Chapter Compiled.docx

Chapter I

INTRODUCTION

Wheel Powered Cart Brush. We ended taking up this study without hesitation and doubt because we believed that this would be a great deal and sure cooperate to improve the principle and ways of cleaning surroundings. As engineering students studying in this university, supposedly, we are concerned that our knowledge and learnings can be use in good and helpful ways especially with having a beautiful surroundings and clean and green environment. One of the purposes why we have engineers and students studying engineering is to bring help in every, even in a small way to improved and developed having an easy way of living and to ease every individual’s work. Having good and clean surroundings, we have utilities in our school. They stand to maintain the orderliness and cleanliness of our surroundings. One of these is cleaning the roads where we usually find them working or whether they’re using machinery but those which are consumed more energy and takes many times to do the work. In addition, those machines involve financial negotiations. In places to places, we can see that this situation happens not only in our school which workers uses pressurized water to cleanse paths that are rotten by dirt. We all knows that job will be easier if we have proper machines designed to this kind of work that will help the workers to ease and to give more efficient way of cleaning. In addition, it will take the workers tedious and hardworking job. It will also take less energy and less water consuming if we make this kind of machinery.

Due to mechanical work of the said project, we can’t make sure that smoke and noise will not be distraction to the students for it is not working with motor compared to grass cutting machine, and the importance of the said project is it will make the job of the workers easier and less time comparing to other machine that they used this time. Especially in Southern Luzon State University that some pathways are rotten, it will be a good advantage that we have this kind of machine and it will be a good deal if the study of development and improvement of this project will be continued.

Background of the Study Looking at the general overview of this topic research, the idea of the thesis begins when we are walking outside the admin building and saw one of the utility of our school uses pressurized water to clean area that is rotten. We saw that the machine consumed more water rather than the work to be done. These scenario bring us to an idea to improved and bring there working into easier way. This topic may not be as wider as the other topics but it will have a big contribution to our community with problem to slippery outdoors especially during rainy season. In area with so many people, this problem is common but it can be minimized with the help of Wheel Powered Cart Brush. The construction of the said machine use rotating brush. This would be the main cleaning part and placed in front of the machine. The specialty of this machine is for outdoors so the brush needed will designed for hard operating process. In addition, this machine will be more efficient than actual cleaning or cleaning using pressurized water

from the pump. It will be easy to recommend using this machine for ground cleaning operation for it has more advantages than other operation. Having clean surroundings is important for it helps us to have a good quality of living. The CIRI once said; “It is imperative that the focus be on ‘cleaning green,’ that is cleaning first, cleaning for health and hygiene, as well as cleaning in an environmentally preferable manner.” - Cleaning Industry Research Institute (CIRI)

Objectives of the Study The study generally aimed to design with improving way of cleaning and help the workers to have an efficient and easier ways to this job using Wheel Powered Cart Brush. Specifically, this study intended to meet the following objectives: 1. To design and fabricate a pathways cleaning machine powered by wheel. 2. To compare the performance of wheel powered cart brush to pressurized washer from the pump in terms of: 2.1. Time 2.2. Efficiency 2.3. Human effort 3. To minimized the use of water from pressurized water from the pump and maximized the conservation of energy using wheel powered cart brush.

Significance of the Study Considering that science and technology plays a very important role in a society, the findings of this study will rebound in benefit of individuals. This technical study intended to design a machine that will serve as a substitute to old way of ground cleaning operation and to usual pressurized water used as a machinery. This research study entitled “Wheel Powered Cart Brush” will be beneficial to the workers as it will help them to ease their job and will give a more efficient way of cleaning. It will also require a lesser effort compared to actual way cleaning and with using of pressurized washer that consumed more water. In addition, the time consumed in operation will decrease because the machine will fasten the job. For the researcher, this study means applying their knowledge in the field of machine design. This study could also be a good start for the researchers to introduce an alternative, advanced way of ground cleaning operation in a more efficient and faster way. For the readers or future researchers, this study will serve as reference material for material for additional knowledge and valuable information not only in their study but also in conducting researches about environmental cleanliness and orderliness, thus, ground cleaning operation.

Scope and Limitation The proposed research study primarily focused on improvement and advancement of ground cleaning operation. Design calculations and assumptions were made as a

consideration to come up with realistic and effective design for more favorable results and quality output. The study concentrated in determining the effectiveness of improved way of cleaning compared to actual way and using of pressurized washer. Moreover, the machine is design for ground surface cleaning purposes only and since it is design with wheels, it may not reach the corners of the walls but with hoping for continuation of the study, we’re sure these limits will be eliminated. This study limits the machine in cleaning the surfaces that are not concrete and not flatten in order to protect the machine from destruction. The machine designed for flat surfaces only since the wheels are not adjustable. In addition, since the machine is not automatic, it will require a manual stirring from the workers but with this method, it can help the machine to clean the surface accurately and without exception of areas.

Definition of Terms All the terms below are list of the words that tackled during the research. They are defined operationally and how they were being used in the study. 

Brush, plastic: a part of the machine which act as the floor cleaner moved by shaft connected to the wheel shaft via chains and sprocket.



Cart: a usually two or four wheeled vehicle moved by pull or push force.



Chain and sprocket: the acting mechanism or the heart of the machine and make it do the job.



Chassis: is the internal frame work or a construction of metals standing as the body of the machine and support the man-made object.



Grime: a general term refers to dirt that covers the surface. Examples are moss, algae, liverwort, lichen, etc.



