Chapter Seven Study Guide

Statesof Consciousness

t"'

OVERVIEW CHAPTER

t il l.

i

a\\rilrenessof oursclrres;rnd our' Conscior-rsrrcss-()Ltr stirtt's. cnvironr-r-rcr-rtcirn Lrc expcriencecl in r.'arior-rs c so t o n l v n o r n r a I c o n s c i o L r s r r c s s , C - h a p t re 7 c x i r r - n i r - r n but also slccp .'rnclilrcanring, hypnotic stirtcs, drr.rgancl ncar-rleathcxpericnccs. .rltcreclstr.rtcs, M o s t o f t h c t c r n r i r r o l o g vi n t l ' r i sc l ' r . r p r t oi s' i n t r o . l r r c c c li n t h t ' s c c t i o r r so n S l c e p a n c l l ) r e a m s a t r d o t r Anrot.tg tlrt' issues clisDrugs arrd Corrsci()Llsness. arc w,hv i,r,cslccp irncl tlrcanr, whcthcr hypnocr,rssccl s i s i s a u r r i q u c s t a t e o i c o r " r s c i o u s n c sisr n, c l p o s s i l r l e p s l r c h ( ) l ( ) g i c a rI r t ls o c i a | - c u I t t r r arIo o t s o f c l r u g r , r s c .

t I

i.slrrrftlrc tip o.f'tltc irrJbrrrrntiorr crurscirrtslcss iL'rl1(t'g; to lngbtlritrdthc brnirrcluts ;rrocr'.ssiirf t l u t t c z t o kitt'; l l t t t r r r i t t go t ro t t t o r r r n tyi ci l o l .

thc historv of ;--rsychologl"s Obiective 1: Discr-rss s t u c l yo i c o t t s c i o u s r t c sas I, r c lc t l t r t r a s ct t t t t s c i t t t trst t t d r . i l t ( ' ( ) l t 5i ( ) t l \ i t t f t r t r t t . t t i 0 t t l r r t l r t ' s s i t t g .

-1.

I hc stLttlvot

was ccntrirl it-t

tht' earl1,'vcars of psychologv anrl itr rccetrt clccaclcs,blrt for cltritt'some tinte it r'r,asclisplacccl b y t h e s t u c l vo l ' o b s e r v . r b l c

\ O T E : A n s w e r g u i r l e l i n e si o r a l l C i h a p t c r7 r l u c s t i o n s b e g i no r r ; r a g e1 9 2 .

rt'latt'

REVIEW CHAPTER

to varior-rsnrcntal states;its tt rcsult,

t-rndboldface []irst, skiln car-hst'ctiou,notirrg hci.rdir-rgs itcrns. Aftcr yorr havc rcacl the st-ctitlt.t,rc','ir-w,r'rrclr obje'ctivc bv arrswcling thc fill-in .rnd esstry-type c l t r c s t i o n st h a t f o l l o r , r , i t . A s y o t r p r o c c e d , c v a l r . r a r t c yotrr perforfflilnce by crlnsultirrg the i]ns\\'ers bergirrnir-rgorr pirgc lc)2.l)o lrot contintrc with thc ncxt scction untiI vou rrnclerst.rnclerrch .]nswer. li yrlr-rncecl to, rcvicw, or rcrcacl the scction irr the textlrook before contintring.

and InformationProcessing Consciousness

j

I !i "i

l I

to reenter psychokrgy. Defirrecortsciousuessiu rr scr-ttetrce.

peoplc resporrcl t

i

bcgan

3. Aske.d to prcss ir br-tttouwherr the1,feel tr ttrp,

(pp 271-273) t

2. Advarrcesitr rrcrtroscictrccmirclcit possiblc to

David Myers at times uses iciiorrs that are un! farniliar to some reaclers.If yotr rlo not know i the r-neaningof alnv of therfolkrwing r,r,ords, i in the context in whrc: h t phrases,or expressic'lrrs they appe.arin the text, refer to page 200 for a:ln f ,l explanation (note that one ite'nrappetrrsin the $ 'rv chapter introduction): o fuutlant'rrtoIt1t'tsIi1t1tt' ht d n t'or l t1/osl conscro cttt rccTtt ; PsrTclro/ogy usrrr'ss; i

(befctre/

after) they become conscioustl-reyhave responded. In comparison lvith unconsciclusprctcessing, consciousprocessinghas a(n) (limited /unlimited) capacity, is relativcly ( f a s t/ s l o w ) , ( l n d p r ( ) c e s s e s pieccsof informatiorr (simultaneously/ seriallv ). 177

I

I

C h a p t e r 7 S t a t e so f C o n s c i o u s n e s s

178

4. When people are at their d a i l y p c a k i n c i r c a d i a n

(require/do not

4. Novel tasks rcclr,rire)conscious atte.ntion.

i s s h a r p e s ta n d

arousal,

i s m o s t a c c u r a t c .I n c o n t r a s t

Sleepand [email protected])

to university students, wlro oftcn are'at their pcak ( r n o r n i r t g / t 'tr' n i n g ) ,

irrthe

I f y o u d o n o t k n o w t h e m e a n i n go f a n v o f t h e i ffollowirrg urrtr,lq nhrnqr'q r f r exprc.ssions e\nrrrqsir)ns i n the flrc X . r. r,l'l 'r.r,r'l 'r.i 'n.ct t) rt,orcls, in plrrases, or contcxt in which thc.yappcar in the text, refer to pagcs 20()-202for an c-xplanation:tnoot'irt t'rtrrt'cr t; bod q tlcp r csst'tl; w c trtnt1fr ct ()r)( r c()| tc('r n s: Docsrr lttttus' s;rcfslgrrn/n split?; Pulling ltt nllniglrtcr;jct log;tlrc nrtrcltitrc tot'rtttpiitl . . . dccTt zr,{.r?gs; irrtlccpslrtttfucr;tlLtrtnscottlfrtttrr tlLttt irri tinl slct'1t diuc; As thc ilicltt u)clrs ()n; tlrtnusq; slccltltnttcrrrsthnt thwttrt . . .; Mtttryfill tltis rttt'tl thcir.first r'/rlss./or lr.t/trslrr,q nrr t'orlt1sicstttttrttl oftcr-lrrrrclt sttrLltl lnll .fitr'0 sluutbu lnrtq; "sltrirtg ncrtforu,nrtl" . . . "foll bnckiurd"; ritldlc ttf slt'L':tt; dnUI,ltrlts;" srroozirt{is orrlqto boozirtg";tt "-cr'rurrl drctrrtrprot,idtsn pstlchicso.fcttl ttolot';it is titrrcto rutli( ttp; ltu'--.

older adults tend to peak in the

5 . We may expcrie.nce i f o t r r c i r c i r d i a nr h y t h n r i s interrruptedby travel .rcrosstimc zones.C)trrc-irly c t r d i t r nr h y t h m a l s o m a y b c i n t c r r t r p t c c b r'lt.tttgt's, strt lt .ts lltt' ottt'

t h a t o c t - u r si n t h c s ; r r i r l gi n m r r n v r r e . r s ,a l r d b v wtlrk 6 . R c s e t t i n go f a d i s r r - r p t c cbli o l o g i c a lc l o c k i s f a c i l i tatecl by exposure--tt'r

.."..-.._.*.,..-i

, w h i c h t r i g g e r r sp r o t e i n s i n of tl-reeycs kr sigr.rirlthc

the'

O b j e c t i v e 2 : D i s t i n g u i s l rf o u r t y p e r so f b i o l o g i c a l r h y t h n r s ,a n t l g i v c . r n c r i r n r ; r i t o ' i each.

g l a n d t o i r t c r c i r s eo r

b r ai n ' s its production of de'cre-'asc

1 . O t r r b o c l i c s 'i n t c r n a l " c l o r : k s "c o n t r o l s e v e ' r a l

T h c .c l u s t c r o i c c l l s c a l l c d t l r c c o r r t r o l st h c c i r c a d i a r r : l o c k .

Anrong thcst arc , r t h i t ' h m . r y g i r t ' r i s t 't t rs t ' . r -

Thc longer u,e rcntait-tawakc, the nrort'our [rr.rit'rs , which tcrrclstcr

accunrulatt'

sorrirI virrii'ttionsirr

ccrtain ncLrr()lrsand nr.rkc u s s l e c p y .W e c a n a l s o r c s c t o t r r b i o l o g i c a lc l o r : k s

2. Some pcople, especitrllytl.roseirr f.rr northern

b y a d j u s t i n go u r

rcgions, rnay cxpcricncc a tleLrressecl winter mood callccla

Objective 4: List thc sti-rgcsof the slecp cvclc, .rncl e.xplainhclw thev differ.

. We may trlso cxpericnce. c v c l c sl a s t i n g

c{ays,such as

thc fr'rnalc

7. The slcep cyclc consistsof )

- h o u r c y c l e so f v a r y i n g ; ancl

- m i n u t c c v c l e s .s u c h a s

t h e v a r i o u s s t t r g e so f s l e e p . Objective 3: Describethe cvcle of our circadian rhvthm, ancl idcntify some events that can disrupt this biological clock.

distinct st;rges. whcrr 8. The rhythnr of sleep cycles was cliscor,'erecl Ascrinskv noticed that, at pe'riodicinten'als drrrof rr slecpm gthe night, the iru child movcd rapiclly. This st.-rgeoi slccp, tltrroccur, is ci'rllcrl i.g which

9 . The relatively slow brain wavcs of the awakc but 3. The sleep-r,vakingcycle follows a 24-hour clock callt'dthc

relaxed state are known as waves.

I

Sleepand Dreams

10. During Stage 1 slecp, pcople oftcn experience sensationssimilar to Ihese sensationsmay late.r be incorporate.d into

179

Objective 5: Explain whv sleep patterns and duration vary from person tcl person. 16. Newborns spend nearly (hou, much?) of their daryaslcep,while acl-rlts

activitv that occur dur11. The btrrsts clf brairr-war,'e. irrs Stact' 2 slt't'r'r.rrt' c.rI led

spend no morc than 17. Sle.eppattcrns are iniluenceclbv , as inclicirte'd by the. fact

12. l,trrge, slow brain \\ra\/cs arc callccl

that sleep p.rttcrns ilm()ltg

\vi,lvcs.First in Stage

( i d e n t i c a l / f r a t e r n a l )t w i n s a r e v e r v s i m i l i l r . S l e r e p

, a n e ii n c r c . a s i n g l dy u r i n g

bv is also infh-rer"rcccl

slee'p,wlrich nrc-

Stage. tht'rcforc.cirIIc.d

sleep. A pers()nin tlre'latter stirgcof slce.pgorcrirlly r,l,illbc (easv/d i ff icr-r lt) to t.trvaken. I t i s c i u r i n g t l r i s s t a g et l r a t p c o p l c n r a Ve n g . r g r -i n sltr'1t D e s c r i b c t h c b o d i l v c h a r r g c s t l . r a ta c c o m p a r r y R E M sleep.

