Chapter 3 And 4 Word

Annual Book Sale March 1

Hourly Drawings for FREE Books Discounts of 50% Only at our North or more Glenstone Location

Invoice TO: Jack Hendrix Technologies 4999 garland Street Fayetteville, AR 72703

FROM: John Q. Student 9444 Elton Lane Tulsa, OK 74147

Description Consulting Fee for June Supplies Travel Expenses

Amount $5640.00 200.00 550.00

TOTAL

$6390.00

Maddy Ott Salt Lake Community College - 4600 3483 Made Up Drive South Redwood Road - Salt Lake City, Taylorsville, Utah, 84124 Utah 84123 (801) 343-6584 (801) 957-SLCC (957-7522) www.slcc.edu Objective To obtain a position utilizing leadership and communication skills focusing on marketing, consulting, and/or public relations. Professional October 2008 – present Biomat Usa Phlebotomy

Accomplishments Education Honors References

July 2008-October 2008 The Lodge Assisted Living CNA CNA, CPR, First Aid, and Phlebotomy Certified Brighton High School Diploma Graduated June 2008 None Available upon request

Maddy Ott 3483 Made Up Drive Taylorsville, Utah, 84124 [email protected], 801-343-6584

Maddy Ott 3483 Made Up Drive Taylorsville, Utah, 84124 [email protected], 801-343-6584

City of Stockton 9:30 am 12:00pm 1:00pm 1:00pm 1-4pm 6:00pm Dark

Parade Food Court in North Field Children’s Contests Adult’s Golf Tournament Arts and Crafts Show Free B-Q and Live Entertainment Free Fireworks Show!

Best Small-Town Celebration in the State

Maddy Ott

4/12/2009

Payroll Report Employee Name Larson, Kaia Mulgroni, Shayla Barnes, Fredrick Allen, Shawna Eliff, Edward Pinner, Derek West, Shandra Johnson, LeBrock Sing, Chang McFarland, Ian

TOTAL PAYROLL EXPENSE

Hours Hourly Worked Wage Salary 20 29 35 38 39 40 40 40 40 41

9.00 10.00 10.00 9.00 11.00 12.00 15.00 12.00 11.00 15.00

180.00 290.00 350%.00 342.00 429.00 480.00 1724.5.00 480.00 440.00 615.00 4984.00

Maddy Ott

4/12/2009

A revision mark (a vertical line outside the left or right margin) signifies a change has been made in the document. A line through existing text indicates that the text should be deleted, whereas text that is underlined is to be added. The suggestions of multiplemultiple reviewers will appear in colors. Yellow highlighting denotes a comment indicating that the reviewer has added a descriptive note without making a specific change. The comment appears on the screen when the cursor is moved over the highlighted text. (Comments can be printed at the end of a document if one selects the appropriate option in the Print command.) Comments, once created, can be edited and/or deleted by right clicking on the highlighted text and selecting the appropriate command from the shortcut menu. The review process is straightforward. The initial document is sent for review to one or more individuals, who enter their changes through tools on the Review tab or through the Track Changes command in the Tracking group on the Review tab. The author of the original document receives the corrected document, and then uses the Accept and Reject Changes command to review the document and implement the suggested changes. The changes can be selectively accepted, reviewing each change before accepting it, or the author can choose to accept them all without reviewing them.

