideas most commonly transmitted. Hotelkeepers spent heavily on refined furnishings as part of their efforts to attract guests, and in so doing transformed decor into a showcased capital good. Because a hotel could afford to spend far more on amenities than could a private family, its interiors constantly tempted guests to emulate a higher standard of living. Midwestern travelers who stayed at fine hotels in St. Louis or New York City, for example, were impressed with the elegance of their surroundings and sought to reproduce them back home in Illinois, Iowa, and Nebraska. Hotels similarly became showcases for household and communications technologies. Indoor plumbing, central heating, elevators, and gas and electric lighting first saw wide public use in hotels, as did the telegraph and the telephone. Authors from Stephen Crane to Bret Harte recognized the ways in which hotels were setting a new pace in American life, and in his classic The American Scene (1907), Henry James found himself "verily tempted to ask if the hotel-spirit may not just be the American spirit most seeking and most finding itself." 1.4: Hotels in the Age of Auto and Air Travel The rise of the automobile in the early twentieth century reordered the nation's transportation regime and marked the beginning of a new hotel age that lasted for more than two decades. The nineteenth-century American hotel system had been predicated upon long-distance, point-to-point, steam-driven water and rail transportation, and the gradual transition to automobility wrought major changes in the hotel industry. In an effort to secure the patronage

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of drivers, existing hotels added parking facilities, and new establishments incorporated them into their building plans. Other developers created the motor hotel, or motel, a new hotel variant which, instead of being located in cities and other travel destinations, was typically sited on inexpensive land along the roads in between. The automobile also influenced the hotel industry in construction and management techniques, as Fordist mass production fostered a corresponding drive for standardization and scale in hotels. E. M. Statler was the foremost figure in this cause. In 1908, he opened the first chain of hotels dedicated to his belief that hospitality should be made as similar as possible in every location. Statler's success with a business model based on cost cutting and scientific management made him the leading hotelier of his time and an important influence upon twentieth-century hotel administration. By 1930, as the Great Depression was putting a definitive end to this period of hotel building, the Census Bureau counted more than 17,000 hotels in the United States. The American hotel industry expanded at a previously unseen pace following World War II. The three-decade economic boom of the postwar years increased the incidence of commercial travel and sent incomes soaring, and the success of organized labor distributed wealth more evenly and made paid vacations a reality for millions of workers. Meanwhile, the creation of the interstate highway system and the emergence of safe and reliable passenger aircraft made travel easier and more broadly subscribed than ever before. Hotels emerged as an important terrain of struggle in the conflictual domestic politics of the era. When civil rights activists demanded an end to racial discrimination in public accommodations, the special legal status of hotel space became a crucial consideration in the litigation strategy of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP). It was no coincidence that the constitutionality of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 was definitively established by the Supreme Court's ruling in Heart of Atlanta Motel v. United States.

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Hotels were similarly implicated in international politics. Americans ventured abroad in increasing numbers during the postwar years, and the nation's hotel industry expanded globally in order to accommodate them. In the context of Cold War geopolitics, Americanowned hotels in foreign countries also served as exemplars of the benefits and vitality of capitalism. Conrad Hilton in particular spoke of his company's overseas properties, particularly those along the Iron Curtain, as valuable assets in the fight against communism. In a world simultaneously divided by politics and connected by transportation, hotels were important symbolic sites. The American hotel industry benefited greatly from the uneven prosperity of the 1980s and 1990s and entered the twenty-first century as a large and fast-growing segment of the national economy. The hotels of the United States employed well over 1.4 million people and collected more than $100 billion per year in receipts. They formed a dense network of 53,000 properties comprising some 4 million guest rooms nationwide. Internationally, the industry operated more than 5,000 overseas hotels with over half a million rooms. From its beginnings as an experimental cultural form, the American hotel became a ubiquitous presence on the national landscape and developed into an immense and vital national industry. The hotel system transformed the nature of travel, turning it from an arduous and uncertain undertaking of the few into a predictable and commonplace activity of the many. On the way, the hotel became instrument, ornament, symptom, and symbol of America's continental and international empire.

