Chapter Six Study Guide0001

Perception

Selective Attention (pp. 237-2a0)

CHAPTER OVERVIEW Chapter 6 explores how we select, organize, and intcrpret our sensationsirrto mearrir-rgfulpc.rce.ptions. Thc chaptcr introclucesarwide range of terminology, t'spccially in the Perceptui'rl Organization section. Each oi the twcl sections thtrt follow deals with an important issue. T'he first issue is the role of experielrcr), ils opposed to he.re.clity,in perception. M;rke sure y()Llunclerrstancl tl.reresr-rltsof studies of recovery from blindrless, sens()ry clc.privation, adaptation to tlistclrtetlenvinrnments, ;rnd perccptutrl set. Note also thc nrle of psychokrgistsin hr-rmanfactors clesign. 'Ihc seconclisstreconsidcre'din the chapter is the possiblc cxistcncc of FISI),or perception withtlut st'nsi.ttion.You shotrlclbe able to discuss both the cltrims m a d c f o r E S I ta r r d t h e c r i t i c i s m so f t h e . s cc l a i m s .

D a v i d M y e r s a t t i m c s u s e si c l i o m st h t r ti r r c u n f a m i l i a r t o s o m c r c a c l c r s I. f v o t t c l o n o t k t r o w worcls, t h e m e a n i n g o f a r r yo f t l r t ' f r , l l t , r n ' i n g phrases,or exprcssionsirr thc context in rvhich tlrey aprpearirr thc tcxt, re-ferto page 175 ior an t I i qlrt slri.ft s; t1otr Lttrr nt t n rt i orn I s1to explana tion : 11 po1t-ortt. ttrttry tlrntun ltlurtk;sntrutcrt'd;

Objective 1: Describc thc intcrprl.rybertweenattentiorr and pe'rceptirln. 1. Our tendency to foclrs at irrrv rnomct'tton only a limitccl aspect of all tl-r;rtwc iir(' capirblc of cxperiencingis ctrllecl

N O T E : A n s w e r g u i d e l i n e sf o r a l l C h a p t e r 6 q u e s t i o n s bc'gin rxr page 168.

. l ' h i s i s i l l n s t r . r t c cul s i r r ga figure c.rlletl.r

2. An cxamplc of this linritecl foclrs is the

CHAPTER REVIEW First, skim each section,notinS;heaclingsand boldface ite'ms.Aftcr you have reacl the section, review etrcl"r obicctive by answering the fill-in and essav-type cluestions that follow it. As yc'lu proceed, evaluate yotrr performance by consulting the answers beginning on page 168. Do not continue with the next scction until you understand each answer. lf you need to, review or rereacl the secticln in the textbook before continuing. 1. The philosopher

ctrbe

first

-the abilitv to attcncl selectively to clnly one voicer
,in inter-

fail to notice a charrgeirr the cnvi-

ronment. Two forms of this phenclme.nonthat are involve visior-rand hearing, re.spe.ctively,

proposed that we perceive objectsthrough the

ancl

senses,with the mind. Another example is

157

I Chapter 6 Perception

158

Perceptual|llusions(pp.2a0-2a2)

tions.

lf you clo not know tht' me'aningof any of the f t r l l t r l , r ' i nw g o r d s , p l t r a s t ' so , r e r p r e s s i o n si r r in the text, in tht'v trppetrr which the context 'l for rcfer to p.-rge 75 an cxplan;.rtion: nnrt' to tottchtltnn nccts dttnrntry; ctcntriloquist's tlu'skitr.

Objective 2: IJxplainl'rrxvillusions hclp us to undcrirrto stand sorne of tl.rcwirvs wc orgarrize.stir-nr-rli mcarringfn l pcrceptiorrs.

-l'he distinction betwe.e'nsenstltic)nalltl pp1-

ception itr tertns of thesc two typcs tlf inforr-u.rtiorr (clcar p n r c e s s i n gi s cut/ fttz.tt'). Objective 4: F.xplirinthc figr-rrc-grounclrelationship, l r o u p r i n gi r l a n d i d e n t i f r ' p r i n c i p l c so f p e r c e p t l t i t g form perception. \,vescL'the ccntral objcct, vien' c)SCerlr', 3. When rn"'e , . r s c l i s t i n c 'ftr t l m s l t r -

or r o u n d i n g s t i n r r - r Ioi ,l t h c

l d c r r t i f y t h c t r . r j o t 'c o n t r i b t r t i t t r r so i ( l c s t a l t p s y c h o l o f i1111. gv ttt ott r tttrdt'r-statttl i rtg ot ;)1'l't--t'p

trort.nally 1. Jllusions reveal the n,irys rn,e' il I1 L]

t.lttrsenstttions. 2. Tht. tcntlerncyof vision to c'lonrinatcthc otl.rerr scnses is refcrrecl to irs

3. ln a conterstbctrvecn hearir.rganci touclr, dor-trinatcs.

PerceptualOrganization(pp.242 254) lf you clo rrot krrow'thr. mcirnir.rgof alry of tht' f o l l o w i r r g w o r t l s , p h r . r s c so, r c r f - r r r ' s s i o nisr r t l - t c irr thc text, rcfcr contcxt in w,lriclrthcy app-rcar ior r7r'rt; irtr erxplatratiotr: ttr pagcs 175-176 q t', I I d r n s t ro Sttrrtt't i rrt t's, It ttrttt'rtt' t tc cn t s ry; rtrot I tt'r s ottt tttrto tlre g/rlss; T/rc tlrt,rtcttttxt'd tlrctrtto cro'iul rtttt'(,t', tlnl As u,t' objccts flottirtg.firrt('rsrrt/s/tt'('; ilpp(nr t0 ruttit(;ltv.flnshitrg orc nctrtollqs[nblt'rrtrrrl throttghtt pttpL'rttrltc;t'nrpt'rrtcrctl. 24 still ptictrtrt's;

$ $ t_._"

4 . I ) r o x ir ni t v , s im i l a r it y , c l o s l tr e , c o r - r t i n ttryi , i l n d ilrc ('xittlples ttf (lcstalt rttlcs of corrnc'ctccllrt'ss

5 . T h e p r i n c i p l c 't l . r i rrt , t , eo r g . t t r i z es t i m u l i i l r t o snrootlr, cttnti It u t'ru s Pattr'rrrsi s cirI lt'cl . fht'principlcthatwe iill in gaps t() cretrtea cornpletc, whttlt' objcct is . l ' h c g r o t r p i n go f i t e m s t h a t a r c c k r s ct o c ; r c ho t h c r i s t h e p r i n c i p l c o f

psychology's contribuObjective 3: Describe Clerstalt tion to our undcrstanclirrgof pcrceptior.r. 1. Accordinu to thc

; thc grouping of itcms thrrt l o o k . r l i k t ' i st h e p r i r - r c i p loef . I l r t ' I t ' t t t l t ' t r t V t o 1 r t ' 1 ' 1i' 1f r . '

school of

psychology, we tend to orgarrizea clr,tstcrof sell-

uniform or attirchcd items .rs .t singlc r-rnitis thc

sations into tr

PrinciPlt'of

, clr

form.

Objective 5: Explain tl'reimportance oi clcpth Pcrception, and discuss thc.contribtrtion of visual cliff oi this ability. rescarchto our r,rnclerstttrrdirrg

2. Or-rrtender-rcyto perceive complctc forms involves sensory trnalysis,or

6. The ability to sec objectsin thrcc dimensrons processingof stimuli, as well as

dcspite their two-dimernsionalrepresentationsoI1 prc)-

cessing thtrt uses our and

our re'tintrsis cirllecl It enablesus to estimatc'

ttr tntr'rpret r)ttr settsc-t-

PerceptualOrganization

159

away:

7. Gibson and Walk developed the to test

15. As an object becomes increasinglv clistant,it

depth perception in infants. By

appears progressivelv less distitrct:

(lr'hartage?)infants demonstrate thcy are using Gestalt perception

16. Objectslower in the visual fielcl are seen as

principle.s.

nearer:

Summarize the resultsof Cibson and Walk's studies of depth perception.

1 7 . As we move, objectsartclificrcrrtclistatrct'silPpcar to move at diffcrent rtrtes:

18. Perrallellines trppear to cotrvergein the rlist.rnct':

19. Dimmcr, or shaded, objectsseetl f.trtht't-.t\\'ct\': Objective 6: Dcscribc two binocr-rlarcucs for prerceiving clcpth, and e.xplain l-row the.y help the brtrin to c o r n p u t cd i s t a n c e . For cluestions8-.19,iderrtify the depth perceptiorrcue that is c'lcfinecl.

Objective 8: State thc' basic assumptiotr n't' nr.rkt' it.t o u r p e r c e p t i o n so f m o t i o n , a n d e x p l a i n h o n ' t h e . t ' p t ' r c t ' p t i o r r ts' a n b e d t ' c t ' i v ir r g .

8. Any cue.that rccluirc.sboth eves:

(r'crr

are 20. ln gerncral,\ryer 9.

goocl/not vcry gooci) at qtrickly clctcctirigtht:

-I'he greater the diffcrcncc bctwccn thc im.rgcs

spccd of moving objccts.Sometinrt's,wc .lrc

rcccive.c-l by tlre two c'yes,the ncarer the object:

fooleclbecauselarger objectssccnl to tt.rot'e

.3-D

(fastcr/ more slort'lv ) tlr.rn

nrovir.ssimulate this cue by photographing each

smaller objects.

scencrt,ith two camcras.This chaptcr's fundan r e n t a ll e s s o ni s t h a t o u r

arc

21. Thc br;.rininterrprctsa rapriclscrics of slightlv This

v . r r v r n gr m i g c s . r s

t h c c o n s t r u c t i o n so f o u r

p l r t ' n o m t ' r r o rirs c . r l l c d

10. T'hem()rc our cycs focus irrwarc'lwhcn we view an olrject,the ncarer the obiect:

22.