18. A l krwccl to sle'eprut'rhi r"rtlcrccl, rnost ;reoplt' w i l l lt'lto slccp less than sleep c)hours a night. I'e'oprle that for scvcral nights in a ror'r'oftctr shon' si$trs of Objective 6: llisctrss scveral risks ttssociittetln,itl.r s l e e pc l c p r i v a t i o t r . 1 9 . T c u r r a g c r st y p i c a l l y n e e c l h o u r s o f s l c c p b r - r ltr o w a v e r a g cn e a r l v hours lcss slcc;r thirt.t teernagcrsoi ll0 ycars ago. Ttl psvchologist , t h i s i r r c l i c a t etsh a t

Williirm

t h e rv a s t n r a j o r i t vo f s t u d t ' n t sa r c d a n g c r t t r - r s l y s l c e p - c i e p r i v c c(l). u c i t r c l i c t r t i o roti t h c h a z a r c l st t f tlris statc is tl-rirttlrc rrrtt'of

13. Dr-rring REM slccp, thc motor cortcx is (actir,'e/ rcltrxecl), w.ile

t^e:

(activc/

mtrsclcs arc

reltrxercl).lror tl.risre.asorl, ItlrM is often reierred to ats

time chtrngc in Canadr.rand thc Unitcc'lStatcs. Anotl.rcris thirt sleep clcprivtttion rnay stlPPrcss t l . r ci r - r n c t i o n i n o gf t h c b o d y ' s

sleel-r

14. The rapricleryemovements generi,rllysignal the b e g i n n i n go f a

tcncls to ittcrcitscinrnrcciiately.rftcr thc sPl'ittg

. PET scans

rcvc.alhcightcncd activity irr the a trcl

system trnclalter tnettrbolicancl hornrttual iunctiorring irr wirys thirt rnirnic ancl are conclLrciveto ,.lrfd

arcr.rsof thc brain clr-rringREM slcep. 15. T'heslecp cycle rerpeatsitself about every n r i n t r t e sA. s t h e n i * h t p r t r gresses,Stage'1sleep becomes (krnger/briefer) and l{EM periods become (longer/bricfer). Approximately

percentof a night'ssleepis spent in REM sleep.

Describethc c.ffectsof sleep clcprivatiolr.

I Chapter 7 States of Consciousness

180

Objective 7: Identify four theories of whv we sleep.

(run/do not

problems that

run) in families. These sleep episodes are most 20. Two possible reasons for sleep are tc'r

likely to be experienced by

us and to help restore body tissue-s,especiallv those of the

(young children/adolescents/older adults), in whom this stage tends to be the

Animals with high waking

and

Droduce an abundance of chemical thtrt trrc toxic tcl

. Sleep also

f i . r c i l i t a t eost r r

of the dav's

expericncesirnclstimulates

Objective 9: Describethe mctstcommon cctnterrtof dreams. 25. Dreams expcrienced during sle'eparc'r,ivid, crnotional, trnclbizarre. I)trrirrg

thinking.

may Lrc dreams, thc c-lre.rtner

21. During sleep a growth hormone is releasedby the gland. Adults spend (morc/lcss)timc in dcc.p sleep tharr children ancl so rele.ase

whethcr l-t".',r..h" strfficicntly aw.rre to r,'n'ondcr is, ilr fact, clrcamit.rg. 27, Fctrboth me'n and w
markerlby

( m o r e/ l c s s ) g r o w t h h o r m o n c .

tivc) cmotiorts, such as fears of bcing

O b j e c t i v e 8 : I d e n t i f y t l . r cm a j o r s l c c p c l i s o r d c r s . 28. Although females tencl to rlreanr cclually oitcrr 2 2 . A ; r c r s i s t c n tc l i f f i c t r l t yi r r f a l l i n g o r s t a y i n g a s l e e p i s t l t . t r . rttt ' r i s t i to f . Slt'eping p r i l l sa n c la l c o h o l m i r v m a k c t h c p n r b l c m w o r s e (incretrse/

sincc thcy tcnrl t()

about males arrclfermalcs,malcs tt'ncl to clrcam . This gendcr clif-

morc about

( i s / i s n o t ) f o r - r r r ci nl

ferrencc c u l t r r r e sw o r l c l w i d e

recltrce)IIEM slec.p. 2 3 . T l i e s l e e pd i s o r d e r i n w h i c l r a Pe.rsonexperrrencc.s u n c o r . r t r ol al b l r 's l e e pa t t a c k si s I'eople witlr this clisorclermiry collirpsedircctly sleep and erxperiencea

into Ioss
29. Freud referred to the'actual contcnt of a clre.tt'ttas its

content. Fre'udbclievt'cl

oi tht' that this is a ccnsored,symbolic versit'rt.t

T h c b r a i n so f p c o p l c w i t h t h i s d i s o r d c r l a c k a ncural ccntcrin tlrt'

of the clretrm. 3 0 . A c c o r d i n g t o F r t ' u t l ,m o s t o f t h e d r c a n r so f a c l t r l t s

24. lndividr-ralssr-rfferingfrom

wishes ancl arc tht' kcr,'

reflect

stop breirthing while 'I'his

true nte.rning.tlr

that pro

d uces tl.reneu rotransmitter

slet'ping.

Objective 10: Compare the nrajor pcrspcctivesorr why wc clrcam.

disorder is erspccirrlly prev;-rlent

( ln l ( ) n I

I o u n d e r s t an r i i n g i n n er 31. Freud's theory has givcn way to the thcory th.rt -L)r()ccssltl t

d r e a m ss c r v L ' a n

25. Tire sleep disorder charactc-rize.d by extreme fright and rapid hc.artbcatand bre.athingis called

functiorr. Support for this theory is provicleclbv the fact that REM sleep facilitates

. Unlike nightmarcs, thcsc episodesusutrlly happen early i n t h c r r i s h t .d r r r i n uS t . r c e sleep.Tlre strme is trtre of episodesof and

32. Other theories propose that dreaming scrvcs some

fttnctittn, for exirmplc',

that REM sleep provides the brain with ne'c'ded . Such an explanation is

Hypnosis

supportcd by the fact that

attributed to

(infants/adults)spendthe most time in REM sleep.

have discovered an "

33. Still othertheoriesproposethat dreamsareelicite d b v r . r n t l o n rb u r s t s o f

actlv-

ity originating in lowe.r re'gionsof the brain, such . According to the

as the -

thcory,

dreams are the.brairr's attempt to mtrke scnsettf this activity. The bursts are'bclieved to be given their cmotiorrirl tone by the'brain's system. I)E'f scirnsof sle'cpingpeoplerreveal i n c r c a s c da c t i v i t y i n t h c b r a i n ' s . Othcr

systcnr,cspccially thc.

theorists sct' clrcatnsirs ir natural part of brair.t ancj

181

, who claimed to

2. The weight of researchevidcnce suggeststhat (cloes/doesnot) lrypnosis allow tr person to perform fetrtsthat are impossible in the normal waking state'.The strength, stamina, lcarning, trrrd perceptllal abilities of hypno(arc./arenot) like tizerdpeople those of motiv;rtc'clunhypnotized peopIc. Objective 12: Discuss thc charactttristicsof people s ,r r d c v a l u t t t ( ' c l i l i m s n , h o a r c s u s c ep t i b l e t o l r y p r . r t t s i a t h a t h y p n o s i sc a r ri n f l t r c n c cp e o p l e ' sm c r n t l r y , w i l l , hcalth, r.rndpcrcc'ptionof pain. (sttmc-

3. Most pcopleare

w h a t / n o t a t a I l ) l r y p n o t i c a I l ys t r g g c s t i b l e .

tlcvclopnrcnt.

kl hypDescribc pcople wlto trre thc most strscc'prtible rrosis.

34. Rescarchcrsagrcc tl'ratwc (rrccci/clo r"rotlreecl)RIIM slccp. Aftcr bcing morer clcpriverl of llllM sk't'p, a pers()nsperncls timc irr lll-iM slecl-r;this is thc cifcct. ( d o e r s / d o c sn o t )

35. RIIM slccp

. r . r i m a l ss u c h a s f i s h , o c c u r i l r o t h c r m a m m i ' r l sA w h o s c l r c h a v i o r i s l c s s i r r f l r . r e ' n c cbcyl l c a r r r i n g , ( d o / c l o r . r o t d) r c a m . T h i s f i r r c l i r r gs t r p l x r r ( s[ 1 1 1 ' t l r t ' o r yo f d r t ' , r ni n g .

4. If pcoplc irrc lccl to cxpcct tlrat thcy are l'rvpnotiza b l e ,t h c i r r e s p o r r s i v e t r c sr s- t n d e lrr y p n < t s i s ( w i l l / w i l l r r o t )i t ' r c r c a s c . 'fhe h v p n o t i r ' r l t ' m o l t s t r a t i o tirt r w h i c ' ha s u b j e c t 5. s l r p p o s e c l l yr e l i v e se a r l i c r e x p t ' r i c n c e si s r c f c r r e t l

(pp.2e0 2e6) Hypnosis

ltl ,ts

show that tlre strbjectsin sucl.t llt'scirrclrstr.rdir-s lf you tlo r"rotknou, thc meaning of rrr.ryof tl"rc f o l l o w i r r g w o r d s , p h r r r s e so, r c r P r t ' s s i o r t si n t h e contcxt in which thcv appear irr tlrc text, refer 0s to pngc 202 f or irrrcxprlirnation:or nt..:ttt('risnt, it tpustlrcrrt-ollcLl;pstlchologicoltrttth strurrt . . c()nsiLlcrlblctuischicf;rrtightthc tioo i,it'rus. . . Itc Itrid,gt'd? ,.^-3

Ititt'c nremttries that are cler-nonstratiorts (rnore/ rro more) accttratc th.rn thc metlorics of ftrlly consciouspcrsolls. 6. An

pcrs()n irr a lcgitimatc

c a n i r r d u c ep c o p l e hypnotized or not-to perform stlme unlikc'ly i'lcts.

nnd notersomc similirriObjective 11: Dcfine lryltttosis, ties between the behavior of hypnotized people and that of motivated r"rnhypnotizcdpcoplc.

7. Hypnotherapists have helpecisorne peclplc'allt:viskin ate lreadaches,asthma, trtrd stress-relatecl disordcrs through the use of suggestions.

1. Hypnosis is a in which a hypnotist suggests that a strbjcctn,ill experiencecertain feelirrgs or thoughts, for ext.rmplc.lts discoverv is

8. For

sllch as smoking ;rnd

drug use, a subjcct'shypnotic responsiveness

182

Chapter 7 States of Consciousness

( d o e s / d o e sn o t ) m a k e a d i f ference in the effectiveness of hypnosis.

Discuss the current view ol hypnosis as a blend of the two views.

9 . One statisticaldigest shor,t,cdthat hypnosis ( i s l i s n o t ) e s p e c i a l l yl r c l p f u l for thc trcirtrnerrtclf obesitv. ( c t r n/ c r r n n o t )

10. H v n n o s i s

relie."'epirirr.Ont- theory of l-rypr.rotic pain relief is t l r a t h y p n l 1 5 i s5 ( ' [ ) . l r ,llr ' s , ( ) r

(pp.296-30:l) Drugsand Consciousness

thc sensorv ;rnc1e motion;rl trspcctsof pain. A r r o t h er i s t h a t h y p u o t i c p a i r r r e ' l i e fi s c l u c t o , that is, to the per-

seiecti'r'r'

s o n ' s f o c l r s i r . rogn s t i m u l i o t h e r t h a n p a i n . 1 1 . P E T s c a n ss h o w t h a t h y p n o s i s r c d u c e sb r . r i u .rctivity in a region ir.rvolveclir.r t o p a i n f u l s t i m u l i ,b u t n o t i n thc

cortex tl'rat rccerivers ther

raw

inpr-rt.

-13: Objective C l i v ea r g t r m e n t sf o r a n c la g a i t r s tl r y p n o sis rrsirn altered strrteof cor-rsciousncss. -12.