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1.5: What is hotel management software? Hotel management software is technology that allows hotel operators and owners to streamline their administrative tasks while also increasing their bookings in both the shortand long-term. Your hotel management system is not only important for your own day-to-day operations, but it’s a vital part of the overall guest experience. From the beginning of your guests’ online booking journey until the completion of their stay and their feedback once they return home, it is necessary for your hotel management technology to enhance their experience with your brand. Finding a hotel management system that offers the features you both need and want is necessary to effectively managing your hotel in a global economic climate.

1.5: The purpose of management systems for hotels Management systems serve several purposes for both hotel operators who manage large chains as well as independent hoteliers. These include:

1. Managing bookings Your property management system should help you efficiently and effectively manage your bookings. Neither you, nor your staff, should be tasked with manually inputting bookings and managing those across all your distribution channels. A property management system should automate the booking process for you, allowing you to escape the back office and focus more on interacting with your guests.

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In addition, it significantly reduces the risk of overbooking your rooms, which directly improves the guest experience at your property.

2. Direct bookings It should allow you to actively drive direct bookings to your website. Travellers today are more apt to book online than they are to call to finalise bookings or partner with a travel agent.

Direct bookings allow you to maximise the revenue that you generate per booking. You should only consider software that integrates with an online booking engine.

3. Channel management Hotel management technology should allow you to easily implement your distribution strategy. Creating partnerships with different types of agents in the industry, such as OTAs and GDSs, is necessary to survive in a competitive, global climate.

Managing hotel with software that offers a channel manager will allow you to create and implement a diverse distribution strategy that continually drives bookings.

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4. Hotel website: Your software should help enhance your online presence. Your hotel management system is only effective if your guests can reach your brand. Choosing a program that offers a web editor or website creator will allow you to create a clean, appealing and user-friendly website that will encourage guests to book a stay at your property.

1.6: Types of Hotel Management Software There are various types of hotel management software to consider. These include: Property Management Systems: A property management system manages your day-to-day tasks, such as accepting reservations, noting cancellations and creating your daily manifest. It’s a critical tool to effectively running a hotel of any size in today’s travel industry. Channel Managers: A channel manager is a distribution software program that allows hoteliers to connect with various agents. The agents have access to real-time availability and they are able to resell your rooms for a commission. Online Booking Engines: Online booking engines are a hotel technology tool that allow you to accept online bookings directly on your website. It’s an absolutely necessary technology component for any hotel. Pricing Tools: With a pricing tool, you can develop a more effective revenue management strategy. Instead of manually changing your rates and calculating the revenue that should be generated on each room, you can use an innovative pricing tool to automate the process. It minimises your stress while boosting your revenue simultaneously.

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Website Creators: Your website provides travellers with a window into your property, which is why it is necessary that you have a cohesive website with visual and multimedia elements that entice guests to book with you. An effective website creator will optimise your website for SEO while allowing you to create a personalised experience for your past, present and future guests. 1.7 : How to Choose the Right Hotel Management Software Selecting the right hotel management software begins with identifying the features that you want and need. There are many options to choose from, some of which offer one or two of the features listed above and some that integrate with other technology to give you all the features you need. It is most important that you look for a solution that integrates all features, so you can optimise your hotel’s efficiency and increase your return on investment.

You also will want to select hotel management technology that is affordable. Your technology needs to work for your business, and not against it. You need to get the features you both need and deserve at a price that makes it worthwhile.

The only way to know that you have found the right technology solution for your hotel is to try it out. With a free demo, you are able to utilise the system and see how it works for yourself. You will discover that the features are simple to use and that they allow you to streamline your daily responsibilities while also giving you the ability to focus on the big picture. You might just decide that managing your hotel with software has never been simpler for you and your staff!