'Ihc

illusion of movcment that rcsr,rltswhen trt,tr

adjacent stationary spots of light blink orr irrcl oii Obiective 7: Explairr how, monocular cues diffe.r from monocular cuts binocular clrcs,rrnd dcscribe.sc.r,e.ral ior pcrcciv ing cle.ptl-r.

in ouick successionis callcclthc

11. Any ctrc that rccluirescitirer eyc akrne:

Objective 9: Explain the importance of perce'pturtl collstancy.

12. If two obfectsare presumed to be the same size,

23. Our tendency to see objccts as unchanging rvhile

the one that castsa smaller retinal image is per-

the stimuli from them change in size, shaper,ancl

ceived as farther away:

l i g h t n e s si s c a l l e d

13. An object partially covered by another is seen as f a| t h r ' r n w a y : 1.4. Objects that appear hazy are seen as farther

24. This

(bottom-up/top-clown)

processenablesus to identify things regarrdlessof the 0r

by r.t'hich we view them

I 160

Chapter 6 Perception

Objective 10: Describe the shtrpeand size constancies, and explain how our expectations about perceived size and distance contribute to some rrisual illusions.

PerceptualInterpretation1pp.2s4^264)

25. Due to shape trncl size.consterncy,familiar objects (cio/do not) appeartcr change shaperrlr size despiterchangcs in our im.lges of thcrn. il

2 6 . S e v e r a li l l u s i o r - r si n, c l u d i n g t h c

lf yclu do not know the meaning of anv of tl-re folkrwing words, phrirses,or t'xprcssiotrsin tlre context in which they appear in the te'xt,refer ltnll; to page 776 for an explanatiorr:Pirru'-Ports to sct' ctur dizztl; sliglrtlVtlisorit'tttt'tl rut'rrtLtq.ft'cl , is to Ltt'lit'i,c. . . ttt ltclit'rrt'isfo -scc;0 "ntottst('r" itt /,rrc/rl/r'ss;frotrrulttt's bcltittdoltr (vcs Scotlorrtl's ()trr('ors;irt thc ctlt'sof tlu'ir ltt'hLtldcrs. nrrtlbt'tipct:u

, atrcl

illusit'rtts,itre'r:xprlirine.cl by the intcrplay between perceived

arrd ;rc.rcci."'ccl

Objective 12: Dcscribc thc colrtribution of rcst()rcclv i s i o n a n c ls e n s o r yc l e r p r i v a t i o rnc s c a r c hi u o t t r t t t r d c r s t a n c l i n go f t h c l l a t u r c - n u r t u r ei r r t t ' r p l a yi t " to u r p er ct-ptions.

. Whcn clistirncccLlcsilrc rcnr ove'cl,tlrc.sc.i I Itrsiorls a re (clinr in ishccl/ strorgthcrrccl). Explain how thc sizc-clistanccrelationship arccounts for thc Moon illtrsiolr.

c()nrcsfrom itrbortr 1. The iclctrthat knor'r,lcclgc w a y s o f o r g r r r r i z i n gs e n s ( ) r vc x p c r i c n c e su / a s p r ( ) poscclby thc phikrsoprhcr 2 . C ) n t h e o t l r t ' r s i c l cw c r c p h i k l s o p h er s w l r o t l . r i u tiriuccltl"rirtwe lcartr to pt'rccivc the wclrlcl by c x ; r c r i o r c i n gi t . C ) n cp h i k r s o p h e ro" f t h i s s c h o o l W.IS

3. Stuclicsoi casesirr which r.'isiotrhas bccu rcstorccl who was blincl ironr Lrirthslrow tl.rat, to .'r1-rL'151111 sccin..'tactilclyfanriliar objt'ctsfor thc first trp'rorr tirne, the pcrs()r1

(ciilt

/ ciill-

rrot) recogrrizethcr-n. 4. Sttrclicsof scnsory clcprivatior"rclcmorrstratcthat 27. Peoplerlvlro har,'clivcd thcir lives in Llncarpen-

v isu.rl cxpcriernccsd r-rring

t e r c d r t r r a l c n v i r o n m e n t sa r c

i r r c c r u c i a l f o r p c r c e p t u a ld e v e l o p m c n t .S u c h

( m ore./ Icss) strsc-cpr ti b Ie to the M ii llcr- Lye'r

crpe'rie'nccsstrggestthat thcre is a

illusion.

for

Objective 11: Discr-rss lightnessconstitncyand its sirnilarity to cokrr constancy. 28. The brarincom;rutcs an object'sbrightncss (reiative.tol independent of) surrorrndirrg ob jects. 29. The amount of light arr object reflectsrelartiveto i t s s u r r o u n d i n g si s c a l l e d

30. Thanks tcr

For clevelopmerrrt. normal scnsorv and pcrceptr-rirl tlris reason,htrman infar.rtsborn with itn ()pitqLre. , typically h a v c c o r r c c t i r " es t r r g c r yr i g h t r r w a y . l e r r s , c a l l e .dd

Objective 13: Explain how the rescarchon clistorting goggles irtcreascsour unde-rstanclingof the adaptability of perccption. 5. Flr-rmansgiven glassesthertshift or inverrtthe (will/will not) visual field adapt to the distorted perception. This is calle'd

wc scc objccts as having a constant hue relativc to surrotrnding objects.

Animals such alschicks (adapt/clo not i,rdapt)to distorting lenses.

Perception? Is ThereExtrasensory 7. When clistorting goggles are first removed, most

161

L6. Another example of failure to consider the

people experience a brief perceptual

human factor in design is the

, a s t h e i r p e r c e p t u a ls y s t e m s continue to compensate for the shifted visual

technology that provides embarrassing headsets

input.

that amplify sound for people with hcaring loss.

Objective 14: Define perceptual set, and explain how it influences what we do or do not perceive. that influences percep8. A me.ntalpreclispositior.r tion is callcda lc accluire perceptua I 9 . Tl-rrou gh erxperricncc,p-rcop , as rcflcctcd in children's drawings at differre'ntages.This explains why we morr' J('cur.ttt'lv rt'cogtrizt' of famotrs iaccs thrrn thcse.pc.oplc.'sactual faces.

10. Or-rrfacc recognition is especially attuned to the nrt.asof the cxprc-'ssive

fs ThereExtrasensoryPerception?(pp.264-268) If yc'rudo not knor'r' the nreaning of any ttf thc fclllowing worcls, phr;rses,trr urPrt'ssitrnsin the context in which thcv ;rprpetrrirr thc text, refcr t o p a g e 1 7 6 f c t ra n c ' x p l a n a t i o nt:t r t c r t t tlt;r rt t r i t t , l ltrutgt'r. . . Lttr unstttis.ficd bltnuingTtcrfttrntttttcc; itch.

i

forms of Objective 17: Idcntify thc three most te'sti-rble ESP,and expltrir-rwhy most researchpsychologists remain skeptical of ESPclaims.

and 1. Perceptic'rn outside thc r;rngeof nctrm:rlsensation is callt'd

O b j e c t i v e 1 5 : I l x p l a i n w h y t h e s a m es t i m u l u s c a n t:r,okeclifferent prerceptionsin difierent contexts.

cerlled 2. Psychologistswho study ESP i'rre.

1 1 . How r-rstimulr-rsis pcrccived dcpenc-lson our perceptr-ralschemirsand the in which it is e'xperiencecl.

12. The corrtextof n stimulus createstr (top-down/bottom-up) cxpcctt.rtionthat influcnccs our perccption as we ( t o p - d o w n/ b o t m a t c ho u r

The form of ESPin which peoplc claim to bc ctrpablcof re'adingothcrs' minds is callcd . A pcrson who "scnses" that a fricnd is in danger might claim to havc tlre . An abilitv to ESP ability of "se.e"into the future is callcd . A person whct cltrims ttt be

t o m - u p ) s i g n a l a g a i n s ti t . '13.

Our perception is r-rlsoinflucnced by abor-rtgcncler and the t o t t t t ' r I o I o u r ( ' \ p er i e n c e s .

Obiective 16: Dcscribe thc role human factors psychologists play in cretrtinguser-friendly machines and work settings. 14. I'sychologistswho study the importance of considcring perceptual principles in the design of machine-s,appliances, and work settings are

4. Analyses of psychic visions and premonitittns (high/chance-lcvel) reveal accuracy.Neverthelcss,some people cttntinuc'ttl believe in the'iraccuracy becausevilgue predictions often are ltrter

ttt In.ltch

In adciition, events that have ;rlready c:rccurred. people are more likely to recall or to havc dretrms that se-.e'm come true.

ct'rlled psychologists.

15. Victims of the "curse of knowledge," technology developers who assume that others share their , m a y c r e a t ed e s i g n st h a t are unclear to others.

a b l e .t o l e v i t a t ea n d m o v e o b f c c t si s c l a i m i n g t h e power of

5 . Critics point out that a major difficulty for parapsychology is that ESP phenomena are not consistently

I 162

Chapter 6 Perception

5. Researcherswho tried to reduce external distractions bctween a "sender" and a "receiver" in an ESPexperiment. reported performance levels that (beat/did not beat) chance levels.More rccent studics (failed to replicate the results/found equally, high ler..elsof performance).

PROGRESS TEST 7 Mu ltip I c- Cho i ce Qu e sti ons Circle vorrr answLrrsto the following questions and chcck tlror witlr the answers beginning on ptrge 169. lf your alrswcr is incorrcct, rc.ad the. explanation for Ivl.rv it is ir"rcorrcctand thcn consult the appropriater pragcsoi thc tcxt (in parcnthcsesfollowing tlre correct anslvcr). 1.

'l'hc

historical rnovc.ment trssociatec'lwith the s t a t e m e n t" T h e w h o l e m t r y e x c e e dt h e s u m o f i t s parts" is: a. b. c. d.

parapsychology. b c h a v i o r a lp s y c h o l o g y . f r . r n c t i o n apl s y c h o l o g y . ( l e s t i r l tp s y c h o l o g y .