Skcptics bclicvt' thi-rthypnosis miry rcflcct the'

If yotr clo nclt know thc rne'ttningtlf i.rnyttf tl'rt' following words, phrasc's,or erprcssit'rnsin thc context in which thev appcar in tl"rctcxt, refer to pagcs 202-203for un explanation: ti1tstlort ()trcc(uto.fltccr;kickt'tltlrchfuit; tipstl rL'strtttrnttt IL'oz,c t'ttrlttttwnt ti:rts;dst/l{'gcri,lr'ltrol)potrctrrs ott( ptttlsil lottq-t(rttt Itnr; tlrrickt'r TtickJrcr-rrppcr; onttthcr.fir;t-rnck; prict . . . prazuirt*svl:pinq.fitr ,,ncidtrip',;||t0rijtt0t10nnqs1lcllrclit'.f.

: I i : , l ', i

dnrt. Objective 14: Defirre'ltstlchotctiitc pcrcetptittnsi.rrccallecl 1. l)rtrgs that rrlter mottds ar-rcl clrr-rgs.

w , o r k i n g so f . T h c s c f i r r d i r r g sp n r v i d c s u 1 - r nort for thc theory of hypr-r
Objective 15: Discuss thc nature of clrr-rgtlcpetrcle'ncc, and i d cn ti fv three'com mttn nt isconccptionsabotrt irddiction. 2. Drug uscrs rvho reclttireincrcasit-rgcloscsttl experiencc a drug's eifccts lrave rlcvelopetl f o r t h c c i r u g .T h c l t s c r ' sb r a i n counteractsthe clisrtrption to its norrnitl ftrnctitlrri r r g ;t h t r s ,t h t ' t r s t ' r( ' \ P ( ' r i ( ' l l c ( ' s 3. After ceasitrgto use a drug, .l L)crsonwho ttxpcrisynrptorrrshas clcvclences oped tr physical

1 3 . H i l g a r d h a s a d v a n c e dt h c i c l c at h a t d r " r r i n gh y p rrosisthe.rcis a

, or split,

which 14. l"he cxistenccof a scparatc conscioLrsness, is nr.t,areof what takes place cluring hypnosis, is

advcrse.consequencesis

tt'r

that substance. Briefly state three common miscor-rceptionsabout arddiction.

exprcssedin the concept of the Although this theory has provokcd controvcrsy, therc.is little doubt that

of a drug to relicvc stressis trn e'xamplettf a A pcrstrn wht'l dc'pe'ndence. c-lcspite has a compulsivercraving for a sltbstancer

bc.twcendiffe.rentlevels of consciousness.

e.ncesdo play an inrportant role in hypnosis

. I(cgnlar usc

influ-

Drugs and Consciousness

Obiective 16: Name the main categoriesclf psychoactive drugs, and list three ways these substancescan interfere with ner-rrotransmissionin the brain. 4. The three broad categoriesof clrugs discussedin

8. Tranquilizers, which are also known as

have effectssirnilar to those of alcohol. 9. Opium, morphine, and heroin all

, which tend

the text incltrcle to slow body functionsi

183

(excite/depress)ne'ural functioning. I'ogethcr, these tlrugs are called the

which speed body functions; and , which altcrperccptiorr. Thesc drr-rgsall work by minricking, stimulating,

. When the'y rrre prcsent, thc b r a i n e v c n t u a l l y s t o p sp r o d u c i r r g

or inhibiting thc activity of the brain's . P s y c h o l o g i c a l l yo, u r r r l s op l a y a n r l c . nffect lrerv()us Objective 17: Ex;rlain how clcprerss.rnts thc systcrrractivity alrclbchavior, i.tttclsln-ttmarizc. f i n c l i r r g so n ; r l c o h o lu s e a n d a b u s c .

O b j e c t i v e 1 8 : l d e n t i i y t h c n t t r j o rs t i m t r l a r r t si,r n c l e x p l a i n l r o w t h c y i r f f e c tn c t t r a l a c t i v i t y a t r J b e h a v i o r . s t i m u l t r t t t sa r e 10. Thc most widcly r-tsed

thc , n,aa,

ncrv()Llssysrcnl

5. Dcpressants

bor,1yiurrction.

activity i'rrrcl

l . o w c l o s c so f a l c o h o l ,w h i c h i s c l a s s i f i c cal s a , slow the activity of thc: Il0rv()Lrssystcllr.

( i r r c / a r er r o t )

Stirnr.rltrrrts ircldictiver.

1 1 . C o c a i n ci r n r l c r a c k d c p l c t e t h c b r i t i t r ' ss t r p p l y t l i the ncu rotransnrittcrs

6. Alcohol nray nrakera L)crs()Ilm()rc

, Jlltl

and rcstrlt in clcpressionas tlrc clrugs' t'ffccts da ring. A lcohol rrffccts

n10rc

wear off. Thcy clothis by blockingtht'

m('mory by interfcring with thc processof transferring cxpericncesirrto

of tlre ncu rotrirtrsnri ttcrs, w h i c h r en t i t i r ti n t h e n c r v c c el l s '

llcln()ry. Also, blackouts a f t e r d r i r r k i r . r gr e s u I t f r o n r a l c o l r o l ' ss r - r p p r e s s i t l n ttf

12. Cocainer'spsyclrologicalcffects clepcrrcltrot otrly on closirgcand iorm bltt also tttr , and thc

7. Exct'ssive.r-rscof alcohol ci'rr.ralst'rirffect cognition

L'Y

thc brrrir.r, c.spcciallyir.r (nror / wonrcn). Alcohol .-rlso

re.LlLlces

r-rnclfocuscsone.'s

13. The clrug

, or MDMA,

is both a

trttcntion on thc'

and rt

and away from

This drug triggcrs the reletrseof tlre ncltrtttratrsmitters

Describe how ir pcrson's expect.rtiolrscatr infltrence t h e b c l r a v i o r a le f f e c t so f a l c o h o l .

rrnd arrd blocks the re'absorptiorr

of

. Among the adverse

cffectsof this drr-rgare disruption of the body's clock, suppression of the , trnd imoaired

and othe'r functions.

Chapter 7 States of Consciousness

184

alcoholism if they had a(n)

Objective 19: Describe the physiological and psychological effects of hallucinogens, and summarize the e f f e c t so f L S D a n d m a r i j u a n a .

(adoptive/biological) parent with a history of alcoholism. Boys who at age 6 are (more/less) excitableare more likely as teens ttr

14. Hallucinogens are also referred to as

smoke, drink, and use other drugs. Genes that are

. Two common synthetic hal-

more common among people predisposed to

and

lucinogens are

alcoholism may causedeficienciesin the brain's

L S D , w h i c h i s c h e m i c a l l ys i m i l a r t o a s u b t y p e o f

systenl

. LSD

the neunrtrausmitter

the actions of this

works bv nctrrotransrnitter.

ldentify some of the psychological and social-cLrltLrral roots of drug use.

in marijuana is abbreviated 15. Thc active.ir-rgreclient . M . r r i j u . r n .i sr b c i n g r r s t ' d t h c r a p c u t i c a l l yw i t l r t h o s ew h c t s u f f c r f r o m . However, thcsc mcclical Llscs.rre'compIicatcclby marijuana's toxicity,

20. Among teenagers,drug usc

which cirn cause

( v a r i e s / i s a b o u t t h e s a m e )a c r o s s and

Dcscribc sonrt'oi the physicirl arrclpsvchological effectsof nrarifuanrr.

groLlPS. 21. African-American

high schttol seniors report tlre

(highcst/ lowest) rates of t r u g t r s ci s d r u g u s c . A m a j o r s o c i a li n f l u u r l c L ' o l d the

cu Iture'.

Statc three possible clrantrclsttf infltrc'ncefor clt'trg pre.rrention ancl treatmen t progra r-t.ts. 16.

'fhe

a.

rregativcafte'reffr'ctsof drr-rgr-rscmay bc

c x p l a i n e d i n p t r r t b y t l r e p r i r r c i p l et h a t e m o t i o n s

b.

triggt'r

c.

Objective 20: l)iscuss thc biological, psycl-rological, irrrc'lsocial-ctrltnralfactors thirt contribute to clrug use. 17. Drug trsc by North Americar.ryouth (incrcnst'd /tleclined) rlu ring the 1970s,thcn dc.clinecluntiI the early 1990sdtte to incrctrsed .rnd efforts by the media tc'r d e g l a n r o r i z ec ir u g u s t ' . In the tlventv-first century, attitudes toward alcc'rhol with

(have/have not) changed, (more/fewer) people

a h s t ai n i n g f r t r m d r i r r k i n F , . 19. Adopted individuals are more susceptible to

(pp.30e310) Experiences Near-Death * f * $ $ 8

'

lf you do not know the metrnitrgof any of the following words in the contcxt in which they appear in the text, refer to p.rge 203 for an expfanation tnkirtgtlrc bttll lnt thc lrcrtts;ntorrists gcrcrolltl ltaliaw tlnt dt'ttthis rcsl ortd tlmt ioithortt bodiesruatrultl nrc rutbotlits.

Objective 21: Describc the near-death elxperienceancl the controversy over whether it provides evideuce ftlr . r m i n d - b o d yd u a l i s m . 1.

'Ihe

reports of people who have had near-death

experiences are very similar to the' rcported bv drug trscrs.Tht'sc

I

Test1 Progress

experiences may be the result of a deficient supplv of or other insults to the brain. 2. That thc mincl and bodv are distinct entities is thc position of the theorists known as believe thartthe.mind and body arc.one.

TESTT PROGRESS Mu lti p I e- Choi ce Qu cst i on s trnci Circlc yoLrr ans\,\rersto tht- following c1r-restions c h c c k t h c m r , r , i t ht h c a n s w e r sb e g i n n i n g o n p a g e 1 9 4 . If vor-rrAnswer is incorrect, reirr-ltlre explantrtion frlr w h y i t i s i n c o r r c c t a n c l t h e n c o n s r r l tt h e a p p r o p r i a t e following the c'orrect pi-rgcsof the tcxt (in parentl"rescs ar r s w c r ) . 1. As definecl by thc tcxt, consciotrsrrcssincltrdcs which of thc folkrwing? c. hypnosis d. all of the irbovc

2. The clustcr of brain cells tl'ratcontrcl the circaclitrn rhvthnr is the: a. b. c. d.

arnygdtrlt.r. iasnraticr-ruclctrs. sr.rprr.rclr aclcnosirrc. pint'irl.

3. Whcn our laga. Stagc 1 slcc'p b. REM slcep

is clisrtrptcd, wc cxpe'rierrccjet c. circadi;rn rhythm d . S t a g e , ls l e e p

c. Stagc4 d. IIEM sleep

5. Dnring which stagerof slec.pcftresthe body experience increased heart rate, rapid breathing, ancl g e n i t a la r o u s a l ? a. Stage2 b. Starge3

c. Stage4 d. REM sle.ep

6 . T l r e s l t ' t ' r tc v c l t ' i s a r r p r o x i n r a t t ' l v a. 30 b. 50

c. 75 d. 90

a. b. c. d.

decrcaseREM slecp. increaseREM slee'p-r. decreascStage'2sleep. incrcaseStage2 sleep.

9 . C o c a i n ea n c lc r a c k p r o c l u c e ' ae ' u p h o r i cr t r s l rb y : a. blocking the actittnsof sertttttnirr. b . d c p r e s s i n gn e u r a l a c t i v i t v i n t h c b r a i n . c . b l o c k i r r g t t r e r e r . r p t t r k co f c i o p a m i r r ei n b r a i n cells. d . s t i m u l a t i n g t h c b r a i n ' s p r o c l n c t i o t to f c r r c ' l t t r phirrs.