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SiteMinder is the leading cloud platform for hotels of all sizes, in all destinations. If you are looking for an all-in-one hotel management technology solution, then this is the hotel management software for you. To find out more about SiteMinder and how it can improve your hotel, begin your free demo today. 1.8: Importance of Hotel Software for Small & Mid-Size Hotels The importance of Hotel Management Software or Property Management System for hotels cannot be stressed enough anymore. It is one of the most important factors which contribute significantly to the long-term success of a hotel. In recent years, there has been a rise of budget travellers around the world which has led to rise in number of small to mid-size hotels in the industry. This has drastically changed the landscape of the Hospitality industry in general and also directly affected the Hospitality IT industry. Hotel Management Software (HMS) BuyerView 2014, a survey conducted by HMS research firm Software Advice, who surveyed 385 randomly selected buyers in 2013. The survey was conducted in order to discover what exactly buyers expect or want when they are choosing software for their property. According to the report, 54% of hotel management software purchasers in the industry are independent small to mid-size hotels. The report also states that majority of the buyers are adapting to the latest software in order to leave behind the manual management of their property and buyers who are specifically looking for a software which offer reservation and online booking facilities.

1.9: Majority of Purchaser are small to Mid-size Hotels

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Majority of the owners or managers, who are looking for a software solution represent (57%) properties which have 10 to 50 rooms. A combined 11 percent of buyers are from very small properties such as B&B’s, Inns, chain hotels, or large hotels with 500 plus rooms.

1.10: Independent Hotels, Resorts and Inns are the Primary Customer When consulted with various managers and owners of different property types, the report found that around 1 percent is looking for software for a large hotel or a chain hotel. This is not surprising as the big brands usually have to go for in-house or corporate-mandated software. The rise of independent properties is very evident from the fact that majority of the buyers (54 percent combined) comprised of independent hotels, inns, and resorts.

1.11: List of hotel management softwares that are used in hotel industries

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Finding the right software to run operations such as automated check-ins and concierge services is a big key to hotel efficiency. Luckily, many tools create seamless data sharing between machines and people, and open up a lot of opportunities when it comes to managing your business. Below you’ll find ten top hotel management software tools that are revolutionizing how hotels operate. 1. eZee Front desk Many hotels use this brainchild of eZee Technosys for hotel reservations, rate management, revenue maximization, and event management. In fact, EZee Frontdesk is rated among the fastest growing softwares in the property management realm. Plus, it makes linking of smart devices such as tablets and smartphones possible, which adds its versatility.

2. Hotelogix Hotelogix is used in over 100 countries worldwide. It entails a single-point dashboard and a multi-device booking engine capability. Additionally, the software is available in nine languages and allows the integration of third-party software such as Jovago and TripAdvisor.

3. Maestro PMS Maestro offers hotels and hospitality establishments a host of cloud-based solutions spanning front desk, hotel reservations, POS, and event management. It consolidates efficient property management into a single tool and gives you the option to install on Windows-based systems or run directly from the cloud. 4. Hoteliga

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Hoteliga is a cloud-based hotel management software that makes invoicing, hotel reservation, revenue control and customer management as easy as possible. It also incorporates multicurrency support which is an important aspect often overlooked in competing companies. 5. FCS CosmoPMS FCS Cosmo tools give hoteliers the power to create a seamless flow of data used for reservation confirmations, front desk operations, and real-time monitoring of resources. That’s why it’s a great choice to optimize room-assignment efficiency and simplify check-in. And you’ll love how it maintains company, guest, and travel-agent data to help you manage revenue, rate-setting, and customer discounts.