Maddy Ott

04/14/2009

Sidewalk Café Where trendy-conscious people dine! Sidewalk Café is an avant-garde that has recently opened on Main Street in Carmel. Sidewalk Café offers a diverse and eclectic menu that will appeal to a diverse and eclectic clientele. Following is a list of lunch items available on a daily basis: Fresh Seafood Homemade Soup Italian Cuisine Gourmet Sandwiches The décor in the Sidewalk Café is homey and inviting, yet surprisingly sophisticated. Original artwork is displayed on every wall, adding a charming feeling to the already warm environment. A large fireplace takes up the back wall, while the front windows provide a frame for the activity on the street outside. The owner, Sue McCrory, is a newcomer to the restaurant scene. Previously, she operated a folk-art gallery. Sue has vowed to maintain the integrity of the Sidewalk Café vision. She makes herself available to her customers, and she can usually be found table-hopping through the dining room. The chef, Ken McCrory, is the owner's brother. His love of food, and his willingness to experiment are evident in the interesting specials he prepares daily. Ken’s talents are numerous: in addition to the daily specials, he is responsible for the fresh baked breads and pastries that grace the tables. The Sidewalk Café is open from 11:30 a.m. to 10:00 p.m. Tuesday through Saturday. On Sundays, the hours are 9:30 a.m. to 10:00 p.m. The Sunday brunch is charming, and not to be missed. The Sidewalk Café also has a private room that can be reserved for parties and functions. The room has a fireplace, and accommodates up to 25 people. Stop by and find out why the Sidewalk Café is where trendy-conscious people come to dine!

Maddy Ott

4/12/2009

Cases Florida Physician's Ins. Reciprocal v. Stanley, 452 So.2d 514, 515-16 (Fla. 1984) .....................................................4 Florida Physician's Insurance Reciprocal v. Stanley ....................................................................................................4 Washington v. Barnes Hosp., 897 S.W.2d 611, 619-21 (Mo. banc 1995) .................................................................2, 4 Washington v. Barnes Hosp., 897 S.W.2d at 621 ..........................................................................................................6 Washington v. Barnes Hospital .............................................................................................................................3, 4, 5

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IN THE CIRCUIT COURT OF GREENE COUNTY, MISSOURI MARCEL BRADFORD, a minor, by his next friend, Trust of the Ozarks,

) )

Plaintiff, vs. HILLCREST MEDICAL CENTERS, Defendant.

) ) ) ) ) ) ) )

Case No. 104CC0091

DEFENDANT'S RESPONSE TO PLAINTIFF'S FIRST MOTION IN LIMINE CONCERNING FREE PUBLIC BENEFITS In point 3 of his first motion in limine, plaintiff seeks to preclude evidence of collateral source payments. Plaintiff attempts to categorize the evidence into two groups: Group 1:

Medicaid

Group 2:

Goods and services provided by the public schools.

Plaintiff claims that evidence of Medicaid is subject to the rule, while the Missouri Supreme Court in Washington v. Barnes Hosp., 897 S.W.2d 611, 619-21 (Mo. banc 1995) has held that evidence of programs and therapies available through the public schools are not subject to the collateral source rule. While defendant does not agree that any Missouri appellate court has directly held that Medicaid is subject to the collateral source rule, defendant does not plan to introduce evidence that

Medicaid

has

paid

for

certain

medical

expenses

in

this

case.1

The only case cited by plaintiff concerning Medicaid payments is Cornelius v. Gipe, 625 S.W.2d 880, 882 (Mo. App. 1981). In that case, the court expressly said: "Even assuming without deciding that the argument [that mentioned the availability of Social Security, Medicare, and Medicaid] violated the collateral source rule, the argument clearly bore on damages, and by reason of the defendant's verdict, Cornelius was not prejudiced." In Washington v. Barnes Hosp., 897 S.W.2d 611, 620 (Mo. banc 1995) the court specifically noted this was dicta. 1