10. W h i c h o f t h c f o l l o w i n g i s c l a s s i i i c c al s a c l c p r c s sant? a. mt'th.trrrgrltl'l,ttnitrt' c. marijtranir

b. I,SD

d. alcohol

11. Thr. moclcrn discovcrv of hypnosis is gcr.rt'rally a t t r i b t r t c dt o : c. Spirnos. a. Fretrcl. d. Llilgarcl. b. Mesmer.

t2. Which of the followir-rg sttttcmt:trts cotrct'rtrit.tg h y p n o s i si s t r u c ?

4. Slcep spirrcllcs preclomin.rte clrrring which stage of slc.cp? a. Stager2 b. Stagc'3

The effects of chronic sleep deprivation include: a. suppression of the imrnttne svstem. b. altered metarboiicand hormttnrrl functioning. c. impaire'd creativity. d. all of the above.

8 . One.e.ffectof slee'pingpills is to:

. In contrast, the

a. foctrsedattortion b. slcerping

,7

185

mirrutt's.

a. I'eoprlew,ill do arrything rtrrclcrhyprrttsis. b. Hypnosisis thc s.ltlc ils sleeping. c . H y p n o s i s i s i n p a r t t r n c x t e n s i o t ro f t h c c l i r ' ' i sion between c()nsciolls rtwarcncss itncl atttom t r i i cb c h a v i o r . d . H y p n o s i s i m p r o v e s m e m ( ) r vr e c a l l .

13. I'coplc who hc.rrclunusu.rl phrast-'sprrittrttl slecp wL.reirwakencd eraclrtirnc they began IIEM sleep. The fact that they rcmcnrberecl lcss the rrert theory m()rning pror,,idcssnpport for the' of dreaming. a. b. c. d.

m a n i f e s tc o n t e n t physiological irrform.ttion-processing . r c t i ra t i o n - s y n t h c s i s

14. A c c o r d i n g t o F r e u d , d r e a m s a r e : a. a symbolic fulfillment of e rtttic 'lt'ishes. b . t h e r e . s u l t o f r a n d o m n e u r e r la c t i v i t v i r r t l r e brainstem. c. the brain's mcchanism for self-stimulation. d. the disguised expressionsof inner conflicts.

I Chapter 7 States of Consciousness

185

15. Psychoactive drugs affect behavior and perception through: a. b. c. d.

18. Which of the follou,'ing; is rrot a theorv of clreanring mentioned in the tert? a. Dreams facilitate informatiorr processing. b. Dreaming stimulates the developing brain. c. Dreams result from randonr neltral .rctir itv originating in the brainstem. d. Dreaming is an attempt tt) cscafreftttnr social stimulation.

the power of suggestion. the placebo effect. alteration of neural activity in the brain. psychological,not physiological, influences.

16. All of the follclwing are common misconceptions abcrut addictit'tt^r,cxcc1ttthe statement that a. to overcome iln addiction a person almost always needs professional therapy. b. psychotrctiveand medicinal drugs very quickly lcad to addiction. c. biological factors place some individuals at incrcase.drisk ft'rraddiction. d. mt.rny othcr repetitive, pleasure-seeking bchaviors fit the. clrug-addiction-as-cliseaseneecling-tre.atment model.

19. The sleep-waking cycles of yourrg pe'tlple r'r'hcr hclttrs irr stay up too late typically arc duration' c. 25 a. 23 d. 26 b. 24 20. The lowest rates of drug use among high school seniors is reporte'dby: a. b. c. d.

17. At its bc.ginning, psyc'hology focuscd on the study of: a. b. c. d.

white malcs. white females. blackmales. Latinos.

o b s e r v . r b l cb r ' h . r v i t r r . consciousncss. . t L t u t r r m abl e h a v i o r . a l l o f t h e a b o v e.

Matching ltems Match cach tcrm with its appnrpriate. de.finition or dcscription. DL,finit i ons ttr Dcscri pti o trs -1. s u r f a c cm e n n i n g o f d r c a m s 2. clecpcr rncaning of dreams 3. stage(s) of slcep associated with delta WiIVCS

4. stagc(s)of slccp associatedwith muscular reltrxirtion 5. sle'c1-r c-lisorclcrin which breathing stops 6. sleep disordcr occurring in Stage4 sleep 7. depressant 8. hallucinogen 9. stimulant '10. t w i l i t l r t s t . r s t ' o f s k ' r ' o a s s o c i a t e dw i t h imagery resernbling harllucinations 1 1 . d i s o r d c r i n w h i c h s l e e pa t t a c k so c c u r

Tcrms a. b. c. d. e. f. g. h.

marijuana alcohol Stage 1 sleep night terrors m.rnifest conte.nt cocainc narcolepsy sleep apnea

i. Stages3 and 4 sleep j. REM sleep k. latentcontent

ProgressTest2

TESTz PROGRESS Progress Test 2 should be completed during a final chapter review. Answer the follor.t'ing questions after you thoroughly understand the correct answers for the section reviews and ProgressTest 1. Multiple -Choice Questions 1. Which of the following statements regarding REM slecp is true'? a. Adults spcnd more time'than infants in REM slcc.p. b. REM slcep deprivation results in a REM rc.bound. c. Ircople-. clc-.privcd of IIEM sleep adapt easily. d. Slccping medications tend to increaseREM sleep. 2. Which theorists bclicve that the. mincl ;rnd the body are separatec-ntities? a. the beharviorists b. the'monists

c. the-. dualists d. the Freudians

3. Alcohol has thc most profound cffe'cton: a. the trtrnsfcr of cxpcricnccs to long-te.rm lnem()ry. b. immediatc mcmory. c. previrlr-rslycstablishc.c{krng-tcrm me.morie.s. d . . r l l o fI h t ' , r b o v t ' . 4. A persorr whosc EEG shows a high proportion of alpha waves is most likely: a. drcaming. b. in Stagc 2 sle.e.p

c. in Stage3 or 4 sleep. d. trwake ancl relaxc-d.

5 . C i r c a d i a n r l - r y t h m sa r e ' t h c : a. brain wavcs that occur during Stage4 sleep. b. muscular tremors thirt occur during opii'rte witlrdmwal. c . rcgular body cycles thart occur on a 24-hour scheclr-rle. d . brain wirves th;rt trre indicartive of Stage 2 slccp. 6. A perrsonwho requires increasing amounts of a drug in order to fe.el its effect is said to have developed: a. b. c. d.

tolerance. physical dependency. psychological dependency. resistance.

7. Which of the following is nof an example of a biological rhythm? a. feeling depressed during the winter months

b. the female menstrual cycle c. the five sleep stages d. sudden sleep attacks during the day U . Which of the following is characteristic of REM

sleep? a. b. c. d.

genital arousal increasedmuscttlar tension night terrors alpha wavcs

9 . Which of thc following is nof a stimulant? c, nicotine a. amphetamincs d. trlcohol b . caffeine

10. H y p n o t i c r t ' s p o l r s i v c t r c si s : a. b. c. d.

the samc in all peroplc. gcncrally greater in women than men. generally grerrterin men than wttmen. grcater when pcoplc are led to cr;;ccfit.

"11..According kr Hilgard, hypnosis is: a. no different frctm a state clf hcightened mcltivation. b. thes.ln('Jsdrt'.rming. c. a dissociation Lrctwc'encliffe.rcrrtlevels of ctttrsciousness. d. a type.of "anirnal magtretism."

12. Which of the folkrwing was rrofcited in the'text t-rs r.rlcoholuse? eviclenccthat hereclity ir.rfluences alcohol have tt a. Childrer-rwhose-.parents abr-rsc' lower tolcrancc for rnultiple alcoholic drinks taken overra slrort period of time. b. Boys who are' implrlsivet and fearlessat ilge 6 are morc likcly b drink as teenagers. c. Ltrbrlratory mice havc berenselectivcly bred tct orefcr alcohol tcl watcr. d. Adopted children are more susceptible if one or both of their biological paretrts has tr history of alcoholism. 13. As a form of therapy for rclieving proble'ms such a s w a r t s , h y p n o s i si s : a . ineffective. b . no more effective' than positive suggcstions

givcn without hypnosis. c . highly effective. d . more effective with adults than childre'n. 1,4. Which of the following is usually the most powerful determinant of whether teer-ragersbegin using drugs? c. school adjustment a. family strength d. peer influence b. religiosity

188

Chapter 7 States of Consciousness

1 5 . T H C i s t h e m a j o r a c t i v e ' i n g r e d i e nitn : a. nicotine b. MDMA

to the acti\:ation-synthesis theory, dreaming represents: a. the brain's efforts to integrate unrelated bursts of activity in visual brain areas with the emotional tone provided by limbic system activity. b. a mechanism for coping with the stresses of daily life. c. a symbolic depiction of a person's unfulfilled wishes. d. an information-processing mechanism for converting thc dtry's experic'nces inttl longterm memory.

19. According

c. lTlarr]ualla. d. cocaine.

16. Those n'l-robclieve th;rt hvpnosis is a social phenornr.lr()n .rrguc th.rt "hvpnotized" individuals ar€.: a . c t r u s c i o u s l vf a k i n g t h e i r b e h a v i o r . b. rlt'r-clr' .rcting ottt tr rolc. striving to plcase the hypnoc. trnrlcr.rchie.r'ers ilst.

d. all of thc above. is defined in the.text as: 1 7 . Cr)//Sr-itrr/:rlt'.ss a . n r c n t a ll i i e . b. sclcctive .rttcntittn ttt ongoing pcrcc-ptions, ts, arrclfeelings. thorrgl"r c . i r r f t r I r n , r t i oPr |t o c t ' s s i n t . of oursc'lversand our envirttnd. otrr cl\\/arL'ncrss nrent.

20- How a particular psychoactive drug affects a pers o n d e p e n d so n : a. the dosage and form in which thc drug is taken. b. the user's expectationsand persilnality. drug is taken. c. the'situation in which tl.rer d. all of the above.

1 8 . I . r r l a s v n t h c t i cs t i m u l a n t a n d m i l d h a l l u c i n o g e n that produccs euphoritr ancl social intimacy by triggcring thc-.rclcasc of d
c. THC d. coctrinc

,)Intclrirrgltems \l.rtch cach ternr with its appropriate clefinitionor clescripr tion. D e.fini ti orrs or Dcscripttio ns l. drug that is both a stimr-rlantand mild hallucinogen 2. clrugs that incrctrse energy and stimulateneural activity 3. brain wave of awake, relaxed person 4. brtrin-wave activity dr-rringStage2 sle'ep 5. slererp stirge associttte'clwith dre'rrming 6. drugs that reduce anxiety and depress central ner\/ouil system activity 7. natural painkillers produced by the brain 8. neurotransmitter that LSD resembles 9. our awareness of ourselves and our c.nvironment 10. theory that dreaming refle'ctsour erotic drirres 11. a split betwcen clifferent levels of cotrsciousness

Tcnns a. b. c. d. e. f. g. h. i. j. k.

