Charles I Of England

Charles I of England

Cromwell’s Rise to Power  Gained a seat in Parliament in 1628  Inherited an estate from his uncle  Became a vicegeneral of New Model Army (1645)  Strict Puritan behavior

Charles’s Relationship with Parliament  Inherited political and religious disunity from father  Summoned and dissolved Parliament three times through 1625-1629  Unsuccessfully levied taxes  Petition of Right was passed by both the House of Commons and the House of Lords  Duke of Buckingham assassinated

Charles’s Personal Rule  Ruled for 11 years without convening Parliament  Tightened central control—era marked by peace  “Misuse of power”

Religious Conflicts  He married Henrietta Maria, a French Catholic princess  Charles was accused of “papist conspiracy” against Protestants  Ecclesiastical Court of High Commission  Archbishop of Canterbury William Laud enforced Anglicanism on a Presbyterian Scottish population (1637)  Scottish rebellions led to onset of Bishops’ War (1639)  Charles forced to reconvene Parliament

End of Eleven Years Tyranny  Charles needed money to suppress revolts  Short Parliament dissolved (April-May 1640): attempted to curtail powers  Long Parliament (1640-1660): called after Scots defeated English army at Battle of Newburn (1640)  Attempted to arrest 5 members of the House of Commons (1642)  Power shifted from House of Lords to House of Commons

Two sides      

Parliamentarians Small landowners Puritans Reformists “Roundheads” Southern and eastern provinces (London)

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Royalists Aristocrats Anglicans Conformists “Cavaliers” Northern and western provinces (Wales)

Parliament’s Advantages  Allied with Covenanters (1643)  New Model Army created by Militia Ordinance(1645)  Controlled more ports

The English Civil War  First Civil War (1642-45): Charles is defeated and refuses a constitutional monarchy  Second Civil War (1648-49): Charles allies with the Scottish and is defeated  1649-1653: England under Parliament control  Third Civil War (1650-51): Charles II declared King of Scotland, and is exiled to France by Cromwell  Cromwell’s rule (1653-58): Lord Protector of England  1660: Charles II replaces Cromwell’s son

Battles

 Edgehill (1642): 1st major battle of the war; Charles fails to invade London  Adwalton Moor (1643): Royalists victorious and capture Yorkshire  Marston Moor (July 1644): Parliament defeats Royalists  Naseby (June 1645): turning point of English Civil War; New Model Army defeats Charles  Charles surrenders 1 year later

Pride’s Purge  Colonel Pride breaches Long Parliament (1648)  Presbyterians opposed to king removed from Parliament  Remaining Rump Parliament supports Charles’s execution  High Court of Justice set up

Charles’s Beheading  Organized by Cromwell  High Court of Justice accused Charles with high treason against citizens of England  He was beheaded on Jan. 30, 1649

Legacy of Charles I  A “martyr of the people”  Only person to ever be canonized by Anglican church  Set a precedent for parliamentary monarchy

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Works Cited "Charles I of England -." Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Web. 09 Oct. 2009. . Cromwell. Dir. Ken Hughes. Prod. Irving Allen. By Ken Hughes. Perf. Richard Harris and Alec Guinness. Columbia Pictures, 1970. DVD. "The English Civil War. - U.S. Politics Online: A Political Discussion Forum Archives." U.S. Politics Online: A Political Discussion Forum Archives - Iraq War, Peace, Public Policy, Campaigns and Elections, Activism, Consumer Affairs, Civil Rights & Liberties, Healthcare, Abortion, Drugs & Alcohol, Environment, Gun Rights & Control, Education, Media, Ideology, Philosophy, Religion. Web. 10 Oct. 2009. . Evans, Colin. Great Feuds in History: Ten Struggles that Shaped the World. New York: Barnes and Noble, 2001. Print. Giles, Howard. "A brief history of the English Civil War." EventPlan Home Page. 2006. Web. 09 Oct. 2009. . Kagan, Donald, Steven Ozment, and Frank M. Turner. The Western Heritage Since 1300 (9th Edition). Upper Saddle River: Prentice Hall, 2006. Print. "King Charles the First 1600-1649." British Civil Wars, Commonwealth and Protectorate, 1638-60. 7 Mar. 2007. Web. 09 Oct. 2009. .