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Defendant also agrees that goods and services provided by the public schools is not subject to the rule. However, to the extent plaintiff is attempting to recast Washington v. Barnes Hospital as holding that the availability of free public school programs is the only exception to the collateral source rule, defendant disagrees. There are other free public programs and therapies that are available outside the public school programs that will be available to Marcel that should also not be considered collateral sources. Programs that will likely be at issue in this case are those provided through the Missouri Department of Mental Health, Division of Mental Retardation and Developmental Disabilities ("MRDD") after Marcel turns 18. The State of Missouri has an extensive system of care and treatment options for individuals with developmental disabilities. The only criteria for eligibility is they have a developmental disability which is defined as attributable to: 1. A. Mental retardation, cerebral palsy, epilepsy, head injury, autism or a learning disability related to a brain dysfunction; 2. Is manifested before the person attains age twenty-two (22); 3. Is likely to continue indefinitely; 4. Results in substantial functional limitations in two (2) or more of the following six (6) areas of major life activities: self care, receptive and expressive language development and use, learning, self-direction, capacity for independent living or economic self sufficiency and mobility; and 5. Reflects the person's need for a combination and sequence of special, interdisciplinary or generic care, habilitation and sequence of special, interdisciplinary or generic care, habilitation or other services which may be of lifelong or extended duration and are individually planned and coordinated. 9 CSR 45-2.010(2)(F). Eligibility is not conditioned on indigence.2 In this case, Marcel will meet this criteria. He has already been documented as having cerebral palsy prior to the age of twenty-two. Plaintiff's own experts state this is likely to continue indefinitely, and results in substantial functional limitations in more than two of the six areas of major life. Evidence that these public programs are available as an alternative to Dr. Elam's private one-on-one attendant care projections in his life care plan are relevant and admissible. If the recipient has annual adjusted gross income exceeding one hundred thousand dollars ($100,000) he shall be assessed a charge for case management services, and the charge shall be the lesser of actual cost or one-fourth (1/4) their monthly ability to pay. 9 CSR 10-31.011(3). This has no application in this case as plaintiff's experts state Chavon will be permanently unemployable.

2

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In Washington v. Barnes Hosp., 897 S.W.2d 611, 619-21 (Mo. banc 1995), the Missouri Supreme Court extensively re-examined the collateral source rule. The court began its analysis with the statement that "the collateral source rule is not a single rule but rather, a combination of rationales applied to a number of different circumstances to determine whether evidence of mitigation of damages should be precluded from admission." Id.

In analyzing the rationales that supported the rules

application, the court reviewed decisions from other states. In reaching its decision that public school benefits where not subject to the collateral source rule, the court rejected contrary views from other states, and adopted the reasoning of the Florida Supreme Court in Florida Physician's Ins. Reciprocal v. Stanley, 452 So.2d 514, 515-16 (Fla. 1984), emphasizing: The policy behind the collateral source rule simply is not applicable if the plaintiff has incurred no expense, obligation, or liability in obtaining the services for which he seeks compensation. This is further made apparent upon comparison of the present case with a situation in which the collateral source rule is frequently applied, that of the defendant who seeks a reduction in damages because the plaintiff has received insurance benefits. It is a well-settled rule of damages that the amount recoverable for tortious personal injuries is not wholly or partially indemnified for the loss by proceeds from accident insurance where the tortfeasor did not contribute to the payment of the premiums of such insurance. This rule is usually justified on the basis that the wrongdoer should not benefit from the expenditures made by the injured party in procuring the insurance coverage. In a situation in which the injured party incurs no expense, obligation, or liability, we see no justification for applying the Collateral Source rule. We refuse to join those courts which, without consideration of the facts of each case, blindly adhere to the collateral source rule, permitting the plaintiff to exceed compensatory limits in the interest of insuring an impact upon the defendant. Id. at 620-21 (Emphasis added). The Missouri Supreme Court also stated: "[w]e reject the concept that the collateral source rule should be utilized solely to punish the defendant. Id. at 621. While the specific issue addressed in Washington v. Barnes Hospital was evidence relating to the availability of public special education services, the issue in Florida Physician's Insurance Reciprocal v. Stanley, the Florida case adopted by the Missouri Supreme Court, also included the "availability and effectiveness of free or low-cost charitable and governmental programs available in the community." 452 So.2d at 515. In the Florida case, the plaintiff "brought a medical malpractice action against the [defendants] for the retardation and cerebral palsy [plaintiff] has suffered from birth." Id. Defendant cross-examined plaintiff's damage experts on the availability of free or low cost services from governmental and charitable organizations that were available to people that had mental 4