Freud's the'ory serotonin Ecstasy alpha dissociation amphetamines consclousness sleep spindle endorphins REM barbiturates

PsychologyApplied

Dan has recently begun using an addictive, euphoria-producing drug. Which of the following will probably occur if he repeatedly uscs this drug? a. As tolerance to the drug devclops, Dan will " experienceincreasinglv pleasurable "hi gl-rs. b. Thc dosage ncc.declttt producc the desirccl e f f e c tw i l l i n c r e , t s e . c. Afte'r etrch ttse, he.rt'ill bectlme more and mclrc

APPLIED PSYCHOLOGY Answer these questions the day befttre an exam as a final chcck on your understtrnding of the chapter's terms and concepts. Multipl e- Choice Que sti o n s 1. A persorr who falls asleep irr the midst of a heated irrgument probably suffers frttm: c. night terrors. a. sleep apnea. d . insomnia. b. narcole.psy. by the 2. Whiclr of the following n its rtof sr-rggested text as an intport;rtrt trspcct of drug prevcntitln and trcatnrent programs? a. cducatiot.t about thc lttng-term costs clf a clrug's temporary plcastrres b. cfforts to boost pcople's self-csteemand purposcin life c. attempts to rnodify peer asst'rciirtious child. "scarc tactics" that frighten preprtrbescetrt clrcninto avttidingdrng cxperimentatitln 3. ItEM sleep is refcrred tit as ptrrtttloxit'tl slcc1t becausc: of pcol-rledeprivetl of ItEM sleep intlia. str-rdie's c a t e ' t h a tR E M s l e e pi s u n u e c e s s a r y . b . t h c b o d y ' s m t t s c l e sr c n t a i n r e l a x e c lw h i l e t h c brair.rancl eyL'sare activc. c. it is verry casy to awatkena Persolt inrrn REM sleep. d. tlre body's mttscles irre r''ery terrse r.t,hilethe b r a i n i s i n a n e a r l y m e c l i t a t i v es t t t t e . 4. An attorrrt'y wants to know if the details i'rncl .rccllracy of an eycwittress's mL'rnory for a crime would be irnprovec'l ltnc'lcr hypnosis. Civcn thc results of relevarrt researclt,wl.rtrtshould you tell thc rrttorney? a. Most hyprnotictrlly retricvecl metntlries .tre minatcd. eithcr firlsc or ct'rt.tta b. Hypnotically retricvcd mcmories arc usually m r ) r t 'i l c c u r d L tt'h a r rc t t n s c i t r t t tsn t ' m t l r i t ' s . c. Hypnotictrllv rctricved me.mttric'sare purely the prodtrct of tlre strbject'simagination. d. Hypnosis only impllrq'('5 mcm()ry of anxietyprovoking childhood evetrts.

189

elated. d. Dependencewill be'comele'sstlf a problem. 6 . Although hcr cyers are closccl, Adcle's brain is generating bursts of electricirlactivity. It is likely thirt Adele is: a. b. c. d. 7

under tlre infltrencectf a tlepressatrt. undcr the influence ttf atr opiilte. in REM sleep. lravir.rga rrcar-deirthexpcrience.

Conclucling his prcsentatittu tln lcvels tlf information proccssing,Migucl statesthat: a. humans proccss bttth conscit-rttsatncl Llllcons c i o t - tisn f o r r n t r t i o ni n p a r t r l l e l . b. corrsciotrsproccssiug ()cctlrs irr parallel, wlrilc prctccssingis serii'rl. ur.tcot"tsci<'rus c . c o n s c i o t - t sp r o c c s s i n g i s s c r i a l , w h i l e l t n c t l n scit'rttsprocessingis parallel. d . a l l i n f o r m a t i o n p r o c e s s i n gi s s c r i t r li l r l l a t L l r e .

8 . Roberto is rnocieratcly irrtoxicatcci by illctlhol. W h i c h o f t h e i o l l o w i r r g c h i r n g e si n l . r i .b c h a v i o r i s likely to occrtr? a. If angc-red,he is mttre'likely to becorne.aggrcssive thatr whc.n heris sober. b . H c w i l l b e l c s s s c l f - c o n s c i o u s a b c l r . r th i s bchrrvittr. c . l f s e x u a l l y a r o t t s e d ,h e w i l l b e l e r s si r l h i b i t e t l a b o u t e r r g a g i n gi n s c x t t i l la c t i v i t y . d . A l l o f t h e a b o v ea r c l i k e r l y . 9 . J i l l d r c a m s t h a t s h c t r i p s i r n c lf a l l s t l s s h e w t - r l k su p the steps trt tl-restage to rcceivc her ctlllege diploma. Her psychtttrnrllyststrggcsts tht.rtthtl drcam might slrmbolize hcr fear tlf mtlving
190

Chapter 7 States of Consciousness

10. Barry has participated in a sleep study for the last four nights. He was awakened each time he entered REM sleep. Now that the experiment is over, which of the following can be expected to occur? a. Barry will be too tired to sleep, so he'll continue to stay awake. b. Barry will sleep so deeply for several nights t h a t d r e a r n i n ew i l l b e m i n i m a l . c. There will be rrn increasein sleep Stages1-4. d. l-herc will be an increase in Barry's REM sleetl-r. 11. Of the following individuals, who is likely to be thc most hvpnotictrlly suggestible? a. Bill, a reality-oriented stockbroker b. Janicc,an actresswith a rich imagination c. Mcgirn, a sixth-graclcr who lras troubkr focusing hcr attention on a task d. Darrren,who has never been able to rcally "get involvcd" irr moviesor novels

12. Which of thc following statements concernit.tg a l c o l r o l i s mi s r r o ft r u c ? a . A d o p t e d i n d i v i d u a l s a r e m o r e s u s c e p t i b l et o alcoholism if thcy had .rn trcloptive part'ut with ;rlcoholism. b. Har.'ingan idcntic.rl twin with ;rlcoholism puts it person at incrcirscd risk for ;1lcoh1)lnrohlerns. c. Clernc'ticistshave identifierd geues that are m()re common am()ntj p-rcoplcpredisposccl tcr alcoholisnr. d. Rcscarchershave brcd rats th.rt prefer alcohttl to wirter.

1 3 . Researchstuc'liesof the effectivenc'ssof hypntrsis irs ir fornr of tlrerarpyhave.dc'monstrtrtedthat: a. for problems of self-control, such as smoking, hypnosis is equally effccti",ewith people whcr can be rlceply hyprrotize'dand those who cannot. b. posthypnotic sr"rggestionshave helped alleviate head;rches,asthma, trnd stress-relatedskin clisorders. c. as a form of therapy, hypnosis is no more cffective than positive'suggestionsgiven without hypnosis. d. all of the above are true.

t4. A I']ET scan of a sleeping person's brain reveals increased activity in the visual and auditory areas.This most likely indicates that the sleeper: a. has a neurological disorder. b. is not trulv asleep.

c. is in REM sleep. d. suffers from narcolepsy.

15. Levar believes that once the body has died, the mind also ceasesto exist. Er,'idently,Levar is a(rr): c. dualist. a. behaviorist. d. athe'ist. monist. b. L6. Which of the following statemcnts concerning marijuana is true? a. The by-products cti marijuana are. cleare'd bvfrom the body morc qr-ricklythan trrc'tl-rer products of alcohol. b. Regular users mav neecl tt larger ciosc tlf thc drug to achievc a high tl-ranocctrsiotrillttscrs would necd to gct the sirme effe'ct. c. Marijuana is as acldictivc ils nictltitre ()r cocaine. d. Everr small doses of mariitri-rnirIrastcrrthc ltlss of brarincclls. 1 7 . Which of the following statctnents ctltrct'rtritrg near-death cxperienccsis truc? .l pcrcerlt tlf patic-'rrtswhtl cot't'ttr a. Fewcr thtrn c l o s et o d y i n g r e p o r t h a v i n g t h e r r r . b . T h e y t y p i c a l l y c o n s i s t o f f i r n t a s t i c ,m y s t i c t r l imagcry. 'Ihey are more c()mmonly expericncetl bv c. femalcs than by males. d. Thc.y are more commtttrly cxpericrrcecl bv males than by females. hyplrosis a social phetronrc1 8 . Those who cctnsic-ler non contend that: a. hypnosis is an altere'clstate tlf ctlnscii'rt-tstrerss. b. hypnotic phcnomcna are ttniqr-teto hyprrosis. c. hypnotizecl subjects bccttmc ltnrcspotrsivt whcn they arc no lclngt'r motivate'cito ilct tls instructed. d. all of the'above are'trtre. 19. Which of thc following sttrtementsconcemirrg the roots of drug ttse is true? a. Heavy users of alcohol, marijutrna, tltrd ct'rcaine often arc always on a high. b. If an adolescent'sfriends usc drugs, tlc'ldstlrtl that he or she.will, too. average str-tc. Teenagerswho are acardemicarlly dents seldom use drugs. d. It is nearly impossible to predict whether or not a particular adolesccntwill experiment with druss.

Key Terms

20. Concluding her presentation on contemporary theories of why sleep is necessary, Marilynn makes all of the following points except'. a. Sleep may have evolved because it kept our ancestors safe during potentially dangerous periods. b. Sleep gives the brain time to heal, as it restores and repairs dtrmaged neurons. growth through a hormone c. Slcep encor-rrages secretedduring Stage4. d. Slow-wave sleep provides a "psvchic safety valve" for stressfulwaking cxpcricnccs.

alpha waves 6 . sleep ,7

hallucinations

8. delta warres 9. insomnia 10. narcolcpsy 11. slecp apnea 12. night terrors 13. d r c a m

Essaq Question You have. just been trssigneclthe task of writing an articlc tcntativcly titlecl "Alcohol and Alcoholism: Roots, Effects, ancl Prevcntion." What information you include in yor-rr irrticle.?(Use the space' sl-ror-rld below to list the points you wtrnt to rnakc, arrd orgawrite the essayon arseparatepiece of nize them. The-'rr paper.)

14. manifest contcnt 1 5 . latcnt content \6. REM reborrnd 17. hypnosis 18. posthypnotic snggcstion 19. dissociation 20. psychoarctivecirugs 21. tolcrtrnce 22. w i t h d r a w a l 23. physicaI clcpcnclt'nce 24. psychologicaIdependeuce 25. aclciiction 26. derpre.ssan ts 27. barrbitnrates 28. o p i a t e s 29. stimtrlants 30. a m p h c t a m i n e s

KEYTERMS

ines 31. mc.thampl.tetanr 32. Ecstasy(MDMA) JJ.

Writirrg Definitions Using your own words, on a separate piece of paper writer i'r brief dcfinition or cxplanation of cach of thc following terms. 1. consciousness 2. biologict'rl rhythm 3. circadian rhythm 4. REM sleep

hallucinogens

34. LSD 35. T H C 36. ncar-death c'xpcrience 3/.

dualism

38. m o n i s m

191.

I Chapter 7 States of Consciousness

Cross-Check As you learned in the Prologue, reviewing and overlearnin5i of material are important to the learning process. After of the you have written the clc.firritic'rns key terms in this chapter, you should complete the crosswc'rrdpuzzle to ensure that you can reversc the proccssrecognize the term, give'n the definition. ACROSS 1. Tcrrn for REM sleep reflecting that the.body is arouscd but thc muscles are relaxed. is 7. Ncurotransmitter whclserer-rptake' blocked by cocaine. 8. Widerlyuscd stimr-rlirntth.rt is inhale'cl. 10. Dret.rmsin which thc drcame.ris sufficierrtly awarc to wondcr if hc or she is drcaming. 1 2 . P o w e r f u l h a l l u c i n o g e nf i r s t u s e d b y Albcrt Hofmann. 13. Typc. of proccssirrgthirt describes lrow wc dcirl with consciotrsinformation. 14. Typc. of brain w.r',,c. that occurs during Stage2 sleepr. 17. Drug catcgory that includcs alcohol. 1 8 . S t a g cI d r c a r n s c n s a t i o rsr i m i l t r rt o i r hallucination. 19. Also known as tranquilizers. 21. Timc of day at which the thinking and memory of olclcr irclultstend to bc'best. 22. Timc of day at which the thinking and mcmory of collcgc stuclentstenc-lto be best. DOWN 2. ln hypnosis, the suppose'clrclivirrg of earlier experienccs. 3 . Drugs that "speed up" ne.uralactivity. 4. Drugs that dcprcss neural activity, temporarrily l e s s e n i n gp a i n . 'Iheory suggesting that rlreams help fix daily e r p e r i t ' n c t ' si n o u r m t ' m r r r i t ' s . 6 . Drug that disrupts the procc.ssingof recent exper i e n c e si n t o l r l n t ] - t e r mm e m o r i e s . 9 . Emest Hilgtrrd's term describing a hypnotized subject'sawarenessof unreported experiences. 11. Brain wa'n'ethat predominates in Stage 4 sleep. 15. Divided consciousness(as during hypnosis). t6. Ilelatively slow brain waves of a relaxed, awake state. 18. Depressant that causes a rush of euphoria. 20. Active ingredient in marijuana.