6. SkyTouch Hotel OS

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This property management software from Skytouch Technology is designed for desktops, tablet devices, and smartphones. It’s optimized to help with real-time operations monitoring, hotel reservation services, front desk operations, inventory management, resource distribution, sales, housekeeping, and catering management.This property management software from Skytouch Technology is designed for desktops, tablet devices, and smartphones. It’s optimized to help with real-time operations monitoring, hotel reservation services, front desk operations, inventory management, resource distribution, sales, housekeeping, and catering management. 7. Cloudbeds Cloudbeds is a hotel management software designed to simplify hotel operations management via its integrated management suite. That suite includes reservation management, room assignment, accounting, and housekeeping tools. As an added bonus, the software works seamlessly with top travel sites such as TripAdvisor and Expedia. And it’s been rated among the top choices in its class.

Consider these tools and see how you can automate your operations and increase your hotel’s efficiency. Your guests (and your employees!) will thank you.

8. Smart Hotel Software Smart Hotel Software contains a set of tools suitable for central reservations, guest relationship management, housekeeping, and more. It includes features like guest folios, check-in and check-out confirmations, advance deposit alerts, integrated POS, and information sharing capabilities across multiple platforms.

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9. Tracktik Tracktik is an intuitive piece of software that allows hoteliers to manage perhaps the single most important resource in any business: the workforce. It lets your management keep track of your teams and makes sure the business stays efficient. Not to mention that it streamlines operations via cloud management services, mobile-based solutions (both Android and iOS) and desktop platforms. It even offers powerful finance-management modules.

10. Hotel Management Software by Monkport Technologies This Monkport software entails a host of features aimed at automating hotel management. It can be deployed from the cloud, or on Windows, Android, iOS devices, and SaaS platforms. Generally, it’s used to manage reservations, front desk operations, guest experience, and employee management.

Consider these tools and see how you can automate your operations and increase your hotel’s efficiency. Your guests (and your employees!) will thank you.

2: Hotel Reservation System i. Problem Statement 

Hotels have been around for a very long time, using various methods of keeping records. Historically, hotels have kept paper records in filing cabinets. However,

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hotels are much larger now with many customers to keep track of with regard to types of accommodations, whether low budget, luxury, or somewhere in between, as well as smoking or non-smoking preferences. Keeping track of large customer bases and all their attendant details would require an inordinate space for file cabinets, not to mention the time employees would spend going back and forth to file cabinets looking up each client’s information Problem that will be faced by the hotel’s worker are: 

Difficult to handle data accurately and security because of the data lost, viewing by unauthorized people, can’t collect the data at the time. Storage problems (Update, Search, Delete, Edit), these types of methods are not accessible and not carry with the manual method Unable to analyse past data Security wise is not guarantee to all information and data’s

The reasons why we proposed this new system are:

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To build relationships with investors, secure hotel management contracts and successfully

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manage the hotel investments, underpinning asset values.

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Manage hotels by human resource policies which encourage and reward individual and

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unified effort and achievement, provide training and personal development opportunities

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and create a working environment in which staff can feel a real scene of job involve.

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The clients can make reservations, enquiries and cancellations via online or via phone.

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Background

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Miri is a growing tourist destination, there has been a good rise in the number of hotels and resorts in Miri and the tourist sector is broadening thus we have chosen this sector to do our project and we are making Hotel Reservation System. The rapid development and commercialization of Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) for the travel and tourism industry has prompted hotels and other enterprises in this sector to increasingly adopt these technologies. The ICT based products and processes help the hotels to enhance the operating efficiency, improve the service experience as well as provide a means to access markets on a global basis. ICTs were used in the hotel industry from the late seventies in the form of Computerized Reservation systems and Global distribution systems Objective

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Our goals and objectives are straightforward and seek to ensure we run a professional, profitable and ethical company, building relationships with customers, suppliers and investors, driving business at the hotels and developing the business as a whole. It is also to adopt best commercial practice and ethical standards in dealing with clientele, suppliers of goods and services and other contacts. Market the hotels through recognised and trusted Brands (if appropriate), selected agencies and direct marketing initiatives from the hotels, to high standards of ethics and taste.

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The guest will pass the registration form of the system if he wants to check-in and the system will automatically give the vacant room to the guest. The system will produce a sales report to the manager and print a guest folio that shows the bill of the guest.