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retardation and cerebral palsy as children. Id. These are the same benefits that are at issue in the present case. The Florida court held: [Defendants] claim that evidence of free or low cost services from governmental or charitable agencies available to anyone with specific disabilities is admissible on the issue of future damages. We agree.... Governmental or charitable benefits available to all citizens, regardless of wealth or status, should be admissible for the jury to consider in determining the reasonable cost of necessary future care. Keeping such evidence from the jury may provide an undeserved and unnecessary windfall to the plaintiff. Id. at 515.

As the Missouri Supreme Court adopted the Florida court's reasoning in Washington v.

Barnes Hospital, it is apparent it would reach the same result with regard to the admissibility of evidence of other public programs, in addition to the public school special education programs, available to anyone with specific disabilities on the issue of future damages. The public programs available through MRDD are, in effect, an extension of those available through the public schools. They replace those provided by the public school after the child turns 18. Just as in the case of public school benefits, the plaintiff did not purchase the benefits available through MRDD, nor work for them as an employment benefit, nor contract for them. Hence, the "benefit of the bargain" rationale does not apply. Just as in the case of public school benefits, the MRDD programs are funded by tax dollars. As the Missouri Supreme Court stated in Washington v. Barnes Hospital, "[w]hile to some extent public schools are funded by plaintiffs' tax dollars, they are also funded by defendants' tax dollars and no windfall results to either." Id. at 621.

The same is true for MRDD

benefits. As the court emphasized in Washington v. Barnes Hospital: "[a]s the injured party [Marcel] incurs no expense, obligation, or liability, we see no justification for applying the Collateral Source rule." Moreover, these free public programs are available to any child that has been documented to have a developmental disability before age 22, and is not contingent on indigent status (as in Medicaid benefits) or having been earned through military service (as for veteran's benefits), or through work credits (as for social security or medicare benefits.) Accordingly, these free public benefits available to people, like Marcel, after they turn eighteen and have cerebral palsy can be considered by the jury as alternatives to Dr. Elam's private one-on-one attendant care projections in his life care plan. Plaintiff's motion in limine to this extent should be

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denied. "Plaintiffs, of course, may respond to this evidence with arguments of its inadequacy, the risk of its continued availability, etc." Washington v. Barnes Hosp., 897 S.W.2d at 621. THE GRISWALD LAW FIRM, P.C.

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[Type the document title] Maddy

4/12/2009

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Table of Figures Table 1. Cancer-related deaths from 1990-1998 ______________________________________________ 8 Figure 1. Rate* of prostate cancer deaths 1990-1998 __________________________________________ 9 Figure 2: Rate* of female breast cancer deaths 1990-1998_____________________________________ 10

Maddy Ott

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Cancer Overview Cancer is one of the scariest words in the English language. When you hear the word as part of a diagnosis, it’s natural to feel many emotions, especially fear. A cancer diagnosis can cause you and your family a great deal of stress, but you have many resources to help you. You owe it to yourself to learn as much as possible about your diagnosis and how it can be treated. Knowledge is power, and it can help you deal with this disease.

What is cancer? Cancer is a disease that occurs when cells in the body begin to divide at a faster rate than the body requires. These rapidly dividing cells grow into a lump that is known as a tumor. The tumor can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous).

What are the causes of cancer? Many factors can cause the development of cancer in the body. Some of these factors, such as heredity (family members who have the disease) cannot be avoided. Others, such as lifestyle, can be controlled. For instance, the use of tobacco is one of the main causes of cancer, especially lung cancer. Tobacco use, whether in the form of smoking, chewing, or exposure to secondhand smoke (smoking by others), can also cause cancer of the mouth and larynx, esophagus, throat, and many other parts of the body.