Pillow Block: is a pedestal used to provide support for a rotating shaft with the help of compatible bearings & various accessories.



Prototype: is a first, typical or preliminary model of something, especially a machine, from which other forms are developed or copied.



Shaft is a long, narrow part or section forming the handle of a tool or club, the body of a spear or arrow, or a similar implement.



Static Friction: is a force that keeps an object at rest. It must be overcome to start moving the object.



Wheel: is a circular object that revolves on an axle and is fixed below a vehicle or other object to enable it to move easily over the ground.

Chapter II

REVIEW OF LITERATURE

RELATED LITERATURE

This part of research study includes reviewing and organizing related literature and studies in order to serve as guide upon designing the wheel powered cart brush machine. Necessary pieces of information were gathered from books, published articles, and internet citations and references. Brush A brush is a common tool with bristles, wire or other filaments. It generally consists of a handle or block to which filaments are affixed in either a parallel or perpendicular orientation depending on the way the brush is to be gripped during use. A scrubber brush, is a typical wide brush with a long shaft used for cleaning hard floors or surfaces. Unlike a broom, which has soft bristles to sweep dirt away, a scrubber has hard bristles for brushing. It may therefore be used wet, with water or cleaning fluids. Wheel A wheel is a circular block of a hard and durable material at whose center has been bored a circular hole through which is placed an axle bearing about which the wheel

rotates when a moment is applied by gravity or torque to the wheel about its axis. When placed vertically under a load-bearing platform or case, the wheel turning on the horizontal axle makes it possible to transport heavy loads; when placed horizontally, the wheel turning on its vertical axle makes it possible to control the spinning motion used to shape materials when mounted on a column connected to a rudder or a chassis mounted on other wheels, when connected to a crank, the wheel produces or transmits energy. Chain and Sprocket A sprocket is a toothed wheel that fits onto a shaft. It is prevented from rotating on the shaft by a key that fits into keyways in the sprocket and shaft. A chain is used to connect two sprockets. One sprocket is the driver sprocket. The other sprocket is the driven sprocket. Motion and force can be transmitted via the chain from one sprocket to another, therefore from one shaft to another. Chains that are used to transmit motion and force from one sprocket to another are called power transmission chains. Floor cleaning Floor cleaning is a basic and major occupation throughout the world. The main job of most cleaners is to clean floors. Reasons for cleaning floors The principal reasons for floor cleaning are:

 To prevent injuries due to tripping or slipping. Injuries due to slips and trips on level floors are a major cause of accidental injury or death. Bad practice in floor cleaning is itself a major cause of accidents.  To beautify the floor.  To remove stains, dirt, litter and obstructions.  To remove grit and sand which scratch and wear down the surface.  To remove allergens, in particular dust.  To prevent wear to the surface (e.g. by using a floor wax or protective sealant).  To make the environment sanitary (e.g. in kitchens).  To maintain an optimum traction (e.g. for dance floors). Bolts and Nuts According to Litherland (2001), a bolt is one of the common fasteners used in a variety of different applications. In appearance, a bolt looks like a small pin or rod with a thread running all around its sides in a screw-like pattern. A bolt is meant to be put through holes in two objects that will be held together and a nut will be turned onto the bolt’s thread until the nut is tight. By turning the nut which is large than the hole that the bolt went through along the threads, it compresses the two objects together, since the head of the bolt and the nut are exerting pressure on the objects between them. Nuts and bolts are fastens designed to hold two-or-more objects together. This is achieved by inserting a bolt through both objects and fastening a nut to the end of the

bolt. This usually simple task can be accomplished by considerations ranging from the type of bolt used, to how the bolt is inserted into the objects. (Thompson, 2015) Shafts A shaft is a rotating machine element, usually circular in cross section, which is used to transmit power from one part to another, or from a machine which produces power to a machine which absorbs power. The various members such as pulleys and gears are mounted on it. (Shreeyash Chiddarwar, 2013) Grime Grime is the general term for dirt like moss, algae, lichens, and liverworts. It is commonly to find growing on hard surfaces. Common example of this are algae, lichens, liverworts and moss. The grime does not damage what they are growing on, but it can cause patios, drives, paths and steps to become slippery. Rainy season is usually the time when algal and moss and liverwort growth is most significant, but build-up can occur during any wet period or in shady, humid areas. Algae A green film or powdery deposit, typical of algae on paving, stonework and garden furniture. It is common as dark green or blackish jelly-like growths that often appeared in damper on cooler weather, paths and areas of tarmac, incorrectly known as blue-green or gelatinous algae. Lichen

Lichen are commonly found on paving and timber structures such as garden benches and vase. The color of lichen varies with species, but most are grey-green, silvergrey, orange or yellow. They can be crust-like, scurfy or leafy in texture.