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This system will help to make their booking and sales reports and also the manual recording of customer, to keep their records and accounts would be easier and to retrieve it any time they want.

The general requirements for a new customer are: in order for the customer to make a reservation: 

They need a first and last name, valid address, credit card number, and phone number. They will be informed about the two towers we have, the different room types available, and the prices for each of the room types. Then the customer can make an informed decision in what they want. After the reservation is complete the hotel database will assign a customer ID number to the new customer. But as far as the customer is concerned they are simply given a confirmation number for their reservation, which they present upon arrival

How the current system work As the database development team, we will be creating a database which will have a three actor system. There will be the following actors: customer, employee, and administrator. Each will have a varied level of access to the details of the hotel and reservations made at the hotel. The customer will provide biographical information which will be entered in and alterable by any of the three actors. The main business process focused around the database will be creating reservations for the hotel. After the employee submits the customer’s preferences a query will be done to the database to find a suitable accommodation. As a secondary process we will allow modification of data states by the Administrator (i.e. change which floors are smoking/non-smoking).

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Make a Reservation 

Actor(s): Hotel Employees, Administrators

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Description: Employee/Admin will be prompted with menu screen. After choosing “Employee” and “Make a Reservation”, they will enter in the Customer ID Number. (Note: If it is a new customer, they must enter in the Customer Information before making a reservation – see Use Case: Add a Customer). The screen should populate the customer’s first and last name, address, phone number, and credit card information. Employee must enter in the date of arrival and departure, tower choice, and room type. The room number will be populated by availability, so they may choose any room number in the list. After clicking button “Reserve Room Now”, a confirmation number will be created.

b. Add a Customer 

Actor(s): Hotel Employees, Administrators

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Description: Employee/Admin will be prompted with menu screen. After choosing “Employee” and “Add a Customer”, they will enter in the first and last name, address, city, state, zip code, phone number, and credit card information. After clicking button “Add Customer Now”, a customer ID number will be created.

c. Cancel a Reservation 

Actor(s): Hotel Employees, Administrators

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Description: Employee/Admin will be prompted with menu screen. After choosing “Employee” and “Cancel a Reservation”, they will enter in the confirmation number. After clicking button “Cancel Reservation Now”, a cancellation number/date will be created.

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d. Change Floor Smoking/Non Smoking Status 

Actor(s): Administrators

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Description: Administrators will be prompted with menu screen. After choosing “Administrators”, and “Change Floor Status”, they will select the floor to change and enter in either S or NS. After clicking button “Change Floor Status”, the floor will be changed to new status.

e. Change Room Pricing 

Actor(s): Administrators

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Description: Administrators will be prompted with menu screen. After choosing “Administrators”, and “Change Room Pricing”, they will select the room type and enter in new price. After clicking button “Change Room Pricing”, the price for the room type will be updated.

f. Change Contact Information 

Actor(s): Customers, Employees,

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Description: They will be prompted with menu screen. After choosing “Change Contact Information”, they will enter in the Customer ID. Select from the menu what needs to be changed. They will enter in the new changes for customer. After clicking button “Change Contact Info Now”, the customer information will be updated.

g. Add Customer Preferences 

Actor(s): Customers, Employees, Administrators

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Description: They will be prompted with menu screen. After choosing “Add Customer Preferences”, they will enter in the Customer ID. Select the number of

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items requested for each preference. After clicking button “Add Customer Preferences”, the customer preferences will be added. h. Change Customer Preferences 

Actor(s): Customers, Employees, Administrators

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Description: They will be prompted with menu screen. After choosing “Change Customer Preferences”, they will enter in the Customer ID. Select the preference that needs to be changed. Enter in new amount for that preference. After clicking button “Change Customer Preferences”, the customer preferences will be updated.

i Check Availability of Hotel 

Actor(s): Customers, Employees, Administrators

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Description: They will be prompted with menu screen. After choosing “Check Availability”, they will choose tower they would like to stay in. After clicking button “Check Availability”, the page should display the room types, prices for room types, and number of rooms available.