Other primary causes of cancer include:

Diet/nutrition — The proper diet is always important, but a poor diet might also increase your risk of cancer. For instance, eating large amounts of high-fat foods can contribute to cancer of the colon and prostate. Exercise is also key. Excess weight might be a contributing factor for various types of cancer, including breast, uterus, ovary, prostate, and colon. Environment — Cancer can develop if the person is exposed over a period of time to various chemicals in the environment, including pesticides, asbestos, and radon. Exposure to radiation — Too much exposure to the sun (ultraviolet radiation) can cause skin cancer. In addition, over-exposure to X-rays or to radiation therapy (as part of cancer treatment) might be a risk factor for cancer. Hormone therapy — Women who are going through menopause might receive a prescription for hormone replacement therapy, either estrogen alone or in combination with progesterone. The use of both of these hormones together has been shown to increase the risk of breast cancer. A woman who still has her uterus and is taking estrogen alone (without progesterone) has a greater risk of endometrial cancer.

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What are the symptoms of cancer? The most prominent symptoms of cancer include the following: A sore that doesn’t heal A wart or mole that changes An unusual lump anywhere in the body A persistent cough/hoarseness Indigestion or problems swallowing Changes in bowel movement or urination habits Unusual weight loss Unusual bleeding or discharge from various parts of the body Please note that these symptoms do not mean that you definitely have cancer. However, if any of these symptoms appear, you should see your doctor right away.

How is cancer diagnosed? If your doctor thinks you might have cancer, he or she will examine you and might order certain tests, including: Blood and urine tests Imaging tests that allow the doctor to see the inside your body to see if cancer is present (Imaging tests include X-rays, computed tomography (CT) scans, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), radionuclide scanning, and ultrasonography.) Biopsy (A procedure in which the doctor takes a small sample of the tumor and analyzes it under a microscope.)

What is staging? One of the biggest concerns about a cancer diagnosis is whether the cancer has spread (metastasized) beyond its original location. To determine this, the doctor assigns a number (I through IV) to your diagnosis. The higher the number, the more the cancer has spread throughout your body. This is called "staging." The doctor needs this information in order to plan your treatment.

What are the treatments for cancer? In order to treat your cancer, your doctor needs to know the location of the tumor, the stage (whether it has spread), and whether you are strong enough to handle the treatment. Cancer treatment can take the following forms: Chemotherapy — This treatment uses powerful drugs that destroy the cancer cells. Chemotherapy is delivered orally (pills) or through an intravenous (IV) line. Radiation — This is a treatment that kills cancerous cells with radiation (high-energy rays). Radiation therapy can either be internal (placed within the body) or external (delivered by a machine outside the body).

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NOTE: In some cases, radiation therapy and chemotherapy are given to a patient at the same time. Surgery — A surgeon removes the tumor, along with the surrounding area (in some cases). Hormone therapy — Hormones (substances produced by the glands to regulate organ functions) might be given to the patient to block other hormones that might cause cancer. For example, men with prostate cancer might be given hormones to keep testosterone (which contributes to prostate cancer) at bay. Biological response modifier therapy — Biological response modifier therapy uses natural or artificial (created in a laboratory) materials to reconstruct the body's natural defenses against disease. Biological therapy includes monoclonal antibody therapy and vaccines. (Monoclonal antibodies are created in a laboratory to work like natural antibodies, which are produced by the body’s immune system to fight disease.) Stem cell transplantation — Stem cells (immature cells from which all blood cells develop) are removed from the patient's circulating blood or bone marrow and then returned after chemotherapy treatment.

What are the side effects of cancer treatments? Chemotherapy — Side effects include hair loss, fatigue, nausea, vomiting. Radiation — Side effects include fatigue, hair loss, skin problems (darkening, dryness, itchiness). Surgery — Pain and weakness are possible side effects of surgery. Hormone therapy — This therapy can result in fatigue, water retention (bloating), hot flashes, impotence, and blood clots. Biological response modifier therapy — This can result in symptoms that resemble the flu (fever, chills, muscle ache, etc.), skin rash, swelling, and increased tendency to bruise or bleed. Stem cell transplantation — Side effects include nausea, vomiting, flu-like symptoms, and greater risk of infection.