2. Figurcs tcncl to bc perccivc.clas whole, complete objects,r'r,en if spaces or gaps e.xistin the reprcs e n t a t i o n ,t h u s c l e n r o n s t r a t i r rtgh c p r i n c i p l e o . f: a. cortrtcctcclncss. b. similarity.

c. continuity. d. closurc.

reltrtionship has demonstrated 3. Thc figr-rrc-gror-rnd that: a . p c r c c p t i o ni s l a r g e l y i n n a t e . b. pcrccprtion is simply a point-for-point representi'rtionof se.rrsation. c. thc same stimr-rluscan trigger more than one perception. d. diifcrent people see cliffc.rent things when vier,r,ingir scene. 4. Whcn we stare at an object, each eye receives a slightly diffcrcnt image, provicling a depth cue known t-rs: a. convertlence. b . l i r r e a rp e r s p e c t i v e

c. relative motion. d. retinal disptrrity.

5. As we move, r,iewed objectscast changing shapes on our retinas, although we do not perceive the objccts as changing. This is part of the phenomenon of: a. perceptualconstancy.

b. relative mcltion. c. linear perspective. d. continuity. Which of the follon'ing illustrates the' principrlc ol v i s u aI c a p t u r e ? a. We tencl to form iirst itnpressions of other pc.oplcon the basis of appe'arar1ce. b. Becar-rscr.'istral procL.ssing is autttmatic, \\ c can L).ly ;rttention to a vistterlimagc and ittrv other scnsatiotrtrt the'sttnretimet. c . W e c ; r n r r o ts i r . n r - r l t a t r c o u saltyt e n d t o a v i s t t a l image arrclanother scustrtitlu. d. When thcrc is ir corrflict betwercnvisttal information anrl that inrm anotlrcr se'nsc',r'isiort t e n r l st ( ) t l o r l i r r , t t t ' . 7. A perst'rr.r cl.rinring to be ablc to rcacl anotlrer's m i n c ' li s c l a i m i n g t o l t i r v et h e E S I ' a b i l i t y o f : a. psychokinesis. b. precogrrition.

c. clirirvoyarrcc. d. telcpathy.

8 . Wh ich ph i loso;rl.rcr tn.ri trtari rtt'rl tlrat krrttw'lc.clgc of orgalrizing our scns()c()nresfrurnrirrborrrr,r'rrvs ry experierrccs? a. Locke b. Kirnt

c. Clibson d. Walk

9. Dr. Martin is trsing trirturirl nrirp;rirrgto redcsign t h e i n s t r t r r n e n tg a u g e so i a u t o m o b i l c st t l b c m o r c " u s c r f r i c n c l l y . " D r . M a r t i n i s c r ' ' i r l o r t l ya ( r r ) : a. b. c. d.

1-rsychoprhysic'ist. cognitivcpsychologist. human it.tctorspsychologist. e x p e r i n r c n t a lp s y c h o l o g i s t .

scnsi1 0 . Thc vistral cliff tcsts an infrrnt's prerc-cptr-tal tivity to which dcpth ctrc? a. interposition b. relt.rtivehcight

c . l i n e i r rp c r s p e c t i v e d. tcxttrre gradient

1 1 . Kittens irnd nl()rlk€]ysrertrrcdsee.ingonly clifftrsc, unpatterned light: a. later had difficultv rlistinguishingcolor arrd brightness. b. later had difficr-rlty percciving color and brightness, but eventually regainecl Irornral sensitivity. c. later hac-ldifficulty percciving the shapc of objects. d. showed no imptrirment in pc'rception,inclictrting that neural feature detectors develop even in the absenceof normal sensory expe'riences.

ProgressTest 2

12. Adults who are born blind but later have their vision restored: a. are almost immediately able to recognize familiar objects. b. typically fail to recognize familiar objects. c. are unable to follow moving objectswith their eyes. d. have excellenteye-hand ccrordinaticln.

13.

Drocessinsrcfcrs to how the phvsical characteristicsof stimuli influence their inte'rpre.tation. c. Parapsychological a. Top-down d. Human factors b. Bottom-up

20. Researchers r'r'ho investiEiated telt.pathv found that: a. when e'xternal distractions are recluced, Lroth the "sender" and the "receiver" become'mttcl't more.accuratein demonstrating ESP. b. only "scnders" becomc much morc accuratc. c. onlv "receivers" becomc mttch more accuratc. d. over many studies, none ttf thetabove occur. Tnre-False ltems Indicertelvhethcr cach stutcrncnt is truc tlr fallsc bt' placing 7'or F ir-rthc blank trcxt to thc iten.r. l. C)ncc'we perceir''ean ite'm ils a figtlrc, it is impossiblc to see it as grolrncl. 2. [.aboratory cxpcrimcnts have lt.rid ttr r e s t i r l l c r i t i c i s r n so i E S P . 3 . S i x - m o n t h - t t l t li r t f t r r r t sw i l l c r o s sa v i s t r . r l c l i f f i f t h c i r n r o t h e rc a l l s . 4 . U r r l i k e o t h e ' r a n i m a l s , h u n r a t t s l t . . t t ct r t r c r i t i c a lp c r i o d f t t r v i s u a l s t i m l t l a t i t l n . 5. lmmanttcl Kant argucclthilt t'x1-rc1jg11c1' cletcrmineclltow l,r'cpercei.,,ethc worlrl. 6. Peoplc who livc in a carpctrtereclw'tlrlcl ilrL. more likt'11,thirn othcrs ttt cxpcri euct' tlre M r-iI lcr- l,yer i I I r-rsittrr. 7. Aitcr a pcriocl oi timc, httntirtrsare aLrlt' to adjust to livirrg irr a world rnaclc L r p s i d ec l o w n b y c l i s t o r t i r r gg o g g l c s . 8. As otrr clistatrccfrom att obiect clrar.rgcs, the obicct's size sccms to clrangc. bv psvcl-rtllogi9. Pcrception is inflr.rcrrcecj cal ftrctorssttch as sct .rtrclt'xpcctatitltrils well its bv prhysiologicitlcvcr.rts. 10. John l.ockc argr-recltltat perception is inborn.

74. W h i c h o f t h c f o l l o w i n q is nof a monocular depth cue? a. tcxture gradicnt b. relirtive heigl'rt

c. rctinal disparity d. inte.rposition

1 5 . The Moon illusion ()ccursin parrtbecausedistance cucs i.rtthc horizon make the Moon secm: a. b. c. d.

farthcr trwiry and the.reforelarger. closer and thcrcforc larger. farther away trnd thereiore smaller. closcr and thcrcfore smallcr.

't6. F i r u r t ' i s [ o s r o t t n c l. t s a. b. c. d.

is to

night; day top; bottom cloud; sky s t ' t t s , t t i o nl ;' r t ' r t ' t ' [ r t i t r n

1 7 . The stucly of perccptiorr is primarrily concerned with how we: a. b. c. d.

detcct sights, sounds, ancl other stimuli. s e n s ec n v i r o n m c n t a l s t i m u l i . dcvelop se-rrsitivityto illusions. i n t e r p r e t s c n s o r ys t i r n u l i .

1 8 . Which of the following infltre.ncesperception? a. b. c. d.

b i o l o g i t . t lm a t t t r a t i o t t the context in which stimuli are perceivecl expectations all of thc above

19. Jarckcltrims that he often has dreams that predict fr-rtureevents. He clainrs to havc the power of: a . telepathy. b . clairvoyance.

c. precognition. d. psychokincsis.

163

TESTZ PROGRESS l)rogrcss Test 2 shoulcl be conrpletetl clLrrirrg.r iirtal after chapter rerview.Answer thc following c1r-tcstitlns you thoroughly understr-rncltl-recttrrt'ct .lttsrvtt'rsfor the section rerriewsand ProgrcssJ'est l. 1. The tendencv tct organize stirntrli it.tto st'nootlr, uninterrupted patterrnsis callecl: c. similaritY. a. closure-. d. proximitv. b. continuity. 2. Which of the following is a monocttlar rlt'Pth ,--u.'7 a. b. c. d.

light and shadow convergence retinal disparity AII of the above arc'monocular depth cues.

164

Chapter 6 Perception

c . I t h a s m o r e d a n r . ' t g r n qt ' i i c c t : ' , r : r r ' : -. .' - . ' . enccd durilrg ini;rncr . d . I t h a s g r e a t t e er f f e c t so n . r r l u l t > t h . n ' , 1 -. : ' : . clrc'rr.

3 . Which of the follor.t ing statements is consistent with the Gestalt theorv of perception? a. Perception develops largely through learning. b. Perception is the product of heredity. c. The mind organizes sensationsinto meaningful pcrceptions. d. Perception re.sultsclirectly from senstrtion. 4. Experiments with clistortcclvisual cnvirclnmc.nts de.monstrate.that: a. adaptatiorr rirre'lytakcs placc. b . a n i m a l s a c l a p tr e r a d i l yb, u t h r r m a n sd o n o t . c. htrmans arlapt rcaclily,wl-rilelowerr;rnimals t y p i c a l l y c l on o t . d . a d a p t a t i o n i s p o s s i b l ed. u r i n g a c r i t i c i - rpl e r i o c l in infi'urcy but not thcrci'rftcr.

1 1 . P s y c h o l o g i s t sw h o s t u c l v E S P . r r cc . r l l e r i : a. clairvovauts. b. telepaths.

12. Thc depth cuc that occLlrswltctt n,c n'.rtch st.rble o b j c c t si r t c l i i i c r o r t c l i s t a r r c ei 'ls w c . l r e n r t t v i t r qi s : c . r c l a t i v cc l a r i t \ ' . a. coltVcrge lrc('. d . r e l a t i v cr n o t i o n . b. intcrposition

13. W h i c h o i t h c f o l l o u ' i n g s t i r t c ' m c n t sc o t " t c r ' t ' t t i t ' t g ESI' is trr-rc? a. Most llSP rcscarchersarc'11r-tacks. b. Thcre havc bet'n .r lalgc trttmbcr of lcliablc clcmonstra tions of llSI'. c . M o s t r c s t ' a r c l "pr s v c h o l o g i s t sa r e s k e p t i c i r l o f t h c c l a i m s o i r l e i e n c l c r so f I I S [ ' . d. Therc havc bccr.rrcliablc laborattlrv c'lcmorr, r r t t l r t ' r c s t r l t s i t r L -n ( ) r l i f f e r s t r a t i o r - rosi F . S I ' b crrt fronr tlrose th.rt w'oulcloccr.rrby clr.rnce.