ANSWERS ChapterReview Consciousness and lnfo rm ati on P r o ce ssing 1. consciousness;behal'ictr 2. brain activity; menttrl corrcepts Consciousnessis our awarenessttf tturselvesancl ttur environmcnt. 3. before; limited; slow; succe'ssively 4. require Sleep and Dreams 1. biological rhythms; annual cycles; appetite, sleep length, and moods 2. seasonal affective disordcr; 28; menstrual cyclc; 24; alertness,body temperature, and growth hormone secretion; 90 3. circadian rhythm

193

Answers

4. thinking; memory; evening; morning

Hypnosis

5. jet lag; time; shifts

1. social interaction; Mesmer; animal magnetism

6. bright light; retinas; pineal; melatonin; suprachiasmatic nucleus; adenosine; inhibiq sleep schedr,rles

2. does not; are

8. eyes;dreams; REM sleep 9. ;rlpha

3. somewhat Those who are most susceptible freque.ntly become deeply absorbed in imaginative .rctivities. They alscl tend to have rich fantasy lives. 4. will

10. hypnagogic; hallucinations; memories

5. age regre.ssion;no more

11. sleep spindlcs

6. authoritativc; ctltrte'xt

1 2 . c l c . l t a3; ; 4 ; s l o w - w a v e ;d i f f i c u l U w a l k i n g

7. posthypnotic

During REM slecp, brain wavcs bccome as rapid as those of Stagc. 1 sleep, hcart rirtc and breathing become rnrlre rapid urndirregular, and genital arousal arrcirt-rpiclcyc movemerlts occLtr.

8. addictions; doersnctt

13. active; relaxcd; paracloxical 1 4 . c l r c a r n ;v i s u t ' r la; t r d i t o r y 1 5 . 9 0 ;b r i c f e r ;l o n g c r ; 2 0 b 2 5 16. two-thirds; olrc-thircl 1 7 . g e n e ' si;d t : n t i c a l ;c u l t u r e 18. slecp dcprivrrtiot'r 19. B or 9; 2; Demen| accidcnts; immune; aging; itbcsity; hypcrtctrsittn;me'mory imptrirmcnt is slt'cpiness. Thc nrajor eficct of slccp cle'prrivt.rtittn Other effects includer impaircd crc.ativity, concerntration, ancl conrmtrnictrtion; slowcd performance; and irritability. 20. protect; brairr; rnctabolism; free radicals; nerur()ns; memory; crcativr' 2 - .1 p i l u i t , r r y ;l t ' s s l; t ' s s 22. insornnia; rcclltce: 23. narcolcpsy; REM; muscular tcnsion; hypotlralamus; hypocretirr 24. sleerpapnea; overweight mcn 25. rright ternrrs; 4; slecpwalking; sleerptalking;run; young chilclrerr;lcngthiest; deepest

26. R E M ; l u c i d 27. ncgativc; atttrcked,pursucd, or rejecte'd 28. m a l e s ;i s 29. manifest; latent corrtent 30. crotic; conflicts 31. information; memory 32. physiological; stimulation; infants 33. neural; brt'rinstem; activation-synthesis; limbic; limbic; trmygdala; maturation; cognitive

34. need; REM rebound J5,

does; do not; information-processing

9. is attentittn 10. car-r;clissociates; 1-1.attending; sens()ry;sensory social irrflttencc 12. normal cc'lt-tsciousncss; The bchavior of hypnotizc.d subjectsis trot furrdame.uTherefore, tally cliffcrurt from thitt of othcr preoplc-.. h y p n o s i s m a y b c m a i n l y a s t t c i a lp h c t r o t n e n t l n ,w i t h hypnotized subjccts trcting out thc role of a "gotld hypnotic subject." 13. clissoc-iatiotr 14. hidclcn obscrverr;soc-ial views Thc social influence arrd dividcd conscittttsttt-'ss hypnosis as an cxtension to explain wrlrk togcthcr both of nornral prirrciples of stlcial irriluettce trrrd tlf everyday clissociatiorrsbetwccn ttur ctlttscitltlsitwirrerrerss and our autttmatic bchavittrs. Drugs and Consciousncss 1. psychoactive ncuritadtrptirtion 2. tole'rance-, psychologicirl;ad d ictcd 3. witlrclrawa l; depenclcr.rce'; Thc following myths about addictiou are false: a. Taking a psychttitctive t'lrug auttlmatically leacisto addiction. b. One caunttt ()vercome an ardclicticlnwithout p r o f e s s i o n a lIr t ' l p . c. The addiction-as-disetrse-necding-treatment model is irpplicable to a brctat'l spectrum of p leasurc-se'eking be'haviors. 4. depressants; stimulants; hallucinogens; nellrotransmitters; expe'cttrtions 5. calm; slow; depressant;sympathetic 6. aggressive; helpful; sleep

sexually; long-term;

REM

7. shrinking; womeni self-awareness; immediate situation; future consequences

194

C h a p t e t 7 S t a t e so f C o n s c i o u s n e s s

Studies have found that if people believe that alcohol affects social beh;-rviclr in certain ways, then, when they drink alcohol (or e'r'enmistakenly think that they have bc'enclrinking .rlcohol),they will behave according to their expectatiorrs,which vary by culture. For example, if peopie believe alcohol promotes sexual feeling, on drinking thev are likely b behave in a sexr.rallyaroused n,.-rv. 8. b.-rrbituratcs

1. hallucinations; oxvgen 2. dualists; monists

TESTr PROGRESS Multiple - Choice Qu estions 1. d. is the answer. (p.271)

e'ndorphins 9. cleprcss;op-riates; 10. c;rffcir.rt-; rricotitre; trmphetamincs; Ecst.rsr'; rncth;rmphe.tamine;are

N ear-D eath Experiences

coc.tinc;

11. clopr.rnrirlc;norepinephrine; scrotonin; reuptake; sYllalLrscs -12. c x p c c t a t i o n s p; e r s o n a l i t y ;s i t u a t i o n 13. [:cst.rsr'; stimu lirnt; milc] h.rlluci nogen; dttpamine; serotonin; serotonin; circ;rdian; immune system; nrenlol'y;cognitive 14. psvcheclclics;MDMA; scrotonin; blocking 15. THC; AIDS; cancer,lung clitmage,and pregnancy conrplicati()11s Like alcol-rol,r'narijuarrarelaxes, clisinhibits, and may producc a euphoric feeling.Also likc alcohol, marijuana imparirspcrceptual and mcttor skills. Mariiu;rnit i s a m i l d h a l l u c i n o g c n ;i t c a n a m p l i f y s e n s i t i v i t y t o colors, sounrls, tastes,and smclls. Marijuana also interrupts mcmory fornration.

2. b. is the answer. (p.275) a. The amygc{alais an ernotion center in the limbic system. c. Adenosine is a brain chcmical tl'rat makes us sleepy. d. Thc pineal is a gland that produccs the sleepinducing hormone me'lattlnin. 3. c. is the-'answer. Jet lag is e'xpc.rienccdbecattsc, having traveled across time ztlnes, wc .1rc.rw.rkt. at a time when our biological clock says, "Slccp!" This biologictrl clock is the circadian rhytl'rm. (p.275) 4 . a . i s t h e ra n s w e r .( p . 2 7 7 ) b. & c. Delta waves prc'dominaterdr-rringStage's3 and 4. Sterge3 is thc transition betwe'enStages 2 and ,l and is associated with a pattern that htls elements of both stagcs. d. Faste'r,nerrrly wakirrg briritr wavcs tlccttr cluring REM sle-ep.

18. havt-; nrorc

5 . d . i s t h e a n s w e r .( p . 2 7 8 ) a., b., & c. During non-REM Stage's1-4 hetlrt rate ancl brca-rthingare slow and rc'gular arrd thc gcrlitals are rrot arouse'cl.

1 9 . b i o l o g i c a l ;r n o r c ;d o p - r a m i nrcc w a r d

6 . d . i s t h e a n s w e r .( p . 2 7 9 )

A p s y c h o l o g i c a lf a c t o r i n d r u g u s e i s t h e f e e l i n g t h a t onc's lifc is me;rninglessaucl lacks direction. Ilegular users of psychoactive drtrgs often have cxpe'rienced strcss or failure trnd are somewhat depressed. Drug ursc.often begins as a tempc'rrary way to rclie've dcpression, anUe.r,anxiety, or insomnia. A powerful social factor in clrug Llse,eslrccially among aclctlescents, is peer infhlcnce. Peers shape trttitudes about drugs, provide drugs, irnd establish the social context for their use.

7 . d . i s t h e a n s w c r .( p p . 2 8 0 - 2 8 1 )

etnotiotrs 16. op-r1-rosing 17. incrc.rscd;drug cclucation

20. varies; cultural; ethnic 21. lowest; peer 22. a. cducation about the long-term costs of a drug's te-mpore'rry pleasures b. efforts to boost people's self-esteem and purposc in life c. attempts to "inoculate" youth against peer prcssures

8. a. is the answer. Like alcohol, slercpingpills carry the undcsirable conscquence of reducing REM sleep and may make insttmtria worse in the long run. (p.283) b., c., & d. Sleeping pills do not producc thcse effects. 9. c. is thc answcr. They also block the rcuptakc of serotonin and norepinephrine'.(p. 301) a. This answer describesthe effect of LSD. b. Depressants such as alcohol have this effcct. Cocaine and crack are classifiedas stimulants. d. None of the psychoactivc drugs htrs this effect. Opiates, however, suppressthe brain's productitln of endorphins.