Liverwort Some kinds of this algae grow on hard surfaces usually have a flattened, green, plate-like body and no leaves. Marchantia is the most common example of liverwort. It is often topped with umbrella-like structures. Moss It commonly found on hard surfaces are usually cushion-like. Prevention and elimination of algae, moss and liverworts that grow on pots, soil, benches, walkways and even on plant leaves and stems is one of the toughest problems faced by ornamental plant producers. Understanding the conditions that promote them the first step in controlling these pests. Managing these elements are complex and affected by weather as well as by the needs of specific plug crops. For instance, quick-growing crops such as zinnia are rarely covered with algal mats, while slow-growing crops such as Lisianthus are frequently affected by algal growth, which then inhibits the crop’s access to water and fertilizer. Even the application of fertilizer sparingly and directly to the plants is done, there is small amount of unused by the plants will provide food for algae, moss and liverworts. The right and appropriate control of these plants is dependent upon where they are growing. In walkways, pots and benches can be treated with some chemicals but these

chemicals sometimes can be toxic to plants. Commercial bleach (sodium hypochlorite), bromine, copper, peroxy-acetate and quaternary ammonium compounds are available for control on nonliving surfaces such as walkways, bench tops and empty pots. With application of chemicals, algae control in cooling pads is generally achieved especially the quaternary ammonium compounds. In addition, these pests use fertilizer intended to promote crop growth, further limiting crop values. Removing these mats by hand is a common solution despite the costly nature of “weeding” each and every pot in a nursery. Although liverworts and mosses are more common in nursery crop production, they can grow and spread and reproduce efficiently once they find their way into a greenhouse. Recent reports have been made of serious problems in perennial production, both indoors and outdoors. Preventative treatments should include keeping the walkway as dry as possible and making sure that runoff from fertilizer applications is minimal. Some periodic cleanup is usually necessary. A pressure cleaner with or without a chemical can speed up removal of algae buildup. Be sure to direct sprays away from plants concentrations that kill algae and moss can cause Pyto-toxicity. Control For areas where growths are a slip-hazard or are contributing to the weathering of wooden structures, the following controls are recommended. a. Non-chemical control



Dislodge moss from between paving by running a sharp knife along the cracks. Alternatively, use a block paving brush with a long handle, narrow head and wire bristles for effective cleaning without stooping.



A pressure washer will remove moss and algae effectively. However, use this method with care in areas where drainage is unsatisfactory as the extra water could exacerbate damp problems. Always wear goggles when using a pressure washer. This is the best method for removal of moss and algae from wooden garden features. After spraying, consider treating fences and sheds with wood preservatives and garden furniture with teak oil.



Brush hard surfaces with a stiff broom on a regular basis to help prevent growths from taking hold. Raking loose surfaces such as gravel helps to keep these areas free of both moss and weeds.



Prune overhanging plants to improve air flow – this will allow the drying effects of sun and wind to reach the site.



Ensure surfaces slope slightly to prevent standing water.



Improving drainage in the surrounding area will also help to deter growths. Dig out shallow channels along the edges of paths, patios and drives and fill with coarse gravel to absorb run off water.



Fork over beds close to damp surfaces to maximize drainage and water absorption.



Only pave areas essential for access. Choose permeable paving when constructing new hard surfaces and keep drains clear of leaves and debris.



Surface finishes that are raised to give grip in wet weather are ideal for shady spots. On wooden surfaces try tacking down some chicken wire as this too will make it less slippery. Spreading coarse sand over garden steps is another simple anti-slip solution.

b. Chemical control Algae, lichens and liverworts can be removed with most proprietary patio cleaners. Moss can be controlled with products approved for use on hard surfaces. Most products are non-persistent and repeat applications will be required. 

Use products based on benzalkonium chloride, acetic acid, fatty acids, nitrilo triacetic acid/trisodium salt or other surfaces cleaners such as Jeyes Fluid Path & Patio Cleaner which claim to control algae on hard surfaces or natural paths. They may also give some control of lichens and liverworts.



For moss control on hard surfaces use acetic acid, fatty acids or pelargonic acid.



Just Patio and Concrete Cleaner is a natural surfactant (detergent) based on seaweed extracts or Ecofective Safe to Clean and should be especially safe to use near planted areas. It claims to remove algae on hard surfaces.



Path and patio cleaners based on hydrochloric acid or bleach have some effect but not recommended for use near plants. They can also discolor certain types of stone. Inclusion of a weed killer product does not indicate a recommendation or

endorsement by the RHS. It is a list of products currently available to the home gardener.

RELATED STUDIES

“Design and Analysis of Manually Operated Eco-Friendly Road Cleaner” by PROF. DR. A. MUNIARAJ. He has developed the manually operated eco-friendly road cleaner. In this he conclude that while testing of machine, that the cleaning is less effective where the road seems to be very rough and damaged. It can provide job to the uneducated person who is in need for such jobs as human energy is needed to drive the machine. The manually operated road cleaner is successfully designed, analyzed and fabricated. This project works for road cleaning that reducing the cost, human efforts as well as time. It can cause pollution and also the vibration produced in the machine causes noise pollution. While manual cleaning may cause healthy problem as the person directly comes in contact with dust. Also, the shoulder problem due to continuously sweeping occurs. This study is an alternative concept for avoiding such problems. It can work very efficiently with respect to covering area, time and cost of road cleaning process compared with the existing machineries. Also it is economical.

“Design of Dust Collector for Rear Wheel of Four-Wheeler” by ABHISHEK CHAKRA BORTY ET AL [2013] – They reported that the most significant cause of road dust is vehicle traveling on paved and unpaved' surfaces. Consequently data directly relating dust to road accidents are rare, but in study if dust is the cause of 10% of these accidents casualties then the cost could amount to as much as 0.02% of GDP in some developing countries and total about $800 million annually.

“Design & Development of Tricycle Operated Street Cleaning Machine” conducted by SANDEEP. J. MESHRAM ET AL [2016] – He has developed the street cleaning machine by tricycle operated. The author concluded that the cleaning is less effective where the street seems to be very rough and damaged. 1.) It is found that the existing street cleaning machines uses petrol and diesel. It can cause pollution and also the vibration produced in the machine causes noise pollution. While manual cleaning may cause health problem as the person directly comes in contact with dust. Also, the shoulder problem due to continuously sweeping occurs. 2.) A tricycle operated street cleaning machine seems an alternative concept for avoiding such problems enlisted in first point. 3.) The tricycle operated machine can work very efficiently with respect to covering area, time and cost of street cleaning process compared with the existing machineries. Also it is economical. 4.) It was seen while testing of machine, that the cleaning is less effective where the street seems to be very rough and damaged.

