Chapter 2

CHAPTER 2 BASIC PLANT SCIENCE

Gymnosperm

DIVISION OF PLANTS

Angiosperm

GYMNOSPERM Consisting of evergreen cone-bearing plants such as pines, junipers (Juniperus sp) . The foliage generally needlelike and do not produce showy flowers

ANGIOSPERMS Compose the majority of cultivated plants such as rose, palm and etc. The growth of seeds is completely within the plant ovary, which swells to become the fruit (all flowering plants).



-The angiosperms can be divided into the divisions Monocotyledon (Monocots) and Dicotyledon(Dicots).



-The monocots are less numerous and are usually non woody plants that have a short stem and overlapping leaves arranged in a whorl (rosette). The leaves are usually long and narrow with parallel veins running the length. Included among monocots are all grasses (Cynodon dactylon), lilies, irises, onions, and most flowering bulbs.



-The dicots are frequently woody plants which may grow to a large size. Their leaves have a branching vein pattern, and their flowers have a variety of shapes. The dicots included trees, shrubs, most fruits and garden vegetables.

Plant taxonomy system 

Most plants have more than one common name, some have several. So common names can be confusing because different plants may have the same common name.



Avoid the confusing the scientist used scientific name/botanical names.

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The branch of botany which deals with the naming of plants is called taxonomy and the people doing the work are called taxonomists.

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The naming system using called “binomial system” introduced by Carolus Linnaeus, a Swedish botanist.



The system specifies that a plants name must have at least two parts: the Genus and species name, and it must be italic or underline. All plants belonging to the same genus have similar characteristics and are more closely related to each other.

 -The

reason why use the botanical names to the plants are: Universality

of botanical names. Latin names are the standard worldwide system for communicating the identity of plants.

Common

names can refer to any number of similar plants. If only common names were used to identify these plants, confusion would result.

TAXONOMY CHART/HIERARCHY; Kingdom Phylum/Division Class Order Family Genus Species Variety or Cultivar





CLASSIFICATION OF RECREATIONAL HORTICULTURE AND LANDSCAPING PLANTS The recreational horticulture and landscaping plants can be divided into 7 divisions regarding to their usage, shape and growth patterns. The divisions are:       

Shade/screening and ornamental/recreational trees Shrubs trees Palm tress Climbers and creeping plants Herbaceous and indoor plants Cactus Turf and recreational/ ornamental grass

Shade/screening and ornamental/recreational trees

 Trees

height >5 m  Large, compact canopy, to get the shade  Propagate : Seeds, cutting or grafting  Have flowers, fruits, stem with a good shape and form  Attraction and marker in certain location such as green field of golf courses  Plants singly (single)  The Marker trees = Specimen trees

SCIENTIFIC NAME COMMON NAME  Acacia

auriculaeformis  Acacia mangium  Bauhinia purpurea  Cassia fistula  Jacaranda filicifolia  Cinnamomum inners Manis  Ficus benjamina  Delonix regia

Yellow Acasia Broad Leaf Acasia Purple Bauhinia Cassia Jacaranda Kulit Kayu Ara beringin Semarak api

Delonix regia

Cinammomum iners

Jacaranda filicifolia

Shrub Trees 

More stems, arise from the basal, < 5m



Divided into leafy shrubs & flowering shrubs & also fencing trees.



Leafy shrubs : Do not have attractive flowers but have an attractive leaves such as Yellow Acalypha (Acalypha wilkesiana) & Codiaeum sp. (Puding)



The flowering shrubs have attractive or odours flowers such as Hibiscus (Hibiscus rosa-sinensis) & Bougainvillea (Bougainvillea sp)



Shrubs tree planted in rows or closely which used for separating or marking the areas. These known as fencing trees.



Propagate by seeds, cutting or grafting

SCIENTIFIC NAME NAME  Acalypha

COMMON

hispida Cat tail  Bougainvillea sp Bougainvillea  Brunfelsia pauciflora Yesterday Today Tomorrow  Mussaenda sp Janda kaya  Ixora javanica Siantan, Ixora  Codiaeum variegatum Pudding,

Codiaeum variegatum

Mussaenda sp

Hibiscus rosa-sinensis

Brunfelsia pauciflora

Palm Trees  Divided

palm

into single palm & bunch

 Single

palm : Only a cylinder stem with straight growth & in various size.