Answers

10. d. is the answer. Alcohol, which slows body functions and neural activitv, is a depressant. (p. 298) a. Methamphetamine is a stimulant. b. & c. LSD and marijuana are hallucinogens. 1 1 . b. is the answer. Hypnosis l,r,;rsoriginally rcferred t o a s " m e s m e r i s m . "( p . 2 9 1 ) a. ln the area of consciousness,Freud is best knclwn for his theory of drearning. c. Spanos is best known for his corrtention that hypnosis is an extension of cveryclay sclcierl bc.havior. d. Hilgard is known for his theorv of clissociation anri the hidden obscrvcr irr hypnosis. 12. c. is tlrc answer. (p. 295) a . H y p n o t i z e d s u b j e c t st r s u a l l y p c r f ( ) r m o n l y a c t s t h e y m i g h t L ) e r f o r nn r ornraIly. b. Thc tcxt clocs not snggest that slccpir.rganrl h y p n o s i s a r c t h c s a m e s t a t e s .I u i a c t , t h c b r a i n wirvcs of hyprrotizccl subjerctsarc r.r
1 3 . c. is the answcr. Thcy rcnrenrbered less than if t l . r c yw c r c a w a k c n t ' d d u r r i n go t l ' r er s t a g e r s( .p . 2 8 7 ) 7 4 . a. is the illrswer. Fretrd sirlv clrcams as psychic safcty vrrIr,csthtrt dischargt: unircceptablcfcelings tl-ratare oiterr relrrteclto e rotic wishes. (p.2871 b . & c . T h c s c p h y s i o l o g i c a lt h c o r i c s o i c l r c . r r n i n g arc not trssociatedwitlr Fretrcl. d. According to frrerucl, cireirrnsrcprcsent the inc]iv i c l t r a l ' s c o n f l i c t s a n c l w i s l r c s b r - r ti n c l i s g u i s e c l , ratlrcr than trtrnsprarent, forr"n. 1 5 . c . i s t h e a n s w c r . S r - r c hc l r u g s w o r k p r i m a r i l y a t s y n a p s e sa, I t c r i n g n c n r a I t r a n s n r i s s i o r (r p . . 2c)6) a . W h t r t p e o p l c b e l i e v ew i l l h a p p c n t r f t e r t a k i n g a c l r u g w i l l l i k e l y h a v e s o r n ee f f e c to n t h c i r i r - r c l i v i d r-tirl reactions, but psycl'ro.rctiver-lrr.rgsactr-rirlly w o r k b y a l t e r i n g n e r l r i r lt r a n s m i s s i o n . b. Sir.rceir plrrcebo is ir substance without active properties, this irnswe.ris irrcorrcct. d. This answer is incorrcct bccause the effects of psychoactive drr-rgson behavior, prerception,;rnd so forth havc tr physiokrgic.rlbasis. 1 6 . c. is the answer. This is trr-re.l{crcditv. for ex.rlple, influences tendencics toward alcclhcllism.

(pp.2e7-2e8) 1 7 . b . i s t l r e a n s w e r .( p . 2 7 1 ) a. The belrtrviorists' emphasis on observable behavior occurred much later in the history of psychology. c. Psychology has nevcr been primarily concerned n,ith abnormal behavior.

195

L 8 . d. is the answer. (pp.287-288) a.,b., & c. Each of these describesa valid theory of dreaming that was mentioned in the text. 19. c. is the answer. We can reset our biological clocks by adjusting our sleep schednles. Thus, young adults adopt something closer tct a 25-hor-rr day by staying up too late to get fl hours of slcep. (p.276)

20. c. is the answcr. (p. 307) Matching Itcms 1. 2. 3. +.

e (p. 2t36) k(p.287) i (p.277) j (p.276)

5. h (p. 2Ba) e. f (p. 301) 6. d (p.28a) n. [email protected]) 7. b (p.2e8) 11. g (p.2u4) 8. a (p.303)

PROGRESS TESTz Mu I tipI e-Choica Qu asti otrs 1. b. is theranswer. Following REM dcprivation, p c o p l c t c m p o r a r i l y i n c r e a s et h e r i ra m o u n t o f I t E M sleep, in a phcnonrcnon krrown as IIEM rebotrncl.

(p.2u8)

'fhe trmottnt of REM a. Just tlrc' oppositc is trlter: is grcatcst irr infancy. slecp-r c. Dcprivccl of IIEM slcep by repeatcd awrtkcnings, pcoplc rctunt morc itnd morc rluickly to thc R E M s t a g c sa f t c r f a l l i n g b a c k t o s l c c p .T h c y b y n o m e a n sa c l a p te a s i l y t o t l ' r ec l c p r i v i . t t i o r r s . d. Just thc oppositc occrrrs:thcv tend t() supprcss REM slc.ep. 2 . c . i s t h e a r r s w e r(. p . 3 1 ( l ) a. Belravioristsioctrs orr observablebelraviors i.rncl trvoid corrccptssltch as the mirrcl. b. The rnor.ristsbelievc that the nrir.tc'iand boclv d. Frcuc-liansfocus on unconsciot-tsand c()r1sci()Lls trspectsof thc mirrcl anci have little to say rcgardin g the rnind-boc1yre.lationship-r. a . i s t h e a n s w e r . A l c o h o l c l i s r u p t st h e p r o c c s s i r r g of experienccsinto krrrg-term mem()ry but htrs little eff-ectorr either ir.nmerliateor prcviously establishcd memories. (p. 299) 4 . d. is the.answer. (p.277) a. The brain waves of REM sleep (clrearn slee'p) are more like those of Stage1 sleepers. b. Stage2 is charractcrizedby sleep spindles. c. Sttrges 3 and 4 are chartrcterizecl by slow, rolling delta waves. 5 . c. is the irnswer. (p.275) 5 . a. is the answer. (p.297)

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C h a p t e r 7 S t a t e so f C o n s c i o u s n e s s

b. Phvsical dependence may occur in the absence of tolerance. The hallmark of physical dependence is the presence of withdrawal symptoms u.herrthe Lrersonis off the drug. c. I'svchologic.rl dependence refers to a felt, or psvchokrgical,need to use a drug, for example, a stress. clrug thirt relie'u'es d. Thcrc is no such thing as drug "resistance." 7 . d . i s t h c a n s w e r .( p . 2 7 a ) 8 . a . i s t h e a n s w e r .( p . 2 7 8 ) b. During IIEM sleep,muscular tension is low. c. Night terrors are associateclwith Stage4 sleep. d. Alpha wavcs are characteristicof the relaxcd, .rn';rke statc. 9. d. is thc answer. Alcolrol is a depressant.(p. 298) 1 0 . d . i s t h e a n s w c r .( p . 2 V 1 ) a . H v p r r o t i c r t ' s 1 ' r o 6 s i 1 1 ' 1 1vt.' tsrsi e s greatly from pers()nt() pe rson. b . & c . T h c r c i s n o c ' v i d e n c eo f a gendcr differ( ' n ( ' ( i' n h y p n o t i c r c s p t t n s i v c n c s s . that hypnosis 11. c. is the answer. Hilgirrcl bclir..ve's reflects tr clissociation,or split, in consciottsness, irs occurs normally, only to tr much greater exte'nt.

@.20a) 12. a. is thc irnswe.r.Comparecl with othe'r childrcn, clrildrelr wlrose parents abuse trlcohol havc'a highc r t o l c r a n c c f o r m t r l t i p l e r ' l r i n k s ,m a k i n g i t m o r e ' likclv that thc1, will, in firct, c()nsunle more'atlcohol. (p. 305) 1 3 . b . i s t h c a n s w c r .( p . 2 9 3 ) a. & c. I{yprrosis rlrr be helpftrl in treating the'sc problcrns, but it is l1() m()re effective than othe'r f o r n r so f t h c r a p v . d. Adr.rlts are llot rnorc rcsDonsive than childrerr to hy;-lrosis. 14. d. is the.answer. Ii adolc'sccnts'iricncls use drugs, thc odc'ls.rre that they will, kro. (p. 307) a., b., & c. These :rrc rrlso predictors of drug use btrt seem to opcratc mainly through their effects ()n pcer trssociatiorl. 1 5 . c . i s t h e a n s w e r .( p . 3 0 3 ) 1 , 6 .b . i s t h c a n s w e r . ( p . 2 9 4 ) a. & c. There is no eviclence that hypnotically responsive indivicluals fake their behaviors or that they arreundererchievers. 1 7 . d . i s t h e a n s w e r .( p . 2 7 7 ) 18. b. is the answer. (p. 302) a. & c. Unlike stimulants, LSD and THC do not speed up body functions. d. Unlike hallucintrgens, cocaine is a stimulant and docs not generally distort perceptions.

19. a. is the answer. (p. 288) b. & c. These essentially Freudian explanations of the purpose of dreaming are based on the idea that a dream is a psychic safety valve that harmlessly dischargesotherwise inexpressiblefeelings' d. This explanation of the function of drt'aming is associatedwith the informaticln-processingvic'r'r'point. 20. d. is the answer. (pp. 300-302) Mntching Items 1. 2. 3. a.

c (p. 302) f (p. 300) d (p.277) [email protected])

s. 6. 7. 8.

j (p.276) k (p. 300) i (p.30tl) b (p.3tl2)

e. g (p.271) 10. a (p. 2[t7) 11. e (p.2e3)

Applied Psychotory Multip Ie- Choic e Quest i orrs 1. b. is the answcr. Narcolepsy is chtrracterizeclby uncontrolltrbleslcc'pattacks.(p. 284) a. Sleep aplletl is characterizcclby thc temporilry cessationof breathing whilc aslecp. c. Night terrcrs are'charactcrizedby higlr aror-rsal and terrifiecl bchirvior, occttrring clurirrg Stagc tl sleep. d. lnsomnia rcfcrs to chronic difficulty irr firllirrg o r s t a y i n ga s l c c p . 2. d. is the answer. (p. 307) 3. b. is the answe'r. Although thc boclv is arottsecl internally, the message'stlf thc irctivatetl tntlttlr cortex do not reach thc mttscles.(p.278) a . S t u d i e s o f R E M - d e p r i v c d p e o p l e ri r r t l i c a t ej u s t the opposite. c. lt is difficult to awake't.trr pcrson from REN4 sleep. d. Just the opposite occurs in REM sleep:tht' rnuscles are relaxed, yct the brain is arottsed, 4. a. is the answer. Although perople recall mtlre under hypnosis, they "recall" a lot tlf fiction irlong with fact and appear unable to clistinguish between the'two. (p.292) b. Hypnotically refreshe'd memclrie'strre ttsttallv n g 1 1 1 ) r .€t c c u r d t rt' h . t n c o n s c i o u sm t ' m o r i t ' s . c. Although the hypnotized subject's imagintrtion may influence the memories retrieved, somc actttal memory retrieval also occurs. d. Hypnotically retrieved memories dtln't nclrmally focus on anxiety-provoking events. 5. b. is the answer. Continued use of a drug prtlduces a tolerance; to experience the same "high,"

Answers

Dan will have to use larger and larger doses. (p.

2e7) 5 . c. is the answer. The rapid eve movements of REM sleep coincide with bursti of activity in the visual cortex. (p.278) 7 . c. is the answer. (p.272) 8 . d. is the answer. Alcohol re.ducesself-consciousness and loosens inhibitions, milking people more likely to act on their feelings of anger or sexual arousal. It also clisrupts the processing of experiencc intcr long-tc.rmmcmory. (pp.29t)-299) 9 . b. is the arlswer. The analyst is evidently trying to go beyond tlre events in tlre.dream arrd understand the dream's hiclden meaning, or the: c l r e a m ' sl a t e n t c o n t e n t .( p . 2 8 7 ) a. Thc manifest content of a dream is its actual storv linc. c . D i s s o c i a t i o nr e f c r s t o a s n l i t i n l c v c l s o f c o n sciotrsness. d. There is no such term. ln any case, "ovcrt" r,r,orrlcl be the silme as "rnanifest" conterrt. 1 0 . d . i s t h c a n s \ r L . r .B c c a u s c o f t h c D h c n o r n e r r o n known as REM rebt,und, B.rrry, ir.rving been rleprivcd of REM slccl-r,will now, increase lris I I E M s l c c p .( p . 2 t 3 t l ) irritability is irn cffc.ctof slccp clcpria. lrrcrcirse'cl v a t i o n i r r g c n c r a l ,n o t o f R E M c l e r p r i v a t i o snp e c i f i c al l y . b . R E M r c . b o u n dw i l l c a t r s eBr a r r y t o d r e a m m o r e than normal. c . T h c i n c r c a s ei rn R E M s l c e p i s n c . c c s s a r i layc c o m ;ranicclby dr.crcasesir-rStage's1-4 slee.p. 1 1 . b . i s t h e a n s w e r . I ' e o p l c w i t h r i c h f t . r n t a s yl i v e s arrclthc ability to becomc imaginativcly absorbecl lrave cssentially the chtrracteristics t'rssociated w i t h h y p n o t i c s r - r g g e s t i b i l i t yT.h e f a c t t h a t J a n i c e is an actrcss also sugfaestsshe possessessuch t r a i t s .( p . 2 9 1 ) a. Bill's re.alityorierntatiorrrnakcs him irn r"urlikely e a n di d a h ' f o r l r y p n o s i s . are gcrrerally able c. The hypnoticalJy sr-rggestible to focus on tasks or on imaginative activitics. d. Peroplewho are hypnotically suggcstible terrd to becomc dce.ply engrosscd in nol'els trnd ntotries. 12. a. is the answer. Adopted individutrls are more susceptible. to alcoholism if they hacl a biologicnl p;rrent with alcoholism. (p. 305) b., c., & d. Each of these is true, which indicates that susceptibility to alcoholism is at least partially determined by heredity. 13. d. is the answer. (pp. 292-293) 14. c. is the answer. (p.278)