5 . The phernomcnonthat rcfcrs to thc ways irr which ar.ri n clivi clua l's expectatiorrs i rrfI ucncc pcrcc;-rti on is callcd: a. perccpttral sct. b. retinal clispi'rrity.

c. convcrgcncc. d. r,isual ctrpturc,

6 . Thirnks to , TiVo arrd DVR havc sol'"'etl 'l'V re.corrlir"rgproblem causccl by tht' cornthe plexity of VCRs. a. b. c. d.

partrpsycl.rologists h u m a n f a c t o r sp s y c h o l o g i s t s psychokineticists Clcstaltpsvchologists

7. According to the philosophcr to pt'rceivc the worlcl. a. Lockc c. (libscln b. Karrt 8.

14. L'ltrclr tinrc v()Lrs('c yoLlr cilr, i t p r o j c c t sa d i f f c r c n t rtttt inragc on thc rt'tinirs of yor-rrcycs, yct yott c1
wc lcarrl

15.

'['he

a. b. c. d.

l i n c a r p c r s p e c t i v eb ; irroctrlar l i n e a r p r e r s p e c t i v em; o n o c u l a r relative clarity; binocr-rlar r e l a t i v ec l a r i t y ; m o n o c t r l a r

9 . The phe'norrrcnotrof size cc'u.tstancy is basetl upon thc close conrtection between .rn objcct's pc'rceirred and its perrceived a. size; shtrpe b. sizc; distarrcc.

c. size; brightncss d . s h a p e ;d i s t a n c e

10. Which of tl-rcfollowing statcrnentsbest de.scribes the effectsof sensory rcstriction? a. It produces functionirl blindnc.sswhen cxpcriencecl ior anv length of time trt any trge. b. lt has greater effects on humans than on .rnimals.

p e r c e p t l r a ls e t . r c t i r " r . cr ll i s p a r i t y . pcrccpttr.rlc-ortstarrcv. convcrgcrrcc.

'fhc

tcrrrrgr's/rrllnreirrs:

a. grotrpirrg. b. sensation.

d. Walk

tenc]cncyto pcrc-cirrchazy objccts as bcing at 'l'his a d i s t . r r r c ei s k n o w r r a s . is .r tlepth cut'.

c. p.trapsvchologi-tr. d. lcvitators.

16.

c . pe rceprtion. d. wholc.

'l'hc

perceptrral error in wl'rirrh rt,e'fitil to sct' an objcct r,vhcrrour irttentiorris directcc-lelsewlrerc is: a. b. c. d.

r , i s r . r acla p t t r r t ' . i r r a t t c n t i o r r abl l i t r c l n c s s . perccptr-ralrtriaptatiorr. clivergencc.

1 7 . Stuclicsof the visual cliff harvcproviclecle'r,iclcncc that rnr,rchoi clcpth pcrct'ptior.ris: a. b. c, d.

irrnrrtr.. lcarnecl. i n n a t e i n l o w e r a n i m a l s ,l c a r r r e di n h u m a n s . i n n a t e i' n h n m i r n s ,l c a r t r e ciln l o w er a n i m a l s .

1 8 . A l l o i t h c f o l l o w i n g a r c l a n ' s o f p e . r c c p t u aol r g a niztrtion crct'1tt'. a. proxirnity. b. closr-rre.

c. continuity. d. converge'nce.

Psychology Applied

b. interposition

oooooo

p r o c c s s i n gr t ' f e r st o h t t w r t u r k n o w l e d c e and expectationsinfluence pcrce'ption. c. Pararpsychological a. Top-down d. Hurnan factors b. Bottom-tr1-r

d. convergencc

Concluding her presentation on sensation and perception, Kellv notes that: a . s e n s a t i o ni s b o t t o m - u p p r o c e s s i r t g . b. perception is top-down processing. c. a. and b. are both true. d. se-nsationand perception blend inttl tlnc cotrtinuous procnss.

19. You probably perceive the diergram above as three separate objects due to the principle of: c. closure. a. proximity. d. connectedness. b. continuity. 20.

L65

APPLIED PSYCHOLOGY

As he.rfriend Milo walks toward hcr, Noriko pcrceives his size as remaining constant becausc'his at the samc tirne tl.rtrt pcrce'iveddistance hcr retinal image of him

Arrswcr these qtrestions thc day bcfore an exi'llrlils il final che.ck on y()ur undcrstirnding of the chaprter's terms and conccpts.

a. b. c. d.

7

In the nbscnccof perce'ptttalc-ttrrstarncy: a . o b j e c t s w o u l d a p p e a r t o c h a n g e .s i z c a s t h c i r distancc from tts ch;rngecl. b. depth pcrce'ption would be basc'tlerxclttsivcll' on monocular cue>. c. dcpth perception woulcl be bascclt'xclttsivelt' o n b i n o c u l a rc u e s . d . c l e . p t hp e r c e p t i o nw o t r l c lb e ' i m p o s s i b l c .

Mu ltip Ie-Choicc Que sti ons 1. Although carpenter Smith perceivccl a briefly vicwcd objcct as a scrcwdriver, policc offict'r Wt'ssorrperce.iveclthe same objec'tas a krrifc..This i l l u s t r a t e st h i r t p c r c c p t i o n i s g t r i c l e db y : a . l i n e a rp c r s p c c - t i v c . b. shtrpeconstarrcy.

c . r e . t i n acl l i s p a r i t y . d. pe'rceptualset.

2. Bc--causc thc flowcrs in the forergrourrdappcared coirrse.ancl grariny,thc photographcr dccide'd that 'This ther picture was takcn too rtcar the sr-rbje'ct. conclusion was birscd on which clcptl-rcue? a . r el a t i v e s i z e b. interposition

c. rertinalclisptrrity d. tcxturcgradicrrt

3. Tlre fact that a whitc'objcct unclcr dim ilh-rmintrtion appcnrs lighter than a grtry object nncle.r bright illumination is callecl: a. b. c. d.

r e l r r t i v cl l r m i n u n c e . p e r c e p t u a la d a p t a t i o n . cokrr contrast. lightnessconstancy.

size cast 4. When two ft.rmiliar obje.cts of e-c1ui'rl unequal retinal imt-rgcs,the' clbject that casts the smtrller retin.rl imagc will bc pcrcc'ivedas being: a. b. c. d.

closer than tl.reother object. morc distant than the other object. larger than the other object. smaller than the other object.

5. If you slowly bring yor-rrfinger toward yrrtrr i.rce r,rntilit e.ventu.rllytouches yoLlr l1ose,eye-muscle cues called convev depth information to brain. vour c. continuity a. retinal disparitv

increases;dccreases incrcases incre-'ases; decrcases;decrcases decreases;increases

9.

'Ihc

illusion that thc St. l,otris (latewav .rrclr appcilrs taller than it is wiclc (even thotrgh its height and width are eclual)is b;rsetl()lt ()Llrst.ltsltivitv to which ntonocttlar de.prthctre? size a. rcla.rtive b. interposition

c. rclativcheright d. retirralclisparity

10. H o w c l o w e p c r c e i v ea p o l e ' t h a t p i r r t i a l l v c o v e r sa wall? a. b. c. d.

as farther awi'ly as neitre'r t'rslarger There is not enitugh infttrmatittt"tto clt'ternlitle the object'ssize ()r clistance.

11. An artist paints a tree.orchard so that the parr.rllell rows of trecs convergc irt the ttlp c-tithe canr'.]s. Which cue has the'artist Llscdto c()n\rcvdist;rnce? a. interpclsition b. relative clarity

c. Iinear pcrspectivc d. texture gradient

12. Objects higher in our field of visiou are percc'ived d u e t o t h cp r i n c i p l t ' o f ds a. nearer; relative height b. nearer; linear perspective c. farther away; relative height d. farther away; linear perspective

T 166

Chapter 6 Perception

1 3 . Accordir-rg to the principle of light and shadow, ii one of two identical objects reflects more light tcr your eyes it will be perceived as: a. Iarger. b. smaller.

c. farther away. d. nearer.

14. Your frie.nd tosscs yc'rut.rfrisbee. You know that it is gc.ttingckrser instead of larger becauseof: a. shapc constarrcv. b. rclativc motion.

c. size constancv. d. all of the above.

15. W h i c h c x p l a n a t i o n o f t h e M i i l l e r - L y e r i l l u s i o n i s offe.rcd by thc tcxt? a. Thc corners in our carpcntc.rcdworlc-lterachus to intcrprct outrvard- or inward-pointing alrrowheaclsat thc cncl of ir lineras a ctre to thc lirrc's clistancefnrm us and so to its lcngth. b . T h c . d r a n , i r r g ' sv i o l a t i o n o f l i n e a r p c r s P c c t i r , , c makcs orre linc scem longer. c. Top-clolr,rr prurccssingof tl're illusiorr is plgventccl becauscof tl.rcstimuli's ambigr-rity. d. All of thc abovcwt'rt'offcretlas cxplanirtions.

b. is unpredictable. c. is influenced by cultural experience. d. is characterizedby all of tl.reabove. Essarl Questiorr ln many movics fmm tlre 1930s,dancers perforr.nc.l seemingly r"nearringlessmot,cmcnts which, r.t'het't viewed frclnr ;rbove, \\rere transformed inttt intric.rtc p a t t e r n s a n c l d e s i g r . r sS . imilarlv, thc formations of marching bands ofter"rcrctttt'picturcs ancl spcll worcls. lc-lc'ntifvancl describr: at lcitst for-rr Gest;.rlt p r i n c i p l c s o f r r o r - r p i r . r gt h i r t c r p r l a i n t h e a u c l i c n c e ' s pcrccption of thc inr.rgcscrcatctl by these typcs of formations. (Usc the s;racebelor,r,to list the prtlintsvotr want to makc, ancl organize thcrn. Thur write thc essayon a sc1'raratc pict-c of ;rapcr.)