Another study from ANUP MENDHE [2017] “Multipurpose Floor Cleaning Machine”. He reported that the multiple applications provide a wide range of functions in which we can clean the pipe, scrubbing of surface for proper cleaning of the floor, remove dust and dirt from the road, provide a pick and place mechanism by which obstacles can be removed. This project is very helpful for the society and play a vital role in cleanliness of the country. The motive of the project is to cover the aspects of cleanliness in the society. The study provide a wide range of functions in which we can clean the pipe, scrubbing of surface for proper cleaning of the floor. This project is very helpful for the society and play a vital role in cleanliness of the country.

MOHSEN AZADBAKHT ET AL [2014] “Design and fabrication of a tractor powered leaves collector machine equipped with suction-blower system”- The authors explained about the fabrication of leaves collector machine by tractor powered with suction blower system. He has framed the machine by using chassis, pump, blower, gearbox, hydraulic jack. They concluded total power consumption of that machine is around 14634 W.

Conceptual Framework

The figure below shows the flow of the study starting from the input down to process and finally the output in the input, the researchers use tangible sources such as books, printed articles, etc. and non-tangible sources like direct observation and survey for reliable references. On the other hand, in the process, it all starts in the considering

the possible principles law that shall govern the study to be conduct. Prototype designing is very crucial because it will determine the outcome of the study. After fabricating the machine, it is necessary to check if the said prototype is working and if it is suitable for the purpose it is designed for. Likely, the project shall undergo different tests under varying set-ups to determine which configuration offers the best. The results will be analyzed and treated to yield better conclusion.

INPUT Current floor cleaning tools and procedures

PROCESS Principles, laws, ideas suitable for the study

OUTPUT Wheel Powered Cart Brush

Basis for the selection of the study

Design synthesis and analysis

Material selection and Machine fabrication

Testing

Result analysis

Prototype using Wheel Powered Cart Brush

Fig. 1 Input - Process - Output Model

Hypothesis 1.) Alternative hypothesis (HA): There is a significant difference in the performance of the pressurized washer and wheel powered cart brush in terms of: 1.1.

Time of procedure

1.2.

Volume of water

2.) Null hypothesis (HO): There is no significant difference in the performance of the pressurized washer and wheel powered cart brush in terms of: 2.1.

Time of procedure

2.2.

Volume of water

Chapter III

METHODOLOGY

The researchers gathered the sufficient and relevant information from various books, and printed materials relative to the study. The theories concepts and principles are used as basis for the required materials, operations, and other processes involved in the designing of the prototype. These include mechanical books, project documentation, unpublished thesis and related materials. These increased our knowledge regarding the principles that can be applied to the research. Browsing through different websites in the internet was another method used in acquiring information. Related projects, articles and concepts enhanced our knowledge in designing prototype.

Research locale The study will be conducted at the Southern Luzon State University, formerly known as Southern Luzon Polytechnic College, the premier higher education institution in Quezon Province in the Philippines. With nine campuses in the province of Quezon, its main campus is located at the Municipality of Lucban. The study not eventually used in a particular area. It could be used at Subdivisions, Rice Mill, somewhere the floor needed the removing of grime or dirt to avoid slippery and bad looks to pathways and flooring. Basically the workers of SLSU or utility staff doing their job to clean using a pressurized water flowing via hose to remove the dirt that takes several time and water. This needed a cleaning method that will minimize time and also water consumption but still reach the purpose of cleaning the floor efficiently. One of the reason why the researchers conducted the study about this is because most utility staff still practicing the conventional way of removing dirt on the floor. The study is indeed a stepping stone for the innovation of cleaning method in SLSU main campus for the sake of utility staff, for school, and for the conducted of research, we serve former worker to minimize their manpower and save time and less their effort.

Unit of Analysis/Respondents/Treatments In this study, the unit of analysis is the comparison of operation time for the process, also the water consumed for three different processes and the respondents are the members of the school utility/cleaning maintenance staff in the traditional way of cleaning.

Research design The study is a two-phase research which involved the fabrication and design of a prototype. It is also experimental research as it involves testing our hypothesis by providing valid conclusions about relationship between independent and dependent variables. It is intended to provide information concerning the performance of the wheel powered cart brush and also its efficiency. To come up with an efficient and functional design of grime remover, the researchers made a several considerations and crucial decisions especially to the materials used in the prototype. The researchers made their design based on studies and typical wheel powered cart brush to at different sites at horizontal flat surface only. The experimental design is necessary in order to determine the functionality of the machine in terms of its performance. The researcher presented and explained the data and information provided in designing according to the availability of materials. The criteria that must be considered in designing the Wheel Powered Cart Brush are:  Durability: Wheel Powered Cart Brush should be durable when taking off all the grime by means of rotational brushing.  Material: The material that will be used must be suitable to fabricate the Wheel Powered Cart Brush.  Cost: Depends upon the material and fabricating processes. It should be economical in cost.