 The

bunch palm is a sympodial where have few stems which rise from the basal

SCIENTIFIC NAME NAME  Areca

COMMON

catechu Pinang sirih  Bismarkia nobilis Bismark palm  Cocos nucifera Coconut  Elaeis guineensis Oil palm  Licuala grandis Palas kipas  Livistona chinensis Serdang cina  Normanbya normanbyi Black Palm  Hyophorbe lagenicaulis Bottle palm

Licuala grandis

Areca catechu

BOTTLE PALM

Cocos nucifera

Livistonea chinensis

Normanbya normanbyi

Climbers & Creeping Plants      

 

Shrubs @ herbaceous plants Have tendrils & twinning for climbing Eg: Clerodendron thomsonae Have runners, stolon of spurs for creeping. Eg: Hemigrapis (Hemigraphis colorata), Japanese rose (Portulaca grandiflora) Climbing plants need other structure such as wall, etc, for climb which can give shade and screening. Creeping plants used for control soil erosion, conjoining or control/prevent the journey. Most are propagate through seeds, cutting and grafting

 Climbing

plants

Jasminum

sambac Melor Passiflora incarnata Markisa  Creeping Wedelia

plants

trilobata Wedelia Portulaca grandiflora Japanese rose Hemigraphis colorata Hemigrapis

Hemigraphis colorata

Portulaca grandiflora

Jasminum sambac

Wedelia trilobata

Herbaceous & Indoor Plants  Non-woody  Sensitive

plant.

to

Environmental Direct

changes

sunlight

 Suitable

planted in the buildings

area.  Eg: Begonia sempervirens  Propagate through seeds, stem cutting and grafting  Planted in the container such as

SCIENTIFIC NAME  Saintpaulina  Gomphrena

COMMON NAME

ionantha Violet African

globosa

Button Flower

 Coleus

blumei

Coleus/Ati-ati

 Dahlia

sp

Dahlia

 Begonia

sempervirens Begonia

Saintpaulina ionantha

Begonia sempervirens

Cactus  Family

Cactaceae

 Can

grow in the dessert which high temperature & water stress condition.

 Propagated  Planted

by seeds @ cutting

in plant pot that contain sands and organic matter

 Opuntia

microdasys

 Echinocactus  Zygocactus

grusonii

truncatus

Opuntia microdasys

Zygocactus truncatus

Zygocactus truncatus

TURF AND RECREATIONAL/ ORNAMENTAL GRASS  Turf

grass : Group of Grass.  Family : Poaceae (Graminae)  Use as field grass, courtyard grass, horse range grass etc.  Normally with full attention & maintenance Fertilization, good drainage, short cutting from time to time  Carpet grass (Axonopus compressus), Bermuda grass (Cynodon dactylon)  Propagate through seeds, patches, sod and sprigging, plugging

 Soil

must be plowed, liming and fertilizing before planting

 Recreational

grass is a grass which not necessarily from the family of Poaceae

 Normally  Not

used purposely for recreational

need proper cutting

 Mondo

grass (Ophiopogon sp)  St. Augustine grass (Stenotaphrum secundatum cv. variegatum)

SCIENTIFIC NAME

COMMON NAME

Cynodon dactylon Axonopus compressus

Bermuda grass Cow grass

Stenotaphrum secundatum

St. Augustine grass

Zoysia matrella Manila grass Zoysia japonica Zoysia Grass Eremochloa aphiuroides Centipede grass Digitaria didactyla Serangoon grass Paspalum vaginatum Seashore Paspalum

Cynodon dactylon

Axonopus compressus

Stenotaphrum secundatum

Zoysia japonica

Zoysia matrella

Paspalum vaginatum

Parts Of Plant And Their Functions

 Most

plants are made up of 4 basic parts: Leaves Stems Roots Flowers

(become fruits or seeds)

Leaves Food Vary

factory of the plant

a great deal in shape and size which help in identification of plants: flat (most), needlelike, cylindrical

 The

arrangements are difference: alternate on the stem, opposite one another, and whorled (arranged in circle around the stem)

Leaves consist of petiole (leaf stalk), and blade (flat part of leaf).

 Leaf

blade have veins and midrib (the large center vein which all the leaf veins extend)

 Veins

of the leaf form its structural framework

 Most

leaves have forms, leaf margins (edges of plant leaves) which assist in plant identification.

 The

skin of leaf (epidermis), is a single layer of cells which function to protect the leaf from loss of water or too much moisture

 The

special cells in the leaf skin, guard cell, which function in open and close the small space or pore on the underside of the leaf called stomata to allow the leaf to breathe and transpire (give off moisture and exchange gasses such as oxygen and carbon dioxide