16. Whr:r-rthc traffic light ch.rnged from rcd to grcen, thc clrivcrs or"rboth siclcsof Lcon's vchicle pullccl rluickly forw.rrcl, giving Lcon thc disorientir.rg f e c l i n g t h t r t I ' r i sc a r w i r s r o l l i n g b a c k w t r r c l W . hich p r i r r c i p l cc x p l ai r r s I - e o r r ' sm i s p e r c c p t i o n ? a . r c l a t i v en r o t i o n b. continuity

c . v i s t r a lc r r p t t r r c d. proxinrity

1 7 . li.erginaclaims that she calr berrd spo()r-ls,levitatc furniturc, irncl perform many otherr "rnincl ovcr matte'r" ferrts.Ilcgina apparortly be.licve'sshe.lras the power of: a. tclcpathy. b. clairvoyar.rcc.

c. prrccogrrition. d. ;-rsychokincsis.

1 8 . The prcclictionsof lctrrling psvchics are: a. often ambiguous prophecies later intcrprctcd t o m a t c h a c t u a lc v e n t s . b. no nrrlre irccnratc than glresscs mitcle by others. c. nearly alwirys irraccur;ttc. d. all of the above.

t9. Stuclying the road map before her trip, Collee'n hacl r-rotrouble followirrg the nrute of the. highw a y s h c p l a n n e d t o t r a r . e l .C o l l e . c n ' sa b i l i t v i l l t r s trates the principle of: a. ckrsure. b. similtrrity.

c. continuity. d. proximity.

20. The insensitir.ity of many rural Africans to the Mtillcr-Lyer illusion proves thirt perception: a. is largely a "bottom-trp" phenomenorr.

KEYTERMS Writing I)cfinitiorrs Using yotrr o\trtt l,t,otcls,( ) n d s ( ' p a r a t cp i c c e o f p a p er w r i t e a b r i e f c l e f i n i t i o no r c r p l a n i r t i t l r ro f c a c l r o f t h e follolving tcrnts. 1 . s c l e c t i v ca t t e n t i o r r 2. irrattcrrtiorralblinc-lness 3. visr-ralcirptLrrLl 4. gcstalt 5. figurc-gror"rnd 6. grouping 7. clepth pcrccption 8 . v i s u t r lc l i f f 9 . b i n o c r - r l acr u c 10. rctinal clisparity 11. convergence 12. monocular cue

Key Terms

13. phi phenomenon

17. human factors psychology

14. perceptual constancy

18. extrasensory perception (ESP)

L5. perceptual adaptation

19. parapsychology

157

16. perceptual set

Cross-Check As yc'rulcarned in the Prokrgue, reviewing and overlearning of matcrial are important tcl the learning process.Aftcr you have writte.rrthc definitions of thc key terms in this chapter, you shoulcl comple'tethc crosswt'rrc|puzzle to ensure that y<-rucan reverse the proccss-rccognizc the term, given thc dcfirrition. ACROSS 1. Part of the visr-rirlfielcl that su rrouncls thc f i gu re'. 8. The tendcncy to perceive ther of parallel Iines c()nvergL'rlcc ir"rd ict.rti rrg dccrcasing disas is thc' tance Pc'rsPective. 13. Derpthcucs that dcpencl on iniormation from both eycs. Principle. that we terndtcr 15. group stimuli that arenc-.ar onc anothe.r. 16. Part of thc visuirl ficld that stands out from its s u r r o u n c il n g s . who bclicverdthat all knowledge 17. I'hilosol--rher trriscsfrom experience. 18. Pe.rccptualtenclencyto fill in incomplete figures to createrthc. perception of a whole object. 19. Procc.ssby which we tend to organize stimuli into colrerentgroups. 20. Me;rns "organize.dwhole." DOWN 2. Figure-ground relationships are often 3. Crcating three-dimensional perceptions from the two-dirnensional images that strike the retina requires perception. 4. The ability to attenclto only one voice among many is the _ effect. attention, we focus our aware5. Becauseclf -

of all that wc are ness on only a limitecl a-rsperct capablc of experiencing. lllusion of move-mentcrcate'dby adiacent lights thatblink off and on n succcssiolt. 7 . Classicvisual illusion invttlving therpcrception of line.length. 9 . Depth cue in which nearby obje'ctspartiallv obscurc more distant objects. 10. The amount of light an object reflects relativel ttr its surroundings. Tendcncy of distant objectsto appear hazier than 11. nearer objects. 12. Gestalt principle that we perceive uniform ancl linked spots, lines, or areas as a single unit. 74. The irreversible effects of sensory restriction during infancy suggest the existence of a for normal sensory and perceptual development.

I 168

Chapter 6 Perception

ANSWERS

16. reltrtir.e height motion (motion parallax) 17. relative-.

ChapterReview 1. Plato

18. linear pe.rspective 19. light and shadow 20. \'ery goorl; more slowly

SelcctiocAtfention 1. sclcctive attention; Ne.cker 2. cocktail prartyr.fferct 3 . i n a t t c n t i o n a lb l i n c l r r e s sv;i s u a l ; c h a n g e b l i n d n e s s ; cl-rangetlcafncss;choice blindness Perccptual lllusions 1. organize; interpret 2 . r , i s u a lc a p t L l r e 3. hearing Pcrccptrtn I () rcttilizn I i o tr -1.

C l c s t a l tw ; hole

2. bottonr-r-rp;top-dowlt; e\pL.rictlccs;expectatictns; fuzzy 3. figr-rrc;grotrncl Thc Clest.rltpsyclrokrgistsdescribcd somerkc.y principles of percepttral organizatiorrand, in so doing, clcmorrstr.rte.d that pcrcerptionis far mrtre than a simplc sclrsory proccss. The re.versiblc figure-ground rclationslrip.r, for cx;rmplc, rlemonstrates that a single stirnulus can triggt-.r mrlre tharr orrc perception. As (lcstirlt psychokrgists showercl,we. continually filter s c n s ( ) r yi n f o r m a t i o r ra n c l c o n s t r u c to u r p c r c e p t i o n si n ways tlrat nrake senscto us. 4. groupirrg 5 . c ' o n t i n u i t y ; c l o s L r r c ;p n r x i m i t y ; s i m i l a r i t y ; c o n rrcctt:clness 6. rlcpth perccption; clistance 7 . v i s u a lc l i f f ; 3 m o n t h s Il.esearchon the visr-rirlcliff suggests that in many spccics tlrc irbility to pcrceive clepth is present at, or vcry shortly after, birth.

21. movement; stroboscopicmoveme'nt 22. phi phenomenorr 23. perceptual corrstirncy iIIumirrt.rtion 24. top-clown; anglc; clist.rt.rce; 25. do not; re.tilrirl 26. Moon; I'onzo; Miillcr-Lyer; size; disttrnce;climinishcd A partial reasolr for the illtrsion that thc Moon at thc horizon appcars u;-r to 50 perccr-rtlargcr than thc Moon clircctly overheaclis tl'rirtctrc.sto tlrc distancc oi objects at thc horizon nrakc thc Moon, bchind tht'm, scem farthcr away .rncl thercfort' largcr. Whcn we set' thc Moorr
1. Kant 2. I-ockc J.

citr-tttot

4. irrfancy;cri ticaI pcriorl; c.rtaract will; pcrccptr-rirI aclaptation 6 . clo rrot irclapt 7

aftercf fcct

8 . p c r c c p t u a ls c t 9 . s c h c m a s ;c a r i c a t r r r c s 1 0 . eyes; moutlr 11. con text; stertlotyp-rcs 12. top-down; bottom-up

8. binoctrlar

I 13. stereotype.s;emotit.u-r.r

9. rctintrl disparity; perceptions;brains

1.4. hnman ftrctors

10. convergencer 11. monocular 12. relative sizc 13. intcrposition 14. relative clarity 15. texture gradient

1 5 . expertise 16. a s s i s t i v el i s t e r r i n g ls There Extrasensory Perceptiort? 1. extrasensoryperccption 2. parapsychologists

Answers

3. telepathy; clairvoyance; precognition; psychokinesis 4. chance-level; interpreted (retrofitted); reconstruct 5. reproducible 6. beat; failecl to replicate the results

Progress Testr Mu It i p le- Choice Qu esti ons 1. d. is the. answer. Cestalt psychology, which dcveloped in Germtrny early in thc twentieth century, was intererstedin how clustcrs of serrsations arc orgrrnized into "whole" perceptiorrs (pp 212,243) a. l'arapsychology is the study of ESP and otherr p a r t r n o r m aI p h e n o m e n a . b. & c. llehtn,ioral t.rnd functional psychology dcveloped later in the Unitcd State's. 2 . d . i s t h e a n s w e r .( p . 2 a a ) a. Conne.cteclncssrefers to the tendency to sL'c uniiorm and lirrkc.dittms arsa unit. b. Similaritv rcfc-rsto thc tencle.ncyto grotrp similar items. c. Continuity rcfcrs to thc. tcnde.ncy to group s t i m u l i i n t o s n r o o t h ,c o n t i r r u o u sp a t t e r n s . 3. c. is thc alnswcr. Although we always differentiirtc a stimulus irrto figtrreand ground, thosc clcnrcnts of the stimulus we perce.iveas figurc ancl thosc as grotrnd may changer.Irr this way, the' strrnestimulLrscan trigger more than ()ne percept i o n .( p . 2 4 3 ) a. Thc icleaof a figure-grouncl relatiorrship has no bearing on the issue of whether perceptiorr is ltlnate.

b. I)erception cannot bc simply a point-for-point repre.sentation of scnsation, since in figuregrouncl relationships a single stimulus can trigger nrore than one.percc-ption. d. Figtrrc-grouncl relt'rtionshipsdemonstrate. tlre. cxistence of generall,rilther than irrdividual, principlcs of perceptr-ralorganization. Significantly, even the sam€-'person can see different figr.rreground relationships when viewing a scene. 4. d. is the .rnswer. Tlre greater the retinal disparity, or difference between the images, the less the distancc'.(p. 246) a. Convergence is the extent to which the e'yes movc inwarcl when looking at an object. b. Linear perspective is the monocular distance cue in r,r'hich parallel lines appear to converge in the distance. c. Relative motion is the monocular distance cue