j. Profit by Date Report 

Actor(s): Administrators

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Description: Administrators will be prompted with menu screen. After choosing “Profit by Date”, they will enter the start and end dates (this time frame will show the profit made). After clicking button “Show Me the Money”, the page should display the room types and profit made for those types.

k. Reservation Receipts Reporting

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Actor(s): Employees, Administrators Description: Employees and Administrators will be prompted with menu screen. After making a reservation, they will enter the customer’s ID number where the reservation receipt page should display and print out the most current reservation information.

l. Popularity of Rooms Report by Date and/or Time 

Actor(s): Administrators



Description: Administrators will be prompted with menu screen. After choosing “Popularity of Rooms Report”, they will enter the start and end dates (this time frame will show the profit made) and/or choose a time from (e.g. 9AM to 11AM). After clicking button “Print Report”, the page should display and print out the room types and amount of reservations made for those types.

v. Estimate Resource: a) Time Time means the time that required for a team of personnel to develop a system with a well structure and well defined purposes and scope. b) Cost Tangible cost Tangible Cost

Unit

Amount

Total

1

RM 5,000.00

RM 5,000.00 RM

Development Costs System

Analyst System

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Architect

1

RM 5,000.00

5,000.00 RM

Programmer

2

RM 5,000.00

10,000.00 RM

Designer

1

RM 5,000.00

5,000.00 RM

ProjectManager

1

RM 4,000.00

4,000.00 RM

Resource Manager

1

RM 5,000.00

5,000.00 RM

Clerk Accountant

1

RM 2,000.00

2,000.00 RM

Staff

1

RM 5,000.00

5,000.00 RM

20

RM 2,000.00

40,000.00

RM 15,000.00

RM 15,000.00

RM 13,000.00

RM 26,000.00

RM 2,000.00

RM 2,000.00

RM 1000.00

RM 1000.00

Software Costs Software License Hardware Costs Personal Computer Pentium IV 1.7GHz Operating Costs

2

Stationary & Maintenanc Miscellaneous Costs Conversion Total

RM 125,000

c. Development staff Like in most other businesses, managing people is the most complex and difficult aspect of running a hotel. Managers demand optimal and sustained employee performance because of

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the importance and frequency of interaction with guests. Consequently, managers and their organizations are required to provide the environment, compensation, and motivation to make it worthwhile for employees to deliver that level of performance. This research document focuses on the following dimensions of personnel management: 1: Staff Capabilities: effective hiring practices 2. Structure and Design of Training Programs: building systems to support ongoing training (training manuals, flexible training schedules, accountability for training) 2: Performance Management: addressing and preventing absenteeism; the “levelling off” effect; instilling quality and sales mind-sets 4. Morale Systems: incentives and

and rewards; career

path planning Main Features • Save the client's information into the database prior to Booking or Check in. • Customize the type of Hotel rooms with prices. • Booking for the customer for specific date with advance payment. • Check in into the hotel for the duration. • Checkout from the hotel after payment operation. • Each time make a reservation, room status is updated and the customer details are added to your hotel database . • Better option for expensive CRM.

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• This system can be used by all of the hotels. • This project is web-based and is using PHP and Mysql with other web technology.

d. Hardware The equipment (computer) we currently used is still able to perform the system development task. We can only use whatever equipment we have. We cannot buy new hardware because we just change one year before this. Therefore the Project Manager is not allowed us to buy another new hardware. Now, we are using almost the latest hardware that can be found in the market. Application programmers use their own personal computers for coding process. e. Software We just use whatever software the company has to reduce the cost and increase the revenue. Some of the software is even ready with the computers. The software that we used in the development process is: 

Windows 7



Microsoft office 2010



Microsoft Project



Rational Rose



Avira Anti-Virus software



Java Programming Language



Visual C ++ Programming Language

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