What other resources are available? If you are diagnosed with cancer, it’s important to realize that you are not alone. You have your family and friends, and there are support groups for nearly every type of cancer. Ask your doctor for information about these groups. You can also contact your local chapter of the American Cancer Society for more information. In addition, your doctor can refer you to a social worker or a mental health professional, both of whom can help you deal with the emotional aspects of your diagnosis. The social worker can also help you with the practical and financial issues related to the disease.

The most consistent finding, over decades of research, is the strong association between tobacco use and cancers of many sites. Hundreds of epidemiologic studies have

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confirmed this association. Further support comes from the fact that lung cancer death rates in the United States have mirrored smoking patterns, with increases in smoking followed by dramatic increases in lung cancer death rates and, more recently, decreases in smoking followed by decreases in lung cancer death rates in men. Additional examples of modifiable cancer risk factors include alcohol consumption (associated with increased risk of oral, esophageal, breast, and other cancers), physical inactivity (associated with increased risk of colon, breast, and possibly other cancers), and obesity (associated with colon, breast, endometrial, and possibly other cancers). Observational evidence shows associations between amount of alcohol consumption, physical inactivity, and obesity and increased incidence of certain cancers. More research is needed to determine whether these associations are causal and thus whether avoiding these behaviors would actually reduce cancer incidence. Other lifestyle and environmental factors known to affect cancer risk (either beneficially or detrimentally) include certain sexual and reproductive practices, the use of exogenous estrogens, exposure to ionizing radiation and ultraviolet radiation, certain occupational and chemical exposures, and infectious agents. Food and nutrient intake have been examined in relation to many types of cancer. Casecontrol epidemiological studies have suggested an association between high fruit and vegetable consumption and reduced risk of various cancers. The quality of this evidence, however, has been questioned, and prospective cohort studies exploring this question have shown inadequate evidence to conclude that such an association truly exists. Contrary to expectation, randomized trials found no benefit of beta-carotene supplementation in reducing lung cancer incidence and mortality; risk of lung cancer was statistically significantly increased in smokers in the beta-carotene arms of 2 of the trials. Similarly, randomized controlled trials have found no reduction in risk of subsequent adenomatous polyps of the colon in individuals who have had polyps previously resected taking dietary fiber supplements compared with those receiving much lower amounts of supplemental wheat bran fiber. Ecologic, cohort, and case-control studies have found that increased consumption of fat and red meat is associated with increased risk of colon cancer. A randomized controlled trial of dietary modification to lower fat consumption in postmenopausal women, however, showed no reduction in colon cancer. Likewise, there was no benefit of the low-fat diet on all cancer mortality, overall mortality, or cardiovascular disease. A large randomized trial is currently underway to investigate whether men taking daily selenium or vitamin E or both experience a reduced incidence of prostate cancer in comparison with men taking placebo pills.

Diagnosis The rates of newly diagnosed cancer cases (incidence) are one way to measure progress against cancer. The lower the rates, the better. Another important measure is the proportion of cancers diagnosed at a late stage. The stage of a cancer shows how far the disease has progressed. The earlier the stage at diagnosis, the better the chances for cure. Downward trends in the proportion of late

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cancer diagnoses are a sign that screening is working for the cancers for which early detection methods are available. This section of the Cancer Trends Progress Report - 2005 Update provides data on the rates of new cancers, based on the NCI Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End-Results (SEER) Program, by cancer site and by racial and ethnic group. Also included are data on the proportion of cancers diagnosed at a late stage for five of the major cancer sites where cancer screening has been shown or has been evaluated to make a difference in outcomes. Cancer sites include: female breast, colon, rectum, cervix, and prostate. Source: www.cancer.gov (www.cancer.gov)1