I

1,69

in which objects at different distances change their relative positions in ottr visual image, with those.closest moving mctst. a. is the answer. Perception of constirnt shape, of tl-rephc'like perception of constant size, is 1-rart nomenon of perceptual cctnstatrct'.(p. 250) b. I{elative motion is a mcttrttcttl.trtlist.rtrccct-tt'il.t which objects at differrerrt c'listances.rppciir ttr move at different rates. clter c. Linear perspective is a mctnttcttlarclist.ltrc-c i n w h i c h l i n c s w e ' k n o w t t t b e p a r a l l c l c o t t v e r g ci t r t h c d i s t a n c e :t ,h u s i n d i c a t i n g d c p t h . d. Continuity is the pcrct.ptual tcnclct'tclt() srotlf-) items into continuotts pattcrtrs. d . i s t h e a n s w c r .( p . 2 4 2 ) a . , b . , & c . V i s u a l c ; ' t p t t t r el r a s n o t h i n g t o c l o n ' t t l . t forming imprcssions of peoplc ttr i'n,hcthcr\\'e calr attenci t() more than cttrestitntrlr-rsat a tir.ne. 7. d . i s t h c a n s w e r .( p . 2 6 5 ) a. Psychokincsis refc'rs to the cliiinretl abilitv t t t p e r f o r m a c t so f " m i n d o v c r m a t t e r . " b . P r t ' c o g n i t i o n r c f c r s t o t h c c l a i t . n c t la b i l i t v to p t ' r c t ' i v t 'f t tI t tr r ' e v ( ' t tl s . c. Cilairvoyirnce rcfcrs to tl.rc clainrerl abilitv perceivc rcntote ct,cnts. 8 . b . i s t h c a n s w c r .( p . 2 5 4 ) a. Lockc argued that knowlecigc is trot inbort.rbtrt learnilrg. c()mesthrurr-rgh c. & d. (libson arrcl Walk stutlit'tl clcpth ;rcrcept i r l n r t s i n g t h e v i s t r a l c l i f f ; t h e v l ' l r d L l ( ' 1 1col t r i r r r s about thc s()Llrccof knowlcclgc. 9 . c . i s t h c a n s w e r .( p 2 6 1 ) 1 0 . d. is thc answer. Tht're is, of t:ttttrse,rrtt itctttill drop-ofi. Thc terxturc grarlierrt of tlrt' cht'ckt'rboard pattern bene'.rththe glass t.rblc irlparts tht' impressirln tlf depth. Tl.rc other crtes nretttiotrctl woulcl not bc reler''.rnttt thc sittratitln irl this crperi ment. (y'tp.245,247) 1 1 . c . i s t h e ra n s w c r . ( p . 2 5 5 ) a . & b . T h e k i t t c n s h a c l c l i f f i c t r l t vo n l v l v i t l ' r l i r r e s ittttl trever rcgttirrt'cl thev hacl never cxpel-ierrcccl, normal sensitivitv. d. Both pt'rceptual .rnd ferirttrre-tletcctorirnp.rir'ri vrrtiorr. ment rcsulteclfrom visttaI c-ic'p

12. b. is the answer. Becausethcv hi'rventlt lrad earlv visual experie'nces,the'sc trdtrlts typicitlly havt: objects.(pr.255) difficulty letrrning to perrccir.'e a. Such patients typically could nttt visuirllv recognize objects with which they w,t're iamiliar bv touch, and in somc casesthis intrbility pc'rsisted. c. Being able to perceive figure-eround relatiiln-

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Chapter 6 Perception

ships, patients ors ablc to follow moving objects with their eyes. d. This answer is incorrect because eye-hand coordination is an acquired skill ancl requires much practicc. 1 3 . b . i s t h e a n s w e r .( p . 2 3 7 ) a. Top-down processing refers tcl how our knowledge and expectatiorrsinfluence perccption. c. Parapsychology is the study of pe.rceptionotrtside normal s<:llsorvinpr-rt. d. Human factors psychologv is concerned with l.rowbest to clesignmachincs and wclrk settings to take irrto account human perccptictn. 14. c. is tlre answcr. Rctinal clisparitvis a birrttcLtlur cuc; all therothcr cur.s nrentiorred are monocrrlar. gt.2a6) 15. a. is thc answcr. l'lre Moon appe.rrs large'ritt tl'rc horizor-rthan overhr'ad in thc sky becar:scobjccts at tl're horizon provicle clistance cues that makc thc-Moon scc'ntfirrthcr away anrl thcrcfrtrc larger. ln tlre open sky, of c()Llrsc,thcrc are no such cut's. (p.251) 16. c. is thc irnswcr. Wc scc a clotrcl as a figurc a g a i n s tt h c b t r c k g r o u n do i s k y . ( p . 2 : 1 3 ) a . , b . , & d . T ' h c i i g u r c - g r o u n c lr c l a t i o r r s l r i ; r c f c r s t o t h c o r g a n i z i r t i o no f t h c v i s r - r afli e l c l i r r t o o b j c c t s (figtrres) tlrirt star-rclout front thcir surrourrdings (grottntl). 1 7 . d . i s t h c a n s w c r .( p . 2 3 7 ) 'l'l're a. & b. s t u c l Vo f s e n s a t i o r ri s c o n c e n t e c w l ith thcsc processr's. c . A l t h o r , r g hs t u d y i r r g i l l u s i o n s h a s h e l p e r l p s y chokrgists u nclerstarrd ord i na ry pcrcepttraI nrr'chanisrns, it is not the primary focrrs of the ficlc-loi perception. 1 8 . d . i s t h c a n s w r . r .( p p . 2 5 , 1 2 6 1 ) 1 9 . c . i s t h e a n s w e r .( p . 2 6 5 ) a. This .rnswer would bc correct hacl Jack claimcd to be able to rctrd sotneoncclsc's minc-I. b. This answcr w,ould be.correct hacl Jack claimed to be t-rbleto sense re'rnote.events, such as a friend in distress. d. This ans\ver would be correct had lack claimecl to be ablc to lervittrteobjccts or bencl spoons without applying any physicerlforce. 20. d. is the rrnswer.(p.267)

True-FalseItems 1. 2. 3. a.

I

F (p.243) F (p.267) F (p. 2as) F (p. 256)

s. F (p. 25a) 8. F (p. 250) 6. T (p.251) e. T (pp.257-259) 7. T (p.256) 10. F (p.25a)

ProgressTest z 1 . b . i s t h e a n s w e r .( p . z a a ) a. Closure refers to the tendency to percr'ptrr.rllr i i l l i n g a p s i n r e c o g n i z a b l co b j e r c t si n t h e i i s u . r l iieltl. c. Similaritv rcfcrs to the terndencyto group iterns t h a ta r es i n r i l a r . d. I)rcxiniitv rcfcrs to the tenclencvto gnrup iteurs that irrc neirr ()lle (llrother. 2 . a . i s t h c . r n s r ' r ' c r(.p . 2 4 8 ) b. & c. Convergence irnd rctirral disptrrity irre botl'r binocul.rr ctrcs thirt clcpcrrrl on information from botl.rcvcs. 3 . c . i s t h e a n s l r , c r .( p . 2 - 1 3 ) a . & b . T h e C , e s t . r l tp s \ / c h ( ) l ( ) g i s tcsl i c l n o t c l e a l with tht' origins oi pcrctl-rtion; thcy were l1lorc a ( ) r t ( r ' r ' n (r'vr il t l t i t r l t ' t t t t . d . I n f a c t , t h c \ , . r r - u t ' t l j r - r s tt h c o p p - r o s i t c[:) c r cr'pti()l.ris morc th.rlr nrerc scns()rycxpc'riencc. 4 . c . i s t h c a r r s w , c r .f l r r r l a r r s a r r c l c c r h r i n n n i n r a l s , such irs monkcvs, alt' aLrlc to aclftrst kr trprsiciec l o r l , nw o r l c l s i r n c lo t h e r v i s u a I c l i s t o r t i o r r sf,i g r - r r i n g o t r t t h c r c l a t i o r r s l r i pb c t w c c n t h c ; r c r c c i v c c l r - r r r ctlh c a c t l r . r l r e a l i t l ' ; l o r t , r ' r a r t i n r i r l s ,s r - r c ha s c h i r : k e n sa r r c li i s h , a r c t y ; r i c a l l v u r r . r b l et o a r - l a ; r t . (p. 25rr) a . I l u n ' r a l r sa r r r l c e r t i t i r ra r r i r n a l sa r c a b l e t o a r l a ; r t c 1 r - r i tl tec l I t o d i s t o r t c c lv i s u a I c l r v i r o r r n r rer t s ( a r r c l thcrr to rcirrlapt). b. l-his ins\ry('r is ir-rr'orrcctbt'cartsehtrntitns arc I l t t 't t t o s l , l t l . r P t , 1(l)1l(l .r '( ' . t I u r ' ( ' 5 . d . H t r m a n s i r r c ' a L r l ck r a c l . r p ta t a r r v a g c t o c l i s t o r t ccl visuaI cnl,i ronntcr-tts. 5 . a . i s t h c a n s w c r .( p . 2 5 7 ) b . R c t i n a lc l i s p a r i t yi s a b i r r o c r - r l acri c p t hc t r e b a s c d orr thc iact tlrat cach cyc reccivcs a sliglrtly cliffcrent vicw of the worlcl. c. Convergence is a binocular clcpth crrc baseclon the fact that the eyes swing inwtrrcl to focus on net'rrobjects. d. Visual ct'rpturerefers to the tenderncyof r,,ision to clominate.the.othcr scnscs. 6 . b . i s t h e a n s w e r .( p . 2 6 1 ) a . P a r a p s y c h o l o g i s tsst u d y c l t r i m so f E S P . c. Psychokineticiststrre people r,r,hoclaim ESP has the polver of "minc1 or..elmatter." d. Cestalt psychologists emplrtrsizethe trrg.rniz.rtion of sensationsinto meanirrgful perceptions. 7. a. is tlre irnswer. (p. 25a) b. Kant clairned that know,le.dgcis inborn. c. & d. Gibson and Walk make no claims abont the origins of perception.