Methods of Fabrication and Assembly In fabricating the machine, the researchers used the following procedure to obtain an efficient output.  Providing the needed materials available for the fabrication of the Wheel Powered Cart Brush.  Cutting and welding the frame of the machine.  Assembly of the cylindrical brush.  Attached the cylindrical brush to the shaft.  Attached the wheel to the driven shaft.  Making and checking the right construction and placement of the chains and sprockets according to the design and calculation.  Testing the machine as a whole and adjusting the details needed to be redo.  Finishing the fabrication of the prototype including painting.

Research Instrument The researchers used different kinds of reference in gathering data and information for the accomplishment of the study. It includes books, mechanical engineering books, thesis center library, web pages, online journals and other computedbase references. One of the effective used is by personal interview with the utility staff and other personnel staff pertinent in the study. The researchers used different measuring tools in order to collect data in removing grime and fabricating the machine. The test is based on the speed of time and

amount of force to clean up the floor. The researcher used the following tools and equipment to measure the variables. The following instruments were utilized to determine the quantitative measurements pertinent to the study. Moreover, all were calibrated prior to utilizing these instruments; 

Meter tape – was used in fabrication of the machine, especially the frame of machine. Not only the dimensions of the machine were measured but also the distances by length. It is also for the measurement of area to be use for testing of the prototype.



Timer/stopwatch – was used to determine the time lapsed from different time frame from using the machine compared to the time of manual removing operation and using the pressurized washer.

Procedures/Data Collection Gathering of data and information through books, related studies, and other means of evaluating related existing design served as reference in the design of the prototype. Also by the used of interviewing due people who gives about the topic information gives a relevant and accurate data as statistical data being gathered. TABLE 1: The tables shown below are the tables to be use for gathering the data needed for the testing of the designed prototype. The following trials is to be done with areal dimension of 8.0 m2. Table 1a: Time comparison of manual operation and prototype.

TRIAL

Time of Operation (min) Manual Using the Prototype

1 2 3 Table 1a will show the data to be gathered using the manual operation and using the prototype and will compare in three trials. In the test, we will start the operation corresponding to the timer. Table 1b: Time comparison of pressurized washer and prototype.

TRIAL

Time of Operation (min) Using Pressurized Washer Using the Prototype

1 2 3

TABLE 2: The tables shown below are the tables to be use for gathering the data needed for the testing of the designed prototype. The following trials is to be done with areal dimension of 8.0 m2. Table 2a: Water consumption comparison of manual and prototype.

TRIAL

Water Consumed (m3) Manual Using the Prototype

1 2 3 The data shown in table 2a is gathered by three trials of testing. The table shown the volume of water consumption between the manual procedure and the prototype. We measured the volume of water used with the same bucket used on both operations.

Table 2b: Water consumption comparison of pressurized washer and prototype.

TRIAL

Water Consumed (m3) Using Pressurized Washer Using the Prototype

1 2 3

Gathering of Data (Testing) 1. Measure the dimension of the area to be use in testing. 2. Prepare machine for cleaning operation. 3. Set the timer. 4. Start the operation with the timer. 5. Check the characteristics of the floor and stop the timer. 6. Record the time. 7. Repeat the procedures for another set of trials.

Data Analysis After the testing and data gathering, analysis will be made through computation. The performance of the Wheel Powered Cart Brush will be determined through the data gathered. The variables needed to be determined in the test are the following: a. Time of operation using the design prototype. b. Volume of water consumption use for cleaning operation.

Statistical treatment

To attain the objectives posed in this study, the following statistical tools were applied on the data collected. T-test for independent samples will be use to find out if there is significant difference between the output of the manual cleaning operation, the pressurized washer and the machine in terms of cleaning time, quality of the performance and the consumption of water and energy. The formula is:

 Standard Deviation s=

√

∑ ( x A− x´ A ) n−1

where; x A=values

s=standard deviation

n=number of trials

 T-value t=

´x A −´x B

√(

s 12 +s 22 n

)

where; t=T −value

n=number of trials

´x A=meanof the data of the prototype

´x B=meanof the dataof the manual operation s 1=standard deviationof the prototype s 2=standard deviationof the manual operation

 Degree of Freedom

d f =n−1 where; d f =degree of freedom

n=number of trials

Chapter IV

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

In this chapter, the data gathered from the trials on the testing of the designed prototype presented through tables, together with the analysis corresponding to each tables. It states the comparison between three different processes using manual operation, using pressurized washer and using the prototype corresponding with the data gathered by three trials. The following trials is to be done with areal dimension of 8.0 m2.

TABLE 1:

Cleaning time comparison using manual operation, pressurized washer

and wheel powered cart brush in terms of area cleaned. Table 1a: Time comparison of manual operation and prototype. Time of Operation (min) Manual Using the Prototype 1 4.73 2.75 2 5.02 2.59 3 4.51 2.71 The data of manual operation is based on the work output of Mr. Michael P. TRIAL

Ilagan, one of the author of the study. Table 1a shows the data gathered using the manual operation and using the prototype compared in three trials. In the test, we start the operation corresponding to stopwatch. Table 1b: Time comparison of pressurized washer and prototype. Time of Operation (min) Using Pressurized Washer Using the Prototype 1 6.05 2.75 2 7.12 2.59 3 6.84 2.71 The data gathered for the pressurized washer is based on the work output of Ms. TRIAL

Lady Joy M. Querijero, residence of Brgy. Tinamnan Lucban, Quezon. Table 1b shows the data gathered from testing and comparison between the pressurized washer and the prototype.