197

a. & d. Incre'asedactivity in the visual and auditory areas of the sleeping brain is perfectly normal during REM sleep. b. ln fact, people cannot easily be awakened from REM sleep. 15. b. is the answer. Monists such as Levar believe that the mincl and bodv are inseparablc'.Thus, when the body dies, the mind ceas€'sto exist. (p. 310) a. Behavioristsarvoidre'ferencesto the mind. c. Dualists believe that the mincl can exist apart from the body. d. The text clcte'snot discuss tl.re'relarticlnship betwc'en religictus be.lief ar"rclnear-de'athexpcriences. 16. a. is thc answer. TtlC, thc irctive itrgreclicnt in linger in the bociy marijuan:r, ;rncl its by-prurclr-rcts for a month ()r m()rc. (p. 303) 17. b. is the trnsn,c.r.(p. 309) a. Approrirnate.lv l2 to 40 pcrcent of pcoplc who have' contc close to cleatlr rcport sttme sttrt oi neirr-dcath c'xpcrience. c. & d. Thcre.is no gendcr cliffercrrccir"rtl'reprcvalence of near-clcathcxpcrict'tccs. (p.2Va) 18. c. is thc arrsr,r,er. 1 9 . d . i s t h c a r r s w e r .( p . 3 0 7 ) 20. d. is thc answer. Frcucl's theory prttposccl that d r e a m s , w h i c h o c c t t r c l t t r i t . r gf t r s t - w a v e , I < l 1 M slc.cp, scr\/e as ir p-rsychicsafcty l'itlvc. (pp 282-283) Essay Questiorr As a cleprcssilrt, alcohol slows neurrrl activity ancl b o d y f u n c t i o n s . A l t h o u g l ' r l o w c l o s e so i u l c o h o l r n a y produr-'r.rerlaxation,lt,ith largcr clost-'srcactiotts slow, spe.echslurs, skillcd performt.rnccclcteriorates,ancl the processing of recent expcrict.tct'sinto long-tcrtn m e m o r i c s i s d i s r u p t e r d .A l c o h o l a l s o r c c l t t c c ss e l f awareness ancl may itrcilitirte'sexual ancl .rggressivt' might othcrwisc rcsist. r-rrgesthc irrdivic'lr-rtrl Some people nray bc biologically vulncrabler tct a l c o h o l i s m .T h i s i s i n d i c a t c d b y t h e i a c t t h a t i n d i v i d t r als who havc a biological parcnt lt,ith alcoholism, or people who have an itlentictrl twir-r with alcoholism, to alcoholism. are more sr-rsce.ptible Stress, depression, and thc feeling that life is meaningless and withor,rt dirc'ction arc common ieelings among heavy users of alcohol arrd may create'a psychological '',ulnerability to alcoholism. Especially for teenagers,pL'L'rgroup irrfluence'is strong. If an adolescent'sfriends use alcohctl,oclds are t h a t h e o r s h ew i l l L o o . Research suggests three important channe'ls of

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influence for drug prevention and treatment programs: (1) education about the long-term consequences of alcohol use.;(2) efforts to boost people's self-esteem and purpt'rse in life; and (3) attempts to counteract peer pressurc that ieads to experimentation r,r'ith c-lrugs.

to gasp for air, falls back asleep, and repeats this cycle throughout the night. (p. 284) Example: One theory of the sudden infant death syndrome is that it is causedby sleep apnea.

12. A person suffering from night terrors experiences episodes of high arousal with apparent tcrror. Night terrors usually occur during Stage 4 sleep.

(p.28a)

KEYTERMS Writirtg Dcfinitions 1. For rnost psychologists, consciousness is our crwttreflcsS of ourselves and our environment. (p. 271) 2. Biological rhythms are' periodic fluctuations in or-rrboclics'physiologicirl statcs,including annuaI variations in appetite, 90-minute sleep cycles, the 2E-clay mcnstrual cycle, .'rnd circ;rditrn rhythms.

@.27a) 3. A circadian rhythm is any regular bodily rhythm, and slccp-wakefulness, such as bocly tcmpe-raturethtrt follows a 2,1-hourcvclc. (p. 275) Marnortlnid: ln Latin, circnmeans "about" and dit's means "day." A circadian rhythm is one that is abouttrtlay, or 24 hilurs,in duration. 4. REM sleep is the sleep stage in which the brain trnd cycs arc ar-tivc,thc muscles errerclaxed, and vi'"'id dreanrirrg occurs; also known 'asporntloxical s l t c p .( p . 2 7 6 ) MctttLtrrlairl: REM is an acronym for rapid eye movcmcnt, thc clistirrguishirrg feature of this slccp sti-rgcthat lccl to its discovery. 5 . A l p h a w a v e s a r e t h e r e l t r t i v e l ys l o w b r a i n w a v e s clrarirctcristicof rrrrtrrt,akc,relaxcd state.(p.277) 6. Sleep is thc nt.rtr-rrtrl, periodic, reversible loss of consciousness, ()n which the body and mind clcpcnclfor healthy fur-rctioning.(p.277) 7. Hallucinations arc falsc sensory experiencesthat o c c u r w i t h o u t a n y s c n s o r ys t i m u l u s .( p . 2 7 7 ) 8. Delta waves are the large, slow brain waves associated with deep sleep.(p.277) 9. Insomnia is a slccp disorder in which the person regularly has difficulty in falling or staying asleep.(p. 2U3) 10. Narcolepsy is a sleep disorder in which the victim suffers sudde.n, uncontrollable sleep attacks, oftcn characterized by entry directly into REM. (p.2fla) 11. Sleep apnea is a sleep ciisorder in which the person ceasesbreathing while asleep,briefly arouses

13. Dreams are vivid sequences of images, emotions, and thoughts, the most vivid of which occur during REM sleep. (p. 285) 1.4. In Freud's theory of dreaming, the manifest content is the remembered story line. (p. 2tt6) 1 5 . ln Freud's theory of dreaming, the.latent content is the underlying but censoreci meaning ttf a dream. (p.287) '15: Montfcst mcans "clctrrlv McnutrtlnidsJbr 71 artl apparent, obvior.rs"; /rllcrlf means "hiclclen, concealed." A dream's manifest content is thirt which is obviclus; its latent content rcmaills hiclden until its symbolism is interprctcd.

1.6.REM rebound is the tendency for REM slerepto incrcase following I{EM slecp de'privatiorr. (p. 288) 17. Hypnosis is n social irttererctionirr which ()lrc Pcrson (the hypnotist) suggests to another (thc subject) that ccrtarinperccptions, feelings, thoughts, occur. (p. 2cX)) or behaviors will spontane'or-rsly 1 8 . A posthypnotic suggestion is ;r suggestiorrmacle during a hypnosis sessionthat is to be carricd out when the subject is no longer hypnotize.d.(pt.292) 19. Dissociation is a split between different levels ttf consciousness,allowing a pers()t'lto dividet attcntictn between two or more thoughts. (p. 293) Psychoactive drugs-which include stimulants, dcpressants, and hallucinogctls-are chcmical substancesthat alter mctod and perce'ptittn.Tlrev work by affecting or mimicking the activity of ne-urotransmitters. (p. 296)

21. Tolerance is the dirninishing of a psychoactive drug's effect that occLlrs with repetrterd usc, requiring progressively larger doses in ttrder ttr prcrducethe same effect. (p.297) Withdrawal refers to the discomfort trnd distress that follow the discontinued urse of addictivcr drugs. (p.297) Physical dependence is a physiological need for a drug that is indicated by the presence of withdrawal symptoms when the drug is not taken. (p. 297)

I

Answers

199

25. An addiction is a cornpulsive craving for a drug

cesses. LSD produces its unpredictable effects partially because it blocks the action of the neurotransmitter serotonin. (p. 302)

despite adverse consequences and withdrawal s y m p t o m s .( p . 2 9 7 )

35. The major active inp;redient in marijuana, THC is classified as a mild hallucinogen. (p. 303)

Depressants are psychoactive drugs, such as alcohol, opiates, and barbiturates, that reduce neural activity and slow body functions. (p. 298)

36. The near-death experience is an altered state of consciousness that has been reported by some people who have had a close brush with death.

The psychological need to use a drug is referred to as psychological dependence. (p.297)

27. Barbiturates are depressants, sometimes used to induce sleep or reduce anxiety. (p 300) Opiates are depressantsderived from the opium poppy, such as opium, morphine, and heroin; thcy reducc neural activity and temporarily le.sscnpain and anxiety. (p.300)

29. Stimulants are psychoactive drugs, such as caffeirre, rricotine, ;rrnphe.tamines,and cocainc, thirt excite rrcural activity and speed up body funct i o n s .( p . 3 0 0 ) Amphetamines are a type of stimulant and, as such, spccd up body, functions arndneural activity. (p.300)

31. Methamphetamine

is a powerfully addictive stirnr-rlarrtthtrt spceds up body functions ancl is irssociatccil,r,ith cncrgy ancl moocl changes. (p. 300)

32. Classificd as both a (synthetic) stimulant and a mild hallucinogcn, Ecstasy (MDMA) produccs short-term cuphoria by increasing serotonin le.vels in thc brairr. Rcpeatcd use may permanently damergc scrotonin ncur()ns, suppress immunity, t r n d d i s r u p t c o g n i t i o n .( p . 3 0 2 ) JJ.

Hallucinogens arc psychoactive clrugs, such as LSD ancl marijuana, that distort perception ancl evoke sensory im;rges irr the abserrceof sensory input.(p.302)

34. LSD (lysergic acid dicthylamider) is a powerful hallucinogen captrble of producing vivid false perrccptionsand disorganization of thought pro-

(p.30e) 37. Dualism is the philosophical belief that the mind and body are distinct entities-the mind nonphysical, the body physical. (p. 310) Exnmpla:Those who believe that near-death experiences are proof clf immortality are expressing the dualist position that mind and body are separate entities. 38. Monism is the philosophical belief thirt thc mind and body are different aspectsof the samc.thir-rg. (p.310) Exnnrplt:: The belief that death is final and that no afterlifc cxists is a reflerctionof the monist position that mind i,rndboclv arc.onc. Cross-Check ACROSS 1. paradoxical 7. dopamine 8. nicotine 10. lucid dreams 12. LSD 13. seritrl 14. spindle 17. depressant 18. hypnagogic 19. barbiturates 21. morninE; 22. evening

DOWN 2. age regression 3. amphetamines 4. opiartes 5 . i n f t r r m l t i ( ) n[ ) r ( ) ( ( ' s s i n g 6. alcohol 9. hicldcn observer 11. delta 15. dissociation 16. alpha 18. henrin 20. THC