Answers

8. d. is the answer. (p.247) a. & b. Linear perspective, which is a monocular cue, refers to the tendency of parallel lines to converge in the distance. c. Relative clarity requires only one eye and is therefore a monocular cue. 9. b. is the trnswer.(pp. 250-251) 10. c. is the answer. There appears to be a critical pcriod for perceptual dc.vc'lopme'nt,in that senscrry restrictit'rnhas severe, even permanently, disrtrptive effc.ctswhe'n it occurs in infancy but not when it occurs later in life. (p. 256) a. & d. Sensory rcstriction does not have the samc' effectsat r-rllage.s,and it is more damtrging b children than to adults. This is becausethere is a critical pc.riod for pc.rccptr-ralder.,elopment;whcthc'r functional blinclness will result depends in part on thc nature of the sensory restriction. b. Rcsearchstuclieshave not indicatcd that sensor y r c s t r i c t i o ni s m o r e d a m a g i n g t o h u m a n s t h a n to animals. 'l'1. c . i s t h e a n s w c r .( p . 2 6 a ) a., b., & d. These psychicsclaim to exhibit the phcnomena studied by parapsychologists. -12. d. is thc answer. When we n1ove, stablc' objccts wc scc also appear to movt', and thc distance-ancl motion cLlc r.ls to the' spc.c.d of tlrr- ir1-rparer-rt (p. 248) objccts' rclative disttrncers. a., b., & c. Thersedepth ctrcs arc trnrclatccl to nrovcment ancl thtrs work cvcn when we are statlonary. -13. c. is thc answerr.(y't.267) a. Marry ESI' rcsearchcrs arc sinccrc, rcpr-rtable rcscarchcrs. 'Ihere have berenno rerliablcdc'monstrab. & d. t i o r r so f E S P . 14. c. is the answer. Bccaust:of pcrce'ptualconstancy, we see thc car's shape ancl size as trlwt.tysthe: s a m e .( p . 2 5 0 ) a. Perceptuillset is a mental predisposition to perceil'e one thing ancl not irnothcr. b. Iletinal disparity means that or-rrright and left cycs circh rece.iveslightly clifferent images. d, Convergence is ir form of neLrromuscular feeclback in which thc r'yr's swing in, or out, as wc-' vie.w objectsat different distances. 15. d. is the answer. Cestalt means a "form" or "organized whole." (p.242) 1 6 . b . i s t h e a n s w e r .( p p . 2 3 8 ) a. Visual capture is the tendency for vision tct clominate the other senses. c. Perceptual adaptation is the ability to adjust tc'r an artificially displaced or even inverted visual field.

171

d. Divergence or divergent thinking is not discussed in this chapter. 17. a. is the answer. Most infants refused to crawl ottt over the "clitf" even when coaxccl, stregesting that much of depth perception is inuate. Str-rclies with the young of "lowe.r" ;ruimals shor'r,'the same thing. (p.245) 1 8 . d . i s t h e a n s w e r .( p . 2 a a ) 1 9 . d . i s t h e a n s w e r .( p . 2 a a ) a. Proximity is thc tendency to group obje'ctsrrc.ar to one another. The diagram is pc'rceivccias thrcc distinct units, cvcn though thc points .lre t:r'cnly spaced. b. Continuity is the te'nclencyto grolrp stinrtrli 'l'hcrc is tltr into smooth, uninterrupted patterrns. suchcontinuity in the diagram. c. Clostrrc is the percerptuirlterrdencv ttl fill irr gaps in a form. In the diagram, threc cliscttnlrectrathcr thttt.ti'tsirrglc tvholc. ecl units are perrcc.ive'd 2 0 . a . i s t h e a n s w e r .( p . 2 3 7 ) b. IJottom-up processing refers to the prhl'sical characteristicsof stimuli rather th;.rntheir pcrc('Ptr-ralirrterpretatiorr. c. Parapsycholclgyis the stuclv of perct'prtiotrottts i d c n o r m a l s c n s ( ) r vi n p u t . d. Human factors psychttlogv is conct'rnccl u'itlr how best to clesignmachirrcs..ttrclr,t,orkscttings ttr takc irrto accouttt hltmtrn pcrcc'Ptior.r.

Applied Psychology Mu lt ip I e- Cho icc Que sti on s 1. d. is the answer. The twtl peroplc irrterprctecl a briefly perceivec-lobject irr terms of tht'ir frcrccPtual sets, or mental prcdispttsitiotrs, iu this cilst' crrnclitionedby their work experienccs.(l'r.257) the same sellsory a. tsoth Smith and Wessorrhi'rc-l e-xperie'nceof thet ttbje'ct, so litre.ar prerspt'ctivc cues wolrld not cattsetheir differirrg petrceptitlrrs. b. Sharpcconstancy refers to tht. pe'rcepticlntlr.lt objects remain constant in shtrpc cvctt tt'hctt tlttr retinal image'sof them charnge. c. Retinal disparity is a binocular depth cut'; it has nothing to do with individual diffcrcr.rcesin ;.g1ception. 2. d. is the answer. When the texture' of an clbiectis coarse and grainy, we perceive the obie'ctas nearer than when its te'xture is finer and less distinct.

@.247)

a. & b. Relative size and interposition are usccl tcr judge the relative distances of two or mttre objects; because only one photograph was involved, these cues are irrelevant.

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Chapter 6 Perception

c. Retinal disparity refers to the different images our eyes receive; whether the photograph's texture was coarse or fine, the retinirl disptrrity would be the same. J.

d. is the answer. Although the amount of light reflected from a white object is less in dim light than in bright light-and may be less than the amount of Iight reflected from a brightly lit gray objcct-thc brightncss of thc white object is perceived as remairring constant. Be.causea white object reflects a higher perccntagc of tht light falling orr it than docs i'r gray rrbjcct, irnd thc. brightncss of objccts is perceived as corrstalrt despite variaticxrs ir.r illtrr-nination,wlritc is prL'1ccivcd as brightcr than gray cvcn undcr dim illrrm i n a t i o n .( p . 2 5 3 ) a. Rclativc lr-rminancerefers io thc rerlativr:interr.rs i t y o f l i g h t f a l l i n g o n s t r r f t r c c st h a t a r e i t r p r o x i m ity. Lightness constarrc'yis pcrccived despite r'.rri. r t i t r r ri sn i l l t r m i r r . r t i o u . b. I)crccpttr.rl acli.rptationrefcrs to tlrc abilitv to t r d j u s t t o a n a r t i f i c i a l l y m o c l i f i c c lp r : r c e ' p t u ael n v i r o n m e n t ,s u c h a s a n i n v c r t c ' dv i s t r a lf i c l d . c. Color contrast is trot rliscusseclin this tcxt.

4. b. is the rrnsr'r,er.Thc rrlruronlclr()rl cicscribercl is t h c b a s i s f o r t h e n r t r n o . - t r l acr u L ' o f r c l . r t i v c s i z c .

(p.2a6) a. Tlrc objerct casting thc /cr,qcr rctirral image worrld bc pcrcci"'crl as closcr. c. & d. Bccausc of sizc constirncy, thc purccir.'crl s i z c o f f i r n r i l i a ro b j c c t s r e m a i n s c o n s t i r r r td, e r s p i t c c h a n g c si n t h c i r r c t i n a l i m . r g es i z e . 5. d. is thc i'tnslt,cr.As an objcct c()mescloscr iu olrr field of vision, thc cversswing inr,r,arcl(crtrtverge) and provicle:muscular clrL.sas to thc object's clistancc. (p. 246) a. Retinal disparity refers to the sliglrtly diffc.rcrrt imagcs of an object received bv the.two eyes duc to their different anglc.sof vielr,ing. b. Interpositicln is a monocnlar cue to distance ir-r which an object that partiirlly blocks another is seen as clclser. c. Continuity is a Ccstalt grouping prirrciple, rather than a clistancecue. 6 . d. is the answer. (p 2a3) 7. d. is the answer. (p. 251) 8 . a. is the answcr. Becausewe perceive the size of a familiar obje.ct trs constant even i.rs its retinal imarge gro\ rs smaller, we perceive tl-reobject as being f;rrtlreraway. (pp. 250-251) b. & c. Pcrccptual constancy is a cognitive, rather

than sensor.y,phenome'nOn. Th,:rctrri-r..::-! .::sence of perceptual cc)nst.]r1c\'\\ (rLlr.i t'.,'i --;.irl LLic:. sensitivity to monocular or birrocr-riar d . A l t h o u g h t h e a b s c n c eo f p e r c c p t l r . r l. , , r ' . . : r : ' - ' . r,r'ouldimpair depth perception b.rset-ltrrl tht, ../.distance relationship, other cues to tlepth, str.i1.-,. texturc gradient, could still be use'cl. 9. c. is the answer. We perceive objectshighcr in trrrr fie.ld of vision as farther away. Thus, thc brain perceivesa i.'crticalline the same le'ngth as a honz o n t a l l i n e t o b c m o r c d i s t a r r ta n d m e n t ; r l l v a r l justs its appilrc.llt length to make it seenr longer.

@ p . 2 a'l'hr-se t,2a7) nrouocular cucs arc irrclevattt it't a. & b. t h i s p a r t i c u l a ri l l u s t o r . r . d . I l c t i n a l c l i s p a r i t vt s a b i r r t t c t r l oc rt t c t o c l e p t l r . 10. b . i s t h e a r l s \ v e r . ' [ ' h i si s . l l r e x i ] m p l c o f t h e p r i r r c i p l e o i i n t e r p o s i t i o r ri n c l e p t l rp c r c c p t i o n .( p . 2 a 6 ) object is pcrccived .rs f.rra. Tlre partially obscttrt'd ther aw,i.rv. c. l-hr- pr.rccivr:rlsizc oi an objcct is not r.rltetrecl r,r'ht:nthat objt'ct ovcrIirLrsatrothcr. 2'1c)) 1 1 . c. is the answer. (pp. 2218, a . I r r t t . r ; r o s i t i o r i-sr . r r n o n o c u l a r d e p r t h c t t c i r r w h i c h a r . ro b j e c t t h a t p a r t i a l l y c ( ) v e r s. r t ' t o t l r e ri s pcrccivccl irs closcr. b. FIacl thc artist pi.rintcclthc tt'ccs so tht.rt thc' inragcs of sorr-rt'lr,,t'resh.rrp irrrclotlrers l-r.rzy,the a r t i s t r , r , o l r l chla v c b c t ' n t r s i r r gr c l a t i v c c l a r i t y . d. Had tl.rc irrtist rraintc'cltl'rc trccs so thitt thcrc w a s a g r i r r l n a lc l r a n g ef r o n t n c ( ) a r s ed, i s t i n c t t o i r finc, intlistinct texturc, tcxturc grirdicnt woulcl clepth. havc bccn uscd to c()rl\/Lrv

"t2. c. is thc i.u1s\'vcr. (p.247) b . & d . [ , i n e a rp c r s p c c t i v ei s t h e a p p a r c l t t c o n v c r gcncc of parallel lincs rrsit ctrc to c'listancc.