TABLE 2: Comparison of water consumption. The following trials is done with areal dimension of 8.0 m2. Table 2a: Water consumption comparison of manual and prototype. Water Consumed (liter) Manual Using the Prototype 25.7 25.7 1 25.7 25.7 2 25.7 25.7 3 The data shown in table 2a is gathered by three trials of testing. The table shown TRIAL

the volume of water consumption between the manual procedure and the prototype. We measured the volume of water used with the same bucket used on both operations. Table 2b: Water consumption comparison of pressurized washer and prototype. Water Consumed (liter) Using Pressurized Washer Using the Prototype 32.7 25.7 1 25.7 2 40.5 25.7 3 37.4 The table shown the difference between the water consumption of pressurized TRIAL

washer and the prototype. During the testing, we measure the volume of water depending on the level of water inside the drum with diameter of 22-inches.

STATISTICAL ANALYSIS AND RESULT Time comparisons TABLE 4.1: Statistical Tabulation of Data between Prototype and Manual Operation TRIAL

TIME (t) in seconds

x Manual (¿¿ A) ¿ 4.73 5.02 4.51

1 2 3

´x A = 4.753

n=3

x Prototype (¿¿ B) ¿ 2.75 2.59 2.71 ´x B = 2.683

x 2 (¿ ¿ A−´x A ) ¿ 0.000529 0.0713 0.059 x 2 ∑(¿ ¿ A−´x A ) ¿

x 2 (¿ ¿ B−´x B ) ¿ 0.0045 0.0086 0.00073 x 2 ∑(¿ ¿ B−´x B ) ¿

0.1308

0.0138 T – value 13.3351 Base on the table for Critical Value of t, with degrees of Freedom of 2 level of Significance of 0.05, two-tailed test, t - table = 4.303. Since t - table < t - comparison, reject Ho and accept HA, therefore, the time consumed at the operation using the prototype is shorter than the time spent in the manual process.

Conclusion: there is sufficient evidence that there is significant difference between the cleaning procedure of manual operation and using the prototype. TABLE 4.2: Statistical Tabulation of Data between Prototype and Pressurized washer TIME (t) in seconds Pressurized washer TRIAL

x 2 (¿ ¿ A−´x A ) ¿

x 2 (¿ ¿ B−´x B ) ¿

2.75

0.3844

0.0045

x Prototype (¿¿ B) ¿

1

x (¿¿ A) ¿ 6.05

2

7.12

2.59

0.2025

0.0086

3

6.84

2.71

0.0289

0.00073

n=3

´x A = 6.67

´x B = 2.683

x 2 ∑(¿ ¿ A−´x A ) ¿ 0.6158

T – value

x 2 ∑(¿ ¿ B−´x B ) ¿ 0.0138 6.911

Base on the table for Critical Value of t, with degrees of Freedom of 2 level of Significance of 0.05, two-tailed test, t - table = 4.303. Since t - table < t - comparison, reject Ho and accept HA, therefore, the time consumed at the operation using the prototype is shorter than the time spent in the pressurized washer. Conclusion: there is sufficient evidence that there is significant difference between the cleaning procedure using the pressurized washer and the prototype.

Chapter V

SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

This chapter includes the results and findings of the study based on comprehensive analysis, several tests and experiments. Thereafter, conclusions and recommendations are also being formulated.

Findings 1.

The developed prototype from fabrication, the machine used a cylindrical plastic brush as its cleaning tool, and the brush rotates by the use of chain and sprocket with opposite direction to the wheel for more force of cleaning. By the use of distinction in rotation of wheel and brush, more efficient cleaning outcome is produced.

2.

In comparison of cleaning time between manual and the prototype: 2.1 The prototype can clean the floor in 2.6833 min with an area of 8.0 m2 based on 3 trials and the average cleaning speed of the manual operation is 4.7533 min

with the same dimension of area. The prototype uses lesser time of cleaning than the manual operation. The prototype has more efficiency in terms of time it takes to clean the floor compared to the manual operation. The time lessen to clean the floor by the use of prototype is 2.07 min. 2.2 In terms of volume of water used, both operation uses an equal consumption of water.

3.

In comparison of cleaning time between pressurized washer and the prototype: 3.1 The prototype can clean the floor in 2.6833 min with an area of 8.0 m 2 based on 3 trials and the average cleaning speed of the pressurized washer is 6.67 min with the same dimension of area. The prototype uses lesser time of cleaning than the pressurized washer. The prototype is more efficient in terms of time it takes to clean the floor compared to the pressurized washer. The time lessen to clean the floor by the use of prototype is 3.987 min. 3.2 In terms of volume of water used, using pressurized washer used more water than the prototype. It also it uses an electricity compare to the prototype that do not used electrical energy.

Conclusion: After researching and studying the machine Wheel Powered Cart Brush, it reveals the differences between the manual operation, using the pressurized washer and the prototype. The following had been concluded with a proper observation, analysis and calculation referring to these three different procedures. Comparing to the manual operation, both procedures used the same amount of water but different in terms of cleaning time operation. It also showed a different output. Looking at the testing result, the prototype is lesser effective than manual but the prototype uses lesser time. In terms of cleaning efficiency compared to pressurized washer, since we can’t find or there’s no formula that calculates which cleaning operation is more effective in cleaning, we just based on the output in the testing of both procedures and observed which operation has done effective way and give a cleaner result. The prototype uses lesser amount of water and shorter time of operation, it also gave a good result and

cleaner output. Then, we conclude that the machine Wheel Powered Cart Brush is more efficient than the existing pressurized washer. The machine met the objectives including the conservation of energy since Wheel Powered Cart Brush do not use electrical energy as pressurized washer. Therefore, the machine is more economical and environmental friendly than pressurized washer.