Cancer: Choosing a Treatment Program What are the treatments for cancer? The three most common types of cancer treatment are surgery, radiotherapy and chemotherapy. Treatment is aimed at removing the cancer cells or destroying them in the body with medicines or other agents. Surgery can be very successful in treating some kinds of cancer, but it isn't an option for all people. If the cancer is in the form of a malignant tumor and the tumor is in one place (localized), it may be possible to safely "cut out" the tumor and any surrounding affected tissue. Surgery may not be possible if the cancer has spread to other areas of the body or if the tumor cannot be removed without damaging vital organs, such as the liver or brain. Radiotherapy uses radiation — in the form of a special kind of x-ray, gamma rays or electrons — to damage cancer cells so that they can't multiply. There is usually no pain during therapy. Radiotherapy may sometimes be the only treatment needed, or it may be used with other therapies, such as surgery. A combination of surgery and radiotherapy may be used for tumors that grow in one place. Chemotherapy uses medicines to attack the cancer cells. Just the word "chemotherapy" can cause a lot of fear because the side effects can be severe. However, not all people experience severe side effects. The side effects of chemotherapy can often be reduced with other medicines. Chemotherapy is usually used when the cancer has spread to other areas in the body. Chemotherapy can also be used in combination with surgery and radiation. Sometimes the tumor is surgically removed and then chemotherapy is used to make sure all the cancer cells are killed. Another kind of treatment is biological therapy. This treatment uses proteins to trigger the body's immune system to produce more white blood cells (or lymphocytes). Two lymphocytes that can attack and kill cancer cells are the T-cell and the B-cell. The proteins boost the ability of the T-cell and B-cell lymphocytes to kill cancer. Biological therapy can also be used in combination with surgery, radiation therapy or chemotherapy. 1

Source: www.cancer.gov

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Hormone therapy is sometimes used to treat breast or prostate cancer. The hormone estrogen can make breast cancer tumors grow faster. Similarly, the hormone testosterone can make cancerous tumors in the prostate grow faster. Drugs that contain other hormones may be used to block the effects of estrogen and testosterone. In other cases, surgery to remove the ovaries or the testicles may be used. Removing these organs reduces the amount of estrogen or testosterone in the body. Hormone therapy is often used in addition to chemotherapy or radiotherapy. Other specialized treatments may be available. Your doctor may talk to you about these treatments if they are an option. Source: http://familydoctor.org (http://familydoctor.org)2

Statistics Table 1. Cancer-related deaths from 1990-1998

2

Source: http://familydoctor.org

Maddy Ott

Figure 1. Rate* of prostate cancer deaths 1990-1998

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Figure 2: Rate* of female breast cancer deaths 1990-1998

Tobacco and Cancer Smoking damages nearly every organ in the human body, is linked to at least 10 different cancers, and accounts for some 30% of all cancer deaths. And it costs billions of dollars each year. Yet one in four Americans still light up. If you or someone you love uses tobacco, here's what you need to know about how tobacco kills, and how to get the help you need to quit.

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4/12/2009

Sun Safety A sunburn will fade, but damage to deeper layers of skin remains and can eventually cause cancer. That's why sun-safe habits should begin in childhood and last a lifetime.

Food and Fitness Eating right, being active, and maintaining a healthy weight are important ways to reduce your risk of cancer—as well as heart disease and diabetes. Learn the American Cancer Society's guidelines for diet and activity and find tips for a healthy lifestyle and community.

Early Detection If you can't prevent cancer, the next best thing you can do to protect your health is to detect it early. Recognizing symptoms, getting regular check-ups, and performing selfexams are just a few ways you can do this. Source: www.cancer.org (www.cancer.org)3

3

Source: www.cancer.org

Maddy Ott

Bibliography http://familydoctor.org. (n.d.). www.cancer.gov. (n.d.). www.cancer.org. (n.d.). www.cancer.org. (n.d.).

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