13. d. is the irrlswer. Ncarby objccts rcflcct nrorc light to the cycs. T'hus,givcn tw,o identical objects,thc rlcarcr. (p. 248) brighter one.se.e.ms a. & b. Becauscclf thc principle of sizc constancv, an object's perce.ivedsize is unaffectcciby its distance,irnglc of viewing, or illun.rination.

t4. c. is the answer. This is an illtrstration of the sizedistancc relationship in clepth pcrception. (pp-r. 250-257) a. Although the frisbee's shape is perceivecl i.ts constant (even as the shape of its retirrirl im.rgt' changes),this is not a clle'to its distance. b. Ilelative mcltion is thc perce'ption tht-rtwhcn lt,e mo\re, stationary objects at different distances change their relative positions in our visuirl image, with those closcst moving rnost. In this

Answers

()l1h'the frisbee is movinEI. e\cimp16., 1 5 . a . i s t h e . r n s ne r . ( p . 2 5 1 ) 16. c. is thc .lnsrver. Althoush Leon's other senses n'oultl h.rr r. tolcl him his car was not moving, the visr-ralir.u,rgesoi the othcr cars moving forward "cafrtrlr(,rl"his an'.rrenessand created the perceptirrn tl.r.rthe n'..tsrolling backward. (p.242) a. Ilt'latire motior.r is a distance cue that occurs rr hr-rr :t.rtit'rnarv objccts appear to move as we nr()\ c. .lr-rst the rtppositc'is happe'ning to Lecln. ancl proximity are Cestalt d. Cor.rtinuitv b. & rather than cues to of grttr-rping, f.rirrcif.lcs i: ta rt t', tl c . . 265) 1 7 . d . i s t h t ' . . t t t s r v c (r p a. l clc;..rtllr is the. claimed ability to "read"

173

the members of each group wear a distinctive costume or uniform. 3. Continuity. Becausewe perceive smooth, continuous patterns rather than discontinuous ones, dancers or marching musicians moving together (as in a column, for example) are perceived as a seParateunit. If a figure has gaps, we complete it, fill4. ClLtsure. ing in the gaps to create a whole image. Thus, we perceptually fill in the relatively wide spacing between dancers or marching musicians in ttrdt'r to perceive the complete words or forms thelyarc' creatrng.

Key Terms

rt.tr r-tt1c .

b . C l , r i r ro r . r n c e r c f e r s t c r thc claimed ability to pcr(('i\ c rcrt"totecr''ents. 6 . f 1 1 ' 6 q r g n i t i o r rc f e r s t o the. claimed ability tcr l ' r ' 1. r ' i' ,t ' f t tt t tr t ' t ' r e n t s . (pp. 265 266) 18. d. ir tirc ansn't-rr. j: 19. c. tht' .tr.tstver.Shc perceives the line for the r().trl.ts contir.ruous,eve'n though it is interrupted o t l ' r e rr o a d s .( p . 2 1 4 ) ' f.r lint': rnclic.rting a. Clo:r-rlc refcrs to thc pc'rce'ptualfilling in of !.rfr: ilr r stir-nulus to crcate a completc, whole llPltrtt.

b . S r n r i l . r l i t vi s t h e t e n c ' l c n c vt o p e ' r c e i v es i m i l a r 1lbjr'cts.rs bclonging trtgctl-rcr.C)n a road map, all t h c l i n c s r r . p r e s c n t i n gr o a d s a p p e a r s i m i l a r . T h u s , t h i s c u c c o u l c l n o t b c t h c b a s i s f o r C o l l e e n ' sa b i l i tv to tracr' the ror-rtcoi a particular road. d. I)rorinritv is thc tenc'lencvtcl grctup ttbje'ctsnear trr ()lrr'.rnothcr as tr sirrglerttnit. 2 0 . c . i s t h e . r r . t s w e r( .p . 2 5 1 ) a. If ;rcrceprtionwcre'cntirely based on thc physic a l c h . r r a c t c r i s t i c so f a s t i m u l u s ( " b o t t o m - u p " ) , l.rck oi cxperir'l1c(-with a carpentered environnrent n'otrlcl rrot rcduce sc'nsitivityto the illusion. b. I'rinriples of groupirrg, clepth perception, and scnsitir itr. to illusions all demonstrtrte that perception oftt.n l.spredictablc. EssnrlQuestiorr 1. Protirrtitr1.We tend to perceive items that are near e.rch othcr trs belonging together. Thus, a small st:ctior.roi dancers or members of a marching b.rrrd may separate themselves from the larger grollp in order to form part of a particular image. 2. Sitrtilnritq.Becarrscwe perceive similar figures as belonging top;ether, choreographers and band c'lirectors often create distinct visual groupings within the larger band or dance troupe by having

Writing Definitions 1. Selective attention is the focusing tlf conscious a w a r e n e s so n a p a r t i c u l a r s t i m u l u s o u t t l f t r l l t l f those that wc are capable of experierncing.(p. 237) 2. Inattentional blindness is a percepttrtrl error in which wc fail to scc a visiblc' objcct whcn ottr nttention is dire'ctedelse'wlrere.(p. 238) 3. Visual capture is the tendcncy ftlr visitln tcl dtlminate thc.other scnses.(p.242) 4. Gestalt means "organized whtlle." Thc Clestalt psychologists emphasized clur tcnclenc'yto irrtcgratc pieccs ttf informaticln into mcanilrgful w h o l e ' s .( p . 2 a 2 ) 5. Figure-ground rcfcrs to thc organizittitlrl of the visutrl fie'ld into two parts: thc figure, which stands out from its surroundings, antl the' stlrroundings, or background. (p. 243) 6. Grouping is the perceptutrl tendency ttl orgtrtrizc stimuli into coherc'rrtgroups. Clcstalt psychologists idcntified variotts principles of grouping. (p. 243) 7. Depth perception is the ability to see objects in three dimcnsions although thc images that strike the retina are two-dimetnsictnirl;it alltlws trs ttl judge distance.(p. 245) 8. The visual cliff is t.rlaboratory device for testing depth perception, especiarllyin infants and ytlung animals. In their experimellts with the visr-ralcliff, Gibson and Walk found strong c'vidence' thr-rt depth perception is at least in part innate. (p. 2a5) 9. Binocular cues are depth cues that depend on information from both eyes. (p.245) Memory sid: Bi- indicates "two"; octllrr means somethinp; pertaining to the eye. Binocular cues are cues for the "two eyes."

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Chapter 6 Perception

1 0 . Retinal

disparity refers to the differences bctwe.en the images received bv the left eye and thc. right eye as a result .'f vic.n,ing the world from slightly diffcrent ;rngle.s.It is a binocular de.pth cue, since the greater the difference bertweenthe tn,c'rimages, the nearer the object. (p. 216)

"1"t.Convergence is a neunrmuscular binocular depth cue based orr the extent to which the eyes cctn\/ergL.,or tum inrtard, when lctoking at near or disterntobjects. Thc mrlre the eyes converge, the ne.rrerthc.objt'cts.(p.2a6)

"t2.Monocular cues are depth cues that depend on i n f o r r n a t i o r rf r o m e i t h e r e . y ea. l o n e .( p . 2 a 6 ) Mt'trtor.ry oitl'. Motto- nlcirls ()n€r;a monocle is an e'ycglassfor orrc cye. A monocular cue is one that i s a v a i l a b l et o e i t l . r c rt h e l e f t o r t h e r i g h t e y e .

1 3 . Thc phi phenomenon is irn illusion of movement creatc.dwhen two c)r more. trdjacent lights blink orr ancl off in succession.(p. 250) 14. Perceptual constancy is the perception that objccts h;rvc consistcnt lightne.ss,color, shirpc, ancl sizc, ('vcn .'ls illr-rrnin.rtionernclretinal images c h a n g c .( p . 2 5 0 ) 1 5 . Perceptual adaptation refers to our ability t
18. Extrasensory perception (ESP) refers to the controversial claim that perceprtion can occur without sensory input. Suppclsed ESP powers includc telepathy, clairvoyance, and precognition. (p. 26a) Memttrtl Ltid:Ertra- means "beyond" or "irr addition to"; extrasensory perception is perceplion outside or bevond the normal senses. 19. Parapsychology is the stucly of ESP,psvchokine.sis, ancl other paranormal forms of intcraction bc.twecn ther indiviclual arrd thc cnvirorrment. @.264) McrrtLtrtlnitl: Port-,Iike crfrn-, indicatcs "beyond"; tlrus, paranormal is bcyond thernornral ancl parapsychology is the. study of phenomcna beyoncl t h e r e - a l mo f p s y c h o l o g va n d k n o w n r r a t u r a ll a w s .

Cross-Chcck ACROSS 1. gror-rncl 8. Iine.ar 13. binoctrlirr 15. proximity 16. figr-rre 17. Lockc 18. closure 19. grcrrping 20. ge'stalt

DOWN 2. rcvcrsiblc 3. dcpth 4 . c o c k t a i lp a r t y 5. sclectivc: 6. phi phcnomenon 7. Miillcr-l-yer f. intcrprosition 1 0 . r c l a t i r . ' cl u m i n a n c c 1 1 . r e l a t i v r :c l a r i t v 12. conncctcclncss 14. criticalperiotl