Recommendation: Base from our observation that regards to our prototype, we suggest or recommend the following adjustment: 1.

Use assembled cylindrical brush available in the market or online shopping.

2.

Use a larger driven sprocket to give more speed to the brush.

3.

Use a lighter material for the frame for easier transportation of the machine from

one place to another.

References:

A.

Books: 

Capote, R. S. & Mandawe, J. A. Machine Design.



Tordillo, J. Machine Design Reviewer (4th Edition).

B.

Online sources:  

https://www.blocklayer.com/chain-sprocket.aspx http://www2.mae.ufl.edu/designlab/Class%20Projects/Background

      

%20Information/Friction%20coefficients.htm https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moss https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brush https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheel http://www.notesandsketches.co.uk/Chain_and_Sprocket.html https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floor_cleaning https://www.cleantecinnovation.com/blog/how-to-remove-algae-and-moss http://www.ijaerd.com/papers/special_papers/NCSOSET33.pdf

APPENDICES

APPENDIX A

CONSTRUCTION OF THE WHEEL POWERED CART BRUSH

FRAME

HANDLE

SPROCKET WHEEL BRUSH COVER TROLLEY WHEEL

SHAFT

CHAIN

PILLOW BRUSH BLOCK

APPENDIX A1

Isometric

Front

Back

Side

Top APPENDIX A2

ACTUAL PROTOTYPE DEVELOPMENT

APPENDIX A3 DIMENSIONS Frame

Side View

Front View

Top View

Chain and Sprocket

Wheel

Brush

APPENDIX B

Materials used in the Prototype

Hex bolt

Square Tube Pipe

Galvanized Iron: (GI) Pipes

Round Bar

Brush

Pillow Block Bearing

Trolley Wheel

14-inches Bike Wheel

51-teeth Motorcycle Sprocket

56-teeth Motorcycle Sprocket

14-teeth Motorcycle Sprocket

15-teeth Motorcycle Sprocket

Motorcycle Chain

Plain Sheet

Rivets: connect the brush to shaft

APPENDIX C DESIGN COMPUTATION CHAIN AND SPROCKET WHEEL

T51

= 51 teeth

T1

= 15 teeth

T14

= 14 teeth

Length = 76 pitches

BRUSH

Brush

Tbrush

= 14 teeth

T56

= 56 teeth

Solving length of chain: Given: Center Distance = 14.5 inches Pitches = 0.5 T56 = 56 teeth T14 = 14 teeth

L=

L=

2 c ( T 56 +T 14 ) + + P 2

P

2(14.5) (56+ 14) + + 0.5 2

(

T 56−T 14 2π C

0.5

(

)

2

56−14 2π 14.5

2

)

L=94.54 pitch L=95 pitch

CALCULATING THE SPEED OF BRUSH Formula:

Sprocket Ratio=

T driver N driven = T driven N driver

a. Assumed the linear speed of wheel ( Vwheel ) = 0.500 m/s;

N wheel =

V wheel πD wheel

14.0∈¿(0.0254 m) π¿ 0.500 m/s (60 min) N wheel = ¿ N wheel =26.85 rpm b. Nwheel = N15 = 26.85 rpm T N Sprocket Ratio= 15 = 51 T 51 N 15 N 51 15 teeth Sprocket Ratio= = 51 teeth 26.85 rpm N 51=7.90 rpm c. N51 = N56 = 7.90 rpm Sprocket Ratio=

T 56 N 14 = T 14 N 56

Sprocket Ratio=

56 teeth N 14 = 14 teeth 7.90 N 14=31.6 rpm N 14=N brush =31.6 rpm

Therefore; N wheel =26.85< N brush =31.6 rpm

This calculation explains that the brush rotates faster than the wheel.

CALCULATING THE FORCE NEEDED TO MOVE THE PROTOTYPE

Prototype Weight (W) Force Needed (F)

Frictional Force (Ff)

Normal Force (Fn)

Mass of the Prototype (m) = 25 kg Coefficient of Friction (µ) = 0.6 a. Weight of the prototype

W =m. a

(

W = ( 25 kg ) 9.81

m s2

)

W =245.25 N

b. Normal force F f =W =254.25 N

c. Frictional Force F f =μ . Fn F f =( 0.6 ) ( 254.25 N ) d. Force Needed F ≥ F f =147.15 N

F f =147.15 N

Therefore, in order to move the prototype, the force needed has to be more than that frictional force between the brush. The force needed is greater than 147.15 newton.

APPENDIX D STATISTICAL COMPUTATION Time comparisons

TABLE: Statistical Tabulation of Data between Prototype and Manual Operation TIME (t) in seconds Prototype TRIAL

1 2 3 n=3

x Manual (¿¿ A) ¿

x (¿¿ B) ¿ 2.75 2.59 2.71

4.73 5.02 4.51 ´x A = 4.753

´x B = 2.683

x 2 (¿ ¿ A−´x A ) ¿

x 2 (¿ ¿ B−´x B ) ¿

0.000529 0.0713 0.059 x 2 ∑(¿ ¿ A−´x A ) ¿

0.0045 0.0086 0.00073 x 2 ∑(¿ ¿ B−´x B ) ¿

0.1308

0.0138

Finding Standard Deviation, SDmanual x 2 ∑ (¿ ¿ A−xx A ) n−1 SD manual= √¿

SD manual=

√

0.1308 3−1

Finding Standard Deviation, SDprototype x ¿ A−´ x A )2 ∑ (¿ n−1 SD prototype =√ ¿

SD manual =0.2557

SD prototype =

√

0.0138 3−1

SD prototype =0.0831

Finding t-value for difference between independent sample means: t=

t=

´x A −´x B

√(

s 12 +s 22 n

)

4.753−2.683

√(

( 0.2557 )2 + ( 0.831 )2 3

)

t=13.3351

Findings: Degree of freedom, d f =n−1 d f =3−1 d f =2

Base on the table for Critical Value of t, with degrees of Freedom of 2 level of Significance of 0.05, two-tailed test, t - table = 4.303. Since t - table < t - comparison, reject Ho and accept HA, therefore, the time consumed at the operation using the prototype is shorter than the time spent in the manual process.

TABLE: Statistical Tabulation of Data between Prototype and Pressurized washer

TIME (t) in seconds Pressurized Prototype TRIAL

1 2 3 n=3

x washer (¿¿ A) ¿ 6.05 7.12 6.84 ´x A = 6.67

x (¿¿ B) ¿ 2.75 2.59 2.71 ´x B = 2.683

x 2 (¿ ¿ A−´x A ) ¿

x 2 (¿ ¿ B−´x B ) ¿

0.3844 0.2025 0.0289 x 2 ∑(¿ ¿ A−´x A ) ¿

0.0045 0.0086 0.00073 x 2 ∑(¿ ¿ B−´x B ) ¿

0.6158

0.0138

Finding Standard Deviation, SDpressurized washer x 2 ∑(¿ ¿ A−xx A ) n−1 SD pressurized washer= √ ¿

SD pressurized washer=

√

0.6158 3−1

SD pressurized washer=0.5549

Finding Standard Deviation, SDprototype x 2 ∑ (¿ ¿ A−´x A ) n−1 SD prototype =√ ¿

SD prototype =

√

0.0138 3−1

SD prototype =0.0831

Finding t-value for difference between independent sample means: t=

t=

´x A −´x B

√(

s 12 +s 22 n

)

6.67−2.683

√(

( 0.5549 )2 + ( 0.831 )2 3

)

t=6.911

Findings: Degree of freedom, d f =n−1 d f =3−1 d f =2

Base on the table for Critical Value of t, with degrees of Freedom of 2 level of Significance of 0.05, two-tailed test, t - table = 4.303. Since t - table < t - comparison, reject Ho and accept HA, therefore, the time consumed at the operation using the prototype is shorter than the time spent in the pressurized washer. TABLE D.1 – Significance Level

APPENDIX E TESTING

TESTING OUTPUT Manual Operation

Before

After Using the Pressurized Washer

Before

After Using the Prototype

Before

After

VOLUME CALCULATION OF WATER CONSUMPTION 1. Manual Operation From trial 1 - 3: Use 2 Buckets of water Bucket dimension D = 10 inches = 0.254 m H = 10 inches = 0.254 m

V=

V=

πd2 H 4

π ( 0.254 m )2 ( 0.254 m ) 4 3

V =0.0129 m x 2 buckets

3

V =0.0257 m

x

1000 l 3 m

V =25.7 l iter

2. Using pressurized washer Trial 1. D = 22 inches = 0.5588 meter H = 5.25 inches = 0.13335 meter

V=

πd2 H 4

π ( 0.5588m )2 ( 0.13335 m) V= 4 V =0.0327 m3 x

1000 l m3

V =32.7 l iter

Trial 2. D = 22 inches = 0.5588 meter H = 6.50 inches = 0.1651 meter

V=

V=

πd2 H 4

π ( 0.5588m )2 ( 0.1651m ) 4

V =0.0405 m

3

x

1000 l 3 m

V =40.5l iter Trial 3. D = 22 inches = 0.5588 meter H = 6.00 inches = 0.1524 meter

V=

V=

πd2 H 4

π ( 0.5588m )2 ( 0.1524 m ) 4

V =0.0374 m3 x

1000 l 3 m

V =37.4 l iter

3. Using the prototype From trial 1 - 3: Use 2 Buckets of water Bucket dimension D = 10 inches = 0.254 m H = 10 inches = 0.254 m

V=

πd2 H 4

2

π ( 0.254 m ) ( 0.254 m ) V= 4 3

V =0.0129 m x 2 buckets

V =0.0257 m3 x

1000 l m3

V =25.7 l iter

APPENDIX F

Months Activities Nov

Dec

Jan

Feb

Title Proposal Planning and Designing Fabrication of the prototype Testing and improving of the design Result analysis

Documentation Gantt Chart – Project Time Table

APPENDIX G

Mar

Apr

COST OF MATERIALS

Quantity/Unit

Description

Unit Price

Amount

6 pcs.

Brush

75.00

450.00

2 pcs.

Sprocket ( large )

200.00

400.00

2 pcs.

Sprocket ( small )

65.00

130.00

2 pcs.

Pillow block 1”

165.00

330.00

4 pcs.

Pillow block 1/2”

225.00

900.00

2 pcs.

Bike wheel

250.00

500.00

2 pcs.

Chain

180.00

360.00

1 pc.

Square tube bar

550.00

550.00

1 pc.

GI Pipe (20 mm)

500.00

500.00

1 pc.

GI Pipe (25 mm)

350.00

350.00

2 pcs.

Trolley Wheel

280.00

560.00

1 pc.

Paint

60.00

60.00

12 pcs.

Bolts and nuts

15.00

180.00

1 pcs.

Round bar

220.00

220.00

Labor

4,000.00

TOTAL

P 9,490.00

APPENDIX H

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